Ke ja,

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A ifl'-lIhi~ l~p~r~ dig,Ui~lJ'lr, UIJUAIG: m,e;Milci8*,d k",,~~ dtiyli' prtfji~'l~ilmli1;jJ ljtr~,~ii'I~l' ~ 1i:"J.~_j~p,AdrQ.'~QW.~ IJrj;i~~ mi!liJiT1tlijiU be;u1a"\bl·MHl~:Ufa.tr~. fJi k-nINmiIt'ltS!!'~,fO:ri~'lrrj illW ~wref !1~W'atl;.g~t. diddln~l~ii'~F,~~l"&DIM' g ~iaiIDh ie'l~kbJi I1j",[fU~f 'l'i fJ1'ig.~~uJ'jWonl,Mi~~l'fk tiitlY1S,i.11iUUi ~nd~·.. rm ;Q_ng~ Y ~

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S:a~elalil mSMIil p~lajlir~ b.~B~ni k88liam, ailll arap

I

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1" nnen-g,iA a liaia;·arat· a~artJQ]ptik\·iSefcc~ua'k,WI smaf I d a~ kUilir:ltilaH~dam: 2. m(811lI8rarp'k;an alii ..:a:Lalt ,jJp1ik daWlm'kE!~~&~Up18'n i'ah'llrj..h~rnl,

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,Ala~ opti_k dibu.t d)e~~D 'b~nnBCilm ~ujrt.lan"'t:eta,:p~ fim,g,si. abd~ optik, Y'~~I; ~ti1miil,iu:J;ali1:h Ul1l~uk:m@~lki1 tkiln, darya 'penSUbf};t4D :mtu:n~sia.,Ccn.mnrifa kaGlmatl~ :m _'km$kojp' idSll: m~._ J~~p,.Mi_krlOli'}mp' da'n, ~e~esknp dipna;mr.t 'U,n~~Jik, meUhaJit, benda,,.b.endil' ya~g IlH~,'terUhaJ't, dell'lan nUllta m~alljarl~,g. &piman~
pri'Il~,ip :kefja. lid.at-'il~ilt io'p'lik mrsrilbu t dan, p~Jlerapanllly:i. d~hl'm! kel!dd~p;an. ,s@h,,:r.,i..ha:d1 nh:ik, dapilrt Dlenge'tahubl'Jil 'maha pe.~ail~rnl~b. In~ted bcdl' i.rri.
1 '"

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l~FI5~ d~yeknr
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:Lensmnkuruer
,t),lik jauh.

.pw:pil

b:il:s,1 lliIieUbi!Jt Iden1s:an jl@b~s ~pi}da, k,QR,dis], n(U',ma(~, fan,:pa, m,121l,g:lunmka,:n k",c~ma,~a., J;I~~Jam, ~nnd~s;iml OF.-am;g;"Of,ang b!r:s~~bu:~ m'eJ:ru@IUMlabn mai'a, untuk melibilJj'tsu~tu. benda" Ji,ka, d,~l'g;a.nmata lld~a,,t~d,akda.p'aj'~. ,~l,~,t,.:a' ;1; m,...il..,.,.., .., mw. .'u!'~goo, J~_~. ,--,-~, k··~i, d.. . -..'.m~ggun~~~. ....... ,r"' _'I' .. ·t,'II!..-~:h:'. .Jjlw, _~Pih, . - " '-. 1 .,.,..,1 IIIJ\~nll>u
m;

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benda

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ti~&k l~l~,,&Iihat uIDE!h. .ffL[BJJ~. ,db~~n~Jt~1f1t;, .Uk~ :Mmta. a.:.d~ah. s:'Uid;m:a~a~. ~ pptik, yar'l): nlewiliki ·.h®myaJi;; se'kaffi5:. ke'terbata.·sa;n, .M,i!!IJita !kUa rt1dak d.a:pail~~me~:iba:t bend~ yi!lil'llil san,g~d iIi_i '~l-' . 'm' _ '",]1 L, L: ~e~~:ml5a1 .lJa.~terii\i!' vnf1l._:S(,(d- nn. $e 'b· _.~ t... ·~l..~- . ,.. _ ._ a.g,mIl:ya~ illi;giitnJ. Ith,J!~,~ IU~; me]iha.~'blend a ya1'\g, t!'~~fi;ptlj'm:r',i2lJ )5ang!l~: '~ffun de,nl~tfl. E!las,~ J .sef.~tiJ l:ltl~a'n,;!' mnbil:la:ri,r ii1l'~aU pes;QwaJ't y,aD'l tetbllirng ti;n,:;gi, d,3Jns-e'balJ~inyl~. :B'e}g~e'r,a:,pa jeis. 8,la,t. Olplii~y,itn,1 ~;Udp~~k~1I1, t[ntnk memb~n:1it :kesi;lUI~iID. m~nrnSia dil~m hA.~.meli1h1~.bendabM!nd~, :kec:iJ ala;lJj y,m'n,g; ~aub fil!m,paitllya ,aUu. ,~u:p~ :k~me;r.,~~ mlkrosltCli"iI1 dilm ~~nit?'i Ella ,~,k~ln: :1in;empeil~J·m alfllt"nla't. or'llik lr" r. ~,\e'lfs,eb.u~·" a,n, mka,ll Jd'ti.l. m-ulai d.!lUl,ge/1l. ,il brut ap'tik y'll'l1~g d dinnu.l!l,nh;kan deh, ,oom,:kepa~~ '10 m,!~m:ua)l'il,l:ru, ,mati}, ki,u~
t
!Uiu::ll ~Ir"'~ill'!:~ I
j.

,A_i',Analis:is;,A'lsJt'iiAII',llt' IOpi,ii:k, Sec:ara, Kual'itat'irf d'an Kuantlitatiirf

'optik Ym1I, ,pa~b'i8:peD~ing bagi m.·UJ's~a,ad"tl~ab 'II!.. '''"'.,l,:110 "1\~'1..,_ ~...:I G ~"';I mi,UJ.. ~gmnwJLi<8,ll;iln, ,d~' '111!a,liJ ,W,~1_nliJu~n :puua '"- alUll!u(i![" ,.:1'\0..1,,. .,~~ni Di !~p~ ,1e:1lSa.:rl1a~ !mEda,pat Hlaput }raniS mJ!mb!iltlik ,walu celah .Li:n~.mn" 5ela:p um' 'milWl yang d~bu ' iris' dsn bev,fuJ;n,p'i. IL_~-::: JI: ,mLem~.~, '~~a:n"u)" a ~m, 'Ui!~m~ p~ da m -, r mIii.. 1;:'~ !l~~_ [u_.. fIL - prifF'~"l' ~b J-W,~g~!I_J!tan, ~ut - 'J ,~U' :::~I ...:I,::~'''_'...l[ li'll~ ~ '1-1-' '. ..... .,ueI:JVgil_f:l m~lbls, caJla,ya 'y-ang ..l •, I pUjp'IIJ!J,W!!ll..'t!I,i!~il_~:~'~.O_:~u [ :tfilS~, mengenl.bllya" JU:lnlaLl1, c~:ha:ya ,}r.ang m'~l!Uasukl 'mat~, d:~bnd.lalibJn; ol:cll Jris.,Ids ·men~hoor.' uhkluan b~j:i,m~taJ.t.edl~mg : ~ehal,,~ensa drn}relldaUkan oleh ~~o~' $ili'ff,'Ti:~ KarIJM' ~M'tfl ada~aJil I1.Fl a,epan, mJs;ta me.nilliJtii J~.f1Jlkum.g YaD\g :lehLh 'h(im, )taIlg dmthpisii o'IDeh,,~tflplJot ,rwtJ~itf8'~ 1, :ooLi~ng 1.comea, ~d~~t 0 caitm, (~,ftM!"S .l'm!'u;r;i'~\rll. CaiImrn, ini. RdUngsL unrulk me_mbta~ikan (;maya ym,& ;UlMnk lite ct~lam,.ttla.'f-a., :D], b~:gjan r,~ ,rn_el~mdalla.m l~gi,
SjtS,(;em
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'I

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kenyal.

