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Funo
receber informaes sobre as variaes externas e internas e produzir respostas a essas variaes atravs dos msculos e glndulas. a memria, que corresponde a capacidade de armazenar informaes e depois resgat-las, o aprendizado, o intelecto, o pensamento e a personalidade.
Encfalo
Medula espinhal
Diviso Aferente
Diviso Eferente
Parte Simptica
Parte Parassimptica
Unidade Morfofuncional do SN
No se multiplicam aps o nascimento, exceto os neurnios do bulbo olfatrio, cerebelo e epitfalo olfatrio.
Corpo Celular
Centros
Gnglios
Neurnio
Placa neural
Metade 3 semana
Tubo neural
Cristas neurais
O Tubo neural Se diferencia em SNC, que consiste em encfalo e Medula espinal A Crista neural d origem s clulas formadoras da maior parte do SNP e SNA, constitudos pelos gnglios cranianos, espinhais e autnomos.
Tubo neural
Cristas neurais
Neurporo caudal 27 dia
B, Lateral view of an embryo of about 24 days, showing the forebrain prominence and closing of the rostral neuropore.
C, Diagrammatic sagittal section of this embryo, showing the transitory communication of the neural canal with the amniotic cavity (arrows). D, Lateral view of an embryo of about 27 days. Note that the neuropores shown in B are closed.
A abertura ceflica o neurporo rostral, ou anterior, se fecha em torno do 25 dia, o neurporo caudal , ou posterior, se fecha dois dias mais tarde.
Seco diagramtica sagital de embrio mostrando a comunicao transitria do canal neural com a cavidade amnitica (setas)
As paredes do tubo neural se espessam, formando o encfalo e a medula espinhal. O canal neural do tubo neural converte-se no sistema ventricular do encfalo e no canal central da medula espinhal.
Tubo Neural
Extremidade ceflica
encfalo
Anterior ou prosencfalo Mdio ou mesencfalo Posterior ou rombencfalo
Mesencfalo adulto Meta e mielencfalo (tegumento, teto e Ponte, cerebelo e medula Hemisfrios cerebrais pednculos (bulbo) tlamo e hipotlamo ceflicos Tele e diencfalo
mieloencfalo
ENCFALO
Vesculas pticas
A partir da 6semana
Diagrammatic sketches of the brain vesicles, indicating the adult derivatives of their walls and cavities. *The rostral part of the third ventricle forms from the cavity of the telencephalon; most of this ventricle is derived from the cavity of the diencephalon.
Vista lateral das vesculas enceflicas e parte alta da medula espinhal de embrio de quatro semanas
A, Schematic lateral view of an embryo of about 28 days, showing the three primary brain
Flexura cervical
Flexura ceflica
FLEXURAS ENCEFLICAS
Rombencfalo
Mielencfalo Podem ser claramente distinguidas as placas alar e basal, separadas pelo sulco limitante.
Colunas de ncleos (agregados de corpos celulares neuronais no encfalo) viscerais aferentes (indo p/ o encfalo) e eferentes (saindo do encfalo).
A placa do teto do mielencfalo, est constituda por uma nica camada de clulas ependimrias, recobertas externamente pela pia-mter(mesnquima vascular). Essas estruturas constituem o plexo coride, produtor do lquido cefalorraquidiano.
Metencfalo
Suas paredes constituem a ponte e o cerebelo, a luz forma parte cranial do quarto ventrculo.
Cerebelo: Centro de coordenao da postura e do movimento. Origina-se de espessamentos das partes dorsais das placas alares.
Ponte: Serve de via de conexo entre o crtex cerebral e a medula espinhal e entre os crtices cerebral e cerebelar.
Ponte Os ncleos de certos pares de nervos cranianos situam-se na ponte: os nervos trigmeo(V), abducente(VI))Eferente somtico, facial(VII) e o ramo vestibular do vestibococlear(VIII).
A, Sketch of the developing brain at the end of the fifth week. B, Transverse section of the metencephalon (developing pons and cerebellum), showing the derivatives of the alar and basal plates. C and D, Sagittal sections of the hindbrain at 6 and 17 weeks, respectively, showing successive stages in the development of the pons and cerebellum.
Mesencfalo
Ao contrrio das vesculas rombenceflicas, a parede dorsal do mesencfalo no se adelgaa; nesta regio as
ao quarto ventrculo.
Mesencfalo
Os Colculos formam-se por intensa proliferao de clulas do manto que migram para zona marginal
Os ncleos do III nervo craniano oculomotor- a partir das placas basais, localizam-se ao nvel dos colculos superiores
Os ncleos do IV nervo cranianotroclear a partir das placas basais, localizam-se ao nvel dos colculos inferiores
Prosencfalo
Diencfalo
O hipotlamo: forma-se pela proliferao de neuroblastos da zona intermediria das paredes do diencfalo.
Telencfalo
Vescula mais cranial do primitivo tubo neural, ocorre um crescimento acentuado dos hemisfrios cerebrais.
As vesculas telenceflicas laterais, formaro os hemisfrios cerebrais; derivados principalmente das placas alares.
A, Sketch of the developing brain at the end of the fifth week. C Sagittal sections of the hindbrain at 6 and 17 weeks, respectively, showing successive stages in the development of the pons and cerebellum.
