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S khi mt PC

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Cu trc c bn CPU
Loi: gom mot bo thc thi lenh - la trai tim cua bo x ly: cho phep oc, thong dch, thi hanh va gi lenh.
Bo x ly lenh Bo d oan re nhanh ALU Cac thanh ghi Bo thc thi lenh

Loi (Core)

Code Catche

64 bit Bus

n v dau 32 bit cham ong Bus FPU Giao tiep bus Cache mc 1 Data Catche

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Cu trc c bn CPU
Bo d oan re nhanh (Branch Precdictor): qun ly cac tien trnh xay ra khi chng trnh ang thc hien mot lenh re nhanh sao cho no co the lay va giai ma cac lenh nay trc. Bo d oan re Bo x ly lenh nhanh
Loi (Core) Code Catche ALU Cac thanh ghi Bo thc thi lenh

64 bit Bus

n v dau 32 bit cham ong Bus FPU Giao tiep bus Cache mc 1 Data Catche

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Cu trc c bn CPU
n v dau cham ong FPU (floating point unit): co trach nhiem thc hien cac tnh toan so thc.
Bo x ly lenh Loi (Core) Code Catche Bo d oan re nhanh ALU Cac thanh ghi Bo thc thi lenh

64 bit Bus

32 bit Bus Giao tiep bus Cache mc 1 Data Catche

n v dau cham ong FPU

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Cu trc c bn CPU
B nh m Cache: la bo nh trung gian gia bo nh chnh va CPU. Cache giup CPU tang toc o lay lenh va d lieu t bo nh chnh.
Bo x ly lenh Loi (Core) Bo d oan re nhanh ALU Cac thanh ghi Bo thc thi lenh

Code Catche

64 bit Bus

32 bit Bus Giao tiep bus

Cache mc 1

Data Catche

n v dau cham ong FPU

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Cu trc c bn CPU
Giao tiep bus: Lam nhiem vu tron ma va so lieu roi a vao CPU. Tai CPU chung c tach ra e dung rieng. Cuoi cung d lieu va lenh lai c tron lai roi gi Bo x ly lenh Bo d oan re nhanh ra ngoai.
Loi (Core) Code Catche ALU Cac thanh ghi

Bo thc thi lenh

64 bit Bus Giao tiep bus

32 bit Bus
Cache mc Data Catche 1

n v dau cham ong FPU

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T chc CPU
CPU Program Counter (PC) Instruction Register (IR) Memory Address Register (MAR) Memory Data Register (MDR) Control Unit (CU) Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Printer Disk Main memory

Register

Memory Data Register (MDR)

* ALU: Thc hin cc thao tc, thc thi cc ch th * CU: Tm-np cc ch th v phn loi ch th
* Register: Lu tr kt qu tm thi v thng tin iu khin

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T chc CPU
Cac bc thc hin mt chng trnh may tnh:
1. Chng trnh bat au khi PC ch ti v tr nh ma lenh au tien cua chng trnh c lu gi

MAIN MEMORY
1. Chng trnh bat au khi PC ch ti v tr nh ma lenh au tien cua chng trnh c lu gi. 3. Noi dung cua t nh (lenh au tien cua chng trnh) c oc vao MDR

6. ALU co the thc hien phep toan. Neu ket qua phep toan c lu tr trong bo nh th no c gi ti MDR

MAR PC IR
2. Noi dung cua PC c chuyen ti MAR va mot tn hieu ieu khien oc c gi ti bo nh

MDR CU R0 R1 Rn-1 ALU

5. Neu toan hang a co san ben trong bo nh th no phai c oc vao ALU bang cach gi a ch toan hang ti MAR va khi tao chu trnh oc

4. Noi dung cua MDR c chuyen en IR (Tai thi iem nay lenh a san sang cho viec giai ma va thc hien)

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T chc CPU
Instruction Fetch Unit Instruction Analyzer Address Calculation Unit Data Fetch Unit P1: Tm-np ch th P2: Phn tch ch th P3: Tnh/xc nh a ch P4: Tm-np d liu P5: Thc thi ch th

Instruction Execution Unit

CPU vi 5 n v x l

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T chc CPU
Cc loi ch th: * Thanh ghi-B nh: Tm np t nh vo thanh ghi nh l d liu nhp ca ALU * Thanh ghi-Thanh ghi: Tm np 2 ton hng t thanh ghi vo thanh ghi nhp ALU thc hin php ton ghi kt qu vo thanh ghi * B nh-b nh: Tm np cc ton hng t b nh vo thanh ghi nhp ALU thc hin php ton Ghi kt qu vo b nh A ALU A+B ALU Output Register A+B Register

A B
B ALU Input Register

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T chc CPU
M hnh tun t
P1 P2 P3 P4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 2 2 2

