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A GRAMMAR OF
MODERN
INDO-EUROPEAN

First Edition

Language and Culture
Writing System and Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

DNGHŪ
Carlos Quiles
Modesn Sindhueurōpáī Grbhmńtikā
Apo Górilos Kūriakī1 eti aliōs áugtores
Publisher : Asociación Cultural Dnghu
Pub. Date : July 2007
ISBN
: 978-84-611-7639-7
Leg. Dep. : SE-4405-2007 U.E.
Pages
: 390

Copyright © 2007-2009 Asociación Cultural Dnghu
© 2006-2009 Carlos Quiles Casas.
Printed in the European Union.
Published by the Indo-European Language Association.
Content revised and corrected by Indo-Europeanist M.Phil. Fernando López-Menchero Díez.

Edition Managed byImcrea Diseño Editorial® at <http://www.imcrea.com/>.

All content on this book is licensed under a Dual Licence Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License and GNU Free Documentation License unless otherwise expressly stated. If you have no direct Internet connection, please proceed to read the Creative Commons license (summary) text from another computer online in the website of Creative Commons, i.e. <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/>, and its complete legal code in <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode>.

All images are licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License, most of them coming from Dnghu‘s website <http://dnghu.org/> or from the Indo-European Wiki <http://indo-european.eu/>, a portal on Modern Indo- European, which in turn may have copied content from the English Wikipedia and other online and collaborative sources.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and authors assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
For corrections, translations and newer versions of this free (e)book, please visit
<http://dnghu.org/en/Indo-European grammar/>
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... 3
PREFACE................................................................ .............................................. 9

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION................................................................ ............................................................. 11 WHAT‘S NEW IN THIS EDITION................................................................ ................................................................ 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................ ............................................................................. 17 CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS BOOK................................................................ .......................................................... 18

1. INTRODUCTION................................ ................................ .............................. 23

1.1. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE FAMILY................................ ......................................................................... 23 1.2. TRADITIONAL VIEWS................................................................ ......................................................................... 25 1.3. THE THEORY OF THE THREE STAGES................................ ................................................................................. 27 1.4. THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEANURHEIMAT OR‗HOMELAND‘ ................................................................................ 31 1.5. OTHER LINGUISTIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES....................................................................................... 35 1.6. RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER LANGUAGES................................ .............................................................................. 37 1.7. INDO-EUROPEAN DIALECTS OF EUROPE................................ ............................................................................. 39

Schleicher‟s Fable: From Proto-Indo-European to Modern English............................................................. 39

1.7.1. Northern Indo-European dialects..........................................................................................................42 1.7.2. Southern Indo-European Dialects................................ ..........................................................................62 1.7.3. Other Indo-European Dialects of Europe................................ .............................................................. 70 1.7.4. Anatolian Languages................................................................ .............................................................. 78

1.8. MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN................................................................ ............................................................... 81
2. LETTERS AND SOUNDS................................ .................................................. 85
2.1 THE ALPHABETS OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN................................ ................................................................ ..85
A. Vowels and Vocalic Allophones................................ ...................................................................................85
B. Consonants and Consonantal Sounds................................ ........................................................................ 86

2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOUNDS................................................................ ............................................................ 88 2.3. SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS................................................................ ................................................................ . 89 2.4. SYLLABLES.......................................................................................................................................................92 2.5. QUANTITY........................................................................................................................................................ 93 2.6. ACCENT................................................................................................ ........................................................... 94 2.7. VOWEL CHANGE................................................................ ............................................................................... 95 2.8. CONSONANT CHANGE................................................................ ................................................................ ...... 96 2.9. PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHY................................ ................................................................................... 99

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