~~r.d!H,Pi'i.'t'.lel1.sa y~g~,if;ib'ua~ d.•

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inilah, :ymg

b~filJ, '~.iirl~, 'beroo,r~~, d,!11l1 ,li$brg1t [~f!nsn~1"ta ,a,~~, lmm kriEiflu1ifI"

,ill:

C,iJijha;YB

men'llt;ltiki, 'm~:t-m,m~~~bli, mis,

menembu ~ bJj'] m~,tlii~dan al~je·:h le:~lsa dw'fokuskan, sehbl&}la j;llltJi~, ke ~!lina aJtau H,]aput' ja Iii. i~''lit,I'lI' ad al ab, lapian, '!:U!iIilil: r5,il'liliS'f yang men:ur.up!i"igiall, belilkang .. Ie ~ina m,el'n:g ':nd,u.ng ~,-tU k ,ur :indlf,I'" I(aba,ya Jla.n,g sa:ng,ii!I!,t hal U:51 dj seb 0,1: ba~!:i!l~g dan kien:a.lcurt dan :memawt~a.r'kil!n
:Ml_ 'OmlClS], d"l~.:'" ~ '.:__~Ii; •.IJ',l.l1,'!!i,
~ ~' ,h

y'aIDig
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...:I"' '.' J~iJI~ u:~j'teI',mlla SRr~ " ,rJPll'A, 'd]Lan __

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AF~bi]m ,kUa ,h~ginrnelfha't 'be:nda $~'~:~rjau",Jetaikmlya mloka t:J~flJ~sflin.ri aka,.,

PJien;geFldQr dam" lb-eraiidbalt '~i5~Ql

[G\;!Ind~aJr,,'1. B~"I'~~f~,illt" 3

lt1~$(;f

,tmri ,liill~' (1':iFl~I'. \~§lI,nl 1

G~r.tdi, ,mri ,kome~, J~.e"~e:ooa~ d U:~ple:t.~ ~991). SUa, l'e~Ia.'k ~'lj~dai b

d~d,e.btbnmab oint miati akan m.~ngkaJJ'~'l~ ,blMgkoogi1:ll, n~" sehmg~~ m~ngurJ~n,si 'p~nj'a'[ll fn;kusuya -daa H,y-anSa,",
flAillU,

k~r'~Tetj' be:f.'a:~t~,p'a:d~ :p'~:ffi]Jain;g: t~kru,l~ :ma.bwul:~.ml1y3, ya:ih~ Ildl'~,-kira .2~5 ~m_

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btiJ,l;b y,ir~g: isebu~ (Jj.amadtisi', d J.~r.m:k \fdeb,~ (pbsi5~bt1nd~ ell dl!piln '~lila,hl)1d immiiE lmsa '. m1em_fakusbn ~itha,yi!]Y~"S lll~!il,uk !;eiap jalt:lull dji retina, ,dlffi~bul: ti~'lk atlut J'ik~ raelld~ lebih dJi:deka tkitin. ~e mi~ta lDI'k;a :llensB d.da:k dapat l~ain' fukllJ!s.bn cahay2Jj~ Caha:ya, yamg l111iSU k, lj.d!ik.
11.. ..l' Jii L:UIIJ.i!eu
, I,

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de:ka~' :ilDi be:r.,~gpm" daii S~ltl:~l'ran:gke' g,nlul,g ya:n,S: la'm dan

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m;atii" Hd_a:rig 5e1Seorilinl' yan,g U!iiJtm)'fi, I'~·"AA lti_tnW, ,mliu, ltil~; @~ii.'myauapa,t :5-e:~~tiil;',~ ~ I~ em., ~.i:~J1ml8 pf6~es Fnd1€li'~~~bJ;~ b.!P'~j;i:Qn' di rtUltl1' j'l'trJ i~l(I#'IlI' :k.i~(il n!I,eUI!n",t ~u.ai;u ~~ntfQ~~ P:rOSe-5, p@'mbentukiin 1b~y,an8a:n d"i: ~ell:!ina diltm~jluiik,aJn PQd!a G,am'bar. 3..2"
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.;iii'

"L,~" ~'L ,e;:Il',I',a,:n. m,lfIllDI:,itfi"fIlt)"jfi u!S,lil. ~euQ 21U, COfi.t'Q'" h'~ ~smw,mnG' y,iU~!;~t~~nfil UJI ~;hlln makin, 'l1,tit d~!ka,b;tra,d~'pttt

r lim, 'I.~_,d(!pm dj" . ~k

'Dell1.d:my,~u:tG: tln81~n'yla, g bed',e ta,k, 'pa;d,D, :[!ara,t; :S~,ma ka brmpak, koo.l ,k-a:ren~ b~iyan."ln y,~Jrn,r.'11~;rben;mk, dj, mtiniil 't,~1. d~figiin,'tIn,lli 'bmy.lttl,pn ,.-. lbyt'UlpD -y~, di:h"itilPifiP' l.:H:r,e'ooD ,~d,~,a1rit ,n,!lid'fI'j1 te~·,btd d an d:'jpe~'k1teil. Ol~a k, ki tf~ 'I,a.h. ya:t"l,g rn' ik~ ,m,ener;jaMaini!<ltn,si!llUl"gaknlau, kill mai:l'ilit~slJail'u bend im nUtt_;I, ~llta d,a,pa.il; meHhat' seela h~o]al1;ba"a ng&ll1 te,gak dan. ti.da,k

~f'balik,

kem.aJ,mp ua It Ort-at sUia,fi Ull tu k, memG:~tmr :."eleli1g;;> bngan !'I!.-m;a, :m_ata k:l.Jl1"atll mak-a dl,pab ber-aklb,ll~'Ie_nu mait:a, ~uralil(g'mmbW\,g~Hal ,1m; nll!'ni!la.ltDltla~tan, mba,a 'peD1IJbell,'tui: ' 'bayang,an yaJ1g 'mr.ben bik, IikitD,ja)rul~, d:~be1aka,n,g 'l',etirna, sep.e:rbl dl~tunJu kk an, pa,~a,ro' 'b ~~.. ~~ '.' 'u,innl '1iJ1[, ~.,
,'Uta
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Gilmlb~r' 3.3;, ,Pmsrf! ,pll1l .rJlti;~i' lDy~nfislr,~ • YJ1111 '~r,M!'~li I~'l.~..fafim8'~l~',{rm

~1t8 yrt,,-s,

m~jJld:'~rJ.fllmbul1. }i11Ih.

Orang ya.ng mi!~mp.'1Ji1'1l!'fdke'tairumn :s_ep.ef:'11i,mi, dise'bu't: ra,r,un i~'I'lJ~. ,J;;:,lainm, 5elri~CiJm btl ,cb~pa't d ~a:tnsl: d~ngm memHang
1.'f'I~S'a

pa'sUif atau kaca mil,ta berlensa

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Di lain p'ihal{~ jib k;e:mam,pu;~n 'DtOI~'5Uta:d Iteda ~u kua'~' da:n, berakw:ba,~ lensa m~,m, ItedalU. cembung m~:k:a, ba,yflR;6jltn. 'k. 'nl_ - -1'.'Ilk ~, '. .~ - ". • - .. ' .-"'1 ~, ya:nJ~, t.et,UileHtilll:iN. '~rii.;~l'n 1a'l,lUI.u 'u 1 uepa!n rehn.al 5 e'pe-:rtl. 1lII.:1'" hnrj~·kM. ~~~d)~. ,p.:ba:r 3'-'5.
-. e. . "I;, I

Ci1:mb\lrr'3.~ J~'rtA..-~tJjjfllw'IJ'~d;mJ tMgnlf.r~~n~, ,'eTOOUlll!!k riu' ,~~"! ynfJf

