H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 1

A - PHN M U
I. L DO CHN TI.
Hin nay, khi m hnh thc thi trc nghim c p dng trong cc k thi tt nghip v tuyn sinh
i hc, cao ng th yu cu v phng php gii nhanh v ti u cc cu hi trc nghim, c bit l cc
cu hi trc nghim nh lng l rt cp thit cc em c th t kt qu cao trong cc k thi .
gip cc em hc sinh nm c mt cch c h thng cc cng thc trong chng trnh Vt L
12 C bn t suy ra mt s cng thc, kin thc khc dng gii nhanh cc bi tp trc nghim nh
lng, ti tp hp ra y cc cng thc c trong sch gio khoa theo tng phn, km theo l mt s
cng thc, kin thc rt ra c khi gii mt s bi tp kh, hay v in hnh. Hy vng rng tp ti liu ny
gip ch c mt cht g cho cc qu ng nghip trong qu trnh ging dy v cc em hc sinh trong
qu trnh kim tra, thi c.
II. I TNG V PHM VI P DNG
1) i tng s dng ti:
Hc sinh hc lp 12 n thi tt nghip v thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng.
2) Phm vi p dng:
Ton b chng trnh Vt L 12 Ban C bn.
III. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Xc nh i tng hc sinh p dng ti.
Tp hp cc cng thc trong sch gio khoa mt cch c h thng theo tng phn.
a ra mt s cng thc, kin cha ghi trong sch gio khoa nhng c suy ra khi gii mt s bi
tp in hnh.
Kim tra s tip thu ca hc sinh bng cc n luyn.
nh gi, a ra s iu chnh, b sung cho ph hp.
B - NI DUNG
I. DAO NG C
1. Dao ng iu ha
Li (phng trnh dao ng): x = Acos(t + ).

).
2
Gia tc: a = v = - 2Acos(t + ) = - 2x; amax = 2A.

Vn tc v sm pha
so vi li x; gia tc a ngc pha vi li x (sm pha
so vi vn tc v).
2
2
2
Lin h gia tn s gc, chu k v tn s ca dao ng: =
= 2f.
T
v2
a2 v2
Cng thc c lp: A2 = x2 + 2 = 4 + 2 .

v tr cn bng: x = 0 th |v| = vmax = A v a = 0.
v2
v tr bin: x = A th v = 0 v |a| = amax = 2A = max .
A
Lc ko v: F = ma = - kx.
Qu o chuyn ng ca vt dao ng iu ha l mt on thng c chiu di L = 2A.
Trong mt chu k, vt dao ng iu ha i c qung ng 4A. Trong na chu k, vt i c qung
ng 2A. Trong mt phn t chu k tnh t v tr bin hoc v tr cn bng, vt i c qung ng A,
cn tnh t v tr khc th vt i c qung ng khc A.
Qung ng di nht vt i c trong mt phn t chu k l 2 A, qung ng ngn nht vt i c
trong mt phn t chu k l (2 - 2 )A.
Vn tc: v = x = - Asin(t + ) = Acos(t + +

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T
: vt c vn tc ln nht
2
khi i qua v tr cn bng v nh nht khi i qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian qung
ng i cng ln khi vt cng gn v tr cn bng v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin. S dng mi lin
h gia dao ng iu ha v chuyn ng trn u ta c:

= t; Smax = 2Asin
; Smin = 2A(1 - cos
).
2
2
tnh vn tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng iu ha trong khong thi gian t no ta xc nh gc
quay c trong thi gian ny trn ng trn t tnh qung ng s i c trong thi gian v
s
tnh vn tc trung bnh theo cng thc vtb =
.
t
k
Phng trnh ng lc hc ca dao ng iu ha: x + x = 0.
m
2. Con lc l xo
Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(t + ).
Qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < t <

