NIKHIL MITTAL XII-A

SALWAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Anita Jain who has been there always to help me carry out this experiment as a guiding spirit behind the compiling of this report. I would also like to thank her for unending assistance to enable completion of the exercise.

NIKHIL MITTAL XII-A

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AIM APPARATUS REQUIRED THEORY PROCEDURE OBSERVATION TABLE RESULTS PRECAUTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Qualitative Analysis of some Fruits juices- apple, mosambi and Vegetable Juices-bottle gourd, bitter gourd.

Test Tubes Beakers Stand Burner Tripod Stand Glass Rod

Ph Paper Iodine Solution NaOH Solution CuSO4 Solution Fehling Solution A &B Solid KOH Picric Acid Other Common Laboratory Reagents

Apple Juice Mosambi Juice Bottle Gourd Bitter Gourd

Human body is like an engine. To keep it going we must provide it with right kind of fuel. This is balanced food. Balanced diet is one which consists of correct proportion of the basic ingredients or nutrients, i.e., carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, salts and vitamins. The knowledge of various essential constituents of food in which they are available is a must. Deficiency of any of the nutrient causes diseases. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of nutrients. Therefore, study could be undertaken to investigate the constituents of various fruits and vegetables.

1. Take all the juices in separate beakers. 2. Now perform the following tests with each. Test for Acidity
Take 5ml each of various fruits and vegetable juices in different test tubes and add red and blue litmus solution in each.

Test for Starch

Take 2ml of each juice in test tubes and add a few drops of iodine solution.

Test for Proteins

To about 3ml of NaOH Solution, add 2 drops of CuSO4 solution. Permanent blue colour is obtained. Add juice to it.

Test for Carbohydrates

To 2ml of juice add 1ml of Fehling solution A and B. Boil the solution.

Test for Minerals

a. Test for Sodium Dip glass rod in juice. Add 2 drops of HCl to it. Bring it to flame. b. Test for Potassium Take 2ml of juice in test tube add Picric acid solution. c. Test for Calcium Test can be done by adding dilute HCl to the juice then add solid NH4Cl. Heat the solution and cool it then add NH4OH. To the group 3 solution add (NH4)2CO3. If white ppt. obtained then add (NH4)2C2O4. d. Test for Magnesium To 2ml of juice add 2-3 drops of dil. HCl and HNO3 . To it add solid NH4Cl. Again boil and cool and add NH4OH. Filter the ppt. divide in 2 parts. (i) Add potassium ferrocyanide. (ii) Add potassium thiocyanate. e. Test for Phosphorous To 2ml of juice add 1 drop HNO3 . Boil the solution add a few drops of ammonium molybdate solution. Heat the solution.

Test for

Apple Juice

Mosam Bottl Bitter bi Juice e Gourd Gour d

Base Abse Base Absent

Acidity Starch Proteins Carbohy drates Sodium

Acid Acid Presen Absent t Presen Absent t Presen Absent

nt Prese Present nt Prese Absent

t nt Presen Present Prese Present nt Prese Present

t Potassiu Presen Absent

m Calcium Magnesi um Iron

t nt Presen Present Prese Present t nt Presen Present Prese Present t nt Presen Present Prese Present

t nt Phospho Presen Present Prese Present

rous

nt

STARCH (C6H10O5)n + nH2O

(Starch)
H+

nC6H12O6
(Glucose)

PROTEIN Apple Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 Mosambi Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 Bottle Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Bitter Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour No Violet Colour Violet Colour Violet Colour

TEST FOR ACIDITY

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION
LITMUS RED LITMUS RED LITMUS BLUE LITMUS BLUE

INFERENC E

PAPER BECOMES ITS AN ACID PAPER BECOMES ITS AN ACID PAPER BECOMES ITS A BASE PAPER BECOMES ITS A BASE

TEST FOR STARCH

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION
BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR APPEARS BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT APPEAR BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT APPEARS BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR DOES NOT APPEARS

INFERENCE
STARCH IS PRESENT STARCH IS ABSENT STARCH IS ABSENT STARCH IS ABSENT

TEST FOR PROTEINS

JUICE
APPLE

OBSERVATION
VIOLET COLOURED APPEARS

INFERENCE
ARE

PPT. PROTEINS PRESENT

MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

VIOLET COLOURED DOES NOT APPEAR VIOLET COLOURED APPEARS VIOLET COLOURED APPEARS

PPT. PROTEINS ABSENT PPT. PROTEINS PRESENT PPT. PROTEINS PRESENT

ARE ARE ARE

CARBOHYDRATES:CHO | (CHOH)4 + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH | CH2OH