P5

M hnh Pipeline
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 1 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 6 5 4 3 2 7 6 5 4 3 8 7 6 5 4 9 8 7 6 5

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T chc CPU H thng cc thanh ghi

c phan loai theo chc nang, bao gom: Cac thanh ghi so lieu (data registers): lu gi so lieu, gom 4 thanh ghi AX,BX,CX,DX Cac thanh ghi a ch (address registers): gi a ch cua lenh, gom: - Cac thanh ghi oan (segment) - Thanh ghi ch so (index) - Thanh ghi con tro (pointer) Cac thanh ghi trang thai (flags registers): lu gi trang thai cua CPU

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T chc CPU H thng cc thanh ghi
Di 16 bit Lu tr d liu Thc hin php ton s hc Di 16 bit Lu a ch th tc/bin Thc hin php di s hc/d liu

Di 16 bit Lm b m vng lp Cha s ln quay, dch trong lnh dch, quay thanh ghi

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T chc CPU H thng cc thanh ghi Thanh ghi cac c
Tap hp cac bit co the c thiet lap (set), xoa (clear) va kiem tra bi cac ch th
Khong dung
Bits 12-15

O
11

D
10

I
9

T
8

S
7

Z
6 5

A
4 3

P
2 1

C
0

Interrupt Sign Zero Overflow Direction Ngat Trap Tran Bay Dau Khong Hng

Auxiliary Nh phu

Parity Chan le

Carry Nh

Bieu c thiet lap Cho phep/Tnh chng t ilap c Bieu th so nh m tra chan le ket th so nh Kie Cho Thiet lap b ca khi ket Xac nh hng ngat p Thie ng phe tra ch th qua c, 1 la gia phep toan cua mot ch cuoi toan hang so ho khi ket qua qua th cua cac thao tatrnh chay tng la 0 va b xoa c am, 0 la dng phep toan so do chuoi bc e theokhiiket qua khac hoc b tran 0

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T chc b nh - n v c ban cua bo nh la mot ch so nh phan goi la bit (binary digit). Mot bit co the la 0 hoac 1. * a ch bo nh: - Bo nh gom cac o nh (cell) - Moi o nh co mot so goi la a ch cua o nh (address). - Mot o nh co k bit se co the cha 1 trong 2k to hp bit khac nhau * May tnh eu chuan hoa 1 o nh co 8 bit va goi la mot byte. Nhieu byte gop lai thanh t (word).

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T chc b nh * B nh chnh ROM (Read Only Memory)
ROM la bo nh ban dan c thiet ke e gi so lieu ma t khi phai thay oi no. Trong khi hoat ong bnh thng, ROM khong cho phep ghi so lieu len no ma ch cho phep oc so lieu t no. ROM c dung e lu tr so lieu va thong tin khong thay oi: + Th vien cac chng trnh con. + Cac chng trnh con ieu khien he thong (BIOS) + Cac bang chc nang.

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T chc b nh * B nh chnh ROM (Read Only Memory)
Cac kieu ROM: + PROM: Programmable ROM + EEPROM Electrically EPROM + EPROM:Erasable PROM + Flash Memory ( Bo nh cc nhanh): Ghi theo khoi,xoa bang ien.

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T chc b nh * B nh chnh RAM (Random Access Memory)
- La bo nh co thi gian truy cap ngau nhien, ngha la Tacc khong phu thuoc vao v tr nh. - Khi noi RAM ngha la noi ti bo nh ban dan oc viet c. -RAM c dung tren PC e lu gi tam thi so lieu va chng trnh. -RAM la thiet b nh co toc o nhanh hn ROM. Nhc iem cua RAM la khi mat ien th thong tin tren o cung b mat. Co nhieu loai RAM, chung khac nhau ve cau tao va toc o.

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T chc b nh * B nh chnh Bo nh 1MB c chia lam 16 vung nh, moi vung 64 KB goi la segment (phan oan vt ly) , anh so t 0000 en F000. 640 KB vung nh qui c bao gom cac phan oan t 0000 en 9000 va 384 KB vung nh d tr cho he thong bao gom cac phan oan t A000 en F000. Vung nh ln hn 1MB goi la vung nh m rong (extended memory).

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T chc b nh * B nh em (Cache) - CPU phai ch khi truy xuat bo nh - Dung bo nh Cache nh la bo nh trung gian gia bo nh chnh va CPU. - Cache giup CPU tang toc o lay lenh va d lieu t bo nh chnh.