2
x0
a 2 v2
v0
Vi: =
(ly nghim "-" khi v0 > 0; ly nghim "+" khi
x + =
+ 2 ; cos =
4
A


v0 < 0) ; (vi x0 v v0 l li v vn tc ti thi im ban u t = 0).
1
1
Th nng: Wt = kx2 = kA2cos2( + ).
2
2
1
1
1
ng nng: W = mv2 = m 2A2sin2( + ) = kA2sin2( + ).
2
2
2
Th nng v ng nng ca vt dao ng iu ha bin thin tun hon vi tn s gc = 2, vi tn s
T
f = 2f v vi chu k T = .
2
Trong mt chu k c 4 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau nn khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip
T
ng nng v th nng bng nhau l . ng nng v th nng ca vt dao ng iu ha bng nhau ti v
4
A
tr c li x =
.
2
1
1
1
1
C nng: W = Wt + W = kx2 + mv2 = kA2 = m 2A2.
2
2
2
2
Lc n hi ca l xo: F = k(l l0) = kl.
g
mg
Con lc l xo treo thng ng: l0 =
;=
.
l0
k

k
;A=
m

2
0

Chiu di cc i ca l xo: lmax = l0 + l0 + A.

Chiu di cc tiu ca xo: lmin = l0 + l0 A.
Lc n hi cc i: Fmax = k(A + l0).
Lc n hi cc tiu: Fmin = 0 nu A l0; Fmin = k(l0 A) nu A < l0.
ln ca lc n hi ti v tr c li x:
Fh= k|l0 + x| vi chiu dng hng xung.
Fh = k|l0 - x| vi chiu dng hng ln.
Lc ko v: F = - kx.
1 1
1
+ ... . cng gim, tn s gim.
Lo xo ghp ni tip: = +
k k1 k 2
L xo ghp song song: k = k1 + k2 + ... . cng tng, tn s tng.
3. Con lc n
Phng trnh dao ng: s = S0cos(t + ) hay = 0cos(t + ); vi s = .l; S0 = 0.l (vi v 0 tnh ra
rad).
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Tn s gc, chu k, tn s: =

l
g
1
; T = 2
;f=
g
l
2

g
.
l

1
mv2 = mgl(cos - cos0).
2
Th nng: Wt = mgl(1 - cos).
C nng: W = mgl(1 - cos0).
1
1
1
2
2
Nu o 100 th: Wt = mgl2; W = mgl( 0 - 2); W = mgl 0 ; v 0 tnh ra rad.
2
2
2
1
2
C nng ca con lc n dao ng iu ha: W = Wd + Wt = mgl(1 - coso) = mgl 0 .
2
Vn tc khi i qua v tr c li gc : v = 2 gl (cos cos 0 ) .
ng nng: W =

Vn tc khi i qua v tr cn bng ( = 0): |v| = vmax =

2 gl (1 cos 0 ) .

2
2
Nu o 100 th: v = gl ( 0 ) ; vmax = 0 gl ; v 0 tnh ra rad.
Sc cng ca si dy khi i qua v tr c li gc :
mv 2
T = mgcos +
= mg(3cos - 2cos0).
l
TVTCB = Tmax = mg(3 - 2cos0); Tbin = Tmin = mgcos0.
3
2
2
2
Nu 0 100: T = 1 + 0 - 2; Tmax = mg(1 + 0 ); Tmin = mg(1 - 0 ).
2
2
Con lc n c chu k T cao h, nhit t. Khi a ti cao h, nhit t th ta c:
T h t
=
+
; vi T = T - T, R = 6400 km l bn knh Tri t, h = h - h, t = t - t, l h s n
T
R
2
di ca thanh treo con lc.
Vi ng h m dy s dng con lc n: Khi T > 0 th ng h chy chm, T < 0 th ng h chy
T .86400
nhanh. Thi gian chy sai trong mt ngy m (24 gi): t =
.
T'
Con lc n chu thm cc lc khc ngoi trng lc :

F
Trng lc biu kin: P' = P + F . Gia tc ri t do biu kin: g ' = g + . Khi : T = 2
.
g'
m

Cc lc thng gp: Lc in trng F = q E ; lc qun tnh: F = - m a ; lc y acsimet (hng thng

mt
ng ln) c ln: F =
m g (mv v v l khi lng v khi lng ring ca vt mt l khi lng
v v
ring ca mi trng).
Cc trng hp c bit:
F 2

2
F c phng ngang th g = g + ( m ) . Khi v tr cn bng mi lch vi phng thng ng gc
F
vi: tan = .
P
F

F c phng thng ng hng ln th g = g - m .

