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TOP 10 PAKISTANI SCIENTISTS

Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan (#01) Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan was born in Bhopal on April 1, 1936. He received his early education in Bhopal. He studied in Karachi, Berlin, West Germany and achieved high expertise through attending several courses in metallurgical engineering and worked in Europe including Uranium Enrichment Plant in Holland. In 1976, he joined the Engineering Research Laboratories (ERL) in Pakistan and set up a uranium enrichment industrial plant, as to tribute to his services for the security of Pakistan on May 1, 1981. It is entirely due to his efforts that the process of enrichment of Uranium was successfully completed in Pakistan and Pakistan done a successful experience of six nuclear bombs explosion on May 28, 1998.

Dr. Abdus Salam (#02) Dr. Abdus Salam was born in January 29, 1926 in Jhang Punjab. He received his education from Government College Lahore and Cambridge University. He got Smith's prize and Adams Prize. He taught at GC University and Cambridge University. He was the founding director of Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) which is the space research agency of Pakistan. In 1964, He founded International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, in the NorthEast of Italy. He was the Director of ICTP from 1964 to December 1993. The Centre has since been renamed to The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics. He got Nobel Prize of Physics in 1979 and also got many other national and international awards. He was died in November 21, 1996.

Prof. Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad (#03) Prof. Ahmad was born on 3 November 1930. He studied from Punjab University, Canada, Paris, Denmark. He was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor

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of Science (DSc) by the Punjab University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore, Pakistan. He served on different post in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and then appointed as chairman of PAEC in 1991 and retired in 2001. Prof. Ahmad has played a significant role in fields of scientific manpower training, establishment of R&D facilities, indigenous production of nuclear materials, and indigenization of peaceful uses of nuclear technology as well as classified applications of nuclear technology. His main research interest has been in nuclear and high energy physics, and nuclear technology.

Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy (#04) Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy was born in July 11, 1950. He is a renowned nuclear physicist, essayist and political defense analyst. He got his bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering and Mathematics, Masters in Solid State Physics and PhD in Nuclear Physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and continued to do research in Particle physics. He has been a faculty member at the Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University, and Islamabad since 1973. He got the Baker Award for Electronics in 1968 and the Abdus Salam Prize for Mathematics in 1984. He is chairman of Mashal, a non-profit organization that publishes books in Urdu on women's rights, education, environmental issues, philosophy, and modern thought.

Prof. Dr. Abdullah Sadiq (#05) Dr. Prof. Abdullah Sadiq was born in 1940. He is a Pakistani physicist and ICTP laureate and got International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Prize in the fields of Mathematics and Solid State Physics in 1987. He got Sitara-i-imtiaz from Pakistani government in 2002. His specializations are nuclear physics, solid state physic and computer programming. He did MSc in Physics from University of Peshawar, doctorate in Material physics and PhD in Condensed Matter Physics from USA. He is internationally famous due to his research in the fields of Phase transition Theory, computer simulation and solid-state nuclear track detector. In the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), he worked in a Nuclear Physics Division (NPD) at PINSTECH Department. Abdullah Sadiq was a keen researcher in the field of isotope technology, laser physics, optical physics, particle physics, and radio physics. Abdullah Sadiq had also worked at neutron particle accelerator as a chief scientist.

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Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (#06) He was born in September 17, 1942. He is a Pakistani nuclear scientist and a renowned nuclear physicist. He is the founding Chairman of Pakistan's National Engineering and Scientific Commission where he initiated the Missile Integration Program in 1987. A pioneer of Fluid and Aerodynamics in Pakistan, Mubarakmand has been awarded Pakistan's three highest civil awards, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the Hilal-e-Imtiaz and the Sitara-eImtiaz. He rose to national and international fame in May 1998, when he headed the team of Pakistani scientists which conducted the country's successful nuclear tests in Balochistan. He got his MSc in Experimental Nuclear Physics from GC University and PhD in the same subject from University of Oxford. He has expertise in nuclear instrumentation, nuclear diagnostics, nuclear physics, application of lasers, and fiber optics technology. Mubarakmand is considered the main architect of Pakistan's missile program, which includes systems such as the Babur missile, Shaheen missile series, and the Ghaznavi missile system.

