L

"'an!; situas j du,D:~a ada beberapa abad yao,!;; :13_U,,~ J~ tika pem; '_._,a~, p tam, : is" ban saja dimulai, ,ilad,awaktu itu, beberapa nrang tetah :IDC'-- il:-,,-i peaeranga - ',istr:l- dj ~LL,--:- LI'D:ya. J , mrnr L:istl'"':~:-~:~,~,:m b,a, :';r,f],:',:n,D e : ',aD,g Id~:p:~f pada 'w~;_,, _, tai _ iru masit :' erupakan :S,U,,:.:tU, ,-,"B,3jaiban" Sll.'"gg, I,b sangat berbeda dlG'og;:m, :ke'3,da, - s8':kM' g ,~~-~b::m:y'- ~lle'I,~ 'j/,an,g Id,3 a'~' d:i sekitar ,-'~"::l, :m'::~-,.8;g:'1J:n,·I_-',=, ~ ~"_,r:t'_:, rj,3~, '_:e:t~bla!;:li IL::' ara. 0_1_ '__ arlen a, p em akai-_ Jf), :_~:D:y3,'y,al1,8 beg; :lIto, l.~as :m aik:a, 'it a ,PI£,F, tu m e I., e laj 3I:"i b agai ...an at Iistrik m em be r -.ag, su p-:IP n g-:" -I p-:~ d'~ ..4:uDr' I;~ f' C-- 'p.-I'~' :-1,'r-=~1 'b-:· ada .. UI. -.dl· -" i lp ~I"k' " ,~, 1..." e S'm,o:c_ ten ;01D! c..lS_ ;O':~ Id,:l,yl ag'~,_,~:o~ 3.~ 1 a I' ,;3\ 'ulaB'l,~~"c_'_a~':'. :U:st.r~, statts ( 'I'CtlfiDS7;(J' ie d~,3D listr "I,' d,:in.'~mu"" tectrodi'Bet "lP~ s''-,,1~!ny3 nusia m"
e" ..

!I!!!,

.... b'e,r,'·'I~~,.~, g:am.b af:al1

l

1:1:.,

',-C,

IPe'n e' ".;8 IP a nl II I:) n SISP ke ~is"ll"ik;iii n dan ..'emagne" an dalam ,Ie'rb.agali

:c!

[pe'n e,~,e's=,i;=lnl mas=la:]

l .

J'a_~

[_~,Il'G o_k

'i'e~k'oloQli

_I

'1-

1,-'

'0'

',I

I~.

~r ':- -! U

. U.HI

,~f~illll.

UciL·IU -

"

"UI"U;

L"

'I- .

t··

.rUll"

.il1!U

.~

Ip' -

10..

UIII

1_

Oil

I,

nQ'",n~c' "' Listr )

:I~,-,ald,a

~".

statts

In B

I-

p~<~3j uri :m,U,:[)(~311 lis'I-''''Ult ':'ang;

..

dalam
~

:I',,'C'djldl·3,,~.

'-isL~ik d:in,,"- .~' lis:'i__,~:,,~,,~ ' ',ang bergerak '~;an"S disebut

.···1 .. ~.l!l!!l!

dJi3DI..~ ,S:C,~I_',g'-I:

1'· ,3JliUS ',IS, - I

~. . .•• I

ilk"- ~ ,I ....
[ I

H~'-llk:-r-- (;1,- U'SIS

!!I

.'.

I__::

~:I _ [Ii;,

lID,

II;! -

In,~-II~'-" A,··-;-·,!t'
iii

!WI - ~

iDiD ~ -!,~

.. ,_-

,_

Lis':_ 'ik

i:~,3fi:k:~t3 Co'bl3, :m, e I Wl,:kflll :PIC:ro obaan, Clo,b 3 ,AD da s:i,'J:p' ,,~,an, ,A:U, 3' bu ba '~':I! D " dan seh u~,'~~':"'lII'lD' tC"'UI'·'I!!:'r',~ '_~S: O'~'""'~~'~ u. ... w' u. '-l1.J ..n._ tuJl
l
""!II'~

BU,

. D,

i'~rtfiil

'I .' :"1Ir":'"'llI

U~

y,

gu".

g' :""!iI'I~ ,u, ,in.LiIL

I

,~.

Ilu,

~'Pd'lu,'U batana a,u II .,.'.'M " iil;U"II"o

"11I1'~

~~rll~ ,a~,

,u

-"W . Id'.,'Up!I" . ,0'

,~.

.ain. ~"U I.. -. ','

~'~-11'

PiJr!ll~, ~,:II, g.

r.~:ill'II'h~I'

~dJ,Ji.

!l,IU, I I

-liD'

!l!iilil~,

diU

_)~i
. _I

y,ang mle.l"f!
~ - -~" . ~

ab;ur_. ,~-~-

g",

ba--::m,g kaca PI,:-,-3D1,a Idl.D,g:m, bn 1;8 pl~",~posisi menda ... , tar, Ba,walaill, batang kaca '~,~Ied,u,a, menr e(,~a"j'bI3~'3n8 kaca pertama, ,Ap: ' 'ab, yang 8 ,:~3di-,' U,ll---,8'1, Pi C,fC,D'b 3'-'~.itu dengan d,l},(], batao,!; plasti ~-, -~is allnY3, )1 an '0" 1~I,i "S:[f 1[I,IIi:I>!- ~ ""i,' . ~iml w~ 'I. ':,' -'3 I: 'it- a 0' ~ - r~ ama :i ":.' batang kaca itupun tDiak,,-,m,~,D,Dl,ak: dengan kain wol. ICO'l11Q[ .. · ,Irj' - 'll,.,.' 'gi ta ,. percobaa .jru ICIer "gan, ._.. ' ..,!j,e' ,'atl,,:-~.-. ... batang :p'ast"-" "e' batang kaca Y',3111,g diS3Di' "I,_!;.'T J: '.yat3, kedua ba ana; itu tarik-mo .aru ., KI~5,-' ,,-plUlan ~ang ID;a:pa ',fa. erale ~ IcI,ari :ple,['C: nb a,all '~'C'r.s -, e but an ara lain seb :J~'aJ.'''1 b e I' t :~.~,.'" . ·'U'.I,'''''Iilt-",_ . '~!C'"fj';~,it I~,,'~'b-•··''''''D~ 1..4'U'~' ,'-~DI . vair -.' 'U,'.aran Iis '...~T' · ~ '_ u" IJ." U _u J' posi'jf dan raran e,g,dl'[i',-, Batar g kaca dan bandab,e.n,llia, be' rmuatan Iistri ~~. _::-:~'i~, -': ,a--:-u,g 'b ertr ,-,g' ,:-'ah, se = _' erti ban =::Jg kaca bern __,'_'3D posit·,f', Batang :pl~,astik,dan b enda-ber lela be rmuatan Iis ",,':,lain Y',_·-_I,g bertmgkah , SCpC~r~ 1),:;(" ,i ,-S;plasti ,-'bermustan '~-J;,gat':, b. :DU,3 benea berm .3' .,aD, serenis 'to..cak... .C'fI.'O:_, ~ ~ '. __ .. ~'Lt3, ,_,: ' ben d,I~, '-) I~l-~I'U' ,"'Iii,' an *'1l~1 i"'11.,. ~:I~:~ ~n.,~!!"l'- arik-m ~t!JW, ' dll"' "
~,~ C" ~: -' '"'

'"'!Ii' i!IA

Y"

,___~~

Y_\UIW-

_"--

~ __,~'U_--,

,_,Q, ;Ii,iIi,

'_

W'_'"

'"

,~ __ , " _,,_ !IlL

1.',',3,

c'

-' '- -

'~-' -' --- '-- _.'--'---'_.'-' -' .. -.fj _'-' -' '-'-"'I~'.' .- -_'

1.Lil!

lUI

UlL

Jlj

U,_

II'~C": .
JI~

ill

~_ilt.lll_ _

~il.dI~IJ

11L)1!

_'_

-,'

,1-

~.~

JU

~I,

J.JJJUl

LlI- ii_UJL

~,

~~~.

II~

lilJill

,~.

,~Uld.l"

'i';'jf~'I·_-'"

.- .,-u.. I AI F, .~, "'-0:-,· I' !lIA~"il:I;n~'a UI '1,---gllm1em egang' bo~a laga---, p~mbc - ml_ '_'~an e',I1_ Ibe~_ ril m
l

mr.

I~'/ 92
--'

"

I atom. . erura I :3 e lc:kt D: - , erfu at' 'y'an.g, Id~:3lll'~_:_c,;_m el,e~_~"Dll alensr Jika el)I~U'~~:D~ v ~'I_L.lBar d,-_- i :5'1:5,_ g,3I1. a ID=-_~_ ,m,ak.aj'U,m1ab. :~r_I[:i'_Dll bermi at an.PDS:lt~~' ,_e'bi:~~-_ b:-'yak, dari jum, ab. elektrnn bermuat negatif S~:jJ_,D ,gg,a at- 01----- ~-_:_i-,j'adi berm uatan pnsiti ~~ : ,J''''!'~;a rei IC:,~t:I~D"-,- m asu ::. [""Iii '~ ..:-'U"I'~-_-;-I - - ,.- ~'Iio·O·r.-"A m'-· I--··;-',- .. ·'0'-- - ._.,,,,U,li. rc· ,. ~-'--' _ _ ,_.._ -n ataa 'pD·~.-'i,t-·:~'I-' """'mIJ~11 ~._",.IYI !ikJI.IJ,. '_ ~ ~ l.o'b::·· edi ,-~[,d-al~,i, m..ab, elekt ,om.yang bermua an,' 'eg!3t',' s I j sehingga ar:o - be TD'U,a an ega jf~ :1 -··-frt-"i ,'3. ·bat· •.S d,i!'ICSD .. die, _c.:g,-~L "'_-'~O'ifi ellel, ,: -:00 .... -. n 'CD.' _.e om m-:o'uJ- ,:k_ 'b:atan,g p last~-, senmgga ~Ia~ng :_:-las,tlk'; 'Jele'b:ill,ao, a ele - -" d' 'b,~,- a '[.. :ik'- 'm-· J'~ d'l' be U 'u. ~ID- -II~ o·""1II·t~ .• -[Ji'lO' at ",,~u'-' D' p.. :Ke':r~' ~'aa.:-,:~ :-,,8 kaea digcSCik dengan ,';-,3'-' ~ su 'C~';;'~" elektron,b e:le:~.~~' '__3'~,:~,.g .,:,·_.3C'3 ·m.le,D,'uj'O-.,~'3~'- .~ S' ",era sel~,:iD8!;3b 3 .... -DO , -":an,g'K3Ga, :':,e,_:' ',I""an,g:,m elel ·tl"'O:-·, dan ','at'an,,!; kac':3 menjadi •. 'be mu a,' pas tl"i-.
· ~ -I 1f. ~
'''''iI,' ~JI, _ .~1
,Oi)! ,

asuk :',-Ie da ,am S:05:11:

.;i!I<.

~.

_ - -_.

''--'.I!.,II,

,,--,_,~, _

j_

,..

""'Iii do

'_ "'-.''-"

'1-

iinIf· -

b·-

'._

.-"--'1-

I!!,!. ~'_;

~,:I!,

OJ!! ,Ii

.-

,1__

'·Ut·lt·

."

1Ii&,

"!':II'n
~

'!!Ii I!l:'"iif"

jgJ

j~l~l'

"'.

[~

U[I- i'

''!':Ii

Ul

,I

ifI"tI"II'lIi. UlilLll:lll."

['-I

I U'C1a.·

'j.

-,

:seearsl'Cfl'p i, Ide~ .. _ ._ ,S'I _

ltJerSilih ..
P,@.Q,@mltg",il- ~ '1 fill

"_~rd,~pnt ~m.'ptj.:::injj_S' 'Pl,~t~j,'yaitu,:P'~IQ ,.'R,- d,t~lll"S-,~_::~'I:~DP 'tm'ik:~ _

n,-.e.mnr.ik, de,Dg.3Q :M.-- -·fan, Q.t te'I'ap:-, lolal::,-m - ,00' !flik.deD[g;an. m.'mtan.R, ~:_.oo'~::m.R 't:l.f:tk,~m,@,~ik d.e~_~. fjJl \_a~;311 s:.. e',m~,.jenis mua ~:lD
c_

'p ",'Q d:an R,~ jika, ·-.rm.u,ou.tfl.D

'Ii

---'J~ if_

,JI,'[~_h, '

'. :",

. ·,It·

.. lu3l1.· '

'"

..

I',

ID '.,.

lene ·-'1·:,' -,
. .

1·0'·' - ':-,

... .., !e, '.,' - e ' -..--'

'L.-,

I~',

-1,'00".

..

't .

PD~l!,.'.

.... ~,t~'.'
'1

Pi_

-,~Em 'm,-ftt'll

'pm:i, if.
I

: _,:1L1a'~31il ,P

P '~,e'rm liIDt:m, .neg~ -~L:~

1

dan, ~-.

·;i ·-,111 1(f,D3l,.· -(IO,~e'h'km;ena ,P' '-e:f.m:~'tm ; [}So'lilii'l

1

,.-,1 11]
1

.. 3

e
~_il,.
j' ,"
I

i.

.,proton

·llstffon

Onewon
'iD' to ,-... -m' . e' 1"111 '.'. at u~ ~ . ,~-"" m' ,,:~t-:~fn'I istr 't- irn IlJ 11 =- ~'"' illy. ."~ II~ cH"\.J :~-anari -:-. Bagai an a bin;' ~.-g :-ya ~~:i e.rh,ad,ap bes ar -- Uat - -, ,
l ,ir.IllUl I llsi1!J . _l

IU_I::I I --

'1l...il 'ii,
I~

'1""!Ii

"I 'iiiciC"'i-

~_-,

I~

I.

U.

f~1

"'1(1J'II, ,--: '"'lif''"'"

, .I

,~II·I .;30 _ .. --'-,,--, I3Il~.-a. ~ c;uU,3.- . d

I '-.I

-.f;

---:-'

'-,',
--

-=-"t - - ~ ~
--

'b-.--.- ,- .--:-.. LlJU,IUI ·SI.

---,Q----:_ --

'~13ya. 31. - ~:- a .

-----,··c

-.-.. , -

-.~. -

'_·--1

:r -- • '. odJ ·~om litium (' ~U )i~J_-,

'olak
t

-----

anOt" ""'a d- abnlabermuatan

------I

--

---

------

dfrn'D- -. -:ru-:-ak -Idrl,a muatan

------

----

. atm,;) .b·1:,.1,,1 - .----..- -.--:, -·--rl __-le~,-'_jy'3,", CO_110m.,:

rL .

di'. .lltU- ·;30 ole

,: _; I

.p' 1il'I1- 17'.'-,_.,;; 'D··-··-·'·- -. C. ·p,l -- uGl . ~,' /3 3JD -- -,._, :m,c,--=--g,g _:o.akan 5:e;br"I:atJ!, :_:_1:,1'"',30,3 punrir. J:ilk:a'blcla ,A,'y-· '-',g bermuat I-:il.o,taltkao pada 'tIUll1,:1 . atrr .... , ·a . aka 'biota B IditOl, alt, Or Gil bela " (bela B, dan A, 1f3 du 311'ya,
,'·,1, .•..

ci

seorang]

IC:-:' , - ..-,-! - l IODI._b· .-. -. '"~

iakar m'ika. ber :·ebangsaan Pratmlcis ..

ii·

ahl elle n 10- ··----g"berm!u~an neg.if '_- fla dung·an JllIJilnllah __ pro'on V, ..;. b .. - "'sn -osotif

I',·.

,I

J,

li-. -""k S1:-;i.s

93

atan ~ Dsat~',~). ,-me ,~"S;aiki'bi-:-, '---~ te 19,an :DC,f',3C':a ' ICI"'-, pU:fll_:~,-, dan d,a._,~~, :~',~-_ ,a~,a-~ seimbang ~e:o,!,~_- .::,'I"::::ca·- e:n ... ~ , capai ked[l-duk,3D, y,m,g barn. Dari sudut 'PU: It-'im 'in i, Coulomb meng kur b8:S,31~; !,ay-~, 'IS:' ~~' s. Dengan ,,- engubah-ubah ,j3f~'r,~' antara on Qj, B loan. ,A g'aya Iistrik -';iJJ,~ .at d;~:u'=,~ sebagai Lungs ~j :a:r~':_I'" _:1(;OU, 10m, b m IrJ D,Y'\ '. p! . ,'ad],'b all wa ,g:aya. '-, r ik, at au g :a:y.a '[101, ,ak , a
be
-,1-. '~-'I-,

bct'bim,d~ ,g' 'tBrb:allk de -'Ism lm,:adt~ .·-airal.' an,~,ar..··· ..,dua bola

b C' "111, uatan.

:SeC3!l'l;3 aremaris m II
." ;II'

dapar d:i:ml15 sebagai 'ber'ikut_

,I,_!l'''''

P~r-"3D1'aJ.'-..'31- Crn .lamb me ',,8U.-I,-.: ir ,b):m.ya. total'·: antara bo ,3, ,A, dan 'bOJ Ia HI pada S:I a '-~, j ara ii, tr erte -" em udian, fu:a PU:I , membagt 'ua'_';~ bnta A m.cDjadlilltif,tl,-_ slc:',··'I.gga muatan A, m fL_jl a.di, :S_ tengah muaran awalnya, Ia menda 'i_'_:k~ '_J bahwa besar g;aya tnlak menjadi sere 'gab -,,:~JJ.'ij semuta. Perc 0'0 3,~' - Id,-'o, 311,g;:i denga -, --~ -- bagi m U:3,' .~'- 'bola ,A e rr e. ~~:a.dV per ;m.pl'a.'-_ m uatan awar -,,'y~~tla ,I_<n.I~:a,: :af'=.'~_!-~ s m b a1J,W3 bes 3J["'"' ,g:aya, tnlak '_'__ adi sepsrempar kali semu :~3_ 'Dj Cnulomb :m,G,nari', tesimp -1- r banwa ,g:ay'a, tari ,,-'atau gaya to 1. .~' -,I: -'3. =-l;13 , - 1011,3 'bIC- Iu,at: ], sebar IC.:"·-,g . eagan
'I •
1

mu atan-mr atanaya Sec ara m :3.' rem atis dap a, d:~:It1J](lls:eb ag:aru ber iknt. :5
," I .. ' l

'III

".l

DIEUlga:O

cara m enggab
L

ll,g;'ka',

Coulombmenyar 11:00,: omb. vaim:

b:), G a1!la j: ':,~'mJ.rsi = ,'f"oni.~ fUltarmll .- .:' -' 'tid a-I se,i8l1i1]S 'tarr- I. -

,3DI 'U.··lm,!

:_-:]310U3:~.esimpu -13:11. 'y,ay: .g din unakan hu

m,UDi:a,n

~'~'Ga~yd ,QleUJ ·,ol'a-:'IQ'n'·,Qra duo '"'a','~~'-'

~~11 '.' IDJ

Irs ,~ffLIs,-ba'nti'"'"

det

-'Ql1 ,b
i

m,lal,"f

'-mUQ'12J1' )'Ul
(

dan b .'"'band
'Q muatal1_''''''

-,,1 ererbalik
W3

."rQ~'UQ,d'f"a'-

jarak IQ'ntQI~ll, .ed

.:3-'is

See ara
I

In: -'I:'

.~u

tum

,CIO -'U:~, 0_

dta,pl3t

.:i:ny3't'ak·-·,.

S'C'b 311:'ai be 'i" llj'

I;'

:_:r

'--I

,J

c""-'
1 I.
WI

Coulomb :~-_:_,ir,i:p ,gay,a, gravitasi y3i':~_'~,_jedu,any:a ada ... , '~:-'1?' 0 A 'U''!"1'?JIO' berb: d,m~r'Ig,."I~ b',la'~,~,'1","d snaan kuadrat iara ; II ,J ~U II. 0 1\.1L_ W :Ke" '3 gaya in i tergolong sebaga I s;ay:a aam iab,. Pada saat mj,~ada er _, at m 3)[:,;;[11], ,g,zya 3:~mn n ial1. ymg, '1--'lel::l_~J (t'-:,=e'~,'~~_'ll.i
~J

~ya

,:"'liIU""!Ii ~l_'"

UJI.

. 'I'

1m]

.. [

1~

giL IJJ ~

'1,-,-

''''!Iirti''lil '''"Ilr'''li, [1tII.U. [" ,tIlJl.I 'iI<W. a lU'

Iii:'"

Db' ".i;l1 '!:lip

_

'"'fII1~ d .Ii.

'b·',- iU' iku , ' ta'

,Jl.', ,- • , .,

:3.

Gaya g, avirasr. b,,-,~'Bl~j,3pada semua parti ~,: dan :m,e-j'aga: tanet-palne ;-' ap :-,:21d3 orb,,-' -'ya te 8;:i, ari
I••

"I

'_;

m '~lrl ahari.

b.

-', gnetik, be , ,rja Iii an ara partike bera muatan dan ::,erupak:an S;aya'yrulg me -g,I"I'(l,t a: om-atom ,dan me Ie :_I_. I-n _1011 e:_c~~ I. ,...,. em 1I' ' Q ,~;fi-:A ~~ , ,Dr'~ U 1.....1:~'1-~~I p is tIW"': ·-3 adi U u [" _ :IlIIBlurull,an r:ad,TIIJ ktiI. a Gava :,euat (&,tro,71'r ,fa,re' .. nle,n,~: ,~,a, ,- IC"U,'l=,n- -,Illr· 1-::0'-:-, .. dan p:.., otoa ",:Pf1C('Ct_ bers _'cL_,a ....s,aD],,3 dJa~,-_:_:_:_, _ sebuah m,_l Gaya.
Iff ektrn
J

._1dJJJl

""!i;'~

.I

if#

I. .

. V ,I

ILl ir!iJ!!l

~J

"

I~

UII_ UJIJJILII

. 1I!i'1~ ~

'I~'~'

j•

.11"_

jj

'kep-m!;' '~O.run ~rDdi' S-00l:mCli' '1.:1 m'tD: - s:run'~ '--5M I. 'Be mnfdtah_ ,..I _' r- _ m.'u~J{' I.d,~s@luap :b:piDl,j~- ~jdib.'_ah' ~I,::lytlCoulomb 'yanl, 'fe' ,l:nli -:~ ]1 dar,g3f:lik aotarh_piD-J: 19l,an:~ ~ -,5 m,'7
D'I.

.!

I~r

'

'~£

_"

__

. II' .

II

'_

_J

i.

_.

,I

. Qu

' -- ...1:

I'

'b-

" fS.

,-.oIi,~I'__'1~ ,-' ,Y3, '~i"" ua - • -- i~l ....,..ti'~"'" ,~I~ :sellJ,l'a:p -1-'.'- a . - 1,,".:"'" m US'D_H'!!., ul, ~p:lD:a
.
I. I

1'-I.IJjJ,

,.;;"....r';

. ,,_.

J1 c

li-, -"" 91:-; is k

9"&
()

',_,

___:_J

['-.1

-',

, ...U:- "'"'
I~

" -'I::l ~I ___:f;,-. Ji'~j'

~I

eJl ~'I"
• l~

._..__.;~f

'ilt""

ICln~,~,_'__"_ __'_-_Sha __J, ru:

,il £'l!",=:
I

__.c

131 l~ gaya CDlm:~,lo,mbd2L-,

~~d~ ~' ,__

'I

dl':l1i1 d,3,~am' Idar',~_'E, '=: ,- ..000 0 bahan diru ,', an D, I~(,: ,

1

'1

!f:ll-i'']
,I';;' J'
I,

J~'-I"aga'ya, Cio_ lomb dalam ruang 11 ampa d,ib,and,~.: g;k,ao, dengan g;a:y',tlCO'U -llJlm,bo:a.-,:am banan maka kaa tdr:p8m:~DIIGb n Jq --x ~l"'~"
~~~~~~"

