CHAPTER 03 Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry

CHAPTER THREE
 CHEMICALEQUATIONS & REACTION

STOICHIOMETRY
1
Chapter Three Goals
1. Chemical Equations
2. Calculations Based on Chemical Equations
3. The Limiting Reactant Concept
4. Percent Yields from Chemical Reactions
5. Sequential Reactions
6. Concentrations of Solutions
7. Dilution of solutions
8. Using Solutions in Chemical Reactions
9. Synthesis Question
2
Chemical Equations
 Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

that shows:
2. reactants on left side of reaction
3. products on right side of equation
4. relative amounts of each using stoichiometric
coefficients
3
Chemical Equations
 Attemptto show on paper what is happening at

the laboratory and molecular levels.
4
Chemical Equations
 Look at the information an equation provides:

∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
5
Chemical Equations

∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
reactants yields products
6
Chemical Equations

∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
1 formula unit 3 molecules 2 atoms 3 molecules
7
Chemical Equations

∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
1 mole 3 moles 2 moles 3 moles
8
Chemical Equations

∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
1 mole 3 moles 2 moles 3 moles
159.7 g 84.0 g 111.7 g 132 g
9
Chemical Equations
 Law of Conservation of Matter
– There is no detectable change in quantity of matter in an
ordinary chemical reaction.
– Balanced chemical equations must always include the same
number of each kind of atom on both sides of the equation.
– This law was determined by Antoine Lavoisier.
 Propane,C3H8, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide
and water.
∆
C H +5O 
3 8 → 3 CO + 4 H O
2 2 2
10
Law of Conservation of Matter
 NH3 burns in oxygen to form NO & water

You do it!
11
 NH3 burns in oxygen to form NO & water

∆
2 NH 3 + O 2 
→ 2 NO + 3 H 2 O
5
2
or correctly
∆
4 NH 3 + 5 O 2 
→ 4 NO + 6 H 2 O
12
 C7H16burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide

and water.
You do it!
13

and water.
∆
C 7 H16 + 11 O 2 → 7 CO 2 + 8 H 2 O
14

and water.
∆
C 7 H16 + 11 O 2 → 7 CO 2 + 8 H 2 O
 Balancing equations is a skill acquired only
with lots of practice
– work many problems
15
Calculations Based on Chemical
Equations
 Can work in moles, formula units, etc.

 Frequently, we work in mass or weight (grams
or kg or pounds or tons).
∆
Fe 2 O 3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO 2
16
Equations
 Example 3-1: How many CO molecules are

required to react with 25 formula units of
Fe2O3?
3 CO molecules
? CO molecules = 25 formula units Fe 2 O 3 ×
1 Fe 2 O 3 formula unit
= 75 molecules of CO
17
Equations
 Example 3-2: How many iron atoms can be

produced by the reaction of 2.50 x 105 formula
units of iron (III) oxide with excess carbon
monoxide?
? Fe atoms = 2.50 × 10 formula units Fe 2 O 3
5
18
Equations

monoxide?
5
2 Fe atoms
× =
1 formula units Fe 2 O 3
19
Equations

monoxide?
5
2 Fe atoms
× = 5.00 × 10 Fe atoms
5
1 formula units Fe 2 O 3
20
Equations
 Example 3-3: What mass of CO is required to

react with 146 g of iron (III) oxide?
1 mol Fe 2 O 3
? g CO = 146 g Fe 2 O 3 ×
159.7 g Fe 2 O 3
21
Equations

1 mol Fe 2 O 3 3 mol CO
? g CO = 146 g Fe 2O 3 × ×
159.7 g Fe 2O 3 1 mol Fe 2O 3
22
Equations

? g CO = 146 g Fe 2O 3 × ×
159.7 g Fe 2O 3 1 mol Fe 2O 3
28.0 g CO
× = 76.8 g CO
1 mol CO
23
Equations
 Example 3-4: What mass of carbon dioxide can

be produced by the reaction of 0.540 mole of
iron (III) oxide with excess carbon monoxide?
3 mol CO 2
? g CO 2 = 0.540 mol Fe 2 O3 ×
1 mol Fe 2 O3
24
Equations

3 mol CO 2 44.0 g CO 2
? g CO 2 = 0.540 mol Fe 2 O 3 × ×
1 mol Fe 2 O 3 1 mol CO 2
25
Equations