Tartrate

COO Na

| +3H2O + Cu2O (CHOH)4 | CH2OH

(Sodium salt of Gluconic acid)

TEST FOR SODIUM As volatile halide are obtained yellow flame appears.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION

INFERENCE

RED COLOURED PPT. CARBOHYDRATES APPEARS ARE PRESENT RED COLOURED PPT. DOES CARBOHYDRATES NOT APPEARS ARE ABSENT RED COLOURED PPT. CARBOHYDRATES APPEARS ARE PRESENT RED COLOURED PPT. DOES CARBOHYDRATES NOT APPEAR. ARE ABSENT

TEST FOR SODIUM

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION
YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED FLAME APPEARS

INFERENCE
SODIUM PRESENT SODIUM PRESENT SODIUM PRESENT SODIUM PRESENT IS IS IS IS

TEST FOR POTASSIUM

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION
YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED PPT. DOES NOT APPEAR YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS

INFERENCE
POTASSIUM IS PRESENT POTASSIUM IS NOT PRESENT POTASSIUM IS PRESENT POTASSIUM IS PRESENT

CALCIUM Ca2 + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3+ 2CH3COOH

+

CaCO3
(white ppt.)

(CH3COO)2Ca + CO2 +H2O Ca(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 2CH3COONH4+ CaC2O4

(white ppt.)

MAGNESIUM Mg2+Cl22- + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 IRON (Fe3+ ) Fe(OH)3+ 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl + 2H2O

1. Potassium Ferrocynaide Test: 4FeCl3+3K4[Fe(CN)6] 12KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

(Ferric Ferrocyanide) (Prussian blue)

2. Potassium Sulphocyanide Test: FeCl3+ 3KCNS 3KCl + Fe(CNS)3

(Ferric Sulphocyanide) (Blood red colouration)

TEST FOR CALCIUM

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM PRESENT CALCIUM PRESENT CALCIUM PRESENT CALCIUM PRESENT IS IS IS IS

TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATIO INFERENCE N
WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM PRESENT MAGNESIUM PRESENT MAGNESIUM PRESENT MAGNESIUM PRESENT IS IS IS IS

TEST FOR IRON

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1) 2) 1) 2) 1) 2) 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR BLOOD RED COLOUR PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR BLOOD RED COLOUR PERUSSIAN BLUE COLOUR BLOOD RED COLOUR PERUSSIAN BLUE IRON IS PRESENT IRON IS PRESENT IRON IS PRESENT IRON IS PRESENT

GOURD

COLOUR 2) BLOOD RED COLOUR

PHOSPHOROUS - (In the form of phosphate) 1. Ammonium Molybdate test: K3PO4+ 3(NH4)2 MoO4
(Ammonium Molybdate)

2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2 MoO4

(Potassium Molybdate)

K2MoO4+ 2HNO3 H2MoO4 (NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 + 6H2O

H2MoO4 + 2KNO3
(Molybdic Acid)

MoO3 + H2O (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O

(Ammonium phosphate molybdate) (Yellow ppt.)

TEST FOR PHOSPHOROUS

JUICE
APPLE MOSAMBI BOTTLE GOURD BITTER GOURD

OBSERVATION INFERENCE
YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS YELLOW COLOURED PPT. APPEARS PHOSPHROUS PRESENT PHOSPHROUS PRESENT PHOSPHROUS PRESENT PHOSPHROUS PRESENT IS IS IS IS

Qualitative Analysis Of Some Fruits And Vegetable Juices Is done.

Use only freshly prepared fruits and vegetable juices. Clean using. the apparatus before

Handle the reagents carefully. Do not forget to wear a lab coat. Note all the readings carefully.