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d_a~~"t,d"I . ~..:aI i:aJ'~ - '_;-aJa,taSl. e:ngall, D:lieMaun_g, . _. 'i~~'sn ,f',ilf.;,tti',if,akt'u, :men'iu1tkai :ikac-a,':mi~lta,~rlema: e~u.DI (pegJ!uf)~ ~a,lmm-ata ber.J.e':ilsa; "ce'k:un,g :men1'ban,hI ca.ba:y,a, pem~1be-ntnk 'bayran,gall be'OI"uLa t:e tap' tell'b~.1i1lttk,d,i: ·~e!tina.p.~~ pelmbefi:tu~ 'ba1,a~,an di. retina pada, OtanI r,anS, ma;rnderita. tabrun d~ka~
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poS~sw. bemda.~ bayatlliin. ~e):"befl~. d.H:n. pa;nllUl,g.:~okus suatu. leJ'rusii.-ti:p~s dap't mtulfisi ,dIil~;t;~l. rumus
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dengan~ s = jiur;a:k benda ke ma:~ ,s~ ~ j"a;r,:a,k; haya;n~iUl. ike' mil,m~ dan

f ~ :p~n~~ngfa,kus

b~.~~~
l!,Hlmk

,ei~ha;~ra i~jt~.'n" . ketnoonipiuan .,~ens~'neg~,~tifumituk :men,ebmrlt~n ,'J' .." ,_", . .caiha,¥a,ciUnyal~akarn, oJengan, ;istI~M~~;UJa:ban,lerma, (P) f~dtu;

Rema'Q1:pruan. :5:l!latu, lensa posi1ttf

mefl,gumpulbn

.... (3.'2)

de-A,I·all~ , =: ~,erkl1altitn. lensa. (:0 =, di.Qp1trl;_}j

~=p~ll1jarLIf~klJ~ ,I;en~a, I(m)~

U:nlu'k, p'a'Dij~n.g, ,lo:ku:s ,5:11am :fm;llSi I m, mclka ,k,e'klJ~'ta:n :11!RSiI. ~~meblU:r 1 D~

M,a;tl, ad)~.'~ab tu ,ala1t, "p'lik "a:rt.g reid ~rj lil'bls 11(~alull sua b~.Ma 'pcsiUf, Alat 'Qfltik. :ran,g ~1.!ga tefdirl, at~u;.1 (safu) lensa

~dalaih "Iup ~lt,at't1. :k~ca,p~be-sar.

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J

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~- _.~~!ll..1-IJ.IUI ,~, ~_Ji..;"I'" d~~, Jii"iQA·,nn..iii1 'I~,~t~ ~,~ ~~= ''''''''''~''m-''''', -':' ' 3' - , d~ "uk1c3"II!' pa d C" 'b'...... ", 1"-.~:h:lim:J~-. -- ~!
~",";i;N1
,~_~ll~.(_~_~ ~l" -' ,." ~,_::_laLln,~, '"-' \, " :

Sedan;g ~I~i~,'

,eletluiJ'l. mem~fai.
~'! _:
L~, ~_~~~_

P"II'!II """"a:liiL,,,,,,-t 'I:";'" 'lie' ,A. l-lp. ,!t~, ~-~

t

'perbesamD 1eb,m. IDS' ~ ~~, ~: n,~ :> -_:_.~eanB" ...Iu

SIIJflm':'

wiOO'ri'JWwIt~

WUJ

~,d:l1\'ln'

t1i1m.'b~r' 1,'::1,4., Vi;i"~~S; ,AJDS ilUlf:iJ~ d~'IlSi,n~ ddl(p'Osh,

.. AI':rt.,.._,..... nn· Il.. 1",I,~U':iI~II6',r

'-w' - ""~Dm-c- CU-')~

I

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rUi.:·_~

ad "'1~_IIrI.

,,"I!lo. .-, ...

~!tL~I,

;~~:L.JI:Kal!IVI!,!IJ1!'tfi'i'il.i!f ....:1t.. .-.!II",,'''''; "":§I,~.I· ~~Vll,l~II:.U~~t~Ul~~.

,~'~u,LU.

~"IU ....i;..,~

mfboskop' .~ iM'i1 Ite!Jath. ada sepetti. di.tum:j'ukkan pada Gmnbnr

,3.J15~

'Gamlb~ .3..1;;" Skds~ ~H~~p

.~'.it#~Ju,l'Jk 'fln~,' I:t'rd'id ""fd~ dfli'l. ~~

~I'\UJ'

~sa. :yatmg be~dB: te:r.dek.at· detiilMl ro~d,m IdWserbul~ ielJ:tm' (;;,~itJc:iJ/~ jedan:g '[~J1~. 1aJllG; 'be:ra!L,:b) ·lhardJ,ekm.~ deDi.ii.1t mata ~ Id~~bu~ b~;lls~ .m~.'t-a.~.t:tIIU , le;t<sQ' d~u/~·. lem.la. o·b~e:k.'tH· 'ftlem·be.ntulk ba'y~nlnn benda ya ng, 5!~~ali.~ip!elbeMn: d.nn ~er,;biilik, ~])i!taJ d ,GaMba'f' 3.,15)\0 Lensa mata d,iSWlak~ .!1j@bii,~8!W pemJb~fi:r.
1~'!11:\

i!:ii'!ii"d'ii'i'""h'~-"'" ~i~ m'i'ii"~I;:lIl..·~,t '1!..;')'!i'W.~'ffi!o,·""liI"'Ii, y~'-o d' .!IJt1~ld~:' K, •• Uli~ uW:·~lIliIJ ,JI"II'Il.. d -G~IL~~,ti~t UI'Jfj. !l3al;:~f'1i~" \_ 'Ob'f@~lf~l"1 POSiBi, bn~MI ,~!ii ta, dLi,oo'll:hJ;k.an, ~llma~. ; ba,y.an,gam, 'yaDg di'b~!m,l"Uk nleh ,If!(Ilsa ob,ek!ti~wy.a ia,llul~,d i ,ti'lik ,fokus 'pe.f'tama da;_ri ~ensa n ata. If - !Ii~ II, .. . "~1.. i: l~ '1..........:1" ~l blek .f ~,:i, ti'UA J:g'lii.i~ ..:11__ .. ...:,~ t: I ....,~~. J!I,i!I!f,'~li;;, ~a_fh;'HQ'1]1•. dl'&U$ .1!iJZo~llt); ,~msa 0 . j~ti:
'~l.i. Ull~IJY ·11'li1ii'll,. ..,·~ . l.ii~·!IlIL~'Uftl I

:uca.

~~';-;I'ID:::

·~it...rn.H~

..

lensa mam d.~S€butpa(f.!j~ntr ~abi.!~.ut',g'L. Pa.nja!ng' tlltn:wng I~i'ibuai't 'm~a.'P'.Benda -ya;~g akan dj, 'Utat cUrenlP~,tkan. dl :~'ua:F Ulik lok~ lensa .Qbjeiiti.f~ ~e:bl'n8P' ba.:~·8n,ga.'n. y~ng d~ihem!uk. oleh .~eiM~ dbj:ekti.f teJ:~bu.t: a.~an. d.iperbesa'f' d;~n. 'b~rad~ di: 6ti.k: .JQkw, pertam~ Iensa .~,~~ Itrerjar:a:k L + J: d~d.leWl9l ~leklifjl1 o pe~n~a

denpn.l aiI.~~,~h. -:panrang f~lktlslensa o'bjel!;:tif ,. .P~['tn;;~s~u~,~n1L ralll di.nmb,u~n. Q~g!h .l~nsa objeltif· ad!a(ab;:
.. ,'. (.3.,'4)

~ '-

-i',i
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,.

.it:';... ~

n~~

'>i;!!

'6U'

!!'m'I!i'~1'

.... ,Ijl.il }l ·

.iI'Ii

'YO

Qle-n;gan!