.~=="'"

E.o

:E

-l

,..

Dengaa
___

c:al'".3
',I
,-~, __

om,3Sl1 :, .
I_I

an, nilai

I~

~= to

di:PI18I'"O:h:dl,:

,~l'

EOI

l~

I -_

-if'

'_

F~,,=-F,
,&I' _,

""

'nI1:IiU'II&I.

'- T

,Ull,
1
<__!

H, ,. '.

'b·-'..u- :' ,m,1LD _" ,. an

,"
.~~

. . '~. '., iii)',rlil masmg-mns ._. ,-..g,,~ pC' H" ··lll~ I' ,~( ..
. ·I,..
'. I

..:ri ..
I
I

uaft, ~

'. ~'.A

,1_,-

'11er:ptS.~
""Iii

.~ .... :L,
'III";~,

."

','

-~~

'"'!Ii,

""fii'iii"--"t..

I-? "'" _,
. -" ~~·~II'

L-.~."",il' l~i!».~

g""'iya"
I·.~··
.

......

,~.",
-

.. _

...

!"

'i!-.'I!Ii'~_. u~·

'q","'" ",,",..:II :.·Il~ '--~U~

'!Il.......d·,
.~-.~

m:ua:an le,a _'bu' j:iko.: a, :ked,ua '. U3bfl,di- et~J bl:bd:l1l3 :D1:~"L1i:l';Ql,~ ~e'~~ :S'~,'I.i·M ,'l,atif :;" :t.e

Id'~, ud,~~

d311~Jn, bahan. 'ytl&g: :D1.IEU!ll.::_~~.~. e.rmi... U ,

l!i gUI

lIm = ::!:O IlIC = 20

n'....~' 1I1I1'.' "1,4 ~:J ::::
-", . ~_ . __

x
I' . -;.-

o~c
1....

"= ~~, x 'l 0 ,.... "'I!' ."

C ..
-

I := ..'_~, c,m =: '1'""'" x_, _:. 111 _.",,",10···~:"ii1

li... in ". ,I ~ =: ,;1 X .,-,0'-' ,r.
c -

....

'.:m;112' --

I:_:)

·C·,=jJ'

F
~J"

-.liI---.
~~\!Iit

:=

'C-J
.

~IO
)'~I!-:.:~-'--_:'- ----.......,_---,
.

'..10....ci C,I

:&"1.
,~

~_____

_,

-';'10- 10,J,'.:. "

-.'J' , '._

b.

,ApaLbilaked:ua""'~
:permisivi:t'M
'.'1 'ml'!li.P ILI~-~

-'-an,(iil!8 lakkaodal:am,
l

'1!IioI!"Ii:,

:mre':~a'-f ..:=: ~
'n a ~'''''';iftI!j; ""'I"";!iii"Ii, r~'~!!iiJ!~~I~

'''\

§3yo,C·onkDn.'b·. ·-'Iam 'b~td,-

"-i-,

'P" ~i:J.I"-: ,..:Ii --

li;,c _ =

''IE: r

1 F'l>Ig

'D = F' i6!rn. ~.

l' 0',U ,_ " . In,.I·

1-

I~

.......

"e-eUlt'
1... 1 , .. 1.'

gl--jig'

ma

"'

ssen,
--

a.. :flll'y3
:DaL am. f

10:1-,:(1

a, an e'b,ib bnla bermuaraa :13:1"' I Irj,:~, 1[1,I,-'a:tnyaJ :31·~,·l.l. U,~-:C:-J, -::m. bola bermuatan dianggap jau . ,e:
I,

b.

IIlb~~

._ -__,~~, ·mo

-;-.9!Dal

_,J:H:;.:'l daripada u:~,~, _3lD,,~·:Jl_lak aatara b ICIIa sehi ,-,88'3 'bID._3 .~ 31JIIt&':.' '"'" 9 ~'L,.[' dl·'.. b:Od. :~,'t.!'.: 'Qb~:iI b•.,:.'" ~, . 11) u, al _, "P .. 1,'Lf\.JIJ 1• ' : ,. DD""1I'p sebaaai , nda t~'ii;.·', ~,. "!'III'U

Own b:~'~ tho 3. as -,-enu ~ljU'- san ·~~-c:,~-cuij'_;ve-~.Of gaya ICIDI~-' 'Ill] -'. . ... €I' b e"-- j::!;l""' :3 VIii -;3 ' .,' ", ~'t~nl n' '~',1;~ ~.. '-' 'if' .:l~'" '.•~"" C····.. to '-' O::"::i '. -Iill ..: ib r "':il!:~. ""'~ ada q: 'y, ' ',g hanya disIUbab:-· an IC, .eb m .at 4. adalah ,',~~ ~ tolak-meno '-, . I, 'Y,- g na -I,ya d:lsleba'b, ";arnD, IBn, muatan
'------' ..' ~!I,.,UI .. '-' ,~ .. _--' i\"jj

1ilA,t:._

'--'

u,_~,.Ii.

u.

in· y

.. - ---

"1",

.J

_I

li-. -"" 91:-; is k

9,'7'

n~ r"u 1 .•-1

sera "yan"g - ,~'-':-,,':-a dise'bab:17aD, oleh muatan Iq, ar ~L,ahF~'to~a ... m,e,~D13-1'_:,'_ Anda da,':l'_ me ... , l:~h,a't :p3ik ada riga vektor !3Y;3, Coulomb y'm,g 'ble~,_e,r;~':a, pada q:~, )I'alto. ,F:,I'~',1': ~,dan, '~=Ij,_ Ga:Y,3 'tolaik 'yang bI8k~1~~3,
I.' I,~,
~1-

q~,adal:

,F~~ ,"ar-':::--I~ enari

Q:

, -- U' '. I p--,

•

--'
'.

,-

I,,'

"

'r ::".-

,..,

~-u-'[itF'"'I-n
,I(~

;FiI1~...

u~',

'-'Pit"I'D' ~

,iW''"'''eJ'U

~v--:-'1- -I" ~U._.'u,· a"~iy--~ """,-', ..

1 .-,

,,-.~ ':

'"'

"'!i;AI' ,~llJ!.

'~'IF!!;I'fiI '"'!iI",~u,I;J., ,--,,~i

:iC" ,r':,

:~

1 )

~ .l""'1
.~i,ii;