F

F c phng thng ng hng xung th g = g + m .

Chu k ca con lc n treo trong thang my:
l
Khi thang my ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u: T = 2
.
g
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Khi thang my i ln nhanh dn u hoc i xung chm dn u vi gia tc c ln l a ( a hng

ln): T = 2

l
.
g+a

Khi thang my i ln chm dn u hoc i xung nhanh dn u vi gia tc c ln l a ( a hng

l
xung): T = 2
.
g a
4. Dao ng cng bc, cng hng
Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin ban u l A, h s ma st :
kA 2
2 A2
=
Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li: S =
.
2 mg
2g
4 mg 4 g
gim bin sau mi chu k: A =
= 2 .
k

A
Ak
A 2
=
=
S dao ng thc hin c: N =
.
A 4 mg 4 mg
Vn tc cc i ca vt t c khi th nh cho vt dao ng t v tr bin ban u A:
kA2 m 2 g 2
vmax =
+
2 gA .
m
k
Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi f = f0 hay = 0 hoc T = T0.
5. Tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
Nu: x1 = A1cos(t + 1) v x2 = A2cos(t + 2) th
x = x1 + x2 = Acos(t + ) vi A v c xc nh bi:
A1 sin 1 + A2 sin 2
A2 = A12 + A22 + 2 A1A2 cos ( 2 - 1); tan =
A1 cos 1 + A2 cos 2
+ Hai dao ng cng pha ( 2 - 1 = 2k): A = A1 + A2.
+ Hai dao ng ngc pha ( 2 - 1)= (2k + 1)): A = |A1 - A2|.
+ Nu lch pha bt k th: | A1 - A2 | A A1 + A2 .
Trng hp bit mt dao ng thnh phn x1 = A1cos(t + 1) v dao ng tng hp l x = Acos(t + )
th dao ng thnh phn cn li x2 = A2cos(t + 2) vi A2 v 2 c xc nh bi:
A sin A1 sin 1
A 22 = A2 + A 12 - 2 AA1 cos ( - 1); tan =
.
A cos A1 cos 1
Trng hp vt tham gia nhiu dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s th ta c:
Ax = Acos = A1cos 1 + A2cos 2 + A3cos 3 + ; Ay = Asin = A1sin 1 + A2sin 2 + A3sin 3 +
Ay
2
2
A = Ax + Ay v tan =
.
Ax
II. SNG C V SNG M
1. Sng c
Lin h gia vn tc, chu k, tn s v bc sng: = vT =

v
.
f

1
m 2A2.
2
Ti ngun pht O phng trnh sng l u0 = acos(t + ) th phng trnh sng ti M trn phng truyn
x
OM
sng l: uM = acos(t + - 2
) = acos(t + - 2 ).

2d
lch pha ca hai dao ng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong d trn phng truyn: =
.

Nng lng sng: W =

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2. Giao thoa sng

Nu ti hai ngun S1 v S2 cng pht ra 2 sng ging ht nhau: u1 = u2 = Acost v b qua mt mt nng
lng khi sng truyn i th th sng ti M (vi S1M = d1; S2M = d2) l tng hp hai sng t S1 v S2 truyn
(d 2 d1 )
(d 2 + d1 )
ti s c phng trnh l: uM = 2Acos
cos(t ).

2 (d 2 d1 )
lch pha ca hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti M l: =
.

Ti M c cc i khi d2 - d1 = k; cc tiu khi d2 - d1 = (2k + 1) .

2
S cc i v cc tiu trn on thng ni hai ngun l s cc gi tr ca k (k z) tnh theo cng thc
(khng tnh hai ngun):
SS
SS
SS
SS

1
1
Cc i: 1 2 +
<k< 1 2 +
. Cc tiu: : 1 2 +
<k< 1 2 +
.

2 2

2 2
Vi: = 2 - 1. Nu hai ngun dao ng cng pha th ti trung im ca on thng ni hai ngun l
cc i. Nu hai ngun dao ng ngc pha th ti trung im ca on thng ni hai ngun l cc tiu.
+ S cc i v cc tiu trn on thng ni hai im M v N trong vng c giao thoa (M gn S 2 hn S1
cn N th xa S2 hn S1) l s cc gi tr ca k (k z) tnh theo cng thc (khng tnh hai ngun):
S M S1M
S N S1 N
Cc i: 2
+
<k< 2
+
.