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T chc b nh * B nh em (Cache)
Thao tac cua Cache:

CPU yeu cau lay noi dung cua mot ngan nh bang viec a ra mot a ch xac nh o nh. CPU kiem tra xem co noi dung can tm trong Cache + Neu co: CPU nhan d lieu t bo nh Cache + Neu khong co: Bo ieu khien Cache oc Block nh cha d lieu CPU can vao Cache. Tiep o chuyen d lieu t Cache en CPU

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T chc b nh * B nh phu
a mem (floppy disk)

Hai mat a c phu mot lp vat lieu t. Chia thanh nhng vong tron ong tam goi la cac ranh (track). Moi mat a co n track. Cac track c anh so t 0 en n -1. Thong tin c ghi tren a doc theo cac track nh mot au t (head). Moi track c chia thanh nhieu cung (sector). Sector c xem la n v lu tr thong tin be nhat tren a mem (512B/1sector). Toc o truyen so lieu tren a mem la 125KB/s (loai 720KB) en 250KB/s (loai 1.44MB).

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T chc b nh * B nh phu
a cng (hard disk) Cac tham so vat ly: + Thi gian truy xuat: Tacc = 5ms en 60ms + He so xen ke (Interleave factor = n). Trong a cng, sector ghi so lieu ke tiep phai cach sector hien tai n sector.

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T chc b nh * B nh phu
a cng (hard disk) Cac tham so vat ly: + So Cylinder (C): so mat tru cua a cng, thong so nay giong nh Track trong a mem. + So Sector (S): so cung trong mot track. + So Head (H): tong so au t cua a cng. Khi khong lam viec au t trong a cng phai c ha canh vao mot mat tru dung lam cho ha canh cho au t (Land Zone) do o dung lng a cng c tnh bi cong thc: Size (MB) = (C-1)*H*S / 2048

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T chc b nh * B nh phu
Cac bo nh quang hoc Co 4 loai a quang: . CD-ROM (Compact Disc - ROM) . CD-R (Compact Disc - Recordable) . CD-RW (CD ReWritable ) . DVD (Digital Video Disc )

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T chc b nh * B nh phu
Cac bo nh quang hoc

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Ban phm (Keyboard) Ban phm co nhieu loai khac nhau: - Loai chuyen mach (switch) e tao ra mot tiep xuc ve ien khi an phm. - Loai chuyen mach bang tu ien, phat hien nhng thay oi ve ien dung cua mach. - Loai phm cam bien ien t (thay oi dong ien theo hieu ng)

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Chuot (Mouse) Chuot c kh (mechanical mouse):
Co hai banh xe cao su nho ra pha di Co cac truc vuong goc nhau Khi chuot di chuyen song song vi truc chnh, mot banh xe se quay. Khi di chuyen thang goc vi chuc chnh, banh xe kia se quay. Moi banh xe se ieu khien mot bien tr. Bang cach o s thay oi ien tr co the biet moi banh xe quay bao nhieu, va nh vay tnh c chuot a di chuyen bao xa theo moi hng .

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Chuot (Mouse) Chuot quang (led mouse):
Khong co banh xe hoac qua cau Co mot diod phat sang LED (Light Emitting Diode) Co mot bo tach quang. c dung tren mot mieng em plastic ac biet co mot mang li cac dong ke ch nhat cach khoang gan nhau. Khi chuot di chuyen tren li, bo tach quang do dong ke i ngang qua bang cach xem s thay oi lng anh sang phan hoi t LED. Mach ien t ben trong chuot se em so dong cua mang li i qua theo moi hng

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Chuot (Mouse) Chuot c kh-quang:
-

Co hai banh xe gan vuong goc nhau. Moi banh co mot LED gia Co mot loat khe h khac eu nhau xung quanh chu vi banh xe cung vi mot bo tach quang at ngay ben ngoai banh xe.
Khi chuot di chuyen cac banh xe quay va cac xung anh sang ap vao bo tach quang moi khi co mot khe h xuat hien gia LED va bo tach quang. So xung phat hien c se t le vi khoang cach di chuyen tren man hnh cua con tro.

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Man hnh (Monitor) Man hnh CRT:
Mot en tia am cc CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Mot sung ban mot chum tia ien t Man huynh quang at pha trc en (3 sung ien t tng ng vi 3 mau o, xanh la cay va xanh dng).

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Cac thiet b au cuoi * Man hnh (Monitor) Man hnh LCD:
Cha chat long hu c ma phan t cua no co kha nang phan cc anh sang dan en thay oi cng o sang.

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T chc may tnh nhieu cap
Cap 5: Cap ngon ng hng van e
Dch (trnh bien dch)

Cap 4: Cap ngon ng hp dch

Dch (assembler)

Cap 3: Cap he ieu hanh

Dch 1 phan (he ieu hanh)

Cap 2: Cap quy c

Phien dch (vi chng trnh)

Cap 1: Cap vi lap trnh

Cac vi chng trnh chay tren phan cng

Cap 0: Cap logic so