,~., =, :Utlk,""1d;tk~o ot,mtbJl' ,n'l'll. m,i'lniG,g;u ~a ~a Ii; m,'il;ro S'~OPI

'l.erseb'l.1t /.«) = adalah e

.
',no'

r ani~JIl,o',_ :fbkulS, j D
~

m~nsa ma,kii,
I~

,1Ce'k!"''I.bu~''el,be,mr~J'! ,mikftlSka;~ ,lJl.'(J'~ei!"l,~k ,ad;~lah basilll b'l;i, J". :pewesaratn yarng dJ' , 'n,mk olen leI~ obre~tii dan ~m~arD y,iU~B,d;~be:nlu_k Q~eb,Iensa :mata::

·Sebna~h mUtT.:oslltop 'r~ir.d:i:t",~,atas s_ebua~ !I~rnsa ,~bl-\e;ttlf'f,a,m.1memBild p~njfi~I' fo:kus 1.,' em dan :~ensa:mfll!m, j'f8'fig: 'memiliki panja~~ .fl):ku5 ~() em.
~l

t~dtia, ~~:r.ThSa, b~t.,p~sah, in.~, Sl;ij,a'uh 20 c.m •. Hi:t~nl~lab, kew,n~a:n p~tib~'5ar.T';~fIil ~:J",""",""",'L .,., '·'·'1"""", .". ~ii~, d' - l........ . 10 _ ........ '· 'mlliiil~~I\Q' ~~N.l~~i,1,l.-. -.e.jj!l' O'f.0IRg l t yal'ili,g m-en,RJ141lil;~.1 a d.,~tI.....ib, '"!Ie: 'CIIt., JiD:~
p"le,f,fJBles!tddll~'

[~anljan,g hibung :miklr'OSkDp 'inm adiIJl.ah~ 20 em, ,_ 2, .zm ,_ ~,.iire:M, := 16[16 Cltm, lIekUlAt.ml 'I?'f!rbUin;an :mikrosko,p mi ditp~-t. dlguna:brull, :ru,mus; 'padal p€rsta'Maa'll, (3J6) de:n,g~n. .L =' '1»,6, C'ID~l = 1,4, Cfliii" -l =
2J]
'1\1 if
,r

!COO'I
-

dan X~
~A
~ '_"~

= 25; cm:~
l:~
.j.

J;,V~ 'C

:til!j;ll';Il'F,!!:, -.-~'

.L.~X'-'~,ra'D
If

JIJ

M._ ,1,~j,.,6·on,2Scm, '_' ~48'~'. :."--_-, 1;4c:m,2,(,ffl ,_,- -,--;',--~:~, -

~~nda llelatil~:mMrunjukk~n, bayml,an be~b\elik).

Se(b[lah mJ~-nsko'P 't;e;1fdl~iO,~5 sebuM, '1eru;a ohjektil dan :I!e~, meta "Mi, mem nUd p~ulJ~m;ng fok(ts g~ocm~ Kedhh'IJi11l,e,IlI,1I:in i 'ti!irpi 5mb, 5e~i'tnh 201 em, Diketa'~lonl~ kl.;dE~kid or'anl., y,iU11, me;mlgg.ufta bn adala'h 25 ,cm~ H'~lu'nglaB :tWl~j day-a '[lensn cbjt!'kti,f 'te$!'bul :a,i8(W; ,~.ili'par;;b·leh. ,ke:kLtI'ta n, :~efbesa:fan :m:~Ju~QSkn,p 1ni adillIDah. :100 'kmi. -diUll ba!ycrn:pn wtbalik,

C'~brui1~1;iuk~Ufll1, e~H,amm'ti b~l1,dai'"'bmda r~n,G;k,ecil 'faint; 'tak da,p.a~ ,UmlllJlti m de11;glUl. 'ma ta ib:iasa U!t1_m:~u;, pnd.a teim pt.',JI'bfl,kteri, dan la;~ ... a:i1n,)1 deng,IL1:1, n] mikrros'k:op. ~,n"pat'k~h. '~am,u, :llllenll~1u ic~. u:kuI~:m, ,yaml: l~leb~f:1 al:oya, d~ ~W, benda .. enaa yan:1 :LtalLan ,itmati,'t'els-~but,K:o~:tSt.ll,tU.~UJ, enpn Lpn ,kalwan! b d

~~~.;~

~~~-I

tr>
!

Y:a,l-.iI]i'!iknp "I'i!Ii'f'O'I"ifO··Rp''ii. d-';;!i.Tri~ln"'J; ~:",~," ,r""". !CI!' Ulntuk .me1.i~alt beada ... iben.da, 'be_I' yan!. ,Jet!mk.ny~~a·uh Pnngs"i te'le~kop' 'u:ntu:k. .. tm.eLm,tiarW'!l 'b~,ya:ngan. bends ya,:mjg
[I

I~_'!iii"

.iv.,_

,.

.I~~

.·--~'ID.'~:-

!Qj,!Ii!;~~~

....."_.
III'_ __/

t
"',u,

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,..11
il

G,~baJi'..i' 3; '161. "D,w;!4IiM'

,~1I;M1

al:P~i?lr:,m:gg~~

~11iP.S1IDI" a.c-;tmuoiMis

,H~a11l,s, 'Li,'l' ~;t.~du~'" ilmrUwa,'D :1B,ell~lQ!d:a, 'ber.hitilsU. B:iLemln.wa.1t telLe-slbQf~ Pad~mIlUm, lI61.1~s€!:ai~an,gibifJIU"wan naly'~ G a,l:Ueo,
1bie'r.~11,asi~mambuat ite;~olp.Olnld e.n.18rn,

Il,e'rl~u~ll'tukebih, deb t 5ehingg~, tamp~lk 1 be,R,o,a, lebih. be.s:a.:t'" .',nd;a 'bJth'U:1il 1.160'B·..

'p,e':r:b,e'~.f],f,acn m.p.~.:i, dle~fisa:fi, S,O '~:bdi~ 5"~ G'~liloo adalah or-arn,g: 'per.t.nl1~ y~n,Gm~:gGJtn:~kiln, ~e1es'kop lJ:ll,tuk ;m}@[ila_m_a,i~ 'bl'(tl~a,-bMClE] l~~~,t. :Dia, bed1.tlisil meng;ama,tj, ,md,ii.nya pesu.rn;~n,l,a'n di, l3,u~iln a,an bulan-bulan yaJ:l,1 me~ liJri, pliEWlet 'V.i~prut,er'.,'re:l,es~opl:iui lebih serin;g d'igunak~n1. ul1,tu;k m,@.aJmaU b~rrtda,..bendl8J lalr.sit, ~:mngga :5eli111 dtsebut. te~.k9P a~bono;lRiS.CQn,tQh:d'~agrr,an, ke~'a, l~it!S'b'P8S; ti:mo'Ji,i~ s

d,i:tU'~~ukka'II1. pada 'G~m,'bal 3.:]6.,

it:'~ '6u;QIn'A r,~~ "",. 'rg!~I' . ,,,,~l

''M' ;iI'!i

l'@[~!lkap'-;''1m tl@:rd.iri~aiMlS; dua 'lenstl 'p' rosU:lf.l~flsa nQ~i!iE'v'a~rlW~' deka t Id"l~fnganb'elrilda. dis;ebi~ t." . i:e~~'$a(JljJe:klfJ~ lberf~~\B.:i

LenD y:n~1 d~'k~lt· .de.n,Ban .matfi dise'buj't· ]el~samati, 'fdDlll "~r:rsnl obl.leir ya:til '~funpi mba.lli be. pem:~e:sa'f~er;l~~I1,a tn1tuk meUha,t fDlY'taR,gan 18·11gd.~b~n,tllk a'e'h 1en'sa, Dbje,~tlil tErtilk

un.l1J:lIc,m·e;m,b~nmk

bnyo:rnllll ,d.fi:rwbmda ~e~fti:ti b,~lrb~]:wki dan

ya~rt,;

b~nd.a sa~ga't .~a:uh rs.e',I1]ngg~ 'b~yan.g~n y~u'Gd~be1n't.u~ole:h ~em~1 o'bjektilf ~er'lda. 'pmCla titik wk~;Sr :IEtnsi.'l'~r·_butJ d~ni ]~f,~ ba.r,mftg~n sarna .d!!ngarm,'pa~an:g .ok!~s If!MIl t~r.5ebul".,

