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I.
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
II.
SUMMARY OF UNDISPUTED FACTS .......................................................................... 4
A.
Google’s Effort To Improve Over Previous Methods Of Indexing Books ..............5
B.
The Google Books Project .......................................................................................6
1.
Book Scanning and Indexing .......................................................................6
2.
The Books in the Corpus..............................................................................7
3.
Display of Text ............................................................................................7
4.
Uses of Google Books ...............................................................................12
5.
Copies Downloaded by Libraries...............................................................15
C.
Browsing Books Promotes Sales ...........................................................................17
III.
ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................... 18
A.
The Purpose of Copyright, and of Fair Use, is to Encourage Learning andBenefit the Public. ..................................................................................................19
B.
Google Books’ Use Of Books Is Fair. ...................................................................20
1.
Scanning books and displaying small portions thereof in responseto search queries, for the purpose of helping users find books of interest, is highly transformative. ...............................................................20
a.
Google Books transforms expressive text into a wordindex. ..............................................................................................21
b.
Google’s status as a commercial entity does not tip thescales against a finding of fair use .................................................23
2.
The works at issue are all published, but are otherwise of everyconceivable “nature.” .................................................................................25
3.
Google’s scanning of the entire book is necessary to create a full-text index, and Google displays only as much of the book as isnecessary to allow the user to determine whether the book is of interest. .......................................................................................................26
4.
Scanning and snippet display has no negative effect on anycognizable market. .....................................................................................28
a.
Google Books does not substitute for the book itself ....................28
Case 1:05-cv-08136-DC Document 1032 Filed 07/27/12 Page 2 of 46