3 mol CO 2 44.0 g CO 2
? g CO 2 = 0.540 mol Fe 2 O 3 × ×
1 mol Fe 2 O 3 1 mol CO 2
= 71.3 g CO 2
26
Equations
 Example 3-5: What mass of iron (III) oxide

reacted with excess carbon monoxide if the
carbon dioxide produced by the reaction had a
mass of 8.65 grams?
You do it!
27
Equations
 Example 3-5: What mass of iron (III) oxide

reacted with excess carbon monoxide if the
carbon dioxide produced by the reaction had a
mass of 8.65 grams?
1 molCO2 1mol Fe2O3
? g Fe2O3 = 8.65 g CO2 × × ×
44.0 g CO2 3 mol CO2
159.7 g Fe 2O3
= 10.5 g Fe2O3
1 mol Fe2O3
28
Equations
 Example 3-6: How many pounds of carbon

monoxide would react with 125 pounds of iron
(III) oxide?
You do it!
29
Equations
454 g Fe 2 O 3
? lb CO = 125 lb Fe 2 O 3 ×
1 lb Fe 2 O 3
× × ×
159.7 g Fe 2 O 3 1 mol Fe 2 O 3
28 g CO 1 lb CO
× = 65.7 lb CO
1 mol CO 454 g CO
YOU MUST BE PROFICIENT WITH THESE
TYPES OF PROBLEMS!!!
Now go to your text and work the problems assigned!
30
Limiting Reactant Concept
 Kitchen example of limiting reactant concept.

1 packet of muffin mix + 2 eggs + 1 cup of milk
→ 12 muffins
 How many muffins can we make with the

following amounts of mix, eggs, and milk?
31
 Mix Packets Eggs Milk
1 1 dozen 1 gallon
limiting reactant is the muffin mix
2 1 dozen 1 gallon
3 1 dozen 1 gallon
4 1 dozen 1 gallon
5 1 dozen 1 gallon
6 1 dozen 1 gallon
7 1 dozen 1 gallon
limiting reactant is the dozen eggs
32
 Example 3-7: Suppose a box contains 87 bolts, 110
washers, and 99 nuts. How many sets, each consisting
of one bolt, two washers, and one nut, can you construct
from the contents of one box?
(
87 bolts 1 set )
1 bolt
= 87 sets
(
110 washers 1 set )
2 washers
= 55 sets
(
99 nuts 1 set )
1 nut
= 99 sets
the maximum number we can make is 55 sets
determined by the smallest number
33
 Look at a chemical limiting reactant situation.

Zn + 2 HCl→ ZnCl2 + H2
34
 Example 3-8: What is the maximum mass of sulfur
dioxide that can be produced by the reaction of 95.6 g
of carbon disulfide with 110. g of oxygen?
CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
35
CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
1 mol 3 mol 1 mol 2 mol
36
CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
1 mol 3 mol 1 mol 2 mol
76.2 g 3(32.0 g) 44.0 g 2(64.1 g)
37

CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
1 mol CS2
? mol SO 2 = 95.6 g CS2 ×
76.2 g
38
CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
1 mol CS2
? mol SO 2 = 95.6 g CS2 ×
76.2 g
2 mol SO 2 64.1 g SO 2
× × =161 g SO 2
1 mol CS2 1 mol SO 2
What do we do next?
You do it!
39
CS2 + 3 O 2 → CO 2 + 2 SO 2
1 mol CS2 2 mol SO 2 64.1 g SO 2
? mol SO 2 = 95.6 g CS2 × × × = 161 g SO 2
76.2 g 1 mol CS2 1 mol SO 2
1 mol O 2 2 mol SO 2 64.1 g SO 2
? mol SO 2 = 110 g O 2 × × × = 147 g SO 2
32.0 g O 2 3 mol O 2 1 mol SO 2
 Which is limiting reactant?
 Limiting reactant is O2.
 What is maximum mass of sulfur dioxide?
 Maximum mass is 147 g.
40
Percent Yields from Reactions
 Theoretical yield is calculated by assuming that the

reaction goes to completion.
– Determined from the limiting reactant calculation.
 Actual yield is the amount of a specified pure product
made in a given reaction.
– In the laboratory, this is the amount of product that is formed in
your beaker, after it is purified and dried.
 Percent yield indicates how much of the product is
obtained from a reaction.
actual yield
% yield = × 100%
theoretical yield
41
 Example3-9: A 10.0 g sample of ethanol,

C2H5OH, was boiled with excess acetic acid,
CH3COOH, to produce 14.8 g of ethyl acetate,
CH3COOC2H5. What is the percent yield?
42
CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

