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glossary
Accessories|
short-lived capitalitems, including tools and equipment,used in production or officeactivities (p. 273).
Accumulating|
collecting products frommany small producers (p. 334).
Addictive products|
products to whichconsumers may be drawn against their will or better judgment, such as tobacco,alcohol or gambling (p. 616).
Administered channel systems|
channelmembers have an informal agreement tocooperate with each other (p. 336).
Administered prices|
consciously setprices aimed at reaching the company’sobjectives (p. 395).
Adoption curve model|
demonstrates whendifferent groups accept newideas (p. 317).
Adoption process|
the steps individualsgo through on the way to accepting orrejecting a new product or service (p. 316).
Advertising|
any paid form of non-personal presentation of ideas, goods,or services by an identified sponsor(pp. 44 and 457).
Advertising agencies|
specialists inplanning and handling mass-promotiondetails for organisations.
Advertising allowances|
price reductionsgiven to organisations in the channel toencourage them to advertise or otherwisepromote the supplier’s products locally(pp. 404 and 486).
Advertising managers|
managers of their company’s mass communicationsefforts in television, newspapers,magazines, and other media.
Agent intermediaries|
 wholesalers who do not take title to the productsthey sell (p. 343).
AIDA model|
consists of four promotiontasks—to get attention, to hold interest,to arouse desire, and to obtain action.
Alliance|
a long-term agreement betweentwo organisations explicitly aiming at acommon goal (pp. 231 and 337).
Allowances|
reductions in price given tofinal customers or channel members fordoing something or accepting less of something (p. 403).
Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)|
countries in Asia aiming ateconomic unity (p. 81).
Assorting|
combining a variety of products to meet the needs of a targetmarket (p. 334).
Attitude|
a person’s point of view towardssomething which may be a product,advertisement, salesperson, companyor idea (p. 199).
Auction companies|
agent intermediaries who provide a place where buyers andsellers can come together and completea transaction.
Auctions|
determine the pricepotential customers are willing topay—or not pay—for a range of products (p. 434).
Auction sites|
are seller-driven andthey are often used for items suchas used equipment and vehicles,surplus inventory and perishableproducts (p. 225).
Australian Consumer and CompetitionCommission (ACCC)|
an independentstatutory authority set up to enforce the
Trade Practices Act 1974
and the
 PricesSurveillance Act 1983
and otherassociated state or territory applicationlegislation (p. 625).
Automatic vending|
selling and deliveringproducts through vending machines.
Average cost (AC) per unit|
the totalcost divided by the relatedquantity (p. 424).
Average-cost pricing|
adding areasonable mark-up to the averagecost of a product (p. 424).
Average fixed cost (AFC) per unit|
the total fixed cost divided by therelated quantity (p. 424).
Average variable cost (AVC) per unit|
the total variable cost divided bythe related quantity (p. 424).
Bait pricing|
setting very lowprices on some products toattract customers, but trying tosell more expensive models orbrands once customers are inthe store (p. 409).
Balance sheet|
an accountingstatement that shows a company’sassets, liabilities, and net worth.
Basic list prices|
the prices that finalcustomers or users are normally askedto pay for products (p. 400).
Basic sales tasks|
order-getting,order-taking and supporting.
Battle of the brands|
the competitionbetween private labels and producers’brands (p. 281).
Belief|
a person’s opinion aboutsomething, which may help shapea consumer’s attitudes but does notnecessarily involve any liking ordisliking (p. 200).
Benchmarking|
choosing a basis of comparison for evaluating howefficiently a task is beingimplemented (p. 593).
Brand equity|
the value, to a company,of a brand’s overall position in themarket (p. 279).
 
Brand familiarity|
how well customersrecognise and accept a company’sbrand (p. 277).
Brand insistence|
customers insist ona company’s branded product and are willing to search for it (p. 278).
Brand name|
a word, letter, or a groupof words or letters (p. 275).
Brand non-recognition|
final customersdo not recognise a brand even thoughintermediaries may use the brand namefor identification and inventorycontrol (p. 278).
Brand preference|
target customers usuallychoose a particular brand in preferenceto other brands, perhaps because of habitor a favourable past experience (p. 278).
Brand recognition|
customers rememberthe brand (p. 278).
Brand rejection|
potential customers will not buy a brand unless its image ischanged (p. 278).
Branding|
the use of a name, term,symbol or design, or a combinationof these, to identify a product (p. 275).
Break-even analysis|
an approach todetermine whether the organisation willbe able to break even (that is, cover allits costs) with a particular price (p. 427).
Break-even point (BEP)|
the sales quantityat which the organisation’s total cost will just equal its total revenue (p. 427).
Breakthrough opportunities|
opportunitiesthat enable innovators to developmarketing strategies that are difficultto imitate and are more likely tobe profitable for a long period of time (pp. 47 and 85).
Brokers|
agent intermediaries whospecialise in bringing buyers andsellers together.
Bulk-breaking|
dividing larger quantitiesinto smaller quantities as productsapproach the final market (p. 334).
Business and organisational customers|
any buyers purchasing goods andservices for further production, resaleor for other business purposes (p. 218).
Business product classes|
product groupsbased on how organisational buyersthink about products, and how theseproducts are used (p. 269).
Business products|
products meantfor use in producing otherproducts (p. 269).
Buying centre|
all the people whoparticipate in, or influence, apurchase (p. 222).
Capital item|
a long-lasting product thatcan be used and must be depreciatedover several years (p. 272).
Cash discounts|
reductions in price toencourage buyers to pay their accountsquickly (p. 402).