Dr. Prof. Shahid H. Bokhari (#07) Dr. Professor Shahid H. Bokhari was born in January 17, 1953. He is an internationally acclaimed and highly cited Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and distributed computing. He is a fellow of both Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in recognition his contributions to the mapping problem in parallel and distributed computing and Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for his research contributions to automatic load balancing and partitioning of distributed processes. He got his M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. He has taught nearly 25 years in University of Engineering and Technology. Dr. Bokhari's research interests include parallel and distributed computing, applied to computational biology and bioinformatics. He is, particularly, interested in parallel algorithms for DNA alignment and assembly.

Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (#08) Dr. Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was born on October 19, 1897 in U.P. He was graduated in Philosophy and Persian but later he went to Germany to switch on Chemistry. He obtained the degree of Ph.D. in

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organic chemistry in 1927. Pakistani government awarded him Hilal-e-Imtiaz and Sitara-eImtiaz. In 1951, Dr. Siddiqui was appointed as the Director of the Pakistan Department of Research, which in 1953 was renamed as the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR). In 1960 he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society, UK, and was the first scientist working in Pakistan to have received such a distinction. He also taught CAfter his retirement from PCSIR in 1966, Dr. Siddiqui was appointed as Professor of Chemistry at the University of Karachi. Professor Siddiquis contribution to pure and applied research is represented in over a hundred and forty research papers and memoirs and about fifty patent specifications. There are not many instances in the history of science when a great scientist is also a great painter, a philosopher, an organizer and a promoter of science. Salimuzzaman may rightly be regarded as pioneer of R & D in Pakistan. He passed away on April 14, 1994.

Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman (#09) Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman was born on September 22, 1942 in Delhi. He is leading scientist and scholar in the area of organic chemistry. He is internationally famous in the field of natural product chemistry. With over 700 publications in the field of his expertise, he is also credited for reviving the higher education and research practices in Pakistan. He got MSc degree in Organic Chemistry from Karachi University and PhD from Cambridge. He was subsequently awarded a Doctorate of Science by University of Cambridge in 1987 and Doctorate of Education by Coventry University,UK, in 2007. Prof. Rahman is the first scientist from the Muslim world to have won the prestigious UNESCO Science Prize (1999) in the 35 year old history of the Prize. He was elected as Fellow of Royal Society (London) in July 2006. He was awarded Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (1983), Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1991), Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998) and Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2002) by Pakistani government. Prof. Atta-ur-Rahman has over 654 publications in the fields of organic chemistry including 15 patents, 93 books and 59 chapters in books published by major U.S. and European presses and 451 research publications in leading international journals.

Dr. Aafia Siddiqui (#10) Dr. Aafia Siddiqui was born March 2, 1972 in Karachi, is an American-educated Pakistani cognitive neuroscientist.

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She moved to Houston, Texas, on a student visa in 1990 joining her brother. She attended the University of Houston for three semesters, and then transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after being awarded a full scholarship. In 1992, as a sophomore, Siddiqui received a Carroll L. Wilson Award for her research proposal "Islamization in Pakistan and its Effects on Women". As a junior, she received a $1,200 City Days fellowship through MIT's program to help clean up Cambridge elementary school playgrounds. While she initially had a triple major in biology, anthropology, and archeology at MIT, she graduated in 1995 with a B.S. in biology. She remained the president of Institute of Islamic Research and Teaching for many years. She got his education at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brandeis University America. She was convicted after a jury trial in a U.S. federal court of assault with intent to murder her U.S. interrogators in Afghanistan. The charges carried a maximum sentence of life in prison. In September 2010, she was sentenced by the U.S. judge to 86 years in prison.

Researched by:

Engr. Absar Ahmad Shahzad B.E. (Final Year)