1. Calculate the theoretical yield
43

88.0 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
? g CH 3COOC 2 H 5 = 10.0 g C 2 H 5OH ×
46.0 g C 2 H 5OH
= 19.1 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
44

88.0 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
? g CH 3COOC 2 H 5 = 10.0 g C 2 H 5OH ×
46.0 g C 2 H 5OH
= 19.1 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
2. Calculate the percent yield.
45

88.0 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
? g CH 3COOC 2 H 5 = 10.0 g C 2 H 5OH ×
46.0 g C 2 H 5OH
= 19.1 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
2. Calculate the percent yield.
14.8 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
% yield = × 100% = 77.5%
19.1 g CH 3COOC 2 H 5
46
Sequential Reactions
N O2 NH2
HNO3 Sn
H2SO4 Conc. HCl
benzene nitrobenzene aniline
 Example 3-10: Starting with 10.0 g of benzene (C6H6),

calculate the theoretical yield of nitrobenzene
(C6H5NO2) and of aniline (C6H5NH2).
47
1 mol benzene
? g nitrobenzene = 10.0 g benzene × ×
78.0 g benzene
48
1 mol benzene
? g nitrobenzene = 10.0 g benzene × ×
78.0 g benzene
1 mol nitrobenzene 123.0 g nitrobenzene
× = 15.8 g nitrobenzene
1 mol benzene 1 mol nitrobenzene
 Next calculate the mass of aniline produced.
You do it!
49
N O2 NH2
HNO3 Sn
H2SO4 Conc. HCl
1 mol nitrobenzene
? g aniline = 15.8 g nitrobenzene × ×
123.0 g nitrobenzene
50
N O2 NH2
HNO3 Sn
H2SO4 Conc. HCl
1 mol nitrobenzene
? g aniline = 15.8 g nitrobenzene × ×
123.0 g nitrobenzene
1 mol aniline 93.0 g aniline
× = 11.9 g aniline
1 mol nitrobenzene 1 mol aniline
51
 If
6.7 g of aniline is prepared from 10.0 g of
benzene, what is the percentage yield?
You do it!
6.7 g aniline
% yield = ×100% = 56%
11.9 g aniline
52
Concentration of Solutions
 Solution is a mixture of two or more substances dissolved in

another.
– Solute is the substance present in the smaller amount.
– Solvent is the substance present in the larger amount.
– In aqueous solutions, the solvent is water.
 The concentration of a solution defines the amount of solute
dissolved in the solvent.
– The amount of sugar in sweet tea can be defined by its concentration.
 One common unit of concentration is:
mass of solute
% by mass of solute = ×100%
mass of solution
mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
53 % by mass of solute has the symbol % w/w
 Example
3-12: Calculate the mass of 8.00%
w/w NaOH solution that contains 32.0 g of
NaOH.
100.0 g solution
? g solution = 32.0 g NaOH ×
8.00 g NaOH
= 400. g sol' n
54
 Example 3-11: What mass of NaOH is required to
prepare 250.0 g of solution that is 8.00% w/w NaOH?
 8.00 g NaOH 
250.0 g solution   = 20.0 g NaOH
 100.0 g solution 
55
 Example 3-13: Calculate the mass of NaOH in 300.0
mL of an 8.00% w/w NaOH solution. Density is 1.09
g/mL.
You do it!
1.09 g sol' n
? g NaOH = 300.0 mL sol' n × ×
1 mL sol' n
8.00 g NaOH
= 26.2 g NaOH
100 g sol' n
56
Concentrations of Solutions
 Example 3-14: What volume of 12.0% KOH

contains 40.0 g of KOH? The density of the
solution is 1.11 g/mL.
You do it!
57
 Example 3-14: What volume of 12.0% KOH

contains 40.0 g of KOH? The density of the
solution is 1.11 g/mL.
100.0 g solution 1 mL solution

? mL solution = 40.0 g KOH × ×
12.0 g KOH 1.11 g solution
= 300. mL solution
58
 Second common unit of concentration:

number of moles of solute
molarity =
number of liters of solution
moles
M=
L
mmol
M=
mL
59
 Example 3-15: Calculate the molarity of a solution that
contains 12.5 g of sulfuric acid in 1.75 L of solution.
You do it!
60
 Example 3-15: Calculate the molarity of a

solution that contains 12.5 g of sulfuric acid in
1.75 L of solution.
? mol H 2SO 4 12.5 g H 2SO 4 1 mol H 2SO 4
= ×
L sol' n 1.75 L sol' n 98.1 g H 2SO 4
61
 Example 3-15: Calculate the molarity of a