2
S M S1M 1
S N S1 N 1
Cc tiu: 2
- +
<k< 2
- +
.

2 2

2 2
3. Sng dng
Sng ti v sng phn x nu truyn cng phng, th c th giao thoa vi nhau, to ra mt h sng dng.
Trong sng dng c mt s im lun lun ng yn gi l nt, v mt s im lun lun dao ng vi
bin cc i gi l bng.
Nu sng ti ngun c bin l a th bin ca sng dng ti mt im M bt k cch mt im nt mt
2 d
khong d s l: AM = 2a|sin
|.

Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng lin k ca sng dng l .

2

Khong cch gia nt v bng lin k ca sng dng l .

4
Hai im i xng nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha, hai im i xng nhau qua nt sng
lun dao ng ngc pha.

c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d th: d = k + ; k Z.

2
4

c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d th: d = k ; k Z.

2

c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d th: d = k ; k Z.

2

c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d th: d = k + ; k Z.
2 4
+ iu kin c sng dng trn si dy c chiu di l:

Hai u l hai nt hoc hai bng th: l = k . Mt u l nt, mt u l bng th: l = (2k + 1) .
2
4
4. Sng m
I
Mc cng m: L = lg
I0
Cng m chun: I0 = 10-12W/m2.
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P
.
4R 2
v
Tn s sng m do dy n pht ra (hai u c nh: hai u l 2 nt): f = k ; k = 1, m pht ra l m c
2l
bn, k = 2, 3, 4, , m pht ra l cc ha m.
Tn s sng m do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h: mt u l nt, mt u l bng):
v
f = (2k + 1) ; k = 0, m pht ra l m c bn, k = 1, 2, 3, , m pht ra l cc ha m.
4l
Cng m ti im cch ngun m (c cng sut P) mt khong R l: I =

III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU

Cm khng ca cun dy: ZL = L.
1
Dung khng ca t in: ZC =
.
C
Tng tr ca on mch RLC: Z =

R 2 + (Z L - Z C ) 2 .

U
U
; I0 = 0 .
Z
Z
I0
U0
Cc gi tr hiu dng: I =
;U=
; UR = IR; UL = IZL; UC = IZC.
2
2
1
Z L Z C L
lch pha gia u v i: tan =
=
C .
R
R
R
Cng sut: P = UIcos = I2R. H s cng sut: cos = .
Z
in nng tiu th mch in: W = A = P.t.
Biu thc ca u v i:
Nu i = Iocos(t + i) th u = Uocos(t + i + ).
Nu u = Uocos(t + u) th i = Iocos(t + u - ).
Trng hp in p gia hai u on mch l u = U0cos(t + ).

Nu on mch ch c t in th: i = I0cos(t + + ) = - I0sin(t + ) hay mch ch c cun cm th:

2

i = I0cos(t + - ) = I0sin(t + ) hoc mch c c cun cm thun v t in m khng c in tr

2
i2 u2
thun R th: i = I0sin(t + ). Khi ta c: 2 + 2 = 1.
I0 U0
ZL > ZC th u nhanh pha hn i; ZL < ZC th u chm pha hn i.
1
Cc i do cng hng in: Khi ZL = ZC hay =
th u cng pha vi i ( = 0), c cng hng in.
LC
U
U2
Khi Imax = ; Pmax =
.
R
R
U2
U2
Cc i ca P theo R: R = |ZL ZC|. Khi Pmax =
=
.
2 | Z L Z C | 2R
R 2 + Z C2
U R 2 + Z C2
Cc i ca UL theo ZL: ZL =
. Khi ULmax =
.
ZC
R
nh lut m: I =

2
.
2 LC R 2C 2
R 2 + Z L2
U R 2 + Z L2
Cc i ca UC theo ZC: ZC =
. Khi UCmax =
.
ZL
R
Cc i UL theo : =