..J iI!!IiIi"Ii@,::lien." U'~~-~~~:~d~

,9~ .- Siudu.it. yang dlbenbllk o~~l;iJ a.y,aq,B,OO;l.a~·seba6~imulna b tarr:rpnk 'ol'elh :Ien~nl.'mala",

apa:bUa .bend.a. h~tsebul drlll;l~.~ ·iatlf:lFW1,g.e·lreb. mata 'teknj~fi:gl' DenS;m1 Ilnen;gurrua~rut p~f;ijdel,~'~an.tID~nk.sud.U,'t. dl. yaj:ru. · b ~. e:~ .6 :ma:b dm B,amlbar (3·16) d!pe;~ol@];ii, bDh'wn : ..
~" •. r;; ~

el) ._. Su.d.u.t r~n\l, (;bbe:ntullr;, benda

J~ 11"7\
• i ~ II

\.;I!.j.I",

CtJnd&l .. diam:bU

8g.a:r j~kJi,.~!' nepdf

m~a.

e~:positif). Su~.uJt

e~

"ad"t 'Gamib.l,r l(l~l6ll.al~~h~lah. sl:u:b.l't. :¥,~.Dg: d.i'be:rtt:tlk "olle·tt 'b~.y:mg~na~I' :y:a:ifD :s~besa~~:

tP'A ~
"'

"·0'

_ .~ ..,,. ~
--..

Jl _' m..,.
-. I

.....(3~8)

"f,il

ilili,1i

ii!'~, 19\
\'~lIil ,',

I~= jin:ilk k,Ii:,U5 leny :fl'lata atar~, Dlbl~e'J dan l =: jfrrak ,fu~lI4~:~emadbJektif ..

de:nlan:.

I"~==============

r,i\$!'M 'Q'~'~

~.

i1:r!.. '

'e'iI'AIA;r.at;io;lli

,...;

ll~]esk("p' 1fd wse;b-ll,f ,elrtsmp rmn~~lr. ,elesloc._p'p~n~w Itt!ifitBri :~Il~s saw ce:r.min cekUWl\iJ beBilf" Sii tu Qe~f;',mm da t~:r kecU dan 5it),hl,

'Il'-'~I~--' ---.--'-b-- ----, ']-'-'--~---m--- ------ ! ----lWan ,~. am. p!a"gem an,san. S@aJiMJU. y,all!' pa.i[,1l, ·1--m.... ---- -b--h- "J-eI", ~I, menCl:tiltnJi ,~~flM, '!bjeld.U· Q 5ua.m ~[eskop ~Pirl sebuah (e:l'Ilftltl ceku1l:1 be.Stllr' yan,G; 'be'l",hw ngsi :seb~g,a~, [~m,Blrlftttd [c.ab~,y,I,. p
., " ',' . _ , .• l' .. _ ',,'., . . . .' _': _.

r'

•..

I'

..

.'

.'

'~

cembuns., 'lu'ihlk 'metls~m_aLi oo]lda;~:s~p~rti d ihmj~lkbn

pada G,a:rn,bilF,' 3" 1",

~'

,Sinllr ~j_ar
,tllf"

diU~ l,p.,i,lbl"'!8'

C-fn'Ii'tl

mtlg'llf jflllJJ

~r18

,U.rl~ ,d,jltff

(£emb~ugJ

II ~mm!,enl~." '~:rn telest.op i'an'tuW 'Un~, "'Olenga:ma'li;. ~enda:~ben.da ,hlll~t., TieJeslop ini df~enal s~h,~,g:ai ,~'~'l:les,ko, '(,h~1'9pOi~K l-Il'~h'bJ',~ J ~ Couboh t~r(:fp'Ong Hublb~,e'd.i:tlJlJ],juk kiln ,:p.adla G[~:m,'bi1 3~18. r. Snatu t'Rr.oPOfil, ~5e~tl'fi,G"d i;gcuna,kam. ]itl,g;apa,da bpal, swam mtllk 'm~nWnltai

In.l

I,E,iual ta:~':lJl\1I,~;'U.f ,..... :n~ln;

!.

11 ("\it!in

'A C

ii.

'MtlSuh d,is~bult pe'r.lskO'p.,

'slJIJJllM :'

!I'WU-m.s~~r~Il.I'N1',tt:im

&-.;J I'fm~~,fJI1N,!'M~ 1'fJ\r..ulll1t~~ ~n'"~NmJ'I.11n;,l'~S;iJ i

G,ilim'bllilr 31.'11 1e~w

,l-:!il~bltp,ng' d:bu(lalJauJ ~;m

.ti" r",· ,C1!_II\I:4/J!JI,_;!i r~M 'r;;!!mc,,~!'F!' '

'.,_,. ..."

'9S

Sl1_8JWmtesk,op me;m'PuD1,~j' ]\insl I~~iektif defllmii, 'p~~jafll ,m,k:us;~yil m. ~2S Jikm, Jh!i:njQXi' ,fo'k:us 'm~nsa :m,ot.i1 ~ll,Oem: ,Mitka, bi,mnllah, ke'kluill>an pecmuj)J_r,an, 't-e1eSk'9,,' ~m~,
r

,Pen'y:e,'e,'S\Qia u: P'erb~r,~Il, 'E~eskD,p M, dl(pa~ diU,tm1,g d~ngan ,menggDnaibn 'pl!lsamaarl, (a~9)~

fanu:
-11:"(_1
'>Ij,.l' _

'

,-

,_

f~_ ~5,rtf; __
f~
IIIIII!I!!I -

....a:n

011,tR

'_ --

~I

Ja,dl pe:Fbes,a'r,a'iQ te"ru.'eskop te:r.~eb'U,t ~.dal~h iI~t~n.l\1i\juk'k~l1 baran,pn t;fm:baUk.

:2r$O kaU. dan la~da ne,g~,Hf

Su_Bhl R~~skopn'h'!m,punyaJ :~mSil gbj~ktjf:dm,gan, ,~ekt:la'Mn dJac~a CMJ5,D ~dioplm)\. ]ika, panjiml :fo~w,Len$a, :ma,'m1[0 em mal(iI mllm,g;lah ~e~tlDtall :pet~r-..

an te~eskop loi.
p:~,,~p,tfi;fJ:idfl:

])a',a, Ienss objek~tU P ;; D,Oo;S d,tOpb"i,. jadi, jar.a~ .thkus ~ensa,,obfektif

.rse~llJt

l, ,_, 03; 'D =20"m _.' l -....I.'O.!l' '-~ 'Peth~J,~n -yaitur

~rAl' ~_ lY1J ~ ----:- .-

teles.~Q:P'M ~paJt dIlNhulg: den~o

20'm _ ~ . .- , _ ,~-

'menggun~~

pe:~rnaj}O (3.,9J~,

fo .=~
(e

-~oo
~
I' :_

OiiO~,tt~

Hal "nm,g, per"Wu idw,pedtI9lJlJibn, dfa~nm,b,tjl IQles~fip",~S~l!IVomis'a;d~b ke·kua'tm. . p,f!nlttmpman Gthfi1,~,a 'buibm. ~t1~l k)e\k;l;la,~in'~~h~v~ ~~.eskDp" al ini H d~bfjbl:C~, sem_akin, 'b~r.', o&lJe'k'llmyil 'm~b ,abrt semakjn ~~WlG "bny,iin,~.,n),',8.