+-

,r"'il'~ , I '.£11. ,~iJI

!;i!I

+-

li'll

<±)
,
,

~~~~
~ii!!!"

m
.
,

F.

'~-~'

'.., ;,F -

:Secara, U~_·' -:-=_"i' ,!;~ya .,a. y,:_' ,,8b::,', rj·i.l pada sICbU,all~ ~I; t, res I,I't-""':i,n "I ~, _~_'.-I ah '.... vek _'_ )I d- ,"'1'j'"'1~ =:I ~,~ -=- ~~ J"I "'m'. .J., 'lijil 10' ....,'\1'''"11 0 "':!iiiU"" m:·'· .r u~. r ~,_ u,~ D··... 'yang be ,)Ij,a :1l13,c:I,a'uatan tersebut akibat interaksi d[G,D,gan, ~ nu ata J.-, nuatan ya '-,I :tBl3-' :S:C' '.'1'. - r rya a. .Ap:{I,b:ila,muatan ';1'-, d:i,Jc·_,ttkk:an d;~":l~U],g: ;··;t'le,_yg;lh, J, te ~fu,a,
~"ii-,n ....'~l!I"''''riI'n ;
~~Un;'
I '~l ~~ _

,lL,IiJ

~l

t!!!

1_

~~l

'_

_J

,_I

Ull

e=

~I

I'~

:m .'.atan

D,18g at,-',
=,

'. ,mJI3k3~

G
.
1
,

l! - '1 _, O-"S ',1 =r 2

,='

'_'.
P'

F]:)

--"

= k,q,!;~'f,l,
.1
~I

,~

t, q l·'f;l~ -n _, .~'
~~,,,,,;I

dan

Dengaa m B ",g:~'"g:g:a:pl ,):l,::> 'n maka besas resu ICOU,' tTl b pa :'a ,q", 3y,~) F 'ada' ah:
~: := '~l
,_, p]\]'
I

F:

Ii,

Iran, gaiya,

,. ~==~.' :q),' q .~ Ie q - 'I-'. d' .,'. Ie' ,':1 " ,,]:.'-;, .~,_,en,gan ". J: ':3' -l'
r ... )' ." "11-

'7),1.,

.-

=~ ,','. r];l

IliI!-

,li'

p]; '_

:1:'

,iiiiiiiiO,

InX11~1~
~ , l ~

-,·4.)('

IO:'~
•

Di ..£11: :: -

''6 ,:,'

,._. , O·· ..· X 11 1.1 ··-lN' <

.,_ '!)'~,'u'N'-". , ~ £:
,_

b
,fJJ
]-,

.is,a~,Jl1n.muat an, q~ di1.e·t31l,~',~.ru1 ~_'x d.:ar'~ 3'1_ aD mu

,I~..., _aka"
'.......

'(l'. .
'-

,_.

;ii-

'j(

In
'._

,Ag:: - I'" esultan g ay-, CI ou ]10 mb ,Pada q_ s:- ~I a, Id!£::~I,g 3D, n ,01 ,---,~-' f)'~'a C'oo 'E ..,mb ~ ada '-~- C'h:;(L ~'::Ill:'__'::"__:_:'':1rU'S S iIirD a' Ifr-- ,j;;j'-n ___:__.~I_-'- ,a lar~IIJ"_,"_ ._1,:......_-. _,_,' - [_, _'_'
,_!-c
[-!!I!l -~'-:__:_ _I • ....:.._, .. "'--

-'_'~~JI_~

besar gaya, CIDu~,D.m,'b pada

-

q
-

ID:~,IO._-_

q;
-1IIIIIiI'

Jadi, agar r esultan g~y3, Cnlulomb pada ,q, :Sm13 d6D,g,JD bo ma ea muatan '1'3 Icilc"-- l':", tan IO",i -- dari q 1 ~

su a~ I'!

ter '8,D,"_ ranpa k!o:-'I ak ani '3f,J, ke do anya disebut ac'"-·on Q"-' adi stanc c. Cara :P:~ da - 8; Ia,:~' " da am :01, e 'I ~ ,a" ,gay:a -lur.~~-~I'~.yatm dengan :m,e,~IO·!_D:.:~ d:JD.f1:SC.P ',an medan. "--faj~_', ada ab. ; __ ng d·,s:).k:i·31'" bendayang setiaa it:., dalam :11 ~ ,:i, '~.g, a tersebut ',,-,- terpe -agrul D Ef" g,ay,a, y.aD 8i diti i-,bu,lk" I nle ~ ~ ~ 'm.[ .~. a"" W!I1. ft 1-- P'Ot(}i .al' ~J'u "~ ._:~-,e d'~ sekitar '~]ar :ikle~ __' disebut mlc.!_ _;~,-~, Jan :1 lils'tr~~.. ~ M:d,an ,-~!s'-:~". adalah bI8S3rJ!l], WkiIDJ." Yall.g-'"m'! ':y,a pada suatu '-:I-t,·, '-e'-,C'-,' ~ d . _C~:fiDl isik - n, 0:1.-· JUI.icb,ac', I', ,aral '3y'
jaLr,a_k,
I,
j

~1i"l

~!£"'II

,.-.
"."

,-'\,j'~

"iI~

-'

~~

I'

"

••••

!iJ

J~'

I.

:~c,'b~~a:i'~'~',~ ~ _~~ "" ~l'm.~ diala __ .~.nlel ~",~~ !iJ, _ ~~, _~_ ~,__ '-~ 0:lf',;~ ,T -~ ~ - ~ M~ _.Ii. _ __ ~ _ u IJ,
=
' __

'Ill _ _ u _ mda
.

mD
•.

"'"!ii'
l~ ,':~' -_.

,,'

P'Dit'" ~,t! , -~~u~ ' ,d ~.o:J;:~,1 :'..

IiC!i

":!iI!j11

1i'£'" ,!I.w;

"-, d ""Iilp;oorjj' '_ :_:.UU::,'.~I.

,_' d;~,i~~'~,
"'"II'n"'riI

d~ 0'

':-'b

'~r!j

__WJ,.
....,~

den D ~n -'~i.LlI.b,:i'..tLu.

ber-

li-, _C'k S1:-;i.s

99

K,e:1rap :1'1 ::U1 8.' ris '-8 aris ,S; :tr:,~ ls itr ,_ m eD,g s;~',,-'b ar.k'~'1 a ~, ,-, besarnya kU3,'_ m _::d,aD ,hstrik_ ApaJbl~'~.~:l, nalam SU,3;'1_,,_ ruang terdap 3(", dua buab ben da -~ 11,,~fan 'l]s:itlJ, ik 'yaa,! sam 3, be _, erm S:aJ"~ garis-garis g,3~~lal. is-I ikn,y,a dap;a,- Idig;,atl],bark;an sebagai 'b e,rlkllt . ~'U"': roer In ter -- .at 'm--' d'-;"'iII,n 11',~I~, -,-' Dlt ;e;'iFI: -, itar m 'U" s::trm,s!;am,uatan, 4 'yan,,! d,~'8' akkan Ida,am p~,,' garu me1 IDa:a ,:istrilt in,i lC'D dapa ,8;3,),,3Ccu.lnl 'b. :-,U.3 'an lai ,q~ l ,.' /~--, '0 dl'1 ,'I" 'f'"illjl:li;" ~~, 'tIi\~,' U;tII;UI;, 'l-;'p,'~,"~~" ", "l~, ju ,f"'~' ,iW,'LI ,_, mendapat !,,3y:i Coutomb. Gaya Cnulnmb 'y.'_~'Jg dialam.i 01,0:11 parti ,'0' bermua an bergantung pada muatan partikel IJjan, muatan su --,IC,- q. Ole - :'~':~~Ie3, itu, 'U ~,--"-:- m engetahni b ~ ere _,mec an, lis.t~~- dar,i :__ aran sumber e, '11,j.'ti, metetak ... J , kan 5:I,a[";I_ muatan nJi dat_· ruang d,i sei ar meda " listrik 'Ie rs ebut, :Ku a, ' m Iedan, Lis tr'~ ,8· dide i ' -I,15 ~il:-:~ S 18bl ag a.:i ],as ,1":1. ~ b"tlg:i, gaya CIOI ,,0- "b Y-'-. ,g be:ke,~j:3-=-'a '~"atl g,a" ,_-:i, Ide,ngall, besae In nan .'3:· 'UJ ~ tersebn I ,q '"I :S~cara m ,3:- em ,atis da:pa-' d'i:rnl:is::5 ebaga ,·.I~,l~ , t. .-:; ., J ~ J-'' ' 1- ~ I ",1iiiiiiiiI ',_,q'
:1
~ ), ~!~I,. '_L~' ~~, ,~'_,,~.

""iII,'

,,'--',

J~

.1_

'".

~.

~ _

_.__1~.

~,_

~~

'""iI, ~_I,

.~l

,_-__ .~

,;;Q

,~,,~.

'~l~

"'II", ~'--'
~"

'_.l

iC!'

,~

_I 1,.t:J

,I ,~~"

1D -

';;""',,'

~iL"'1I"I~~1 Uu,iIi,~!I!,!I!,

D"cj

"";lnl''rj',bl ~, 'Ui

,g,l,

"I;oiI'''iII'irill

":,,'~IU,

~';!Wjjl

1-,

Iii

__

1_

iii'

.......
~

' I,1"

i!! l!l!~~

'

F'

ICO'U"

or .b ,F bsrtawanan araa dengan

B'~

V:~"(]n!

kua , me tan

:~lS,-!" ' .' '

'nlil:i!i~'''1''n···''' 'un'" O"h '0' INU1~jll "'!I;*" Bi;!i'r~'~ t in,~'nlii!l'!!, 'ruOI ~.u, "_'_Q,ll,,_,IUl m edan lis ,'''I~, dii su 3it ,I, sum ber pada j arak te ten '; dari s ebu ab, sumber q, Besar 8(:['3 Ccr ,ll'lm,'- : ntara muaran sumber ,q Irian, ~~ uatan 'U,_-1 q' 3o:Qlalb,:
__ tI\I:~ __ -_~. _1,_ I I _ ._,_'~!L

'''11'1"

~~,llriJfj~_

'·'!ll'lrrill ~J.,~~

" It

I'
'_

,,--,,'

-_I

-,n·1

!l~iII'II'I- .

_-_QI

l.11!!j11'iII

F' = ,k"q,,·~ .
r''___

II

I---~ ~- ~l-an ujl:i,

Ku,a't:i'il,ed,:m I'ish",ik; ada' ~- ·-,,3Sil,'b,3gj,8,3~:~aCnu nmb dlB:D,gao

s
,E
,.
'~!

, 'IJ·
.

1_"

=,t}

II
t" .,"

E=k;
q ,"8
',B'
',',A'

'~II

ai '3,-~, lrlapa,i ,-

q E:~'--'x,_c,
,1"-_,

lis

I .JtI! ~ 10 '._-

'I
"

==

mber I CI )1 b esar l~~-,at edan lis' "',~--: m

m,'1J],3,','3D S.'
mi' ,_;

-,, V,_ '__'

:'r·:t'_

:~d~- _ _ -,.,Ii, 11,_'-~

Yo '.

. bl- ~'-_ ~_,

"..,-:",,'_',.~, , - ,~,_,
"

_
I

. ..__ '~~
1U

'n'ii!5' t."" ~'lilIJl

Iu
'!;.II
l~l

d'i'p'I'I~: ,100,1.. ,'""ii' :=tli!!':_ rt. _ . Ji,,- . """ ~

!!.;I!',_
I-'~

U" .

'A', .,1,.,1"

''1,,_1,,_',' 10

m.·. D .','D" D lah:

I~

iU10.'

.. 'b-: "

diIIl

'"'iIIitl'"

'V:.',D IV

.
j

tl O'iff"'
i ..

kn- ': . ~" "

11111

Uj

'~I' "

'm", ~~lral'"iI'~1 'N t,~:,;.,.; d· )~,S".U.. atu ' '~' ;,L.-, "a"",
U«Ul
1I

U11J.:JU

'~i d' [.Ill JlAl Uj

,-

""ri _, d

mendekati sumbei .negat if':

b.
Y1B' ,llor 8':lemi:!:ikj,garis: 'kj~: " j:a,,58,pi:mj:m,g; garis hubung an ara muataa sumber dIB,~gdlD,t:i,' :';7yang a can .. i.ltlkis ' '
V1C(_.J[l,F' ' I, at

m e dannya.
muatan
_. _3f

ii!i

'V'l ctor :k; .at m,o'daD :l.:is', ik, menjauhi

,plosiif
'~':_ lor ',J':I, ~1" , -i~(.,~'
if111~':£f "'!Iit-.'~'u,,,",~,!U. _'

surnber
i~

~ ~

1111

_.

• • ~
"

•
:1i

. .
iir.ii!!II!.l •• !iil ••••

lii!iiJd~_""':_",

. • • • .
~ ~ ~

ieda a tistnl ,~, 1.;,1],,e:~:;)',i :l11, :'

an s:u: bl'
1

Ku,:' .medaa Us '"'":ik: diu'k:ur da ' ,.'. ' ,'lIe! atau VI:,
d-" ,.. _,~_,
~j ._ .... ,~ _oU:J,,·_
'""iii

I }'

lei ~ lis ~-,,-'

,.;"i.:I.Ii_., ,J:. ,bJ

s·
III iii

•4 ~

"'1Iil • ~

.,IIoIIj ...

_:--......t;

m·-·I 'd:' ""iiIll'-!'!jj-';' Q'n"et '1'( C.' rad I'~ asi 11 "'D' ,.. '~Q"" I. ') u~nl 'D' m eteb m i. am, b ~.g 'b ,at as darp at :m,em bab, ,ayakan, keeh at an, ,-,
g~--,,-,i!!.I'" . 1"".11,'-_ .....:. .w. , __
'1Il~-;' ,.

..

J!.'~

_,_~_-

~,~JI.!!.;i!'_c_,~'-',I,_'-"--'-

iipii

iil:I{1 . -',

·"fio:~' ,y.,::J.--' _ Ii,,_c:_,_

G;am-rm:

m,-' ~--

lL:.Ulilil

'''':I'If1IUC''~~ ·~I&U.
,"

t'

'R·I·-·k'··'D-'-- u: I U~I'J badan en U~M ..

.••.••. "I] •

Ai'''''lI;it''',ii

l~

k~p.it"p"lJ~'~i'"l du-'-nJW" v" . ~,

U,
I~l •

'_il

'11'~ • Lli·': .I1I

·WH"-:· '--'0':-:''p-",.g ada

to' .••.... ',' l'

!'

-~strik
, )'lmIB'nj'a -'II

lQ :' •_,1- e~·--,'y~~b •, 'l,,-:3Il, 'b~'W{l ','-'-"a' '-, 'dan, ,is'trik sampai 10·, v :lm, at :l'U, 1,O!l_,'1;-,'. sia '- '18b3'D:a ,I,.. .. "Unba11~:an utnuk, And'3. " menae ahui mana 'PlB,' , '.. , .,. . 0;. ,;0,' '. .' " '.. ,cl' ,,',. I ber ,WI'; bi 1",,·'1'ya "g mlc:m.'baill'3yaik'-1 keseha an,
_c .. '.

"o:sOi' ..) iftliil.'nae alii [mum', .. m.m~b.•"

mufrt

n SUIliIlbem-

-egmtf

'2.

__ Plende_at __ Ku II'm

' ... d,~ : l_~drt.

li-. -""k S1:-;i.s

110'1

:1(; al
I~!

~ ..,rei- an.
'I~(, '. ,

Us'fdt, o'le
I'e"

_I

:]D'
"

31lm, S'~_ 1bIIT-~, ...

1E}:m

:H:l, 'lrm'lij'
11£"',

Us·bik, 'p'. ·'a J'M ..' , 1.

dMi sle;l!ltmh m:LQ't:an

pf,JS:i'\',', l,1[]FIi IC',Du1!Dm,b

D

len '. .' .'

iEjpi'!i ~r~I'''''III'(Ii, .. J~!li~!I.::Il..IJ~_

'JIj,,;iIf','i:, ..... ' '<9IioA,

IIi".;'] ,-~l ~ "

till] !IiiY.:iLIl

rIiI'i"'mAl

'b'Dt" ,n' ,_ =fI.'lI'] '~' 1_

'1,[)1,'- IC"

,:~ak ' ',:bk ..,~,' he.

,lI!C!::l!Di, 'S

'1113 r ,::;;;; I. C::I'I!l.

1,[

-;;;:;: ,- ~

m,

Te'a-pm k

== 9 x.IO ,:'I'm~-~'

gl

"

~.~,

,"" ,~'Ir-

A}L.lIi;I

11.,. ~, ... .

t, ~ ·.....;fIt~_ ',,~ ,,'b:' · ....

I 1~1ill:.'~~J l~

';;,'111..;.
J~

,1:1

,:~

,.....

li;IU~~JlI

..:II .... '~ .....,'iiI... 'm-; I

I

'~~I~'

IiIIiII,HIiI""Ii1JW ~
,

l~iUj_~

,~,'ii;O".I,it'!""'~' ~'il 'i~ft!Io ~'ilEliirI~'~J ~j~~

iU,-

n: ..
7dJ

- L, Ii' B ~l"
1

,Basal kJrat m,edan, ,lis, ...,

" .. '_ ," ', ',," "I' ~ :", ~-

,111 . (Img,
, _'-," ~'I ' ,"

de' I,:g.::m,pe,fS3Dl,,:.l:I!D
'''-J' , ' '. ,,' , " .":,','

"

' ,"

'...... '

',

..

:3:

,'q:, le' ]' _ E :=: ~~' '

'

'10 "
, 'IC

:K.'llJt1J :mu~'claft,is'mk, !d.aa, !~,::, C'IOulo.,b I .. ~

Sls:bt..gh,:MmlD'bn,llj:i
,;)1 : '-'_
"'"Iii

'10-3'
i

C d-'Jet

,'I"

'

,I,dalarn

SlD'tu,DU!danH:r",'"" , ..... . .",

GmiY3, ~: '_'=Im:llja pada, :m,tm:_aIl u_~i""=m_,bu' adaioh IC~: ::;;'_, pad.a, :!n.dut. 2n~, e,rbada~. ,-;p!llSii:i :Bempa 'beS,M kua,' :0[',etlan, -...', "k: dan,
..~ ~

:_-li,~_ _m;: .... ..

__

.'L__ ~
_:J[: :,,'~

tnJO'!lo,..lI,""Ii" -1-"-1' ,r~Yi~J~~_.. _...:...

'_~I'Ji""ll,' ""'Ii;_, 'I ~,~f~ '~, ;...aLILlII_,_,

'iIj,t I' , , IYOj:_" .

:m,'~

uji ~f =: ,3··..· P ~' 01,,',_ S,'.' .~ad:3 2CJJJ

3.Q,
""fIj,

10····~C ....

:K:w,t: m,'Bdan, ·:mis'tc_..~k, d,ihi; lln-l d,e_."pn E

'pe'e.,S;IiJlIl:J13n

E=:,-

~1' I

, ,_,'3)( ,O,_'

E,-,

'/1'

,4,5
,,".

,S ='
'y:Blg

"~'J)

5; x ,,- '" ", "/C",,', '~iJIU;a ,~u 0 N' .....

A 'RI

~'~ka m,UlEIitnn,

~'~.~-'I

'ga'tif'J) b~,'1 med ,-,Y'iD, "

p:nd:1 21)"

,r

lis'b;,-1 -: akan

01,

u,m.iliki amb

1he,fI3w~

E - .'.S .... 0" lIUC 1

:I';u,a: ~- edan : ,is .,i[{ term 38' " 'Ib, 'S;,ar11Jj, ~tDr. Ole ,:; "",:03 VI: itu, SC'PC_I'j, na __ Coulomb y,;m,g tetah d,:i'b:m,a5' Ku"at me ... y'3, , d " " l:is,I~:·' d· su,a; II '-,i lk, ' ',' iba '101, iberapa c ,'I,:a;':an S,ll ber
'I

i'

a,,;a~,ah j'Um,I,ab,
-',!I.!!i' _ 'j~!n, I~ ~.I,
I

ve',- :Dc ~
'!fii' _-_Q ::,

resun an)
1.W ;1; __

,~'c,"'"

.,wl

,-,~,~

,~.

Y"',,·. _