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1
R2
2 .
LC 2 L
Mch ba pha mc hnh sao: Ud = 3 Up; Id = Ip.
Mch ba pha mc hnh tam gic: Ud = Up; Id = 3 Ip.
U2
I1 N 2
P
r
My bin p:
=
=
. Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti: Php = rI2 = r( )2 = P2 2 .
U 1 I 2 N1
U
U
2
Khi tng U ln n ln th cng sut hao ph Php gim i n ln.
P Php
Hiu sut ti in: H =
.
P
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: U = Ir.
Cc i UC theo : =

T thng qua khung dy ca my pht in: = NBScos( n , B ) = NBScos(t + ) = 0cos(t + ).

d

= - = NBSsin(t + ) = E0cos(t + - ).
dt
2
Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha c p cp cc khi rto quay vi tc n vng/giy l: f
pn
= pn (Hz); khi rto quay vi tc n vng/pht l: f =
(Hz).
60
Trong 1 giy dng in xoay chiu c tn s f i chiu 2f ln.
My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha mc hnh sao: Ud = 3 Up. Mc hnh tam gic: Ud = Up.
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: Id = Ip. Mc hnh tam gic: Id = 3 Ip.
Cng sut tiu th trn ng c in: I2r + P = UIcos .
Sut ng trong khung dy ca my pht in: e = -

IV. DAO NG IN T
in tch trn mt bn t trong mch dao ng: q = q0 cos(t + ).
in p gia hai bn t trong mch dao ng: u = U0 cos(t + ).

Cng dng in trn cun dy: i = q' = I0cos(t + + ).

2
Khi t = 0 nu t in ang tch in: q tng th i = q > 0 < 0. Khi t = 0 nu t in ang phng
in: q gim th i = q < 0 > 0.
I
Lin h gia q0, I0 v U0 trong mch dao ng: q0 = CU0 = 0 = I0 LC .

1
1
Tn s gc, chu k v tn s ring ca mch dao ng: =
; T = 2 LC ; f =
.
LC
2 LC
1 q 2 1 q02
1
Nng lng in trng tp trung t in: WC =
=
cos2(t + ) = Cu2.
2 C 2 C
2
1 2 1
1 q02 2
2 2
2
Nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm: WL = Li = L q 0 sin (t + ) =
sin (t + ).
2
2
2 C
T
Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi = 2; f = 2f v T = .
2
2
1 q
1
1 2 1
2
Nng lng in t trong mch: W = WC + WL =
+ Li2 = LI 0 = CU 0 = hng s.
2 C
2
2
2
Nu mch c in tr thun R 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung cp cho mch mt
2 C 2U 02 R U 02 RC
2
nng lng c cng sut: P = I R =
.
=
2
2L
c
c
Bc sng in t: Trong chn khng: = ; trong mi trng c chit sut n: =
.
f
nf

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 H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 8

c
= 2c LC .
f
Nu mch chn sng c L v C bin i th bc sng m my thu v tuyn thu c s thay i trong gii
hn t min = 2c Lmin C min n max = 2c Lmax C max .
1
1
1
1
=
+
+ ... +
B t mc ni tip:
. B t mc song song: C = C1 + C2 + + Cn.
Cn
C C1 C 2
Mch chn sng ca my thu v tuyn thu c sng in t c bc sng: =

V. TNH CHT SNG CA NH SNG.

.D
.D
.D
V tr vn sng, vn ti, khong vn: xs = k
; xt = (2k + 1)
;i=
; vi k Z.
a
2a
a
Th nghim giao thoa thc hin trong khng kh o c khong vn l i th khi a vo trong mi trng
i
trong sut c chit sut n s o c khong vn l i = .
n
Gia n vn sng (hoc vn ti) lin tip l (n 1) khong vn.
x
OM
Ti M c vn sng khi: M =
= k, l vn sng bc k.
i
i
x
1
Ti M c vn ti khi: M = (2k + 1) .
i
2
L
S vn sng - ti trong min giao thoa c b rng L: lp t s N =
2i
S vn sng: Ns = 2N + 1 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
S vn ti: Khi phn thp phn ca N < 0,5: Nt = 2N (ly phn nguyn ca N). Khi phn thp phn ca
N > 0,5: Nt = 2N + 2 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
Giao thoa vi nh sng trng (0,38 m 0,76 m):
nh sng n sc cho vn sng ti v tr ang xt nu:
ax
ax
.D
ax
x=k
; kmin =
; kmax =
;=
; vi k Z.
D

a
Dk
d
t
nh sng n sc cho vn ti ti v tr ang xt nu:
ax
1
ax 1
2ax
.D
; kmax =
;=
x = (2k + 1)
; kmin =
.
D d 2
Dt 2
D(2k + 1)
2a
( t ) D
B rng quang ph bc n trong giao thoa vi nh sng trng: xn = n d
.
a
c
v
c