$&;~==============

I(le~j:idl!:an :srol1"s"al

,U 'bawy, iIlli d illIn, d~5'kUtSiku, d,en,IID p,TIiIi~ L'"erit~di bUf~ll ,f'nil

Pt'e,rturMlWn pl!"~pltu"

D~mmJ:'a.dnb~h ~sis'~,~ salah sam, >~MA N,eg ri dj, Y0m'ilk~[4b,. Dm1l1aJ[' t. ~a n].t[~\B'!tahun ke-1.7' Imibe.;r:i hadiaJt o~eh Olr!1 n.,g, hlft1:lYi se'buab. kiu:rurr:a. Se11~U'~ s~lb~lurn uila~B, tahumn.y,~ dj,~, dtaja,'k lo]eh ayahnya per,gj, k;e to:ko kamera di, Jalan 5o'~,o", ogym karta, DM1,8!J if' dtm iLn:tame,mftl.h, se.ndirl kamera yanl Y dji~glnJ~iul, amar keb~ngumgall unl!m.k, lIDenlljh k~me:riJl, ite~b'Llt b:m!_nau ada, D ,Z jeJlis Mmiem yaitu ,k#mera, den!_ .film, bias~, dan bme~~, Id'~,g;ifat ]", 'To:Loll,g b~nt:ul~h D~m.a'r. denga~,~~:ra bn'Wu,iel~skan pociltM;;ip keij~,kaim&,i\ de:llg:an, fUm, ~,i~~ darn kamera di,gi;tall~~l)rtJ.t di ,~,tatd 2.. P.ada ,b~ne1~, dl,gitw. ada isdah mero 0 r.rnn,y a, 2, MPixe:l~3. M.'ixel1l1 d5t.., .Apa, a:rti.rtrl~' ii~kameflll,nrinya IIna~dn.b~;r? :~L Ap~ ada per.b'ed,oan, eara ~k;e:mi'a 8:llmr:rEl, k8llmeJra d~,gibd:d:an :k~mJ2.ra,y~TtIJ,S ad,1i'Ii 'p'H;I,~,:5e'buah ,h~nd, 'p,h-on,e?-'

......__,---

e Skll[ls, : Kee.tapanl ,So,sill

1

K~li M b:~lah,m~ll1pl!.1.ii)~rj, telfiko~p'" LiLk:t'tt!!!ln seSl;1a,IM dtm:l;S:,ml :mf.imm,1ij,'lUl lllln pm:nanamtiHii b.~·n~mns ~eh~5kJo.p!tEH:"5~b'U,t g~!aJ member,iuFlJ fas:iUt.BIJs ke~d a 'I""", .' ] nl~ ,. ~ C·~pta~l', 1Ii~_ ma$yalfa,I!!ii~lt: uas .llU1Sa nya pe~G~'mil!bln ,~.~h'v~ ,gllJJ1ltmg, J,V'JJeirn'p~,. tas .... pf!odu, (sejenis mleskop') um,tu:k memka'! 6er,k~l'l:ii!!H~lta5Uah ~I?ada guru. ~alwan!
ij".,K"

1lI

Pen,er,Jp(ln AII[aIt:apriik:

Mala
Iru~~ih.fI,t ~e'ga,hi, indahan di dt~~:i~, 1d~iillIJ :men,n:unami ka n. a 1m: t. optijk mn~'t,~.111eIlgl;unaiin ala t
IO:lta'il~ dapa,t,

op Uk mata untu k m~d[h sesua tu ~Jt di,'~j U ~dt2tll pmda IG ~uDba_r.3tl 9

i
1 ,

~lfm~'ror; 1fIImII'.:r;ubi2l!-j\'PI'.nJy.

G"uf;libaJra;~gi O,tw.g flh''1_rJJr4li.w,; ru~ta''''~lJ~ 'JfdlJro~1 ~;,..::r", ,e!_lIlI:4ljljl.;!i 'v n.w~ 'rQlmc ,r~"",,, .;,.;' •.

:97

i:. PI'ne':lrllpan

A.:at

Qlptik KamefiB,
D~~~lm kleh~d.'u.piilf:l sehar~-h~~ili, kila,

se,1:~ns;lI'i!~njttmpill:il Ol;lD,£;; m~~:lI:~bad]bI:1. snam peris.t1w,ii dEll,S~l1,,C_!ir,aIj, mM,.atnm]

,B~mbiilt, ~ri5ti\\\~a~~iseblltr. .[mg~rmbffilmn, p P ,gamlbar: d.wn,~kukan d,eogan a ~m, op ~'ik ,kan1fl~a" I(aimm-,a, y,nng: dli;pl'l"kl1can Ull:t!.a'k ,m,eng~unbjl 'pombal" big. kame~a,dell,gM rUm, ,a,ltau kalller·a 'tilnpli ,fHm, (di,gilid)l~ PellggruJJU!ljj~fI, uml'l!r,a, 'U;rn[wk. :meu~j'ambru I,
19i1m-~ al'

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..... •..-~1 :I.~.~ ... [1!4~,1 ~.gJII.U'!.~I.

,.,J pa'~la,"."-_11!li!!8r.'i':ii ",;11 ''G " -, - t.. ;;IIi., ~~

3 ..
:Sifmi:r~Il'; ~_:';1..rr.L1ifiii..jpg

Pene',rapan A:~ar OJpfilk, lUpl

(K,a,c:'a, Pe,mlbe'SarJ dal,illm

G;amh.!1i~' 9.!n 'lr~!8'II'H"J';.r;O'lrii~'~' d~'I8~~ rMl'Ji8'8'U ~~'b'J

iam'U'iItf

Kehi [I,lIpanl IlehBri~hilr.i:

baIkj

,emh~r') 'U'I1'tyk, melma~ klompor.:bUIi ,e1e,ktt~iWjk yool :~e~... kecn ~~UCi Ala}t j,nLi ,s_ring dl~g~;n'ilkiinJ lmll~I.'k m.el'ih~~ tuli,san ,~ti't'I, g:~urrnb~,ryiflllg ,kl icf~., :Peng,Gt1'nil,a.n hl,P (,aClI, 'plembesar') dU:u1ljukkan 1?ad~, G,IIM bl'l; 3.::!.l~

Da,'~arm, klehWdl)1'p:a:t:l Sle'l1a:ri-btu~i~ ta ld seltm:; :melihiillJ't.oruS fi!l!d!1tno, :meHi:pe~ to\m:piD;~I~e.t' dei1lilD ,me~ID;IlnaJci1ln. i.da~·IOpltik. ~u.p l(k~Cfi,

S:IlfmWI' ~ Wlf.I w.jW~"ituilli't~u.NJn

Gam'

,;U: ,3..21,

r1rlJiBgl1f11iiTiJ ll, (.iMm rJt'.rr~!ll,i!--&I1irJ .M~'rj'k·m,ljIM; [tuN~~ yatifl~ ~"'dl I

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4)~ 'p'enelrapiiJn ,A,.at Q,p-tU(: MUl:roisk:olp,

Hi j~'g . ..Iii ~I Il..~'..l r"",·' .. f' .," "j.~ ,II-a,d- !i'iI P _J;lGluiIl:Wil,t:1, u.Q iii am, W!1.1:"U,m:n,~: ,~WCI'-ljo:g]lI" ~,il,[,t'm'laSo1\i' :linif/:l.JJIIS:t. diVi, I seh~Fil"l:r,i1 ~f~~g d:l-::-,UDtlkan mlkrosmp' ttnltdt, men~~mati ..

berii(l~-bl!lld_a, y,iIIll,G llidJa]~ mumg'ktrn ,da:l?il~,diiUlf,at denliMn lll,&lt.il m~aI1IJBllng., CC(l1.'mh. paflggru:Ull>laiml, ~l~'t. op,tik ,mj'~r05kop un.tuk
'mi!iiI"I1l.. "',I~' ~\I_ Illh~JlI!;.
! ~ ",

bend "Ji-bii'!i'",d~l~ft ....~!1 d1"1Ih1~"'i~,·,IW~·I ~ .•

U~llll: '!li:YlJ~" ·1"11 16.~~~WJ

J'lullilrt ~1UllK.:1:lI.i~_~lll

,~,'i'!Il

p~d'~' C:-"!!Ii m'L'~Iii¥ ~.~iIi "''''ii, I:'

l~." ~ I.