'~~,~Ik, w~.!W' '- setia p' --" ,~"I"'~I~ _ ~.i

1!Io.l" ,_" :' __

dar

'VC,:--:IC1'"'-VBI-~- '-'-,;-:-: or
~It,'""'.i,n ,""'1!OlIi "b' U ~YI;.I, sui '
.,Iijj:ili'~r'" ~,!I!,

pada ti i c tersebur
I

'~_,_':is:~t-._,ao, riga buah muatan S," mber ada ql~' Q2" dan q, masi g-: as: ng IDe, I ghasilkan :,~ :m,G'd';JD, I "alt' :Id:'.-~· , E I-B=~,dan nada t""ik P 'I~L' !,;a,~~dl medaa lisr.-:,-,-' " di ',f'nk PI" ,·'beE i ,1,:aufb3il1,_g ~ , ada.1 vektor m e dan ~,'ist, ik~ s:e n;: ,ara m a, sm t is 1;11ers "_:-,a.:~,- -',y'a d,:ap;3: 10. it .Iis s e bag:3i I
1 1

E D" := '~~ +
'D' _
_I

.JCh",

+E~' ~,B
1-

Bagaim ana
'S:
I

u'
..

a m C:_ICD_.'J ~i,Jln, ~tu' d'~ tr Ib IU'~,S', i ," u; -_ g fi'l~ u,.I "_ ~ J

IC,~_',
1
I~IU

~'_c

_c

at

m ICd,:311, ls ltrt
l~

< ,ail,: jb at
'1;':'1 ~ , I~ ~ IU~, UU~I

l ... _

. _,till l

'I'

""!ilfio "":'IIlifl'!lil

~jtt~

C",

~JUlLl~U

lP'C'"ID'b-:", ~ti"; 1...41 '"'!Iiltim", " 1C":U.U "_ ''''ti'~ '''1rt1!lI' I, QJI UU.lI"_Q
1 -

,~-:isalin'y!~t'bD: a"Ullttl'-,'I---'m],IC:D'bJ'k': < kuat iC aD, listl~:+,--' akiIC b' ": I~.istribusi '.::.. --3_:-:-' , terte ntu, c_:-'~lrJ,a na ~at ~~ ,ft:_ _j,ggun,_-~:J ,

'Hu,~~.~ Gauss m,
j
I~ _I

I,"'S I

I,

'-I ,-, -,-

-111:&1 ,:, rl

,.. '-

:F'ul~

ist ik,~a]ah jum 13111, ris m I dan y> ~!I nembus ,!;,-~ m "c'galt, i'U,i,- :5: suatu bidang,

G;8riS1)BriS gay,s deli 'Med ,--:-- .M,n- ' I......... -;O!i De- - _' ii"i _,' Bm _~~,I'I l-iIVI'~i~~ ~ ,1-' b IlJ'S:"leg'B - lu rILls SU II u bhDl'angl
I!IU " ,-'

S-_I'_D'S'

A.

PCf'~I:JL-

tan 8; -'I--'b'-~ ben sur. =:~-·~,~g;-,--,-,~is'menan menembus

tegak lurn,s suaru bl~,~,a~,-,8;

segiempa ~se '~U,a5 ,A Ju,_'), ,g:~i '~ab, ris-garis ,~_J edan :PIC,_ :53';' _' an, :ltrassebar ,Idig dengan kuat medan , istrik sIGi:b,~',1"gg:J.jul" .Iah garis '1- C' ,,-~. Y,aD,S: m 13,se :-.b'~'11 ,ang se .. :aI, ", ''' S eba :-"'~:,., 'bi U ,1;; [d.c:' .!-~. :B,A Hasil kali '3If',3r3 ~_ at me _.an lisL.-' Uk,R Ide,p.. gao, :1, as' 'b],d'aD,g A, 'yao"g tegak mrus nengan medan lis:':r"~:,
'I

:SeC31ii3 atem atis perst m aannya dlap,:a" ld,~"u:j.ssebagai m berikut. "' :'.=: JIj' ",.A __
ls A, ~t menan : is:" ilt, ,I'I/C) IU,3S' 'b,iID'-'-,gyang ditembus medan
U' "
, :__"i

cp -

6-

is f, _
_' '.,
'=:' " "

'[I ~ -h 'til" JI.:USILJI."'lln.:

T

,,' "·:l-',:i::: ',_ ,,' _,

=- ',,"

rer

:=

1'_,I

e'l

,'"" """iI-U' -W'- ~p;' "Iillii u u', ~'_I!i.!!")!I!.;!!,

--::'

1_'

',.

.1,:3,

Ji,ka"i medan is: I ' tk menembus 'b ~,d311,g, ','id', • secara tegak :~,tn:us,", Dlagif'I.' .aaa persamaaa 6us:k 'j~~(r..-':,~ ,'ya,"
,:-' _,
1··l·'-J.Dj~

:CI' _"'1

I'

d D~, , !,i.w A 11, A' cos 8 :,_-, S _, _ _bu S,w,~, I )~, ,,:__:,_ u' Hu" ,._,'-"D'''''IIIn, uas A""" an ,'tuas ,_,,' :'adalab A''!i' b' g,g;a PIC,[S,a1]], 33]1, fius:k l.istri " '[1-- tu k ed ,- lis,tr'ik ya g
_Q

,'!LU,W,

,;,_

:~

~ ~'"

I, 'I

1-,'_',-_,,:'n_'jII;Ii, __ J&~~

unbus
_ ydi

'b'_=:"i,~,-'II,'~I-~Et,- -'I.,,' .., ~u ~U ~ ,~,~0;4,'

~'jj;illiif'!!'---:~I~~l ~ ~

"~I

teaak
.

~QI'

'l-u:-'r-:-':-I~ ,~~I~,tl'---:. - .... l _:! ,-. J !U,UUJl~I.

l~ I

::-..

,~ ~ E~,A,Cios81

,!I.t.'.'.1II.i1

g,t

g·:-l·""1i'ln'iD" ~i", • I '~:;:IJ01'~J.

W E' _.

ftu'k;s ':istr~k
11_

',- '"

1,"'!iIit' U

med
I II.; _

''''11'1
~

'-'tl'C"',""
~

,,',' "',
i

I 'I
I

',"Ie',
II

A, ,~.
9

1'"0,35 bidang 'yall.!;

dirembus nleh medan Iistrik

jWD~JW.',!,Mis:" lie':'" .','yang m,le' m'bLlQ suatu 'bidang; ~,,rse!;i, .. ,LMlj3Qg, 'y;JD:g,p:mj,:JD__gny::t~Dllcm, d':lfliebaroy:a 9' em - ,_ , ',~pa'bil3 :km; , me 1,-, :lis;"",",;,., -.ma'ien ;se'besm 21001 ''--,' 'IC dan aralulyu: a. :s: ' ,.', d,en'll;:ul, bj~J,:
~::\ung

b~
(L

P IE!,nyulel1 :Ji'ru~~
I

U' :D1uk, 'm e: ~- -'.-

, :>~

-I ~--

Jlj tml a1l ,,!Mm :m, "'.- - yang ,ml;,!' - ~:m.'bm 'bidan!;:

,B'~,:lco,:S:IBI ,

: 3. I',,_.,

,-,'0·'
I_I

.~.,

b.
ill ,_, 10'

1If;0'o U"

--

,......ilii;;.,

'--:'t'"

.r<"n,~'e-.'" '
~,IV'!!ll!'· l~

l~'.fi!!l!"

""",v'~

-1 ., ,~O~ _, -::;-"1 ~ ....',' 19' "g'" -U'" _,

il!"1,g;
;liu

ii'

','",'

'!:IIII UI

.....
~
~

~,
='

..D ,.~.,_ !!i,;o

,GIl

A ..

~AellOI
UIIi;!!

0~

..a,~n. ,~'/

~DJ

.J.t(-' 1

'):····1

~ = ,200,<6()'O x 10""~)
e.
ft

= 16 w"bc'

' .......

'~",

10'" ~.~

',' 01 ....... "" C,IO<S10. ~ eo:!

O"""',~ '.'~se,ih~'-.' ',' ~ I ' 11.I),gg,a.

I" 'I' ,

11,
B aJ,g:aim,ln,a me __ c_,e,n.JJJ.~=it'n~1.J11~_,t me',dan, Iistrik :palda kOI,'" .dukter dan :1{" ,pI'D,g sejajar? K:O(D.duk,t:,o,:r merupakan b -'1-aa 'yan\g: Ida,:part,m eng 'I,lantark:m arus lislr:~il'",'Dalam
1

ken du,~..tiC" - '_ue':a,'tu,sl'Y a "t=,r.(a-,~t :111.tl,,~~'_·'1D:_:~Iu,:a'"C~, Isitrik a ... Mi"s;wk,an. 1,'08.5 tj,;ap'keping ,A, dan ,j.! ":lin,~":-lD,asiD"g _.~::_'t~O,,';J di b eri m 'U, af am sam a, 'i' e t 2111"(1 'ber :a,w,: ',:1'1, S ~o dan '~'. Ki,~ d.-i-IO.is~kan :r:a,pai. ,m'u"a;t,:an :r:s'tn- '0" sre:ba,gai mU,a'lm, per s:atu,aD.lu,as:
,l

."1·,

J"

I!!'

[~

t.

I_I

IllAI

OIIe'b karena .. edan Its 'ik' '_mener .bus

I I 11-. _.1. 1 ••.• 1 I Il I I l..

te D',..... tIU-I'-"ru-~' I, ..
L-,..
)U~i~'
!"" .~.

'-,-C
('J.

n:

~~

.e Imp secara C 1hoooa- 19:= OI,Q' dan co s 91 :=: ces IO~ = '] ~u '.' '!OOIU DO"~
I •• , I

...

,~p:' ~ ,'. I

,I

",

~.

persa -- a -,.-.d· atas m,c::ojadl : _q .............

E
,

_~a b_ '_ h

,~U_

...
,1IiiiiI!I
!iiii!!I

lIil!'

,~

I(,on::~~or' ~'pis

,_

,~''''-

...

,1IIiii!'

....
-

a,)ibewmu . :eml piositi'f b) bemluman negl-'lf

:8

I
l'JIl

&01."

',_D', ' .•' -Iat :Slej 3'-ar :... ttl.1 ' e' '~3: pll!la" I y.3. be,r'beD'- '-'. 18'm "Q ': ' pe,fse'gi P Wljl aD!, (panjaog =' S e.m ,[1'30, ie·hlM := ,~ ~m ) d:i:b.e'f~,, i- ,:M'~' -,g'.,IOrl . ' ':
I, '.

lDUin-a: m,1J:J,'JlDl, g~S:5 ,".'. yarnS, b-_~[[awMl3D _-ems.- Te~uk:Jm;]h' 0,. mpaf:m. m,'WI _ . ik, m,os,;-', - B,-m,Hi 0,1 :~'=', 9;1'~ is 'Ill" ~.: :m,e,[&-, 11,',·,'tDk ,'Ii aft'ta!m 'ked:ua pelot. '.

1I1e

Pe,n:ylll,es~
Do:i'R:talr:tw,
r -. .l.
'n _,
'~I

ro __ , """,.:L1I1~ ,_,

:5 '.'

)10-' :,_,
..IIU

~~,,,, II "'""': J pie 0; ~~ ,.

~-

8,- :85 x'] 01I _-'n1iIi

l~'

,- _,

--

II') r;.,~
-i!
~~lL_1.

_,
_.

.,

_:)C'. 1 ill""':!' ,~,u

A =.1J'1::;:
I','

fJ := lCl~] :m:!;
I~,

="_'='iiiiiiiiiiiiiii __

~ __

.1-' 2:

'=::": :8-1 ,]-.

lti"

10"'S' " ..
I"

~.,

..._:_,

.. :-

3,1

,A__p- ~",i,'_a kon diu kt 01· bela, b,· rIO __g~g, 1[J.i'b_~'i m l~ at 3111. 3 3 ka ji I~', tersebar merata e i permu :,'aan bnla 'dalam bel a itu sendiri ,·'·,d~' ~t :.-'.~':-~, uatan , Bagaimana ,kD,alt nedan lis, ~ik le1.a.1 am,
i_

:1_'

_J'

b 10.'.3 - ada ,-'.' .'Fit b Ei '.3 d an l~ar' bDI "3 ,-- ,an'm re,n i --u I~'b tur '0'"". .D,ya dengan .. ',i eaggunakaa :I)'Uku'ID Ga ,S:S:F
_ -' -',-_c -'-_ -'_' '-"_,' -'-' --._ ._ '_. -' '_ ,-' __ ' • . _'-'_-'_"_--' ._.-,_. '---'~--'-

a'".~
~.-!--;-'

Kita buat pennukaan

'Ui!9li'-

I Gauss (j,atam bel a r< ,RI,'I "

I,
-'

'fOil.

'ID' .~

.,4,-

,- - ,-:: uIJ't ..I!Il,,§ ." '1 I I,

~ - .I,

F'i

ul ,~

ji:i;

, . - !oiii ., ..

p. :::. -;' ~ c_,

',I~,J"

:..-"'iii'illii

da'~'~~_~ beL,-__ 't~![l3k ada m U,3.1~·an

samaan
I~
.:"::_.:____:_-'~'

",a. ..41 -...:,-",-- -I,,,..i!;,;;!II. seba " y, :-, g' -_, n ~~,'~lL ''1 = 10 Se.s'U.a~.den,g:3D pc:_ ... ·
L"

~,

I ••

('I'

-'- -I

,.'1

EOn
=.

".

'.

.Jis10

'='u

~<-"
].ilSII~.~ '.,

Ibe ,II

dut ter

, [1'__

Jadi, dalam bn a .,,-·.ct' medan

sama

1-

er !r~ ,-"

:S~.-:;'arao,8;'" buat permuaaan II Gau,ss: d:i IU3r bola kita J""> .R '. uaraa yang dil.:m,gltu,pm 0: eh pe uka - II ini :s'~--.,3 Ide.D\g·- - bo a . . ,a' mer ~', Dr." lei tuarbnla sesnai
,I
,I .

~le'.~,g3DJ persaznaan = .=====.

.;;0::

'I'

E ....... ""

..

'

10

Luas 'bola" .E-=::.

-A

-,,'~ ~-r se ,-Ing~ga,

~ __ l'

If l ,~t_,r '.,10
,4Kr''_'

.11=,

J__....

""-;'0
'--,~

Kf'3 da 3"[' ,- envim an bib,': ::-.~il' ,3. ~__ertan :Us'_.r~ ~ . ~,:I:tn,':"bola "'Joln.d,' ks .ID~" bern ,g;g;:aY'31Il,g diberi m U,3', 3."":a1aI1~
"_

--

_'

~-_._

_'

'II,'

li-. -"" 91:-; is k

110'7'

Dalam bela r -c R

G IlIU
-Ii'i~'

b,
Co
•.

lei C~"',
!I;)
-",_--,,.'

daD. p' ,:;((. iX:lll'3

I

10',-;-,
I.

daD,:p
.•

I',:llt, 'OO~;a.

D ike'tDbm:
i.~,.'ua:3Dlmnd

" _,_,', q"~I. ~=_c,':"n, ,I _II-!!o;!\ -.J!U

,11,_11--

~ -

c: 0', ,- 0' ,-4], C -,j:.i X:. "~,, ~:.I~~ ~

4' -,n£o
:3.

'Ul
;!i,C '~ •.

b,

Ti.f'k; A te.f:--'~ llioo.l::!lm bel: a IJ, '" ,~, ;g~, sj!'suai ldeng,~ p an E =: 0, :kuat .l2dau :lis'bik Id:~.cA, so.ma_,-=-n.g~:_~ 0. J'adi E~_~. 0 =J T ~ B' er.,- 1.''ak :pada :k:uli :-'.: :-3) cl::ulse5:~ 3 dlefl;~, pe, _.S:l1}l,::latll, tik 1

-'" ._ k..!L.
Ri

"u

ldel "l:iFall 7.;", ~: 10

l!!!!!l

6 lem,

:--

/ )l, I

~-t
c.
T.~ ,-.g,3"'~' ':nru~!' y.:JtaJrran :JCiJh k:u3' :' ;',-cd:JDtis ",~-: : _ 00al:Jb :l3di31 :ked~, 'Titik C l\f~r.leil-alt di 1--:-, bola Clam ses- -~.~Ide-D;gaD., :pel~,amaaft,
1

Iq'

'-,0... d- ;Qlllili;g-"
!. ~_~~

"Ii

~rr''_
i!O;'" ......

n
'!Io,III'
.J.

~I

"m- ......
~.

'i'iiIjj, tII!:U

,11-

jO "I.l-~---

.-5')X IQi~

,~,',,'
~

"

10'8 '~:~'
-

. istrikm erupak '. besaran ·\IIB·- or, sedangka . 18D10 rg;(1potensial is'-l''ik: I pntensial lisr ~.~·l.", en :pak'~, besaran :s'l',..Iar. B ,r" ~1.~'I· ,-'.-.' An:.3 alt'" pe ,~~ l! energi pCI' '~usial dan potensral :lis:lM
G3 '.3 Co _:,ID~·ib daa
'ku'3,~' sdan m
lO ·:-,'.

:KIII,, SIC:P

leng'.J1.3:1 I,D,C ::~~( Pi DtIC" 5::a] listr SC'E--:pa de,g,,--' '_-l-~~·-_. _,1;35:'-_1 __, ngenai ~~,rgi PiC ensial ,Jk-'b 3.'t' adaD'ya, m _..... __ e dan gravitasi. EnI9rg~"po"8,1;,s,:i,ma Us" ," :ak;.. timbu apabila an ,--'U3', an, Uj'-, q'il lOt -~rje,'7a-:lan, pana s:,c'IDIU:-" - ,-- uatan ,q. Besasnya energi P[L'fL_'S~;:J.-" yang timbul ,_, muatan fi" 5 _:'ban.clmg 'ada, die' ,0 usaha y·,·',aDo dip, rerl 'k,3D '0" 1~m~'13w3ll D'3Y"<3 F ''"'':;)0 , S:CC 31--';a, ,-- are -.-. tis da ~,~:-a d'i'tulis: tan ~erub 3l'l~1" c--,1[::1'"8 i po _, re ',s,,~,al ,'ilf,i xea .- a ,- ,- Ie ".·e'3 .aan ~ s ~'b:~gI3~, -"r.~--::-,-. ~ a b
:~:
I~

• i
,

rll"
I

.
..

• il

lit

"

',,"

'\=:J

',''''''

,.

,,'

,, ,,

,"

, ,,0 '"' '.

if.'

s
I

• , ~
~

ll,E~,~ ,-,Fel c>o~s:IBA,S'~11.l

Id'pD' '11:' -"
C

= gaya, Con, 1.111[,-' 'bl ,IlS = . - "IP"rp-. ,ri~1 ,-~:~, ~' " · '~'11 aran . '=',_, . ::~m' H_ 'iL-grilil
P'

..

r"

11lY!'~l

I...:__~

..

'!Ii:LI!1

,m._-~ ~
I

Tanda minus pada persam aan Idli atas berarri beda energi potei sial S8'.: andiag dengan usaha untu .r G"1,3W,an ,g'arya ICo_lom,-_: ,F_ dib_tu:h~~,aa gaya,s'cb es3f P'U:ll.'~J,~_, c m, .·),3WaD, ,£:3,' ,3 Couln .b - _ Ga~',a tersebut id~finis:ik,an , .c 'J' sebagai 1be:,~,r,:,~u,
'~':~'~-'~!!I
1

F'-'F
I_I .~.'

~:I~i

Pembaht

as, =
]I

~_J

le:ne,_ g:i peter aialnya 3da13~j

:=:

~ll

nes

= k: "

qllq'
", .I

l~r-,