= .
Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng: = . Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng: = =
f
f nf
n
hc
1
2
Trong ng Culitgi: mv max = eU0AK = hfmax =
.
min
2
VI. LNG T NH SNG
hc
Nng lng ca phtn nh sng: = hf =
.

Cng thc Anhxtanh, gii hn quang in, in p hm:

Wd max
hc
hc
1
hc
2
hf =
= A + mv 0 max =
+ Wdmax; 0 =
; Uh = .
0
e

2
A
in th cc i qu cu kim loi c lp v in t c khi chiu chm sng c 0: Vmax =
Cng sut ca ngun sng, cng dng quang in bo ho, hiu sut lng t:
ne
hc
P = n
; Ibh = ne|e|; H =
.
n

Ngi vit: Dng Vn ng Trng THPT Bi Th Xun, Bnh Thun

Wd max
.
e

 H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 9

mv 2
Lc Lorrenx, lc hng tm: Flr = qvBsin; Fht = maht =
R
hc
Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hyr: En Em = hf =
.

S chuyn mc nng lng khi to thnh cc dy quang ph:

Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: rn = n2r1; vi r1 = 0,53.10-11 m l bn knh

Bo ( qu o K).
13,6
Nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t hir: En = - 2 (eV).
n
VII. VT L HT NHN
Ht
X , c A nuclon; Z prtn; N = (A Z) ntrn.
S ht nhn, khi lng ca cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
nhn ZA

N = N0 2 T = N0 e- t; m(t) = m0 2 T = m0e- t.
S ht nhn mi c to thnh (bng s ht nhn b phn r) sau thi gian t:
t

N = N0 N = N0 (1 2 T ) = N0(1 e- t).
t
A'
A'

2
Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t: m = m0 (1 T ) = m0 (1 e- t).
A
A
t
-t

-t

phng x: H = N = N0 e = H0 e = H0 2 T .
ln 2 0,693
=
Vi: =
l hng s phng x; T l chu k bn r.
T
T
m
NA .
S ht nhn trong m gam cht n nguyn t: N =
A
Nng lng ngh: W0 = m0c2.
m0
Khi lng ng: m =

v 2 . ng lng tng i tnh: p =

c2

m0 v
1

v2 .
c2
m0 c 2

Nng lng ton phn ca vt c khi lng tng i tnh m: W = mc2 =

v2 .
1 2
c

ng nng ca vt khi lng ngh m0 chuyn ng vi vn tc v:

1
2
2
2
1 .
W = mc m0c = m0c
2

v
1 2

hc
h
v2
Vi phtn: =
= mphc2 mph =
; m0ph = mph 1 2 = 0 v phtn chuyn ng vi vn tc bng

c
c
vn tc nh sng hay ni cch khc khng c phtn ng yn.
Ngi vit: Dng Vn ng Trng THPT Bi Th Xun, Bnh Thun

 H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 10

ht khi ca ht nhn: m = Zmp + (A Z)mn mhn.

Wlk
.
A
A
A
A
A
Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn: Z11 X1 + Z 22 X2 Z 33 X3 + Z 44 X4.
Bo ton s nucln: A1 + A2 = A3 + A4. Bo ton in tch: Z1 + Z2 = Z3 + Z4.
Nng lng lin kt: Wlk = mc2. Nng lng lin kt ring: =