-lAr ~ - !UUJIIJ.

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Sumwl'

: 'rllrJII:W.lrdfl~'.drl

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a~

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,aln~uplilt m,ikros:hlp

iIi~~~'j\.i.mi!rtlM' bll'mm",k-Ilan :k~iI

51] 'Penerap- ·I.n ,A.at 'Op:tik Te esko'n ,F

I
I

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rg!M,!'Il'",~~,

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ml1l&d kr1dQ~I. yr;r.,~ }mill•

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tile 01111s~:: :ecaklapan Parso,n:1I K

ItI!rjla'kml ~Q,alIl bawa', ~m;i,aR, disl:usikan, deDpft Iw'td, d:i:
Jll~1 kamlll, per,gj, dJr!_rnI.m:1, pesa\\fii.t Udi1l"iiJ:mil'ka, senilfua bljs Y.~llg killmu 'ba,wa,
L:... ~'l~'h US

:Balalmama prin!S\i.p ]aui!~:k"am 'ra y,ml~ d~!Dna:IkI'fl1, dii: OOndin;ti !ehingg;l, ,Ia'ta, t~thu ,aJ?(~ ba!',In.1 bi,w,a:a!1l p~n'IJm,m:n.g :I?E'SDW a'~'u!Liliu"a? ,is~

d. iIi~'"1s~ny8, .' u:eti,

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P e'Llwg,gjjS ya :1i:U dlengsn car,I, .

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u 1. :~a me fjl, '5:1 nar

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II~

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.Ki~t~oot..iin;g mendenlg:a1F' ![J;Jr.,~~g ~g' y

menwda1:~t~. ecel~ail'n :R~£el]"G~I~ml k 'pa:tah. 1~1Jhlng m1I1ls~b-1a-;,.Kamler'a :sepe'tlj, apa yang dignnakacn untuk mje:sleitah-~.i ~~an,g: :rn~:n~J,~ng; paWl y:ang ada di da:l~mtubuh ·k~ta?:DiSkU51ibn d~D,~~
8uru. :ka:t;ian:!.

Kewlrausab,aan : Inovati'
JiH ,k~ta l.~ t fo~o burni kilt o,:leh SilwUt maka 'p',ikirl~lIn hmmer:~ ,~epeirt;L ana }'D'lll d:':gun~kin untuk memDtmt b~lml :Y,ft~1 ,ki!ta, ~. mpa'li, .m~[ ~,II'~.' ~m~_,. -:l!. . .. , : ... fJi~~'!i'iit·i ,U'.I:S'l!i;l!ISII!I~.dJl, ~en,gan-,guru, :f;;tUllLmE
J II ~

l ~ Ala'" 'Offtik 1td~at~h al_a!~'bam.hl 'p·en,g'-' t, llih3;~ :y-afig 'b;e~gm:fial oo,wk 'mHl1!;ng'''' ~mali beni1il~-'t"end~,\I',an,g ·t~dil . iI~1asl S.. } k dUIi~ t. Qille!h,ma'bo
i -

il"is, &e:r.ruDgS~·memb;ru-i
mata.

'wama 'pmdal

2~ Ai1i'1ll:' Qptik a!m:t~tl

]up, ;mikroSkap· dan mles'~p!

'mam··ma~'kam~fa,i!
6..

,'-u.prU ,~d,~Jah ,oom~b ~-i:nsbr.iIFl _)f,aDI lebifi'm"ftfl d i,a1~·LUf 01_~h, it'iS:· ·diu berg,u~,a, '!:lD't'u:k m,!!'Aga.itu;r en ha ya yiing: :m~su.k ke matil., j um la1:" ica.hily;~, 1',ilI1i',g
, i~' ~
r .... :~~I~

...:I ::'I.. _..iIi ~~Il·l.--n, ;j!'i;;'I,_L ~'r·~'I'ie! m ISt'~ ILU~lrRJlrQW v.L[~ L Ja'il
&i--l

:m;em,at!Ul

kl

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'lJ:m-L,~·'~IciI"",J'.uJII ~--,l_.~ 'U_~"~l

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~e:ti:ll~ 4d1ii.~ajh. l.~.pi~~hll'~rB:t 5a"r,~.f. ~,5~ :riC!I.\!'imJ nm,p'Ui~'n: :5 ID.a~tl, ru 'l1!:n sa. pes Uif" d il.~·' y,itltll :meifi,garn ung: 5 tJtU.lii.tU'[ :lLfiUL8'" unhtk meng:umpu1lJmn' ,ah~lra, ~:m'u. ~,fi,b;o ysrl!'tl SH!i.ll'laJ ~ ha ~,ws dan ya kem~rmpu;~n Isnsa ml!S;iitiJ untuk :mem.i'rM:~a'~JCarn hi fo:rm.ifi,:5iW ym[111 m,Iii!IFl'y'@;ba,r:kan ICil,baya, d~J:'i,:y,~,~fi,k8'm, dj bel rim a sara f ~p·tik dan di WJl1im kJ@ dJe~~iin ~stil~h keku~bllJn lensa (:1")
I _.j ....
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ullWn~Ii'

.&U'l k~~enGkung:un lensi], milt

AluJmod~q ada'iab 'P(roses '"'PftlhEhh,rr.'~

l

.~ '. ya:i'LU~ P ~
16 ~

] 7
ht\l1m,,· .

Ti~ik, d@kia.1 ad I lah jaff~:k t"erdeked ('J' o~ds,~ 'ben d~, d i. dIe-pan .D'UI ta) dl~naJ leusa ..m,e:ll1f'Qk~'k~ll. caha.y:a y~ng, asnk telap ]~'tuh di. F~tiliW., m
1. 01..Raburn ,d~,k~tt ada la'h

mempuoywo:i, s:stu,

l~.'p !ldala]~, a~a,~' opiUk ya~n,g hany,a,

i.1 ~ 1L up d,1:,g11nlJak~,n.u;bluk ,mEd.:ih~~· ben.d~y~g, :~U ,agar:tampa.K

bes~r.

leu.

dlmlL~nl~' 'ke:m-a:mpuan Ite,da:n'u; k,ua, t ~ an, be:ra1;;ibaJ't le'nsa

,kJeia,daa ml '0 ~o t s:~ l1a:r.i

P,emJile.s:a:~,a"fl, sud,n,t· ai'ta'u, ,ke.ktlabln p'em'be~"tm.· M ,~up'adiiill~a~,:,

'-l 'Ill 1_ 'l.. .' :marta. -fe:[f.',,a.III:U .ee'm-m,u:ngl" :se,f1:WJI11:E;jI,a_

ba,YitFl;gBIl :"rlnig, ~errbe[llJ:lllk jaituh. di

,X", M ;;m _I:;;:: -----

. \, 16

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dep~:n telmina".
11~ :~nderita, 'f,abufl, ~kfi:t:'·d~;~t ia~si d d

mem~M!l;R:le:rt5~1~osidf dl p de,pl'ln m.a;mny.~ sehi tlll~ baY:ait1:;an, 'l;eblp jamb ,eti ;f@lir.l8., denpn

Kalt~,era, a.daLhth a:ta:t' ya.:mg CU,tplrUlk:atn t.m:tuk :me,mk~msarn"~f. ,2'0'"

lCilllle-rn:iJl

~efdiii,

a~a5

,amem, dem;Gan.
i

]"2,,, R~aun 'i:auh ,adalaJ:t :keaCl,a~n (iUmama, k,em,i),mpuC'niil ,o~ot S':n~a:[i 'Ij,n,hl,k
11laI11.!~'tm ke1eng'ktm,g~n~m'm;amata

D~U~U'i.Is:uJlak~ln 1Um, dan, ~id,ak rnm§g;uIJta]Cim lffhtl

21~ M,:il(fO:s-kop ',ad,aJmh

ku r.a~l: dan, ber,mkiba~ hU1S3 :m,alta:

aJa,t untuk nne] ~h:aJt b-end~ii!b@ndla, 1'a:ng s~nga~' keCi1 'pada jaJrak yaa,g enga1t. deb~:~
l-t"!:I!l;s~ IQ~1:el'k.'t~of ~'ah,~tensa Yil"B ada ber~d~ ~r.d~'k~!tld,iell,gan. benda .

kU'a!~G, cwnbtJ:l1l.! ,s~hi:mgp baYiID_g", ..... ·' an ')filil'lg 'L~ ...i5!.. b..,iIi .. JamJ.ll'~_I, b e]~,~I.. uen:u.jI.~ ','L, dO' ~"m'lg
I •

"!i>r"1i
"~I!Ii

:reilina~ 13". Pend~~.dlta ;rabpUj~'M d8;P~lt iat~s~ d deng~n, :nlem~anl lems~, :negiltlf di depan, :mat3lny~,5e.himwm, bay:~:pn '

Le'":ia

O(Kld

e~ a,dtalall, lensa r's-ns;.

a.~ a:t

bewaJda. 'teide:k~,t d~iniga:n·,m~tl,.