solution that contains 12.5 g of sulfuric acid in
1.75 L of solution.
? mol H 2SO 4 12.5 g H 2SO 4 1 mol H 2SO 4
= ×
L sol' n 1.75 L sol' n 98.1 g H 2SO 4
0.0728 mol H 2SO 4
=
L
= 0.0728 M H 2SO 4
62
 Example 3-16: Determine the mass of calcium

nitrate required to prepare 3.50 L of 0.800 M
Ca(NO3)2 .
You do it!
63
 Example 3-16: Determine the mass of calcium

nitrate required to prepare 3.50 L of 0.800 M
Ca(NO3)2 .
0.800 mol Ca(NO 3 ) 2
? g Ca(NO 3 ) 2 = 3.50 L × ×
L
164 g Ca(NO 3 ) 2
= 459 g Ca(NO 3 ) 2
1 mol Ca(NO 3 ) 2
64
 Oneof the reasons that molarity is commonly

used is because:
M x L = moles solute
and
M x mL = mmol solute
65
 Example 3-17: The specific gravity of concentrated
HCl is 1.185 and it is 36.31% w/w HCl. What is its
molarity?
specific gravity = 1.185 tells us
density =1.185 g/mL or 1185 g/L
66
molarity?
density =1.185 g/mL or 1185g/L
1185 g solution 36.31 g HCl
? mol HCl/L = × ×
L solution 100 g sol' n
67
molarity?
density =1.185 g/mL or 1185g/L
1185 g solution 36.31 g HCl
? mol HCl/L = × ×
L solution 100 g sol' n
1 mol HCl
= 11.80 M HCl
36.46 g HCl
68
Dilution of Solutions
 To dilute a solution, add solvent to a

concentrated solution.
– One method to make tea “less sweet.”
– How fountain drinks are made from syrup.
 The number of moles of solute in the two
solutions remains constant.
 The relationship M1V1 = M2V2 is appropriate for
dilutions, but not for chemical reactions.
69
 Common method to dilute a solution involves
the use of volumetric flask, pipet, and suction
bulb.
70
 Example 3-18: If 10.0 mL of 12.0 M HCl is

added to enough water to give 100. mL of
solution, what is the concentration of the
solution?
M 1V1 = M 2 V2
12.0 M ×10.0 mL = M 2 ×100.0 mL
12.0 M ×10.0 mL
M2 =
100.0 mL
=1.20 M
71
 Example 3-19: What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric

acid is required to make 2.50 L of a 2.40 M
sulfuric acid solution?
You do it!
72
 Example 3-19: What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric

acid is required to make 2.50 L of a 2.40 M
sulfuric acid solution?
M 1 V1 = M 2 V2
M 2 × V2
V1 =
M1
2.50 L × 2.40 M
V1 =
18.0 M
73
= 0.333 L or 333 mL
Using Solutions in Chemical
Reactions
 Combine the concepts of molarity and

stoichiometry to determine the amounts of
reactants and products involved in reactions in
solution.
74
Reactions
 Example 3-20: What volume of 0.500 M BaCl2 is

required to completely react with 4.32 g of Na2SO4?
Na 2SO 4 + BaCl 2 → BaSO 4 + 2 NaCl
75
Reactions

Na 2SO 4 + BaCl 2 → BaSO 4 + 2 NaCl

1 mol Na 2SO 4
? L BaCl2 = 4.32 gNa 2SO 4 × ×
142 g Na 2SO 4
76
Reactions

Na 2SO 4 + BaCl2 → BaSO 4 + 2 NaCl
1 mol Na 2SO 4
? L BaCl2 = 4.32 gNa 2SO 4 × ×
142 g Na 2SO 4
1 mol BaCl2 1 L BaCl2
× = 0.0608 L
1 mol Na 2SO 4 0.500 mol BaCl2
77
Reactions
 Example3-21: (a)What volume of 0.200 M

NaOH will react with 50.0 mL 0f 0.200 M
aluminum nitrate, Al(NO3)3?
Al  NO3  3  3 NaOH  Al  OH  3  3 NaNO3
You do it!
78
Reactions
 Example3-20: (a)What volume of 0.200 M

NaOH will react with 50.0 mL 0f 0.200 M
aluminum nitrate?
Al( NO 3 ) 3 + 3 NaOH →Al(OH)3 + 3 NaNO3
1L
? mL NaOH = 50.0 mL Al(NO3 ) 3 sol' n ×
1000 mL
0.200 mol Al(NO3 ) 3 sol' n 3 mol NaOH
× ×
1 L Al(NO3 ) 3 sol' n 1 mol Al(NO3 ) 3
1 L NaOH
= 0.150 L or 150 mL NaOH sol' n
79 0.200 mol NaOH
Reactions
 (b)What mass of Al(OH)3 precipitates in (a)?