," '1_'1' ......,

'~~,'I

b eda Ie:'"C,f,a:', ' 10 ,C ' s:ia', l~s:'ri awal d:3I1,-'~eldu,ldlJk3D aidl",-"

,~."" I,', ','
. "-,' '.'
I

I"

,-

ara :' 'e - ur u

"~I

"

'

,'j
_i

,==

~;g,_

& ,""" ,~ ,-

~,~.t"

istjr,~rl," ' "

,k
f'"

~.

muatan Uji~
,~. _ l' _ ]_.~.Iii_~,~.~.!I,

a ::_J m '~It n s 11'_ '_._._:. 'b.. ~_ _

,-: P'I..4:- ,..:,iIi,,~' ,""':-' , uU"U;IU,~., I,

II:!!! -

jaf,ak, P,ls'ab
1",~_'~,'
_!

muatan sumber dan :-" u:a:-an uJi, pada

m"
....1,-:-,- ',-

',

.... 'ILP.I· ..... L Jar~, .PJSilu, mua -'aD :",c"[J,-_-ltiUran ,aw:L

b ,5--' -. ,'IBr

na -

'01.'0,,3

an

'OJ , '~,au:aJ,
....41

Uj:I"I,

te -,~;-"b,-- t 'y:a:i'tu, sebsi ~,antara cn -rg

len,::7:!;I, p,~_'"illSia I. 3w;a]
I

q~' S:'

.I

,3

dengan perubahan energi putensial , uatan

I
i ,-

ote -s -,,3', :3 ~~' (~ dan, ~,-,--

='.

: 'U';il"iIIi!lo"'!i;'_ 'I ~L~.JMi

C!"'IJ''I_''
~I~~ ,:,

I~

""d' .~~I _,1_''11.,.,

,L

I:

'111<~'_~"Ii'!II_,
~l~~'~~

,
I"

~,
~,

:-:.~ uatan' -',it adalab 'pml'ton ,.~:-' ==

Ie:

'e('.1'-

"

_,:JFak, r-' ftj~3ib, :J.w',-, r _ ,~: m :1. ~':::uak, pisah :akbir ~~, ,m :=:
._ Liiliill!1

ple', ~~b;;thQn, lerg"

I

'1-,-

,"'.'1 313U, :pe,-,'i''b~ i-t~

_~=i

Ie - -[,gi pD"emiai

liS(i ~,--

di'b:it,~~, de'ft Cl!'3D, ne~rs::Jtjjft:lao 'U!'1I!111!" - -~,--- r-:t - "

~,. I! .I

'---::'

=' 1.lf ('I -~I ~

(1 I
,I]

,,;
I

'./l,-: ~ Ie

1)(,

11.~'x] - 61. "xl.-

j"

L?)

6· ..••~.IO-u )

Dari .~. tS3lU. 6

'b'

3,i,c_J d'i, atas

~: p ILl.
~

'",AIl,da '~_-,~;W, ' en d,:ar.p:at ebut :~:_, s

~l

.. .···.I~IC"'...,lr:..,,'if'l1 llu w-r.., UJl; LU~

'~~I

m-'· Id"~
_:1
1.

k'
J

IiI

ri

''"'!lift'"

U:I"!

s sbu ~''h
... U

'm',:,
I

u atan
U

UJII

'11 £\"' i IIJ~

1I

,.'.
J

B.

'
•••

'C\-"'"'1'P''!''II n CUl
~ amJIll

lI!1iD'~ IU_ ,!iJ

~!Il,

disebu uute -s:~,a:1:,istr ,~;. t ~I ,~;-.~. . "b'" 0. .. . . '. '11,\ .,--,~_' energi pe _lfLjS13,,t P··,,eDS!3~)l.E-, "'~1Il,_c IYc-IJ,J,_'IBJ,:IS' ~"\. .. :SIC:~.·a~lal l:mr ,- I,: PiBf' S ,_' ~-~,.- ,_, m u atan s 'c:b, ~,8 a, 'b 8' d a p 101'[ IUlS ia I :115(- -,' :-' g; d'lI"13 ,t -,-': 1 d ' '..-.ada ~'hl'. ~_UJ.
,~

11

1041

Q'

.~

,- GIl' ,~

..

-'.,.,

.'

'I

'""IIl'lfiI'

.""ill
i~~

jl,

l~

.'

.'

."

.'

'_"!IIiiF

0 - U;'

atau -.... - _2
'-

"

~.'"deng 'an.
- II
.~

kq
-" . (1...

',1
jF!!'

II'

:!'

DI~:n,gan /2' :m,c,n:yat· ',;an po ensial mutlak l1,m : l'

l)

d '.'. .l m'" _
-

,- ---

~. ---

'f!! U.

--

y.. ,"..lL
[.

',"'!ii' : ,"'" ~ "liIriil'lil - ~dlU ---

P.I[].(' ~ .. s: _- ,,'
I~'

- --

- ~.I -

""'iI,

m"" u' 1-,~1~ d'- i ,."~ '~'fL'"".

- -- I
J.

- ll~~,.

-I

- I- I

1'1

l~

--

-.

I)

..

Secara umu . pIOtBD:S,~,3:1 sebuaa ,'-',t'm, bur-araik' '~'.:u;,:11,'1-;; .:- ,q ,aida. ~~; ...

dari

Icc}
J.'_~

P ada pers .aan dl~at as:tan da q harus d1."1 ::. '-:" itse - tan. ,Ap:f)'b-:aq' nosi .if' a"I;38' -, _imbu: " ':,_, pnsi if.. '_'" ,s:[cdao,g, -_','. untuk ttl negatif ,am mer imbulkan 1f!!3t·J~'~ Po- easial lis'tr~-' di suatu ti'~ik:.pada ' uedan mis' , ik, ada:~,abb esarnya U,:5' ra 'y;an,g d,i,pc :l.uJc: - u ',,:k 'W, C·I :mdabkan, 9:31'1 S:3"' - ~ ID '1;1, at '~S"- ~- ". d'Mi I'ida-" bier' D-D3 'I-'[e'it·'-' =.
i' .

(='/,,-

I,

"".

"

••

{",",

,-

-I

'.

••

'"

""~I
,

'I

","

terseb r.
Persamaan
I~~,...
l~

dapat dirutis kembalt sebaga

=
1

'bl[

.r~' ..t_

i7,'i!j! ~JI~

,:.~
~

~'~

)' I.

,I,

n,li

"jI

I.

1~-' ,-"I,::iiiiii, 1 .....

1_' 1

'1ii'J'1"('
"J;

·d.'V' .

P G' ~Ie,8: ia II ,L.iIstl' i"lk lal e h 1~,~lb ellii-I, ;a,~",I UIBI ~=In Tl "j Ik : Pete I sia :6'"".,-' , 31c1:alaibbes aran s ca ar ,t7 cI,ak: 11"11,-_ .ali ~i arabi e ~-,. - D'D -t ,- - ~ ;I,·-~j1O· ,---"-;' :s,e~m·bda- P D; C· '·~l~l, :dS Ul' "' ,~I~.101,,' .:- - 'd'i ,~ua . "'~'t·'1 ~UUI,a ,.I[eb".. " l~'--;)[pa
I
~,[i,
_'_C, ., • '

,i,,'

•..~

,o"'i;'L,.;'~-

'-,

mt atan
',Iii. l ~

11 '~,iC"~';:'llr' [ CI u 0'-1, b, ,~Iu". P ,I 'it'~D~'· ul ,Ji"w LiIl,.w.n m'"~~ m~ '0' '-n- ~ "0' 1"I, 'iLlI.iL.iltiu,,Il; t ersebutut, S·J matematis pers I", ,a~" I,Y, rj,a,a, Id rulis sebagai ber
"'1 ""lII,C" 1,1 ~C'". "'Iii'If-'!!iT'!i1 .iLI',

Iainrrya m erupakaa

:plle:B_ju'm, all aJja'bar biasa dart tab

p,...ii~'lIj,iif"<'"'lIi1 ',I,,",U iIl.&.II. (/.11,

'Ill' l_' '_.) _ ' Ilr

+ _,' +'_' '.' .I':

I

_ ..

3, ' - .

!I!

!!I

!II

-, ~ -~... _. -I\:~'

'.--'~

,~

Jl..,
'!~~'~.'

q:!,
'W2 i

k'- ,q,3
~''''''''''I!I'I!I!II!

db

r,::

t:

:P'ada, ~ -~',mFl:
bs;'bik~

S',~

~ut: 'bUjURanSbf', list = .iIl em

":e:m':Jp3' '. In.'tm'~'an

Te'nlukanlinb pD'\f·mifll, ]Jjfj'b::ik 1£11\ 'i\,'lik pusa'": b,--:mMl:"lm1~ a:pa'br a '.-~. :01r'" , a;o~: be' te' Mlg,§3 :m,:::m'~,~ ,g-masiog bes:aDlya ,+2 ~"••- dlan, 'yaD;I, :laii,- ,... ,p,-' 2~

O:le'h. :ka!eM 4A, = '~lt_) I - -', u"kl'n.' ~os'-.'m)dan TA, _: 'i. 'li~~ :1': '~~, =: 'V. :=: -, V (pC1S:i' if)

= r~i

'D:i, 'b' \. -, p: V~ :=: Vii :: ., _

'<:='V
'I A,

O:l2:ib, :k:uie~ ''':iI~ =: 7.:D n d' ---') +,V

e

"BI. tD --

-:to.. e'Q'D,ti'f) dan. r'm' =: ,r_ -D ----,a. -- -'Ell

-,

I - __ Si,'i

,'V

:D'

'=V'-,

V'=, 'V'·.,...,' ,'=D.'vol'

IC".,

,Ani 3, te ah mempelajari J~_ .at In enan :~,istr:iJk nada bnla , " 'ID,r ,'tI1l1i : " ,Drbernngg a~ di ' -' ana. :':,"" at dan :Us --..i'k E dalam bn ,a sama , ,IC:-~!I~ -10 Saa ini, Anda :~"~,an,men,8Iana isis I. ,-,roo Ct9 1J"em,'~:-Jd3b:-. :sebu "'~J:m.'\1 at :-i --_, '1' 'M:j, dalam be ',_,3 (t :i,t~,~ ;__ ,A k:)~ pO'I. -'u'kif]an, b [I-a titik B ~ D,31aJ:D pros l6:S' tersebut, ,-erpm d ah 31], J:=,C .I.
I
'!!l

1rJ}

1~1

I'

"

I'

'nl-

__..~,

PCL:1,_ d'~_~.etah:i 'b'ab.'wa.:~

'~:lll::
I

ersamaa __m,:i ~I_',~:hlkuuntnk

P'

ODS',-' '"'lIiin .',I.·.I~j.

'-I,

IO:Icll kare ,-,:3 kuat :--"da 1 istri '-, dalam bn ,3 1,3111, a, e :i'i"~ dtI.;I;, 'n nl 0'~~"fJI" J' -.-,- ,ill n ernir ~ ,d'-I;~,'~' u~. ,!IWi;~ ,u,Y '_ ~:=: r- _,~___~m ~'~ Id,'"'iWI'f".'lI1_~"", _': ,"la,' ~,~ __""
~':<I'!ii'~ _;0 _ I ,~~ ~ . _~. _~
:ii

BI~, '
. #~',II

",

,8

,: 0 ·····:SIGS,U3:1. dB'fin,:lS:l beda potensial;

1 ~ " . •

,-11

n'

=:

at 2lIU,

= (.. :Ha', ini bere rti, pntensial dalam bola ktJL_5'i:JD. ~ :PI 0'8: . S: i31 d a~,un b D,l3 be -~D[nggl atau p IO't BDIS;:i:a.'I dalam r a
1-

.-,Ie13. 'be:,' 0:0,,8;,8,3, sam a d'~ B an patens ial d:i. p~ttn, U !---=3'- - nya, Poteasial listrik dalam, bola = ~O,ll,.~uk~Dr bernagga S,~~'-,-_ 3, dengaa patens ia di :Pl J[,'" - :;a;3J]. bola terseb :1. 0: eh :kar,el].a. aotensia c:1J/1 se mru - rna -8' d.alam ItD'-' cI.u:kD be: ,;]bern -jgg:a ,;],- '3:1 ' s - .a, ',-.ap a" ':~" 'a't3k,~-- 'b~_ wa, 'bidan,g' da'~,c;: bota .•. _ ,3~-'alaJJl b'ld,aD,g e:k'i:p'cr'~e,os'~:J{~ :SI:d311g; e',~,j_ rensial adaJah, .0 bid·' !..gtempat S'8 iap titi ,',:111ada b,id,an,g ters rbu " em i['li . ~ I[]'I e -1:s'i'alllS, I -:'1,-. Sam, a
e

3
,
'

,'1

.,:_)l~

gesekan rhaba ~'-: misal ;=~1!.arng~ ampa) dan idi,' ada, 311, 811ya 13L Y:'rJ.j,g i'blle~'IJc:~,japada :P3-1 '~-'~el bermuaraa kecuali ' ' 'I '..",n ~aya C'--,DU'11Jl. om. _'- _~~ 'm"'"_ ~'D, 'l:ru,'- 'b-: U,-, "'I,m-- -,_~tl!''';I:!!!k- --,U,,_;~II.U 1~'iI"'I'Iil:!i!'ii"'D"I, ,_, '_ '_' ,Q m ekaaik
10' I"'"

1,--;,"

b-"-'

, .r-

,"""i"J!!!!'I'"'!iI

Ii.i" __ "

_I,'"

,_, _

'_

__

-I _ _ __

' ''''!II 'I _ ,_!i.J',fi.!!l.!! __

!!.i' ,liJj,

Lii'.[I,

--,nl '......._'-- a ,_' T~ ~' "i'" ,I'i

J:)i!

r-

__

-p') -- E' -,' ---_--:

,-

'.......- leiIj .. ---

,:"-,

'1~,-_'?! "'JII~:~ ,q __ ' ,_ ,=

sehingga ,~-, I, 2

II

'1 -rUl~'-'

...

f,"Qih:'mi:d cIj, swt\~,'fi'tik:yanl:'be;[j.cmak 7"dxi"m:ua;'ap, Q adal-oib.6=:~.'V'. ~-."00' fI~ lIE' 1-,--' d I ti'tik 'etse'bu' 'l1C1,~,,1~9Ibjjlfjj-, ,=:0 )f , 0"'" Hi =CI~ ...,
I J. ,. I •• I J • ~-~. • ( • I ..

rt.

_~"_-_'_'- 'bB~::lf ",- 1,1E1':::I!D. QI ~ :Ib

v =, ODD v,olt
Dl

~ ~ 4-1110--' 'N" I~ ~'

-=' ...
--

-,

'~'~

'Q':'

a _,..:..._ . =' --------~:---------:::~,

,a"

[L..

-II'

i"[:::I~11 Po(_e-:-_,sl'al

l,;:

ii "nll"ar=-,

IUB

,j:=,r'
Bag,3,:'1
I

-I:~ - a -I

en CD' : ~J,-:311, beda pntensial

V' lJj,i

an: a dua
~"-I

pc( 3' s,e~'3,~ar'~

at d,..,n tripi' ,tllt';;-·· '. ~ I 'Ii' Id·-I Ul~ ~. '_:',~ d'B.'__,gan, .~uat .___edan -is:'~.~".'·!~ ,_~ t31~3 :pe(.a:_ .~. :8161[13, ~pDI~'6.: : , d,1 sial .':.antara :k:r3d~u.:a 13'- se] aj aJ;'" tersebut dapat d,~'.. 'Iatak·' , , pB
!~

'Gamb:-: ~ d~ aras
!i11 I~

mer
p' -

D,:

J",,'

dua pelat '1,··D[n,'d,u'~=·D:r'

-=,_LJI

'~'II:i!J""'i~'""i,r__"-"-'!fir ~l-=- Q:__ u_-,~ '

_J'U u_-l~ - '"'liI,~

J

~ l~ __ ~~

iE'""ii!ii'

~ i!!fiiift

._;. ~

A'~l-u __:_~[_ Y-: 1

-,."

A· .•....

'II"!'b-""
'Yk~

I~

:.....:

~J

._

l~

1, _ _

-=:_

dlC\ - ,§;.~i :ID e

~,gI1u,-:~'~'an persam

'3- - 'US;,f.j

'c

.a.
I

US3ih.3, Y,3:n.. dtpc._.l i.~~.an. ~tuk :_;~-,-,e~m.~g; U dahkan sebu: -" muata - q dar- pelat bermuatan negatif re peli:f be , -'U3 an, p IOS:i. ::if a d ill lall, '1:' 2: '~'"Ji .",' =-r," ...
1,/

!~-~III

11.-. --

..

','sejaJi

'V'
--~
Iii!!!

-"-!!'Ii,
!!!i!!l

,._.l~,_j,.~

ani

I ,,,j",18:
, 1ii:iIi,""~' .•

_lg,.t_I:~11
',, ' .. ',,!1;;11, U.I.IL.Il,p."
'1'

..ib -o:m : -i':c:"' nl'Q , K"'.!II,.:p· "'!IHI:"'1' -I 0 adak 4U .... , •.1p! nn ~'n.,:,~1l.1........ ,,;"J-' 'U....... .. d,'.il~'Ul'n··1...:1L..-;"!'Iiiti'1, ' . '0" tuk'_. . --.-1 £,D:y:im.:pm,1. In ~ atan iDs ,,~ ';~ ~_ 1""SeE ara prins p" kia;p:asi~"c[re d:m,i t
. dU,;U1 Ii,~ ,dI\,,!UI.ILIi, -" ,. ,

d·
I~-

·--tlld ,-~J'-Cf' 'yan,g, l[Ji ~Jis;' iseb _'I j'u,g:a. 'b" '_=1 di.ele~':_
i

j .Ual '-'

i.~

_'.

t .. bahan ~~.e,ne~.·'at b, ....

S,
'I_a

~_j

,~--,_:

besar.fetapi 'be' ~'lawada (y:~ 81 S::3: ,:-i be rmuara - '+i lainnya ber_~ U,:],'I_;-'_'.: -I. ':.-'.If';mam:pu,an .. "·np:as:itDr' ~ Ic:n'_tmll,~'~-_'-CU3~:;m. din:y,at:akan, DIBb besaran kapasitas (kapasitansi) 'yan,g 'U,: "_'U _-,: rya diu~tnr dalam satuaa :m.:_;_llJrf':~ rad J] S,3.' :311
KJ6:dl1.3 :kOi.d.U",-.
-~'I-, ' ,~'

'ICl,I~'

'-,m, d'",bBr-

:- ' uatan
L

I'

L-'

:p:ikJO arad (p,F, ~

IIJ=-':=: I 01~~ F 1p-',= 0 :-.

oell--,

·~DrI'.

'. ,:1

du, yang, mumi- --;

i-S, .. 8 8 ~

:81

'Jd_Jt sejenhs:

li-, -""k S1:-;i.s

1115

0'-: '0' 0:-'" : 0:-" 0= 1- .uuu.r0'-1.•..........:P~!

~I

BC"b er'3:pa
1

PC'I.,ggU, -.3:-' ~.'1 ·3:pasi1cn" ,

kap 3S::~tDr'dalam b erbaga i f':JiD:__

beril
~ :Ul.

--'ag,3.~f .'_.,gsi ~ai,ao. listrik adalah sebagai

.,

,eI" _.lam ber

D'-·,'.
-'-I -

D,

~''iI'

!tlU

iiiO',

I~..

pm- .,'

,,[,

i" -

f-' _pi' .:..r!!ll', '..

'Illpn'~'
~I ~', .. ,~

b. sebagai C1~,te,f' dalam cam

C'. Il'

--1• ,un ,~" l[ldy'3_~-O"W,~,'~ ~tlppl;y):

ip

. ;Fill...,.. . ~lIi"iII FI~ u3 I,,g u Ii] , •.P'ti'iIi ~,',1

'p

. " - ,-

"

bt,,', :000 ,g:biJ30gT',ag bunga api pad-a, 5·'S' e ....P01tl,g3-' ,

ld.

plan m nbil: sebagai