'fero'p jilruh dj,·-re1ijna,.,

il!Jn.t~:k:nrlelihat benaa,'~,efidal besa.:r ya'[\g, l,.;rta;knya, '~mgaJ

d;w,ij;I':una.luul !D'

'~ele~k.op ,~dala:h
~,alu:h,.

'opU.k y~!;rI!l',1

1-4,. .H\utHJlnI2'1i, 'pmrnsl bendat :bi1,ya,nl~n 1[l:Ut,S:~lii-be.nrh, _da:n: 'p8!~[tjlang f:c:kus suatu '~e~ tipis, a-da;la.h~

25.;, Petkh~sa r,an

M~ ,_t~ ~ """'T --'~,

'telle5(ik,on

~'~hj:lmn,l, d~nga:n,

'pe:r.sa;m~iMl:

'"

,M da'na~:
r

~c

.it:'" r,~,~ '

,rQ!~~1

'il'1!u'.... ;rn1jlj ,

'X .'

,A,.

'~UhJ,a!_hjsalam, ,SItu j'aw,a,'ba_D, :,a[l(g pali'I1I\B b:!ipat~,dell,gan, memberi Mmd~ ,s;iJiaDI, (X): padaJ hilmi' ~, b,1" !C" ..:Ii" ,aja'U e!

1~ Pe.nde'(!'l~a ndoip:~ rnlu!inggu_:_n.:aik~n kaeama ta -2 :,1 aga:E pel,gHltil ~ya mel;~d:l,ncrnnal, A,paJ~'Ua, ,or.ang ~e~sebt'l,t ~~pa, :kac~:m~lta""ti.ttk j~nilbDya, selbe5,~:r..'.'. ' I~ 50 em, d" 1.23 'em, b. 75 em, e,• .JSO ,c;m,

c.

ioo em.

,2,. Me ta ,not,m aJ, 'b,e':r.al\;;,omod,a:~d, :m,a,k:sJtnu.m :m~:n,g:aDila,ti,

pr~pa [,a~, '~11 'be'l]ia,r.:a:k1~,~, Y ~enrtiim,e'h,~.rd ~ 'bil'",ah, lensa ohyeJdlf padil ~lla:tu nuboskop,. A,:pElibila, lensa [dil~ektU dan rne,lU!~, lokuler ,mi:krosJlOrrp Jn~si:rnB:--_m1isin,1e;rk~ktlatnn, ~OO b
dl0]?itri\f ]Jim~~1 dan pe:rbe~f.,~n, mIkja~()p adald.. .,.,. : .

a, ttl 011, dan, 62;5 :k11U. b. 14;..51£nl dan ?U ka'll,

14 em dan '75 bit d, 13,,."1 em dnn, ,80 :k~li
C,'
1

@~

13 em dan ,SS ,kaJU 'bmtang :mlml(p'llrnyai Iensa IQ'bjiek'Hf' dan, !()'kuJer.

• . '.

~,~

TeI1(lPOfllB

• 1: ~ ,ma:5ilo,g:,,:n1a Sdl,g II:.. k',e1:~uAt~iUl1 ,I!,..I III,!I,aa, ie ~Ie.:r ~. k' "'7' n " 1iJ' _,,, 2,'

D" ,M:P\~, ~~,I. 'b"'m

j!j"

pen.ga.ni~,tan, tan:pa_ ,~koll1Qd,a'si, d aJ'l, ,~kOm.OGIi;S:i,lWIraqj:m;unn, n~aika perbes~n!',an y~J\g dlper~lleh ~11l~td.n8,~ m~s:ing sehesllJt ,..~., , a, '1:0 ,kalH Idan l,S ~k~)i, b, 15 'kailli dan ,201k?lli
. LV c~ !"in
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~ebas~r'.

5.

51'bue, le.ltM roombnng m,empUfiyal jarak ,:f(lk.us 2:5 em,

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'6., SeleGnng dEf\pn ,m-m,m ~m;[D,p1'oomtik ID~uh12 memfl' dapa~ :m~Ut.~t [dengan. normal bi1a memakei kaca:m8!Jta d€'llpn: M~ualan. '..,'~. · '" iL , . Ilop,tn, . 'oJ d'~ ~ d" 2, dioph"i
'L

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Ji'ka, orang [~rse:huJlt b~'lin, .d.nart, benil,a, y,ll1:1 ~a'rilkn,ya m 15; c'm de'n,g:ID htl':a:ng~ ma:k;a harDs, d Uniang [if:e.ng;fu1,
.kammabl y[~!l1-Sjlamkfe,kusnya
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d, +3,9:001
e, ,*66
CJn,

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b, 14! em.
c,

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den laD .,j:a:r.ar,k ,f,Qlk.llS S em, d~~po,:krd nhJ.~ 1.1 ~'-I~'b·'Ol'ii,·t iI;''';:LYit.ll ;n,ii"i.'_i'li'] "~L,· m~'i:wrU, b.-'i<'!ii'.;iIi~,[dn'H,"'ei;ii'ii' 'm t':lliiu. iI,~UIL,I;lI:i,u, I-.... ik 'Li"i'1i'I!'ii'il..if'ilmii"'i;d"'iili~ . lIi::,u~ru,1Ii ; u tIiiI""" ~. u ' "~[:;ti\I'1 m a.'k a, 'pe;lbestu;,ii.'f:'l1'lya ,iOda~ah ~"n
i!ii.iI!e;;

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dJi. bawab. :bli dell;~in ·:s.kI[I:lca!t: 4a:o

I"

~buaih g~dbJ.nl yan.g Hnipn:Y1a, 20 m, .Patinl ,JOt{li .hiU;1IYa, .2, em Sftj a, 'adm "I:r,aJ: 'b ,.ta pa 'Ied:u og b;li dbuub w I, .garnbil.mytl ji'l(a d wsrUl;~km,,a~a.~· pemot~t de-n,g;~D,~~l~5i}' J,ang jRr,~.kfQ;ku'5ny,~ § em r

,~t, 'Se'bu ah lup y:a n:g fto'k,u5,nya ,6 em rdi.s,u n;8IJ.k,a.r~). tu k Ij'n, 'lll1J!'llgama,H s~buafi lle-Illda..d;e;n.ga.n .m.a,I'alje:r,a'kio~od~1Si r, ~I~'" '··'I.r. ..a . 5e.'u.at-iIi,'tUl t,f-[ya. J4a1i !r'a~,IU h.!ii,; ue ka'tny8 ,il'd' I h ..,t,:. em ~ ~,fjJj .AiL!. ~>:l!i k H;ib~:t1.\g;~~:h jarak jbe'w.tci:adad. ,I.u.:p til an :b~ung piu~~.~~:h ~
MII'·'Il..·-~'Il'~''''''F!I;V~·I·1 .r .1
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