You do it!
80
Reactions
 (b) What mass of Al(OH)3 precipitates in (a)?
1L
? g Al(OH) 3 = 50.0 mL Al(NO 3 )3 sol' n ×
1000 mL
0.200 mol Al(NO 3 )3 1 mol Al(OH) 3 78.0 g Al(OH) 3
× ×
1 L Al(NO3 )3 sol' n 1 mol Al(NO 3 )3 1 mol Al(OH) 3
= 0.780 g Al(OH) 3
81
Reactions
 Titrationsare a method of determining the

concentration of an unknown solutions from the
known concentration of a solution and solution
reaction stoichiometry.
– Requires special lab glassware
 Buret, pipet, and flasks
– Must have an an indicator also
82
Reactions
 Example 3-22: What is the molarity of a KOH solution
if 38.7 mL of the KOH solution is required to react with
43.2 mL of 0.223 M HCl?
KOH + HCl → KCl + H 2 O
83
Reactions
43.2 mL of 0.223 M HCl?

43.2 mL × 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl
84
Reactions
43.2 mL of 0.223 M HCl?

43.2 mL × 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl
1 mmol KOH
9.63 mmol HCl × = 9.63 mmol KOH
1 mmol HCl
85
Reactions
43.2 mL of 0.223 M HCl?
43.2 mL × 0.223 M HCl = 9.63 mmol HCl
1 mmol KOH
9.63 mmol HCl × = 9.63 mmol KOH
1 mmol HCl
9.63 mmol KOH
= 0.249 M KOH
38.7 mL KOH
86
Reactions
 Example 3-23: What is the molarity of a barium
hydroxide solution if 44.1 mL of 0.103 M HCl is
required to react with 38.3 mL of the Ba(OH)2 solution?
Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
(44.1 mL HCl)(0.103 M HCl) = 4.54 mmol HCl
87
Reactions
Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
1 mmol Ba(OH)2
4.54 mmol HCl ×
2 mmol HCl
88
Reactions
Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
1 mmol Ba(OH)2
4.54 mmol HCl ×
2 mmol HCl
= 2.27 mmol Ba(OH)2
89
Reactions
Ba(OH)2 + 2 HCl → BaCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
1 mmol Ba(OH)2
4.54 mmol HCl ×
2 mmol HCl
= 2.27 mmol Ba(OH)2
2.27 mL Ba(OH)2
= 0.0593M Ba(OH)2
90 38.3 mL Ba(OH)2
Synthesis Question
 Nylonis made by the reaction of

hexamethylene diamine
CH2 CH2 CH2 NH2
H2N CH2 CH2 CH2
with adipic acid.
HO H2 H2
C O
C C C
C C
O H2 H2 OH
91
Synthesis Question
in a 1 to 1 mole ratio. The structure of nylon is:

H2 H2 O H2 H2 H2
C C C C C C
* C C C N C C N *
H2 H2 H H2 H2 H n
O
where the value of n is typically 450,000. On a daily
basis, a DuPont factory makes 1.5 million pounds of
nylon. How many pounds of hexamethylene diamine
and adipic acid must they have available in the plant
each day?
92
Synthesis Question
Molar mass of 1 nylon molecule = [(12 × 12) + (1× 22) + ( 2 × 14) + (2 × 16)] 450,000
                 
C atoms H atoms N atoms O atoms # of units
= [226 g/mol] 450,000

= 1.02 × 108 g/mol nylon molecules
93
Synthesis Question
Molar mass of 1 nylon molecule = [(12 × 12) + (1× 22) + ( 2 × 14) + (2 × 16)] 450,000
                 
= [226 g/mol] 450,000

= 1.02 × 108 g/mol nylon molecules
 454 g 
1.5 million pounds = (1.5 × 106 lb) 
 lb 
= 6.81× 108 g
94
Synthesis Question
Molar mass of 1 nylon molecule = [(12 × 12) + (1× 22) + ( 2 ×14) + (2 ×16)] 450,000
                 