Iff. ~L\_ C __ ,

J p,:m
~.

'. if!"
1~1.

Baril rut '~i,.~ d:i.b'3h.:as t':,ga,,j _',~:m 'i '~Ia.pas,ta,~' 'yang; ses _:_~_cg;di ... · gunakan dalam pr '~,-,' ',~ rf, 'y,il.i,'-· _'I, kapasitor k:e,~,;, -,apl:as·,tI[](r as"
le:iek'"01" -,~dan :~'-'ap;as:itD"variab

K';]:P,3S:/.tO· t ,rd'iri darr,i b, ,r'b,ag,ai bet tuk, 'u'-,- ran, dan d ~'ill'iIi ~ ,aiiii"' .., - [F4II'-'''DI 10' p- Pi'II'~.o.",-u- - ,"at···"· n-: 'U""!Ii ~ ,t ,- , - - , - 'ibo+,P I' ' D ~ ~'n'_"~. U~ Ui. _' W u,~,
~J~~ .

.,1. 'I~

IU

!i:JU6il:il].

~;,"I

:",

,I.,

'J

'iIf~ .... 1~}l.l~

~

"

.. ]'~,.

IB'eMbag' . jie ·s k',B'

·"011"

,,",,

K;a.P,3S,itor kerta .'0 rd',---'"i, dari -- a :l.lt 'bar' certas .rim 3h, pan, jan,g :"~ '~'!: -'U:l1\grS~,s:eib:ag~il·I,I-'lat-:p~':lat ~oDdukt'o~. 'be, Kertas 'I;:--' ".' .. ',Og;_' ~lu,!.I!;'-: "~da, ' . b ' :till. s ~,' 5 i-.I r y~~g cf :m/, ".=-- · ~ y~, ltlitl_:,:'",i '~eo'yec. 'at ~Jeti,3S:. ,Ja.d~ JBI" ~:35'be:lf_agsi sebagai b'aib,an ~,~, p enyekat Ich, antara j~:.. -' :3 pelat, Kap asitor j '1!S ' , ,t ,- "'m i iki .. eb ~s : :0.. Ir F •. u k "'p
..'.,~!
,'I ,iLl, ~"I!I:"I~'""'IIi''li''liiC'':'~ ~ llll UJilL.a II
i

'S"

U.

~,p' ~l

~I~

b.

1·' - S'"
I:'" . ::..:~l _.

.:

sebagai · elat d:~~,alum inium 'cl,-',~';~d,:a '~'an,8 diproses SIBlC3r',3,-f " .ia s sbagai blall:at, PO,:D',y::-,',3''. :83: "[,:I=IIIC13t '::~'Di ~,dtr~,-"D1'" cr'b~'fl ' anda +, d ' n 'pC: 1,3' , ::'- i :b,:~ 's dibe -,~,: '031 ;~'aD p,cs,it~,,~-, ,,-,.~a'_}'ila d,:blle_c~'~,,'uatan aegati .~ ,a ba ~~ .. · ma ,PI:_'D'Y1C:-,:_3,'I __,_:_ 3) akan ,nJ,s31~ K,a,pmsit [Ji,1'"' ,je.,D~S ini In e,--,-_J i ilil ' ,ka,p'a;s:i,tas, 'p'"la:~,:Ul2 tm~'~,i:samnai lO·O~O,OOI [~ ~IF . !o~ Jt:-"
I
'1I] ~

untuk me
DIDl'i rIii ~ ~. ,y
".' '.

:11:-,

:rr,ckll\c,mBi.
":1'"
,Il ".~ '_', .. I""

'-'-"IQ";"'"iII

"

...I~

,- ,~I

!-W IJ

'Ir'~I...4"'t;l1 'I~U~~

L:'

'n,~

~IJ.I,~,·

-';1i'iiI"i1 "'fIi .u£~ '~L~

-" .-"

>1ii; '"iIi'~~i't~~,,~ ,gil ~Wi'.· U, II'

Iiplm" '1-'1"1 ,,~,

i ,'- . 'e. '3' ~ ~I, • :Jj,g 3f 'Ii'i'd'-~~,-=-I,apl;a' bet g _'~ _' ~:_ dan ~__ npulan :P_-,,_,:f' 1,3L'_'~ u _,3 d3:pat d,:·p'lI' ,ar :SIB:b mg'g;a, :01a . kapasita s inya dapat'bl ~:~, alb. b r~i ai f- aksimu -.- a,:'as:itans~'Dy3 sampai dengan 10,,,0·00.;,
'-.1, '

b,-.ran p Icn~,eka ,, ., '

d'l_ 3~',Ul,:m:L1r~ Jan, pelat .... p6,mat' :l,ID,!j':~~ :_, :P'al'3.rIBI, sebagai pelat ,101 ,IClu~JDr y',ang dipisahkan 01 ~:, udara rudara sebagai

'~:111pu - :-.ne :~,a:' ~ ':'-:-.,g S' a:

"
~..

5iOO p\F).
__a,pasic,_,' dan Fak_'of.=FakLcrr' 'yan,s. M _'mpre,n,g:~L_hinya
,::trik
tdan,
,I~t'l . I,:,'

'K3J,PI3S ·'tor ada -all kD: rpon 811 ~:is',r':ik yaog digun akan untuk

me yim,:p,aD'lJ],:'tl
~~'~~~ ,_ltlO, .
._;.

,pU:ry'3 O-If'-, 'bIC,S,~__

u :1:0"
I,

'atan, lsi - dOl ':~:_:r~-,'_caD, _ ,.";~pasit"',si. Kapasitas C' ,Id:i,d,,',

- ",

,3" ,

Oteh karana saruan q ada ab enulomb IC-'-, ,5;O,!, ' ,an be, ' a' D ensi at 'V a. =:,':'.:' . 'V,CL'" _ i, :, ka, sa; -"run': .-,asi -'as ~ a-:al '] 'COI,' i',anl[,J'.:"'G,:m d·'b'8·E""~,nam 3, , ,0000:a, ' F ~ "a,d,l',·"
,
L

_.

_ _ __

_ _ __

i _ :_

__

__ _

_ __ .___

__ _ _ _

__

_Ii

- - -- 11 - 'b',~-af,', f'- _ d',,=, 1 V lei: ,,,Ill]' - - ,,~'va

,'IL

J.

:l,

".',·i:tlH
'J

' ,.''Irn~!~' ,r

'IC'

'b.

,m,:U';ii.' ':lD

'~I

'~_::-,[,s:im.:p:m, ~3lD ,cp;:qi'tctr 3IltJib~~3 d_ d:i:m:U3 ~ Ic~e'lb.

'Wl-' _

'be e'~

",u

li-, -""k S1:-;i.s

1117'

Ja, __ -:". ,3

Dl_ketabui: 'V,~, := ~ 'VDU

::;It.

lJJ '.

Pe,r:-.I,3,'. '1llW

Jo1d.. cu;

(pel:~n"1

g- mba ,~'be,rikul ini, IGam.bar' ersebut rn.e:D:_:-,:n.=-'u:~_'aD d-~,apetat kCI~d.u,~,:- -"y- _-5; d,lts,6'bt r ie -gan :kapas: it or ,PIl8 :~,a,-' 3J ar. A ~_ b:i l a In as' :io,g' s:,ej aIJ' m asing :PIH: at dib ~'m~i, ruat ], +:q, dan -q..beda . 10' easial ke ldu, a :p-''\ _~:i' ~:u iap ~e 1~t " dan, j: af,alt p ,its;;-. - 1:- ~:_c U,a 3-' p e _:or_._-,~~ ~'a'p itas JJP as' itor :P.l e 13t s:Icj:3]3 af' ~a.p at ~i'tI1l,c_ 'U.n ' .an as 'p~:r.s: .,.•. amn,ya.
"-'1 .. -,j,
cc

=,

-.. , ~
b~ ~,an,' U _'Iuk IlLJii, ,:~i 'lui ,
I ....

''I
~iiiiiiiiiiiiiii
(._l

I
----~---

. '0,:'J

'ft '_':air:ll

==

c,M'a ':- ,eo:s'I'[ ljiti-:',s1OO

------------

------

nilai
-------

(,i

I ..

akan di,~ ereleh s -bag,at beril

m
.' I

ut,

-,---,,~,-=--

-\ -

-tJ8)1- 1"'" ..~_, I~_~..

oa-.

"'1

..
r

IC' :=: ~;~;ap3S'~,t~:~~,aplas:i.tDr p1lela,t S _-,_',aj,a;r' ~,'ar~uj, · ~ rua [8:" :8:51, .--10'03' , o =, -IC~111,rs:-._~].'tas: ~Ig:~ampa := ~ A ,=:" ,- .as :S18' ,·,ap :pm<at m ~

.,

'
'liil'A l C··· II a 1-/. ~ ~ I~' ;.,' " r 1
1 -,

-'.,'J!I!]

'Ir'ii11-k;'.
r,

P ada sua "l-_ sapasiror pe at ,se,~' r:;'a-, 3),--1 ,__cas:iil[t. suat k:ap:as':~t[,JL' 'be.rg,-- :,tu .;S·:p,~dla. ab,:;m'-'i,lellc:-,,~_::_c-~, . b "" (;. b d' i'D:' 'if'iii ,••:~;1~'"'1rn ····apasi .10' ''\1''''''0' '::Ii 'm D" . K' \1 D'DU''II1 ~I~ d'1il "IJlJ!IJ.I.I'I\._ ,J,.T' Lu..... cr 1_,rO!Qi' atau 'k·' ~I.l I." 'm'.I",.. 'I"'~··I· '~n''!1I'I:'''';' '.I: eb ,:U~,·b·[QI,,~ a,1Il ul " d:i'.:" . '-'-.gl 'an, .1:,n,g,aD"_, :3S,~.Cl ~ l.:f' yang, be', ,'. ,:--,~.'~__c ,S'aD)'3i' .'~ 16" a,p:i,m e,ngg _D, akao, u dara sebagai (lie '_ e:~":~ ya. :001 B:fisiG,D,S'j, l eia ,:", suat I bahan sebagai dirtf ,Ie'; rik, d,~-, . '. ir, -j'ul(kar 01 c'b ,kOIO;S ~:n-,tad.'~remektf'1k. Iel da ~ :PC'I- m '-:-w. tas 'b ~b 311- ,::"uO~_st an t,~ die 1,11:("tr C S ' :3,[U 'tll:ah ;,: -'. d idJc'_,~~ ,'., ~_'_' is sebagai r. erban -'m,gai'.1 ,;tUl.' ala kapasitas kapasitor petat
,,-'0
-1_,'1

:DB' 'ol'!ttr:'1 adal all, 'bi han isn ator 'yang '- £ m is,ahkan 'k:~'IC'U ", a a.
U~,-IO, ~
i

14,Ci lrl~Ju_AL.UJl.

, 'ld

~l

.',

liI!1!i" l1l.I,

tU

"'lIi'~"'!In

II.

__:'1.I£!!i''II~

~-

,. "''!'!I,IIF'',,~, ~'~ . j"JL,,", ,U'!I 1 ',"

Col,

"

'.

_I

"'\p'-,.

'liii.lIl""'~.1

~,!I:" ~

'.c'!},mIi,!D' .' ,.' ~,~

'

,~".

,~'t;.

~'II~ ",",\.;;IiI ~

,,_c

ditu ,~~ aaai b ~r'~~;ll" seb u" ,lft.JIl._.

"ILU .~
~U. UOUi,,I:, .'

"
,'.. _ Ii .

K-'~
,"

... '_
I~J

t:
"~

,Imi!"D, g:'l!Ii(TI!

~~.'-'
-,

u... '

a c- ~ K'C" _ .,,'. <..

, j

K
--

--

,I--:-'nt
~,!I

' d- ~,r;1'b-:',,:..-,-,
"_".

aasiras ka!- :3"( ID(r!ya -,~me - 'DS!"U, - akan U

I

_.I

,to

er 'u -

I.

IU!ii.iII.

di:~,e e --:-'1 ',~'~

_,"I·-',~

.... ,.,~.~ .. '

g'

.,,'.

K3\p:asit.:JS :k3
dari
'U.

3S,~:rDC~ 'yan,g, men

.. ggu,oak::an, d,':,e _re,-,I!

:p.'l3'r,

-:n"aAp,ab:ila d'i, antara kedua

5., jaj:.

-'"

dis ]s::<:pcan

V::lila:mI,

,- IIJ,~ nnr:r-I uuu

'fI!I

P:acdj_n,
,K:3re';:

U dma . ,__: 3'bll

'Po ys tylelm'
,

'P:~:JI' ~ ~\""'Klt!.C'M'

6,
I

:.

~'... 4, "
':"'i' jl'!,l.

li-. -""k S1:-;i.s

11'9

Quartz

cc<cc'myak

K3CU
P![m;Sle'ieft Mib ,Air

~ .;}},

b-8
'1

SID

Apa'~i._,a~i 3!ltaF';l:_,Jcd'_,a pelat se __ :3.~ar~-'islSip_,~iliD, b3b-~~_, ldiie.llcktrik, de: "gm per - js::(v,-'- ::15' bahaa E " persamaannys
llia,pat diub,aih,: - I-njad~"

Kapas itas "',a,pasitOJ' " ,pIC at S'IG:J' 3J;-" berga -',- g -13 a Id]." ensi 1 3:p,asil- ClL " ' U,:I5, pelat .an j ,;:'',~ :1- t ' serta b:'C'", a .. n ~- 10 YJD,g OJ engisi aarara kedua pelat, K,~,pas,"tltt," ,i.dakbergantu ,',8 ' ada, mu at an, :""ll!g ters im pan Id,al.3111, '.3pI3S i'tD~,; dan. a b e I, '.3 'p atensi ,'C'1 all" ara ,L~JCd. -, ::1, ~I e amya ~
-I L 'i

,:3'f.'~,

pe''lm/':I, 3l:3m],

Sit,U,tiu.

~pm;ii: :Cl , :~,,',b!"

I~' ~a-_- M:

riB:~,'tdar.:l :2

011fIR ~

L~ m3SiDg-;m,:as~·--:-!'I,-la" :'l _-, cm~_ Peln'l ,kn:pasi,-Ior Id,ibe - '~,". po ens'~'::rim :1 ' V'. ,::f!li'.," 'I' ,'-!an-~ idJJ1I" .. asbo, Id,::u:i S "he', ,t!!'gaD!):lD [I,
""1 '

,,' ,-::- ft_1l3a!: ~

-~ ,.w!-""i Co:-

r'.

,Wl!M:3 '" -:,d, ua

~I [I: ']
•

0"

,1:Jf!i;.~,

;]k'

T'-a. D'
,,!!iji,

p-,I:lat diisi

(1

if! I

'ie': e:t: " ,i~'.--:I,g;an, ,'2b,p~' '~ -:'

_ ,'IIi.!!!OIj;[j;.

I' '_- "

~oII,'IIoI&!II""'_

,~~'I.

lb,p-ailas kapMitCt ' C ,seb_'l'UIIil. di''blEli, die, ektri ... ,10,· 1'J.::l an. 4' P ad,a se'~lap ., , 'fl...,'""""'iii' _ iiCIi~D' '," !:t"", D'ifII 'r 'IJ'_ . ~(,,- ,~,..fI~'iI!!I( a';. .l!!-"~'~~---'-""~~'U"m., ~ ~,--,~_~~, i _,-,- __ ,,1 u~ ~-" '·l·k",~ __,,. _~
1·

'~;:,;J,~,....

l'a:"""""
IIE"::I:Il

"'i:' 8 8·
ii

'o;J-

_:I~I;;;"

lifI1I""'" , ' U ~·.·:~1I"';;;tmrI'~ ~!il.i.irl~~ .

1

V == ,'-100V' ti
,

= ~ m,:m
I

:=: ,~, X

1.O...a, m

K'='~
.:

...... ~ .. C _ '1]0
~".' .. "-_-

C'~'

, A
,

01

b.

d.

.. =
'r'

;crl = _ ___,;;-

....:;;;.__

n" i!!;...,...,

I-

'" ~DI:1

, _I!_

Begaim ana r ,8 "gu:ku"pada k~Plasi lor7:Dua a: au, ,1. bh kapa:sito(I['- :~Ja" 'isusun sec:' ra se ~ib e -d-l~Ct i,pl'~' i!1-ISIC_'~:3r" ari, at au, 810,1 ~ il.!an an tara ,s: ri ~-~~ e t c P arar
i,~ ':

a.

~~)IUS:U- iB(~1")8Irii

Ka,[pa:s:ito1lr

,Du,a , 'pas::i,t'D:'
I'

,_3!D!:g;
-

disusu ~seperti !;~dlJ' 'bI6' ,rJJ,t dinam a~, _r

:
~l

sebnah :ka,pas:i."Dr engganti 'yang m emiliki ,-,~,ap3S:1t3s c~ p Pa ' 3, :SQ S, ' nan seri ,:aP.I3S :~.tC:I"'b srlaku : 1 ) - _-C:U,atan p' a. d,a, t:- ap -tiap ,k:a:p:as itnr adal S am a 3,:litU, s" 'a ,dlc-",ga, m'U.3,' '" ,13,da ka , asi 'OL~ p ,:g,!!r-' ti.- := '-"':8l,
,i
I

.~ a d'-,apat, IDle ,8~

,.-, '", ,,-I,

(-=-!"

=q

-.0;

B eda pID':IB:OS:· al pia da U!j'U:1 ,11,g -UJU,I g,' I, apas i'[[Jr"sngganti p sa --,a de ~g,~'~j.'-'- m lab, be Cia:Potenstal ",'·u'n,g;-u "0' - g ,-a n _, i ti,api kapasitor. V' = +, ~":-:.,., Perh atikan ::mll,1bla'J:""' I a'·· de D,g an ,m,o,ogg , ,:11kaa pers arm, a ,an, ~ a
"'~I .ill. ....

.'.

Iq
'\,. M' .' • '_ _1 L'U _DI~ 'l~,ilt- "".ill ~ ,1.\..1, U. iIl.H"ii;. iI;;

I.

aka .

L-: " m ID:m.'.,I': p'._ !I,;!!,_

_ ,_,_,

Di'[:-'''D 11 _ 1I!.i!',__ _ ~",~,a~l'

".

_I

,1 .c·'

....

..,
;0.

-'_ -,

II

·1
I.

q:-'

'1""
'_

~.."_

'~.' '.

..

~.

r-:

I· .,.

.... . ..
r-..

'~_ '=

'

~
....= - (::;;')
-

m :~:'!'III'n
UlU:I.:.Il

.
I.'

Pi'O-10" 'mDI "1y ,0'- ,,- ,,_,u:, ..

iP'm-'-

~;r' 'I'll t·~nl i!iOWU,~iIo,U.

'~I

'plcrrsaDl3,
. fl. .

'n ~,~ ~'i"In ~ l,;i!.iIi,,~,~,,

_,

a
"I

-'

.~ V
_.

= 'V l

,,,ilLiL'~,,IIi~,

'n~'iii'~'~ ,i 'V V· '.' '-1'''' d1 ... )' . -_.

"!!Ii ~I iUJUj,

'V··.'
',':;
I 1. I

'~

liP

'.

d"!'fil'I" , -.a,
. I .

'V:: ,:llll

:.'"":Jill. -,3.-:,

i a :..'.~'ao'01 emperoleh
.. -'..

;!!!Ii'n •. __ ~.~

q'
,1J

." '..

_, -

............. ,=='6_ "'IF .. .

Ap:abi a kedua piers:

----+.• 1

.1

aa .'

'1

,
..•.

1
,

, .:II

Apabila ·~j,I-.. kembangkan st 5:_ :030, sen dengan I_~ga, _a _' atan u :bib kanasitn malta kapasiras pe·ng,'p'·:t~ susunan 0 se j dapa d:-:bu.a'tpersamaan ,-':-:':-,3, se :Iag ,;" e tu :~ b
.1. 1.. . It. l~' • 11.,

I.

I· •• l

I,

'J

1 •.

· •.

,I

I...

,,'I

1
.'. 1

1
.... -.,
~i~!1ii

1_-_

I',

'1
1'1