Bo ton ng lng: m1 v1 + m2 v 2 = m3 v3 + m4 v 4 .
1
1
1
1
2
m1v 12 + m2v 22 = (m3 + m4)c2 + m3v 3 + m4v 24 .
2
2
2
2
Nng lng ta ra hoc thu vo trong phn ng ht nhn:
W = (m1 + m2 m3 m4)c2 = W3 + W4 W1 W2 = A33 + A44 A11 A22.
Cc s liu v n v thng s dng trong vt l ht nhn:
S Avgar: NA = 6,022.1023mol-1.
n v nng lng: 1 eV = 1,6.10-19 J; 1 MeV = 106 eV = 1,6.10-13 J.
n v khi lng nguyn t: 1u = 1,66055.10-27 kg = 931,5 MeV/c2.
in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10-19 C.
Khi lng prtn: mp = 1,0073 u. Khi lng ntrn: mn = 1,0087 u.
Khi lng electron: me = 9,1.10-31 kg = 0,0005 u.
Bo ton nng lng: (m1 + m2)c2 +

C - KT LUN
Thc t ging dy v kt qu cc k thi trong nm hc 2008 2009 ca trng THPT Bi Th
Xun, Phan Thit, Bnh Thun, ni ti ang cng tc cho thy vic cc em hc sinh s dng h thng kin
thc trn y gii cc cu hi trc nghim nh lng trong cc thi tt nghip v tuyn sinh mn Vt
L cho kt qu rt tt.
Tuy nhin, vn cn mt b phn hc sinh cho rng rt kh hc thuc ht cc cng thc trn. gii
quyt vn ny ti a ra cho hc sinh ca ti mt gii php l khng cn hc thuc lng cc cng
thc ny m hy t gii nhiu n luyn. Trong qu trnh gii nu lin quan n kin thc no th c m
ti liu ra xem phn , sau mt thi gian s t khc nh ht m khng cn s dng ti liu na.
Do thi gian cn eo hp nn ti liu trnh by cha tht han chnh, cn thiu cc v d minh ha v
chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c nhng nhn xt, gp ca cc qu
ng nghip xy dng c mt tp ti liu hon ho hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.

Mi N, thng 04 nm 2010
Ngi vit

Dng Vn ng

Ngi vit: Dng Vn ng Trng THPT Bi Th Xun, Bnh Thun

 H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 11

MC LC
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

NI DUNG
A PHN M U
B NI DUNG
I. Dao ng c
II. Sng c v sng m
III. Dng in xoay chiu
IV. Dao ng in t
V. Tnh cht sng ca nh sng
VI. Lng t nh sng
VII. Vt l ht nhn
C . KT LUN

TRANG
1
2
2
5
7
8
9
10
10
12

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Vt l 12 C bn V Quang (ch bin) NXB GD Nm 2008.
2. Vt l 12 Nng cao V Thanh Khit (ch bin) NXB GD Nm 2008.
3. Ni dung n tp mn Vt l 12 Nguyn Trng Su NXB GD Nm 2010.
4. Vt l 12 Nhng bi tp hay v in hnh Nguyn Cnh He NXB HQG H Ni 2008.
5. Bi ging trng tm chng trnh chun Vt l 12 V Thanh Khit NXB HQG H Ni 2010.

Ngi vit: Dng Vn ng Trng THPT Bi Th Xun, Bnh Thun

 H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 12

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp T do Hnh phc
----- ----PHIU NH GI, XP LOI SNG KIN KINH NGHIM
Nm hc 2009 - 2010
I. nh gi, xp loi ca HKH trng THPT Bi Th Xun
1. Tn ti: ...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2. H v tn tc gi: ..................................................................................................................
3. Chc v: ................................................... T: ...................................................................
4. Nhn xt ca Ch tch HKH v ti:
a) u im: ...........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
b) Hn ch: ............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
5. nh gi, xp loi:
Sau khi thm nh, nh gi ti trn, HKH trng THPT Bi Th Xun thng nht xp
loi: ..................................................................................................................................
Nhng ngi thm nh:
(K, ghi r h tn)
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

Ch tch HKH C S
(K, ng du, ghi r h tn)

II. nh gi, xp loi ca HKH S GD&T Tnh Bnh Thun

Sau khi thm nh, nh gi ti trn, HKH S GD&T Bnh Thun thng nht xp loi:
.............................................................................................................................................................
Nhng ngi thm nh:
(K, ghi r h tn)
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................

Ch tch HKH NGNH GD

(K, ng du, ghi r h tn)

Ngi vit: Dng Vn ng Trng THPT Bi Th Xun, Bnh Thun