= [226 g/mol] 450,000

= 1.02 ×108 g/mol nylon molecules
 454 g 
1.5 million pounds = (1.5 ×10 lb) 6

 lb 
= 6.81×108 g
 1 mol nylon 
(
# mol of nylon molecules = 6.81×108 g  ) 
 1.02 ×10 g 
8
= 6.68 mol of nylon
95
Synthesis Question
Because the nylon formation reaction uses 1 mole of adipic acid × 450,000
plus 1 mole of hexamethylene diamine × 450,000 per mole of nylon formed,
to make 6.68 mol of nylon requires :
96
Synthesis Question
 1 lb 
( )
adipic acid - 6.68 × 450,000 ×146 g/mol = 4.39 ×108 g   = 9.66 ×105 lb
 454 g 
97
Synthesis Question
 1 lb 
(
adipic acid - 6.68 × 450,000 ×146 g/mol = 4.39 ×108 g )  = 9.66 ×105 lb
 454 g 
 1 lb 
(
hexamethylene diamine - 6.68 × 450,000 ×116 g/mol = 3.49 ×108 g  )  = 7.68 ×105 lb
 454 g 
98
Group Activity
Manganese dioxide, potassium hydroxide and

oxygen react in the following fashion:
4 MnO 2 + 4 KOH + 3 O 2 → 4 KMnO 4 + 2 H 2 O
A mixture of 272.9 g of MnO2, 26.6 L of 0.250
M KOH, and 41.92 g of O2 is allowed to react
as shown above. After the reaction is finished,
234.6 g of KMnO4 is separated from the
reaction mixture. What is the per cent yield of
99 this reaction?
End of Chapter 3
100

CHAPTER 03 Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry

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CHAPTER 03 Equations and Reaction Stoichiometry

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CHAPTER THREE

 CHEMICALEQUATIONS & REACTION

 Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction

 Attemptto show on paper what is happening at

 Look at the information an equation provides:

 Look at the information an equation provides:

 Look at the information an equation provides:

 Look at the information an equation provides:

 Look at the information an equation provides:

 NH3 burns in oxygen to form NO & water

 NH3 burns in oxygen to form NO & water

 C7H16burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide

 C7H16burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide

 C7H16burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide

 Can work in moles, formula units, etc.

 Example 3-1: How many CO molecules are

 Example 3-2: How many iron atoms can be

 Example 3-2: How many iron atoms can be

 Example 3-2: How many iron atoms can be

 Example 3-3: What mass of CO is required to

 Example 3-3: What mass of CO is required to

 Example 3-3: What mass of CO is required to

 Example 3-4: What mass of carbon dioxide can

 Example 3-4: What mass of carbon dioxide can

 Example 3-4: What mass of carbon dioxide can

 Example 3-5: What mass of iron (III) oxide

 Example 3-5: What mass of iron (III) oxide

 Example 3-6: How many pounds of carbon

 Kitchen example of limiting reactant concept.

 How many muffins can we make with the

 Look at a chemical limiting reactant situation.

 Example 3-8: What is the maximum mass of sulfur

 Theoretical yield is calculated by assuming that the

 Example3-9: A 10.0 g sample of ethanol,

CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

CH 3COOH + C 2 H 5OH → CH 3COOC 2 H 5 + H 2 O

benzene nitrobenzene aniline

 Example 3-10: Starting with 10.0 g of benzene (C6H6),

benzene nitrobenzene aniline

benzene nitrobenzene aniline

 Solution is a mixture of two or more substances dissolved in

 Example 3-14: What volume of 12.0% KOH

 Example 3-14: What volume of 12.0% KOH

100.0 g solution 1 mL solution

 Second common unit of concentration:

 Example 3-15: Calculate the molarity of a

 Example 3-15: Calculate the molarity of a

 Example 3-16: Determine the mass of calcium

 Example 3-16: Determine the mass of calcium

 Oneof the reasons that molarity is commonly

 To dilute a solution, add solvent to a

 Example 3-18: If 10.0 mL of 12.0 M HCl is

 Example 3-19: What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric

 Example 3-19: What volume of 18.0 M sulfuric

 Combine the concepts of molarity and

 Example 3-20: What volume of 0.500 M BaCl2 is

Na 2SO 4 + BaCl 2 → BaSO 4 + 2 NaCl

 Example 3-20: What volume of 0.500 M BaCl2 is

Na 2SO 4 + BaCl 2 → BaSO 4 + 2 NaCl

 Example 3-20: What volume of 0.500 M BaCl2 is

 Example3-21: (a)What volume of 0.200 M

 Example3-20: (a)What volume of 0.200 M