Various books and websites were referred while making this projects:1) Chemistry Lab Mannual 2) Google.com 3) Wikipedia.com

APPLE

Apple juice helps provide a variety of nutrients in low to moderate amounts. Not only does the juice contain natural fruit, the apple derived liquid also works to properly hydrate both athletes and semi active people of all ages. . Apple juice contains minerals such as calcium, potassium, iron, manganese and magnesium. All-natural apple juice also provides vitamins C and B6. Health benefits of apple

Apples are low in calories. The fruits are however, contain no saturated fats or cholesterol; but rich in dietary fiber, which helps, prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in the gut. Apple fruit contains good quantities of Vitamin-C. Vitamin-C is a powerful natural antioxidant. Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory free radicals from the body. In addition, apple fruit is a good source vitamin B-6. These vitamin help as co-factors for enzymes in metabolism as well as in various synthetic functions inside the body. Apple also contains small amount of minerals like potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. Potassium is an important component of cell and body fluids helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure; thus counters the bad influences of sodium.

BITTER GOURD

Health benefits of Bitter Gourd The pods are rich in phytonutriuents like dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. Fresh pods are an excellent source of folates; contains about 72mcg/100g, Folate helps reduce incidence of neural tube defects in pregnant mothers when taken during early pregnancy. Fresh bitter Gourd is an excellent source of vitamin-C. Vitamin-C is one of the powerful natural antioxidant, helps body scavenge deleterious free radicals one of the reasons for cancers development. The vegetable is an excellent source of vitamin A that helps in preventing aging, cancers and various disease processes. Bitter Gourd stimulates digestion and peristalsis which can be helpful in relieving indigestion and constipation problems. The vegetable is also good source of Vitamin B-3, Vitamin B-5, Vitamin B-6 and minerals such as iron, zinc, potassium , manganese and magnesium.

 Early laboratory tests suggest that compounds in bitter gourd might be effective for treating HIV infection.

MOSAMBI

Mosambi juice is also known as sweet lemon juice and it boasts of numerous benefits. A key features of mosambi juice is that it is very sweet and not acidic. It is also a good source of vitamin C, copper and iron. The following are other health benefits of consuming sweet lemon juice. Benefits of Mosambi Juice 1. Prevents Scurvy This disease usually occurs in people with an inadequate amount of vitamin C in their diets. Scurvy is characterized by swollen gums, frequent bouts of flu and colds as well as cracked lip corners. Mosambi juice can be used to cure scurvy since it has a high content of vitamin C. 2. Enhances digestion

The mosambi juice has a sweet fragrance that enhances the release of saliva, which assists to digest food quickly. The flavonoids present in lime enhance the digestive process through stimulating the secretion of bile, digestive juices and acids. Aside from that, the compounds in mosambi juice are also beneficial for the peristaltic motion.
3.

Cures constipation

The acids present in the sweet lemon juice are great for doing away with toxins found in the bowel tracts. Mosambi juice is also beneficial for people with stomach upsets, dysentery, diarrhea and loose stools since it is rich in potassium. It helps avoid vomiting and nausea as a result of its tasty flavour.
4.

Improves immune system Regular intake of the mosambi juice has been known to improve the function of the heart, which ensures proper blood circulation. This action leads to a much healthier immune sysem.

5.

Benefits the skin Sweet lemon juice is good for the skin and it will assist to do away with pigmentation, spots and blemishes. It also provides a bright glow and shine on the face.

The drawback of sweet lemon juice is that it has been linked with the incidence of migraines and certain people are allergic to it. In fact, it is believed to be a triggering factor in some asthmatics.

BOTTLE GOURD

The juice from the leaves help cure jaundice and the juice from the gourd helps reduce graying of hair. The gourd juice, helps treat burning sensation in the urinary passage if consumed with lime juice. It reduces fatigue and keeps you fresh, especially during summer. It helps fight constipation, as it is fiber rich. Because of its fiber and low fat content, Ayurveda highly recommends this food for diabetic patients and young children. Ayurveda also recommends the juice of this gourd in the treatment of acidity, indigestion and ulcers as it serves as an alkaline mixture. Indian traditional medicine claims that bottle gourd acts as a nerve tonic and can help improve obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This claim has been confirmed by a study published in the journal Pharmacognosy Research where the investigators found that the plant possesses anti-compulsive (anti-OCD) activity although they are not certain about the mechanism of action of this plant. Bottle gourd is also considered one of the best weight loss foods since it is 96

percent water and provides just 12 calories per 100g of serving. It is rich in, thiamin, vitamin C, zinc, iron and magnesium thus helping in improving overall health. The juice from bottle gourd leaf helps in curing baldness and aids in preventing tooth decay.