'ti S-,- S~'~'I-'an SC: ~lbeberapa bu - ~, ',"",.~ir'D-"'-: . ~ ~ ~g:_ ~ipi' '1"1' "I k- ,,'Dc-:~'l .A1""Iij'!!ilp"'~d' '!'I~' tiap . _, g '''''''''l~''''i:-:_: ....:~~~~. _ JIt - _'~ -=- y, "_Q !I~ ~t ''''; ,' __ 'h ~ artiI _~ D'_I"" tuli 'm' ~_,_ U ~L" D I. , 'I· ' Iyll!.ii",-, ~u -~ , _:_,~,,~._,~, ...:II ,', 'k' '"'iIo'-P ,B~ ,1 '""II!:'" it-_v,l,,_,,_:_ 'I r- ~ -I":k- \!r. L!!' 'k - - ~ , ~ t '. -. m ak a ",',ap,ilSll,as"ap,as ,10M " ,lSO,SU,8 S,(S,I,l.

Jadi, ,'3
,~, _

~ asiras
""iii
~!
!..__..!~

P f:'- gg
"~I'
~ :__

~',j

":"11'

'Ijj:i;

:_

_.

_:~I

__

..

U.rf.._U·

'""'iI,-''"'iii

:'"'iIj~:~
i~__ -

:._

~I

,:

,-

_ : ~~,
,.

''''''');)

~I

"'!ii,~

II::!! "

""Til

"~I'I:"'

liI,;';,1I,

,_"

i,iI,_._
L

"'"!iIiC'" ,'"

liD!

iim!!'ii!""i' ~

a~,

_'

'."

[.•....

•.

-_'

,"

...

"1

'!Il

,"

!(.,

'"

.J'

._~,

J:a__I _ "ialr',a,re_ IK:;ap':a,s:'i,t:or :Dll,3, ~,_:_'a,las i~ 'y=-FJj,S disr SD,_~,,~ ada ::-=';lc_._:_,b I;c _' beri ku ~ c_ mi disebu sust nan pararel. Kiat dapa - mn18 - ,ggan'ti leU a bu. ab, ea ;-; 'ID ~ i:-- -, de - g/-I :lSi sebu ,'~~-'nl3-0!!t~t~,- penggar ti ya~:~::m,e,-'~,I~t',,::",: asitas C' '-":I, ,~ "~~ J' :PI~l._ZJj, sus _nan p arare 'L _~;a:_~ a5J.'i'ICf 'bft~ _ ': ] c_;_:_,_ P3. . 'at, sus: nan :P3[":;]J. ~'l-,;3 ,.,35:f or berlaku: '.1 BClca, p.elle,~s '3, 'i:lP _'-':ap ,, ':a,p,' siter :S:3'm, 3~ .,~,:tObern .Iai __
bl,.,
S:IUS
l _c __ """

-I,

sama de'Dgan pD'J3~,.,s':,aJ, sumber. -"~ 'V'jj = 2,

'_,~~'u,:at;'_~ kapasitnr
IS: am,a, Idl,rlD,g,aDj
,

!I!!i

+ ~>~
,.,.

mlah

muatan

tiap-

tiap :apasitor, q - q, +' Iq,~ ,.,. Per :3:- -'" ':-'. gambar (b' beri ,tll"~ ,e
'p" I-

-I,g

'~I,

:-:,I--,'-I,gg'u -,- san

trs -', aan _

_'--"

---__::...._.:.._

..

_'___:_.

I'

""""",'-

fJ1-

~n'

~"'";'I,

=".

_. '. I

"V'

v
Perna -ikall, JlU' n, !;,mtb ~- ,c . Beda " otensis 'u:u;~.,g~u:_·'u,'-g _' .c3,_ as itor :pl enggant i j _ V s,_'hing's a :~. ,pl~:'~ .ga rita o _e~:
I~

I· "_"

.. _
II

_ 1IIIIII!!IIIII'_~I."IIIIIIIII!!!!I!!.

,-,;-,

Iq'. ~q"-'
-,

'_
P

"P"
•

,,'~1"'£":~Iiii'I'fAJ
_ .• ~ll~~

,_ ••

aa
_ l~__.
•

''',:.

=:

"':.:,' :1

J. PIG ~,am -aan. C' = ,e 'V' C.V

• •• J.

,+, .. _.__:_aka :ki_,'3 akan memperuleh ..

'=~.

': ],1 ,3:",

-=---

q'.~,,_,
-,'

q-:'.I.

-~

"' I,""'

,El~,~1 a. ke -~ ~_~
I~.-

1;4 U

31._'_'1 _.', -

,~_!I
'_'

I,

"'!i'
~

l'l

'n4aka,~, C_:=: C~+ IC~

,: ',.,-1

P .uU !Ud A-...,lb···,tl' 1. ked .!,',' 'pDfS' I~'l :a'~I'n d ~b-I"'IiiIB'· de ..

"'1i ]".g :,,1. ld '"'1fti'1i'l"lil
I l )'~ l·"-.~' .

tl,":

ifi-iII!d£iIl

,!!!., .....

""iIIit!'!il,

.!

..

:Ji1,i,a:L3].

,- -'Ie , ..b',aD"g, ,a-

,~

:S'U:S', ,,~', " {B",:B"IC:,

de'~lg'--=c, tiga

:QJJt.3U,

let)t_all~apasitDr m,aika 'k .. asitas pl-n,g!l~

4; .... -

c__',i,_'.3fare],

dapat

li-. -"" 91:-; is k

11,2,3

: :-di, tapas :-tas pc",-ggann S,IU' na - parare deng -n riga ;~i'u,L L,-_-_a:_=3S'~.tIO_- setalu , :h:::'b:_' besar d;:n"~pada, __c,apas:~t~' tiap-tiap kapasi 10".. '_n,,~erar i,,unruk m,rec~,lcl~:pa,~ b kapasiras

terbesar - atka,kapasi IIO,ir,--' apasitor disusu - paI~,', e' . See ara U,- -,- ~,-- "a(pi as /:.as ,~tlJ,plaSi (], ~ :pe',JJlS!' ~~~,- i d.-' '"i , kapasitor- ,.~ap3S:f':[]r y:~~: disusun :SII:031',3 p~'rarel 1£1, at ,.8 d,li",,:.is nersam aaJl]J],ya s bagat borikut
'II

(Jt~ -- !q l , "~ - 1-,t·

.'
".

tj'?'
. ..........

'.'".,
~
-

IT

fO_ .,' -

',',",':2

',:" .-'"
_"

~,~,~

_!!!I

Sebu~ - - :,'.:a'~"asi 'y~'~c.g bermuatan memiu 'o~~

~j e,D.lc'~,I,i

:(:110.· .

tensial yang tersimpan di dalam __ ...ApI31b:iJ,a salah ,S,3 I~' 'ya muat annya >''"1:-3, bebaskan mu ;2Jj, dari kl,:a,daao diam dari satu :kJcpillg :re ke'ping la -]-:D:ya, m ~'~a energi aotensialnya s:cr, .akf ~ b C,$ = 1'"' 51:_ 1 :3. :m.J at~ 'Ir itu b le:::1 :~,:c_ Id: ,- . l:.it'a. ~-...an. am, ' mengl utung berapa 'b3D'y3ik energi y;ang; tersimpan dalam ka:p as: jI--'Df].
7

asit = r =e,pr"i"g sej:~j 31, y,~- g :--,.1 ul~ 'ula titt '_bermuatan sea ~,_,gga.beda :pDte:l1'si.~m :a.W31. aatara __ ~
SIC
..c'~' .~:~'~

Pe, ,:_~.-Tt~_'.:_i

e- -·

k:B:ldu,a keping

'1-

bar era .un tul;t m ernberi 111u at Ml, :m aiksim --'m, .. sedikit ~-~l'n·~ _". 'il- , matan 1...4livp- '"'-1: _' ~D I ,--,' ' ,"''-''·'··1'""1,"!i;ti"iiIQQ"~· . _,.~, ~;~~u._, yU\. _ _ _;, y, c.' ~'r '~ IIli: e I~Ulr''m', Y'"'1'" 0 la '101"· .:1u ken ']~ ," ~ b u~ ~ s ....,~:t.. S':~ I .ke p."~_' _.~ '. ..rUI 'm,-" '- " ",t,- :'"1i'iit"ii1 III dipm.d,- 1'~ml~ beda potens: :a~,,akJl,H~ antara :k:.8'CU,a lr~',p:;': g: rJ:ilr'~:bu- S,-;:~_
II ~ lJIll~U.l1
. ~JII, I

D1. S'k'31"aD,g b'3y,mg:':an bahwa kapasiroe

,~IIi.i!'
U
!!i.i,__;.__;---, ,~I!.!o.=___. - "_;II;.: __

-1:]

.1, U_~;Il;

,,--''---.=___

__

'-,:'""iii,~ c__;._oi;.IJLI_.

[.... 1

lldOlO

'k-, ..

l_1

~JhUUI _,ill.

~i'

"~

.,.

_lllo

'~l

"_,"

.0

'-UJj]

q
Be ta pure sial aW~31adalah ,nol sleb.m,gg3, be ,3 );:11(:( ensiat ,-ata-ra '3 S c:1 ~,--- :PI J:1s:es :P ,;'-~"d-I ,3' . ;;JlOI. :~ ,_,'~, ad a Lab
:lalab
_c,

I~:_

-'1--

''1 01- .= ", C

I,

I, '

'~"'III'lf'i1 10' ::Y ~5

!.'

Jsaha yan;8;~-" [_ ~lu,:kao.":0.' 'I,k m em ,indlaih.kao. ,~_~._ atan adalah b,as:i..k,ali beda pot nsial ra a-rata dengan matan ,
I

co- -I ........,.''140 ~.·jUr4U

d, p_ .'

I'

",11,

•. ,.

da ;-l··t

'l~.,--

I,].

""= ""v

maka

~1~1~_~·.'

,_

]~_2
.... '.

. '€'I _'

1
I:'

q'
'...

'1"..' ,_,

._,i.fI!!IIII!!III,

,:_, /' ,,'

",

',',,11,2 It'

'····1

'D'oo ':-_-~i:tOf.

'~I

IOan,:l

1I11I1

Ii'""'

di:UJllsrun ,sen, Ciao, beda :pOrEWSJ:i:a1

-,,,0 "" dtpasang :p(~:uJ:J 'ClDgkaii:lD ini. ' :'~,lt.Ul:glene, gi, ~!, :

te.rSi:Dl P::U:l

KIEMi,- ;!30_,

enet'gi. yan.1l:

te:rs'Dnpulldalam,

sits.e,m, lcii'w,tlm,:g [

engan,

.,_' am~

1,1,

li-, -"" 91:-; is k

11.2,5

is -, ik m~atis[p, =.:m,pe -~j,ar.i, 'i-eDt-ana: '~':;~ T,!-:' 'Ii.. ... ..iII ..... , ,oiiIl.... ,ti- -- '~a~an __ u: ,'WD,. lU'ef,~ u;ili,iDI}, 11........ _..:1, ....,, ,
,,;iI'----1
•
,

1ft

wto·n

i..::,_.,..,..:ii!-

~:Q;,:~,

:Palil!:m'jni.

• 'J

mJ:~atl
~

e'lr

~J

It, ,-,~ril.IIHL

'iIi'a.'lil"d"-'';I'il'J~1 'll'~.iLI"··
llilll~

atas in'i
• I. • II

ii'k, niki,OOi~: ~e:bllDh, mll!)D'-'W3, ,iiiuk, ~;f,gi p!1telm'imll 'pe' - sattDll m uatao, di ti,tik, 10
:~i_$1'1'II

U':'iII'flri7 ,I"
'!IIr!!IIj

-,:e;,m, U:::I,I g'D

'ilJ.A III"",

ID "'"'iili _",,"l!Ui~,.

':t·t

,,

paSI'U,-'
,JIUL-l&l
~J

'~,d,ike':llil'iDP, Ifl-"~,[e':le'k',oft'-e':le,:kb1fm yatlIl , . '1-, ~ dal"-t ,. i;<- ~,a em '- -u3:pa . D ,- ~ ,..iii .. jrmo'U'I~'1an ':De ',0 . !3!atif.
'L
- " _~ ;.,'~-_- ,~, .,

,
~I ::=
I '~.=

-, _ '"l'
'

'ft;1i1l"!I,ton '~I.'1'na" ue"

~,,",,~I,I

!Ii'~'p'..:11._" ~' '-r-O" m U31--,_,' 'r",,,,j01U'',=- ~ ,-, ....., -'",','I:' Ii§!-~_I~ aD. - .. ',-=----' ~
, .. , ... .. " 1l'itiL]!IlIIIIl'~

~,niCJi' II!3!!"',~'~
"~_:'-I!
I~, -,:~ _"

1(1

"

' '-

,"'

":-'U:~ ,A, ....,1~, ~.!~ ILJ-C ~

IIJH& ~:.

'Ni-~"'iiIr·

.u

,r (na'.'~~.'i;lI ~ TI. bI,tJU,. ~

llDI" " . -', .

a d:~

b'

,m,\__Q~D,

li:~" .,~-. neg,Oi:i;:'~I'- ~ jib 'be. 1-',I,al-1e',,~eb' (1

'P!olieilUial, tis"-~-~k,d,i dalmn, :lwml- -' -~)or 'boil'a 'be,IlDDg:g,:;;a ynug, !-~-:rjZiiCjMi R~

'_ ~ebi:'bi an, lel_,kt~[Jf_-~ ,Ad\apI'IJ,lD '-:'_u,nd,a ,d:ik3'::3kan b -.e' ,m.'(_'II,~:d:all :lis" it . ," r l;\~:ka be:, '-'3 ')8' . _Ie'but ".,·:ti,~,~ ,im':ku'mn;13II, e:le:ldr.oD. Benda, ·;trai, ,:tId_rdah ibe,mJa
. . I

A:!l..,~,Ill' .If' k r -c R
iR
-

'yaD,g; jLw,1ab

m,llJatan.
I~I.

:pasi,i:pn:yra
1- _1 _ _ ' aill!!!lI"IIJ-i"J lab Ili'~
'!!!!!I!II

I'am,a

oJeD;g;aD, . apGSi;',
_

Q' •
I. .

JUIl'Ii.lah

.'u,a'_;':;to,
I~

Jm',!a'ti:p~,~-,
'--;-,-- ,-'I
_." ,.

'~l

~'t~l
Ii' - --Iil'-

ill'l' .~.,r'

,Iii''''''_

"_1,_,

i~~, G·ra.~i ~

&-

,~-'

I~IL

'~Milk-,mlenarik
_ _

: ',ii

:~PM',,~,t01\' adj,31:', ~

:k:em"am 'p,lDO,

,atau.1nlak,"m,ena'~ak

:an(M~,m,

'DlJ.lJDltan, :~is'Hik

:zt'O,m',~I!m untUk:,mem"pem-ile m·~~~-,bn, ·i'1![~ lis'-,

..'..... '-"::'0

·_,dm'm,e:~m,poo

_ Ii q/wCJ~ '=
:d~,,seki:tar be,oda _:_'_ \Inial"], '~i ~ ik '~em P':J!lt _-_-~:3 m 5 ,beoo'ar 'belltll'lJ13-~:lQ Ii :rt'rl'k, ai-Dnya ~i/k!tQ :m,e,D!!fd:wn, i go. yn : 1:5 'tJ:i:k. Be's ::any;:l, ,kOO:~~.· iBid':m :1Jis trik ,( £)1 d;~,11i@ ini;sikm ,;eba'l~ tms'I-_1 ba,,I1antam, !~:ym,C"od(J{m 'b .'P' yaDl '
:nJ:IrD,g
ea

Medan :~js:tf~,-, ' :ad.alab

"

d'

:K,om: t:3D,ta dielel~,t:r.ik, S;'oo,t'u, 'ballaD d3pl:l'~' A ,;j,AI[IiiiI; se'1i:la'p':ai. r," ftlel,f.'band,'i:~~a8 an :at:B Ul~lUJ!l..1 l','~II~'ik'M1 13 _ ~ k3,:P ,:Jj,:1i,,-, k,:JJj pi ~,:I'i,t, CI[ pie L ::Jj, ,t S' Ie:i:::J,j a:r 'y::l D I, ::),m'
I II JI~IIiI!JI _. .,

'I..-.·'i1I-l..!A~I~ ~&~.l..JII~

'!"Ii . r·'·

·l~; .~
i

m·

'I

,-~

~-.~
I~l

~11t1"~ dan'lAId!~I~' -

••

.,_!HJifnll~l,
!.. l ~''MI!!II

:M'Im.'taDl-'
I

Ii

,'e',~iS'e buJ .I'

seba,lai d:i~iekt~ya~

d~:ilJe;bi~l,kt~ik 'bab.."'Ul, 1)C,f:;se;br -, ldan, d~ari. Imn~i klf' 'fiPl'al s e1j:iJjm YJID.! :D1.,e, 011)' --:--",,' ~'~, - ,ala ,_-::-:eil, r' r--m e:l1.I!~'l
I.

,-,!,

.=,-,:

i,

..,
-

J
It
Z' 3113U, . - --

KID': :m,eaarn '1i~rmk,di dalam :1ocJt,-:- ' ttkltor. 'bLJl~a ..:il 'I-:t... '~,_IDJillla L-_, - ~," ~ -MI. R: ,::r~;:l:JJ;~_'. I~)I] ·-1;""
c__,~

,K'apmi't3J' bp;:l5i:kJ([ d;ilh~!im-DsilcJl"1 IBwb3,sai. 'ple:rD1and,:i,:m!:a:o,ei't a.,PI a~o"alfa :D1lt, ua':a:D., " y,a.pg

I!' ~ O'!

l:'ffl'til"'. ,"

-c ,II

:lerm:'l',--;-Ipan lit almol, :kapasi:tor 1--,mID, b-eldj,fii,POil e:mial : mlttma, &e:d:oo kDrd,uktmnya V~
(: ,~-

If.' =, .- q '~, tuk ,..= R I~,,."m

tI'

~-~ ,1:..1..::
IF

1f,,'11~

11',t

>, .

I; te,rsUn, pan, patin

k:i:p3s:;- bJi, -~

1
'~=

=' ='fJ" = ~~
"/j
I.

1.

" i{J~
,"

.'A,keras )iUI

tu ..
~ llIO

n
.~ ... ,

:1..

:D'u.tri, 'buah. bu,nd,a 'bu'lm 1JJa:_~,n'+q;o d:m' q~ 'beg mmk: r ,B~:-:tl, 5f-aflRa ._.,- - ,~':~ ,J~ ,,·d~iil.1bab.-·

utft.. "PJ,~, b
ad,;dmbt ....

B_c~ ~-.I.~'~t~
l -'--

hubna~
,pI td~e,D!:an r'

IZlya 1:nle.mk:I~,:ke F

0. m''lDtml,

a.

,
:] . ".'ualC1n

m.,' · B dal1,' ik: m,.'t13;bn e, SB,d:lDl!t3D m.UiDit;3l]. Ie :m,·eoc1l'ak: ,A

1 •

:01 e'JilD~:

1-,

'! ,. ' -',

,,.
b.
IF

m.uaan. 0 J'ika

Ie be,ftn,l1Q:'~

~I,

:posi'M ....

a. m11QtJ;o. A, IUJIS,ttif' b_. m.lmttnl b pcsi'tif e. m1L~Jtn.n. A, ne~3t1t

,01.

,10 l1!3 t:Q'l

1

D Imlatif

~.
c.

P e:rbat1kan l,fUnbM 'bel'iw-:: 1m. q

Re:;:u1.tan.g'a1l.~F I~ ,.~

~~n,t!!i'! 1i11~
1

'_,-

~-',~l':Ii .:.~. '~ad,~,_.uatan

I.

q :pam:31g, ,. '.bm adalz

c.

'tl -"

,r

d,~

'~I ,_ '. Iq
1-

e.

'~

,~

li-, -"" 91:-; is k

11,2.'7'

'S'e"b'iilmh e:od\a be'fm!ll/~usa '':D 11aM, dan. 'bet-· ,_ 'III'Iti ·~d •• ;'''"'~ n - .-', 5' IC d'tlg, __ .h"'iiT""~' ' ..' ~",,,, '!Cl'iilSliII'III,IIl;"'Ii!'"' .' .. _ .' I '-3
Jll~!I!,~_~ ,. ~
J _

ril-'

',_.

_1~_'

.• ~_