Tubo Neural
Extremidade ceflica
Extremidade caudal
Medula espinhal
Posterior ou rombencfalo
encfalo
Anterior ou prosencfalo Mdio ou mesencfalo
Mesencfalo adulto Meta e mielencfalo (tegumento, teto e Ponte, cerebelo e medula Hemisfrios cerebrais pednculos (bulbo) tlamo e hipotlamo ceflicos Tele e diencfalo
Formao da medula espinhal O tero caudal da placa e do tubo neural representa a futura medula espinhal.
A proliferao e a diferenciao de clulas neuroepiteliais na medula espinhal em desenvolvimento levam a formao de: paredes espessas e as placas do teto e do soalho delgadas
O espessamento diferencial das paredes laterais da medula espinhal produz: sulco limitante Este sulco separa a parede dorsal, a placa alar, da parede ventral a placa basal As placas alar estaro associadas as funes aferentes sensitivas e as placas basais as funes eferentes motoras
Os axnios dos neurnios da placa alar no saem do SNC; constituem os neurnios de associao, em corte transversal da medula, estas constituem os cornos dorsais(cinzentos)- os neurnios so aferentes. Com o crescimento das placas alares forma-se o septo dorsal.
Fotomicrografia de uma seco transversal da medula espinhal em desenvolvimento de um embrio humano de 20mm, com cerca de 50 dias(60x).
A dura-mter do mesnquima mesoderma que envolve o tubo neural. As Leptomeninges pia-mter e a aracnide originam-se das clulas das cristas neurais. Durante a quinta semana, comea a formar-se um fluido cerebro espinhal (FCS, lquor), que pode
O Tubo neural Se diferencia em SNC, que consiste em encfalo e Medula espinal A Crista neural d origem s clulas formadoras da maior parte do SNP e SNA, constitudos pelos gnglios cranianos, espinhais e autnomos.
Tubo neural
Diagrams showing some derivatives of the neural crest. Neural crest cells also differentiate into the cells in the afferent ganglia of cranial nerves and many other structures The formation of a spinal nerve is also illustrated.
Diagrams illustrating development of the spinal cord. A, Transverse section of the neural tube of an embryo of about 23 days. B and C, Similar sections at 6 and 9 weeks, respectively. D, Section of the wall of the neural tube shown in A. E, Section of the wall of the developing spinal cord, showing its three zones. In A to C, note that the neural canal of the neural tube is converted into the central canal of the spinal cord.
Os nervos cranianos podem ser subdivididos com base em sua funo ou em sua origem embriolgica.
Sensitivo motor
3 a cada mil nascimentos Geralmente devido a fatores multifatoriais Diagnosticados por alto nvel de alfa-fetoprotena no lquido amnitico ou por ultrasson Estruturais
Tipos
Erros de metabolismo
Mielomeningocele
Diagrammatic sketches illustrating various types of spina bifida and the commonly associated anomalies of the vertebral arch, spinal cord, and meninges. A, Spina bifida occulta. Observe the unfused vertebral arch. B, Spina bifida with meningocele. C, Spina bifida with meningomyelocele. D, Spina bifida with myeloschisis. The types illustrated in B to D are referred to collectively as spina bifida cystica because of the cystlike sac that is associated with them
female child with a hairy patch in the lumbosacral region, indicating the site of a spina bifida occulta
Photographs of infants with spina bifida cystica. A, Spina bifida with meningomyelocele in the lumbar region. B, Spina bifida with myeloschisis in the lumbar region. Note the nerve involvement has affected the lower limbs.
Photograph of the back of a newborn with a large lumbar meningomyelocele. The neural tube defect (NTD) is covered with a thin membrane. (Courtesy of Dr. AE Chudley, Section of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.).
A, Photograph of a human embryo of about 30 days. The white arrow indicates the site of the NTD resulting from failure of closure of the caudal neuropore. Normally this neuropore is closed by day 28. B, Photomicrograph of a transverse section through the NTD. The black arrow indicates an abnormal fold of neural tissue extending over the left side of the embryo. It appears that this overgrown neural fold has prevented closure of the neural tube.
Photograph of a 19-week female fetus showing an open spinal defect in the lumbosacral region (spina bifida with meningomyelocele). (Courtesy of Dr. Joseph R. Siebert, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.).
Meningoencefalocele
Schematic drawings illustrating cranium bifidum (bony defect in cranium) and various types of herniation of the brain and/or meninges. A, Sketch of the head of a newborn infant with a large protrusion from the occipital region of the cranium. The upper red circle indicates a cranial defect at the posterior fontanelle. The lower red circle indicates a cranial defect near the foramen magnum. B, Meningocele consisting of a protrusion of the cranial meninges that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). C, Meningoencephalocele consisting of a protrusion of part of the cerebellum that is covered by meninges and skin. D, Meningohydroencephalocele consisting of a protrusion of part of the occipital lobe that contains part of the posterior horn of a lateral ventricle.
Sonogram of a normal fetus at 12 weeks' gestation (left) and a fetus at 14 weeks' gestation showing acrania and meroanencephaly (right).
, Photograph of an infant with hydrocephalus and bilateral cleft palate. B and C, Photographs showing the brain of a 10-year-old child who had developed hydrocephalus in utero as a result of aqueduct stenosis. The thin white matter is well myelinated. A shunt tube meant to treat the hydrocephalus lies in the frontal horn of the ventricle