Catalogue sites|
 websites that offer digitalproduct catalogues, often for a numberof different sellers (p. 224).
Certified Practising Marketer (CPM)|
a professional accreditation system which recognises that a minimumbody of knowledge must be acquiredfor managers to call themselvesmarketers (p. 615).
Chain of supply|
the complete set of organisations, facilities and logistic/sactivities that are involved in procuringmaterials, transforming them intointermediate or finished products, anddistributing them to customers (p. 368).
Channel captain|
a manager who assistsin directing the activities of an entirechannel and endeavours to avoid, orsolve, channel conflicts (p. 335).
Channel of distribution|
a series of organisations or individuals participatingin the flow of products from producer tofinal user or consumer (pp. 42 and 329).
Close
the salesperson’s request for anorder (p. 530).
Closer economic relationship (CER)|
an agreement between Australia andNew Zealand to remove all tariffs andquotas between the two countries (p. 81).
Clustering techniques|
search for similarpatterns within sets of data (p. 164).
Collaboration hubs|
 Web sites designedto help organisations work together,often focusing on the needs of smallerorganisations, usually within a verticalindustry (p. 226).
Combined target market approach|
combining two or more submarkets intoone larger target market as a basis forone strategy (p. 155).
Combiners|
companies that endeavourto increase the size of their targetmarkets by combining two or moresegments (p. 155).
Commerce Act 
|
New Zealand law aimedat ensuring that companies behave in acompetitive manner so that consumersare offered a genuine choice in terms of both price and quality.
Communication process|
a source tryingto reach a receiver with a message (p. 452).
Community sites|
 Web sites that offerinformation and communications of interest to specific industries (p. 224).
Company objectives|
shape the directionand operation of the whole business.
Comparative advertising|
advertising thatis more aggressive, and involves makingspecific brand comparisons using actualproduct names.
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Glossary
 
Glossary
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Competitive advantage|
exists whenthe marketing mix of the companyis perceived by the target market assuperior to those of the company’scompetitors (pp. 85 and 167).
Competitive advertising|
advertising thatattempts to develop selective demandfor a specific brand rather than aproduct category.
Competitive barriers|
the conditionsthat may make it difficult, or evenimpossible, for a company to competein a market (p. 73).
Competitive bids|
terms of sale offeredby the different suppliers in response tothe purchase specifications posted by abuyer (p. 225).
Competitive rivals|
a company’sclosest competitors—offersimilar products.
Competitive tenders or bids|
terms of saleoffered by different suppliers in responseto the buyer’s purchase specifications.
Competitor analysis|
a systematicapproach for evaluating thestrengths and weaknesses of currentor potential competitors’ marketingstrategies (p. 73).
Complementary product pricing|
setting prices for several products as agroup (p. 439).
Component materials|
items thathave been processed, but requirefurther processing to become partof the final product (p. 274).
Component parts|
finished itemsready for assembly, and items nearlyfinished and requiring only minorprocessing (p. 274).
Components|
processed expenseitems that become part of a finishedproduct (p. 274).
Concept testing|
obtaining reactions fromcustomers about how well a new-productidea matches their needs (p. 311).
Confidence intervals|
the range on eitherside of an estimate that is likely tocontain the true value for the wholepopulation (p. 128).
Conjoint analysis|
a technique to assistmarketing managers in determining howmuch importance customers place oncertain elements of the company’smarketing mix (p. 165).
Consultative selling approach|
a salespresentation in which the salespersondevelops a good understanding of theindividual customer’s needs before tryingto close the sale (p. 531).
Consumer privacy|
the consumer’s rightthat information shared with a vendor will not be used in ways inconsistent withthe consumer’s expectations (p. 623).
Consumer product classes|
product groupings based on howconsumers think about, and shop for,products (p. 269).
Consumer products|
products meant forthe final consumer (p. 269).
Consumer satisfaction index|
a measure of overall consumer satisfaction based onconsumer interview data.
Consumerism|
a social movement thatseeks to increase the rights and powerof consumers (p. 81).
Containerisation|
grouping individualitems into an economical shippingquantity and sealing them in protectivecontainers for transit to the finaldestination (p. 374).
Context advertising|
involves monitoringthe content an Internet surfer viewsand then serving up relatedadvertisements (p. 497).
Contract manufacturing|
handing overproduction to others while retainingcontrol of the marketing function.
Contractual channel systems|
channel members agree, by contract,to cooperate with each other (p. 336).
Contribution-margin approach|
a costanalysis approach in which all costs arenot allocated in all situations (p. 598).
Control|
the feedback process that assiststhe marketing manager to learn: (1) howongoing plans and implementation are working, and (2) how to plan for thefuture (p. 580).
Control procedures|
provide feedbackthat leads managers to modify theirmarketing strategies (p. 47).
Convenience products|
products aconsumer needs, but on which they areunwilling to spend much shopping timeor effort (p. 269).
Cooperative chains|
retailer-sponsoredgroups, formed by independent retailers,to run their own buying organisationsand conduct joint promotion efforts.
Coordination of physical distributionactivities|
 when an organisation and itschannel systems transporting, storage,and product-handling activities areconsidered as one system, which aimsto minimise the cost of distribution fora given customer service level (p. 365).
Corporate or institutional advertising|
advertising that aims to promote anorganisation’s image, reputation, orideas, rather than a specificproduct (p. 484).
Corporate chain|
a company that ownsand manages several stores.
Corporate channel systems|
corporate ownership throughout thechannel (p. 336).
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