••

_:_JIi'L~~_·

-~

~~IU~~

"'lio,~,~~-~_lllJ~dJ

..iI~i'i''i''"lii

U-~~J

,_

lil:II.'~1

'111,_' '"'311""
~~

'1-.·.~,'!"liiiP\"\m, _-,_ ~~'4:~J'~

I.

iiI!:" _ 'I..-.,'!'::','1P1iR'it.m -_-. r U. 1ii~~~J!''_

II!

!i~ry,tl O'·at
ai,.

til c,

~'J2

pcrd'rJj ~:e'li;apff 'l__l1a'~,- ,'" ~al~

.!;.Ji :rill;'~-_, ~~1~: " m·MI:ao.~

IJ~J~

.~ _~

-:\epa't' di ~le'be" .-- '1-, 'b;e'"S cmt di~I~3k:1mn 'mt'U3-an n~

,'I
, ,I. __ _ . .~~~
J ~ _ I _ _ -.,

~ l"~ ~

dapa , dio:b:lik:trL I
·.fa pal' -il
I I.

=: ,... lei '

iM

m.e I ye'baJ ~ --~, 'pos:isi ''D ~', - . 1;3. me 'P3.da.

.>-;
I

~fn,p' II'~j

:,i
.•..

s'ep -, Ii
,Ill-,,'l.
_".II·· ,

d.

,.~.
~
J ....

'~am.'bM-1ka
=

s.

,1,'.-.

e. .:,' -' 'p'e" :Em

r

A,............

l~

'P'

,-

''....' D"

I . -,-~, )( 4ft '

,'. iD,

~I ,Ill. I

.Q'.

iii¥iil

~I"~

'.ir!ii2.

~a'
j

:,

I-

.'

'1 . .,!!jj ..... it ..... ~.. d' 'L;.,,"", ,ill" ~ ,,~J 'le~IL

1-'- .,-- '... ~knn'

.• '.:'
~J-

pld3. hlI.g~ .".

D.~

0 ,2J[]1 )I'
D~ ,·H'

b,

__ ..... ,'
.

,_

-...0;

n 28 .~.'
Ii.
.1Illi' 0'

D '~~(
0- 40":- ,-o

.•

I',
J'

·Bmn.yaJm.ya gw:is' ,13,ya 'telak. 'W-US pod,a, 'bidans, p e.[ ~.a:ttla17].. luas m.le.l~1 g:un,'b :JI.',-:,
3~

I,

A. :5 am a

e..ngan. :PfJ 'em:ial

di

'I

.1

,m.·. - - -

mx

kim·-:kifa D ~3, '?In.

3.c:tr aM..~ ..,

l

lb. e. d.

lis'lfik, p,cl'lEnmirul Us: tUk. re"-;.-'r'l~ pClte,ruid ,];si'kik

,Dll,m: an

'kua'" §u:dan lis tnk

m:p-iD:~ :mLD'- an :hs·' ;f:ik

'bl
c.

O~ ~Ia 0.52:1
111'.

d.
ID 8.

Ol,.b--a, OrJ:1'S;J

o.

~'u:JItu se,·,gJ'u.ga sam3lSi

"

:~:Icm.E,radQ.lfij. b
"-"'1

'y:J1lg

paqaog s : ,lD;)'O
·.,S:'i.L'd·~I-i ..

lid., ,-., --ka.di.·-i\:·tik:-,~,,\·

:8 tIan, C
1 ,

bi!:III'

lis'::' ~ ~s'ebes::l[ ·.2 .. .

!,Q~ ICotdofrnJb
=m..

,t :ploo

I'

t-nm

. edap3'"
I

'm,'l"

C.~·_ C.~ dan :3 C- :a-@S;~y:l

m LntaE'll

I.~.·.:' 'k C' adaI l~,'

Slel:\J';~:',:p9lJ, a',01], m,e'mi 'ilki pCitJe':Mial I )it .-1.0 'wU 't'l?r:~'. Ib_ i~:, :'Je'-~'-. te ..J:ld;i.:1 -~13t :~ .~. 3W:ll'l 1Ch:m 'bUDl,:i. ,Slllmtu, .•. 11Ja:hHl ,~:is' "·k. se'bes'M" .'C IdilJ!',pos: -~ ,- B'llft~ya ene'.[I~ 'ytlI1!g.hiJan-5 p3d3 pe_~.tiW',3 itu.,:ul3lab, ,.., . 3 5 x' ltD . J lb. 2)(']D"," c 5 )t' lllEf ,J'
I

d.

I
i!"!ii

It)
~

x
)(
,

,1C):-' ,J
11iT"li1"l .~IUI

'b.

c.
d,

aQ'
II'

"~

_. 0

'_c'

10. .D'U3 '-"·'tik .A. ld~ :8: b.f.j:nraik 10.~.5rn&'atu, ~:am.,a :lain ~,A.•.j. kit-i B:). P ,Ma 'btik:. A. dan.B Idue' flk.'·' ~u. m u::li 3D..om uotan q. :-:. =: -4 ." IqB i-lQ' DC. Le"mk;, '.' .bk C 'y.aDI: ,k:ua: ..:medl9.DDytI, lama,
'I -!~

de : ,g. '3-

ftD~. adal'

lb.
11'"'

I :c_ ~ di b113Q :B :1 ,M d'i. kontm A

'.
'

v"

d.

D _

'?:~ .M. .~;) ,

li".lIl.;I

,.:II ~ "l_:;~'

.~I.

A'". ,_,'-

,pe,e.o: .. ~

.A.D ~

l' <I IDimIi

"1

,.I 'il • [I

KapM,i:~'am i, SJUD' 11 :kee:ptitfll: sejaj ~- 'lf8inl be', -_

m.'u:l't3D :::ui;:d:Jh ~ ~_
:lJ,.

Sebuah, :kapasito.
il.1~ DU~j'm:
.~ ,t.,.,::
ti..,_..II,

J1i,beri. ,m:UQ:~ao, llDI :nC IBm}

ill •

~~:J

pD~e,ml;~ i,yy" - 3n!)3f3.:peul"'"

_,'Ii

'illn'il"'lIi

"

'II

berooroom,'l:~
nya

de:~gpnbes at' InU~drlO:-'

I :,'

peil;otDyo~

'K~pa_lii:~:~,mya g,Wl, te,w,p

ytm,l:

"f-a iol:pao d3 'polen

l .. ~ [~. '1_

,fir ,tla1ltmul~
Ej' ,..iiI,· .IF." WI!,~..J '~" )(

'b.
U
oil'!'

lbe::rlbalmiu_g ,tE'J:bruJk d~3.Q,

''I......'C''''''IiI'ii""

3_

11 ,J:.

Dnl, ,y

ad;ai1a11 ...• '1110. J' -... ,il.·

i ::

si::d, 'Ml 'Ma 'ked,m, lf~',p'i.ngaya m -'~ ~~, U-C!iJ-UiL. JJ; , JI! '~''''''''''''''''Il... ~'I'~''''''-~' d'-~'L""'iI' 'il..-..e'
~,~~l~-_
J', -".

b.
[L

,I[It] pF I!bMlo S

;<, ll[]-J

J"

r:

Id..l.lJI~J

~I

~J~

ins: d:ipe"tbe',S'at
d.
m"mnn be~'
..I.

lIL e'

,i]ptlbaa lUfJl!S ,~ :edua, kep~!:

n : ."

I :'",: d: :S ,x lOr' J' ,ID oF danG _ ,~,O~'J ,I[I] . :,J d:ilO.'~ X ll~ J
I

u:

_'lS'ii"'nc-

~-_!31

e'
'~
~

tidak b-e,rg. l:pad-iI :meiliwu " -d:m keep~' g:

"b' . I'
I.

,-:'~'Jam

, fl.

€\iii

~e'ID~

L,. , ••• .., ;'I!.,., '1:.......

UUI a

'

~ •~ ~? n ',e.,~]IU-Jj,--}:U1 'oi.ilU 16 i

me:~',

,l;~'1

'I,·

m"U!lC'3D.-+ I.lDCIIC

.:P,cit:e'm:i~-_, ,1'is,~'C,j ~',~,trebtmh

'~·I,tUc:

be,gM~, ~E1 1I'wi. pe:rm Uka:3!ft, bola' 'e.r.;seb'ut crrn.

-'
•

L_;'l lU~1

a '1~._,

D.tL.III.1LI

••~L" :

"_W-'&

',_,., 'I......""_'nIi'li7 Qi'"'I'iio IIU!IC ~IUI[~~-o~

'b';D;,_,
I .,

'ilJ1_· / ........... .~~~~ilbli,1~1~1

q, ,Ck~.jari:jaD 'bo a R. Kmt m.eldiImJ. 'Ds,trik Wife, 1M!, :'garub, :01 '\:;'13,·an 'bo:l:l ::Jilmft m,e _-enlllbi
I'

:nt:m:aill, .. ~ D~ ,I ,I,V'
b. e
,d.

,~, '~,:,~ J;
!

pt!'n:::J,m 33n ~.. .

3\.
n~=

K'-,~',

,If"

,iIl'l

'I ,. ,., :,' .

,0 !R

e.

,1,,11VlV' 'I 8, I(](' , , 'I ~ TV

I' ' ,_ -'!II~ ~ -

'1]_
C'

= ID: r ~ ,R
RI

, I'

I(apasi'lor ~,,10 it· ~ fucrtd, 'yang: be,rpa~e-mi:d ~:5

-._~!

t1Jib1Jjb~ ,~.P';kan '~itr_e!l de,n ~an, :ka~5i,'of.' 4, !.i:II ,r----.J ~ lr.·-~'

:Dm/~ 'oCmul yang' bel "PDI e

d.
G'

iai, 'i"iO'V' deng;m

Du!,p-I;hubUQlkno. uj'UDJ~·
M],IQ'

SuaW,.m,'Da:
',;.t:;'l'lnI;G' '!il" I··~~IIJ.
..;

d~ire,m,:p9}"-' - fflda, ~s,i.to(r

'p' ,~,~ t!-:"'I~_ -' ~~~r~'~--~~

'-,1 ~~: 'I_U~'" m':lan '~.andl::l, m'uatannyn. , ,'• . aka'lIl po'te'osia,l, ~:J:bDDl,::mnya m re:ojadti ~ ~.
a~
b.,
-,~,~ ~I
~

c' pada 'tas,4a :po" e ~~ial'_','. 'e~nagil pc"ensia)

_.~~=~I,~J~I.,

'ii'ii'ii_ "n~

;'t- 'm,-

~~_;I...A

~'-

,..

--

_-~,

,:,5V' '?S V

c.
d,.

~,5 V'

"""CI
C'.

sc
~_.

1/'?C

SeblJdb.lmPJiSi'to[ 1E'_at: ejajm ')Ul1I :~ s

OO'~'M3D\ln 'berisi,
:~"-

di
~;--

d.
e'.

?'""""C'-"
''"''',~;f'''!II ~ ,.:;r,'I/-

_,_J

I Mm.

dIan ~:rf!tns,'I'
II

,..." ....t,'::']'-'I 111;..;.10' U,U,iI!;,JI!'

,rb,-=--

,''I''Ii'jif'liI!C!l,'~

!!o.Ii!.!!;.!!\~,~.

,d~1Cij'1i"i.,a' """-I ,~, ber i 1ilI!I~'lII._ '"' """.r~r!i'I!'~"~'

'~~_J;. ~,'

"Ii!I;Q"~fn,g:'~_~~,'~~'I!IiY;~

V. J'ilm,
_,0-. kg d3.Q, Dl.ll13:taQ'1

--,~:fII: ~
-

,ap'lto:r3,
-c{~~

b,aua ,F ~e':la~'kar~as,i Dr. ,~.

-,-

diui ,dengan
:[Q,::ag'Sfi

,m1'~'

nya, _':[~:b ',o-:~C x ,

:adalah, . ,. . a tJJ,- : 0'
10:
_ 11'" _''_

e:~Jm'ct:fDD, l ~g
r '

_ 'U!e~

!,t

~ _e:s;~

'b-

)C

"~--J'

'bet te'§~~, ~d.-'ii-b Ll.~. =io,~-L-_L,

.!.~ ~ ••

'!idak:
_,..li,_,''iI_,~

au;;;.Urul

g;i, 'I~t',;., DC akhirnya

3~

'lk-.mIf'Il~:i'amm~1
~I.:'_:.·····~;~l

tlg x UJ-{liI' 1, ,,~6 K 1IJI•

b.
1

III lKltonnya,

fL

I,

t m,ledann~ ..... :;,

d~
e,

d.

SlxUJ'~~'r ,1101 x I C....J I, J'

,A,

li-, -"" 91:-; is k

11,2'9

Ti,!.a bmb
l'aDl,::)
11"1,

:kapasi"c(( '~" ,~'nl k3:pos:i; 9'ru,~,,-r,ya 2D

~,

-,--=S'::t[~

'y;:u·tu, ~ - n,,Ie'b.ga
., ~ 'JE:l!", .•
10lil.1_.

,~_.,pas;l.'tDJ'
1-,: -'~
,._ -I _"

I\_,

'

'Ull, lYo\~."
}_

',~.

r as:an:~',:se' ~

, - ,dj, ,,~'.~ ~. 1 - 'bait. ';;-, --mrn _..

mn~itas IF-~
."C:

me,Dgf""iO\D.ti, QD'~~, r loal

A dfUlB
d.

c'

I,

a,.

sc

D'La kapasi O! Ie:: 1, ::F lcian, C',.. '2 , ir-M.I-· lroik:l'O~ secara :p~~ 'b,m 1ldi3n IdJlhUhllftl'''' :kaD,Ide~QD, 'bti!d3 :fDtem,iull 01 'V'~ BlW:r,li, yanl: ~!e!:rsDrn' pada m,asiJl;!'~m~,w,:! :kapas,-'OE' ~.n
fI1

'J

'!i!!I!!!!

'~c,

.l/~C

til

e.

sc

J,""-Ie~

.RI2C

adalah ." _
IU'
is.

X
,. X,

...-. . ,I, .-'

J'

..iI' ,-, 1U,3D., ,.:;J

:x

'II n-m 'if .!I!IU-.!II

!

'b.~
C

!'Iii

11n Ji,U

•,0111 ..II '. ''Ii g,

,AI" X "'t'

I-Ir'r-',e, J' ·IUI

- ,X.

.'· d-'. e.

"1- IEI~.. . I i""iF:e ,x ,'" I;, . ..Ii ..........., '1- ,..;.!j.x ',UI . .._,x llDf' J Icbn :8, It ,IC'"'E.I
I~
I

:l C~;~·, :~ .~ I, J'

X,

lIC~'CJ'

s
i
. !!I

n
-,

:D'\D,
-,
.i!!!U,1~'~~1i;,

:_,_,'U-;J:_"

li.s'mik.
~'''"'~,

.~!.

,=:- ~'C d::m. CL. ;=.

,§~,..~\':"
ft~
mg' ., --.

"

!!!II!

., ~~~

~I ~ ·.efJ~~i.!I.A, memm,IUI~.t, ....._.t..' ,...:II --. .': -- 'L...., ..,'~............. '_ ~ b ..IU",!
i:Ii;_'11, ...:ii..,~!EI;II:.....,~_ l-'
,!§!!'",",

,;10

tOl~,-

•• , .....

''l..-

'E;"

,£""

m ~tm~.·" i' ':tn\\,b:l'lk:b~,m:oo.'I'3n,~isl'b'1k~e'_-='5::lC 1

,~ C,~,:!li:gaI: ,g,3y.'3, tolak__

1'.'~' Il.........•.""'".'~, ~ .'p""!i'd.

""Iii

':

-,O!!g:~.

~mc' . ,
..' '"
"

r---1_1_I--

hi h 'IIcn,ao'- ~3.b 311':Jk. 3Dt~, ..

l~:~~ ,

. __

e'flDl,-akn~ 'le'ap' Imdl::D m li.'l. ;~ _

!
. _

pi~

I'~

ern

:lL

}\,

b.

'bed,3. ,.D.1tens:iM, ,anlt·

""'irilL ~~~~

II-'Uk ,,'.~

[itik, ,Z
r-

~p3bill:::ru.m [l3' an, :p:Kl:J kapBitDL 1,5,

:M:'II ., 'aD. IqA '= Q.. :~ file ~ ~ ,--' e'~·:·lf'lem ,tHl t ni'~ '11'L~'h,! ' -. - traD:II Iid!:i,- -: ~W'~, -lEUlg;,a, ~-~ =: 9~2 . ");.. ~01 ' '-< Tin ,Ie . Agm gaya 'Dlta( yat'!\g dia,I'

....,11.... ;t:...

~~I

I_"~

It""'ii'
~

K,apM:~:~'Df~
u:U~.uu '.
,..II,:,~__ L.

F' 'Y-ail:! "!'e[pfl'~e,miliJl ~,5 V tl d tl_, ~ .AI ill! ~." :pume~_I,e,,[l-l;m, ~;pa~u: iC_.~ il"-

tJ

'11''';'-'~-'CiJ~L'm'll'"'''''I'ti''Iii,-'ol JJ!~,: W~~l:

l'~~"~UJ.

,P,j;.j.-

'~" ...
"' I~

,..... _"

'I

"a.--'
1Iiij!··

•.

,<

of

,., .. ~..... , L
~

j cnul: d~Ml.bes.ar. :m U3'bn .• .. '

:~,p,h~lr~~{ [Fi,1Phr:;trO,;,

:: yaD;,I' 'be[~pccejm1\a1, -q-. - ,- de'D,!]:an.:m 'li-u"b, .I'l!l.:UUL~,[fIi.~.~ l l~fiiIII!,.t~~J" ~.il 'II '1J_~,tI7J '1~lnl G1 Iba ,II..IL 11.11>.<11 I~,~, ;" ~""~I
II '1r~II!GI"I,~.u~ 'IIi ~o.li.~ ._ _!15."
~if!I!~;-~

e,ug'-'
1",~I~1_

;a,~.!!1;.'"-Il~

- -I "
'i< .

ill

l~".'
1

10

('.
-

'~'
..

··.. _' .1

.'''''''

,-31
.

kg, dan, Iq,

,--, - ,-

:m.!-~-;-'',- -:

-;ym,. 'T'IEOltUkaa, beda pEl'~e.rmi.aI

hesle(~' "'b'

'Iifl

C) . ..em, b~,

.-

deogIm. l\te'cle'-

V,M sie1 elah:

1,lf·:nc3pD.'!.

..§lB, bM'U"

;1,/'5 S'iI!,Mah d,· D,g', "1, . ed'ilD ~,i:strik.s e'be:Si3if ~ :-~~V'lm",:Bcmp3ilah j Mak Ie,r~ j-aub. )DO!: d~pa'-, d:i:tem,pr '- lelec'trol), '~'fseib~' "
p:l'tan;5
I

iI."!';jI5~,' WII'~· ..

'111'

,I..

~,
l l I

U-G!iI-.

.... -

,-~I

..

B·' i

II,A

, " t mledOll

m2Jt2

7,~

H:i,rt;iY - &1:; ~'

a.
(

, J~

:H:i"-:-'-I: aD. lbeSMo.yaegang)M

U~Lmiar'
~ ~

~_da 'tWl,II

l,

r;
I_ ~

1,.
I

=:

'1'

P :P ..

C' II. )r· _~-' d·' - ~-_:mbm C '.,::: :;'" _. - ~

,iii;

F' rd'3!DC,~

-10 Po' 'e:f1Sliflll, ~

IS·U3I,. -',

dari
fm:,m

P1iLU;O;'

ttl~',i't- ~ y:l!D,g ''be:f ~3,[3 :1 fUD, bo'lia, :hcnd,'UlitIQ1' ~v;rm lD 3D :van.1

I

i1li1ci ,diDfo,. t -:
,
l

e,m

I. _-

:~'rlb, :! V'. ;: e' _Q

::l

-. 'it,', ut'llQll::tQ 'L.,_'iii ",,"_ ",--- , __ . ~~ ,~ . _' ."',1

"

'-'''''.'

....,_. ~iII!Ii. ...._~~,;;i!i~,

"iEI; ...

"b'

I_I _ '~.

'b.

.ku:lrjt m.re'3D Us bik: dHi'~j~'k. 'yaQl '~__ arak ~~ l4, c·m dan, pe'fm," CIft bo·lD.

li-, -""k S1:-;i.s

113'1

'T:ab'u,,-,~;£I)h, 'kam'U,~ sepig,lu;h 't"-I~'lt:mw iIIJL

• J

:a't~u ~i_,--,-:ablelas
,'~~;il'"

IfJu._U

!y",~Iii'IiiIIO'~;"""'U, t...".!ii;p--,~;C!,tl':~mi~!~ seb ',' llrd . ~ ll\.~l . litlia ~ . ~1 ..1 1~!IWi.

i~J.oJ

.!La~

~QJ

1-1_

",'"

3ldalal1, b,:a:l'bi.'~ Sle'kMmg', ada ,ka;p(as'-Df' 'Y'--~,g kapas:i'tans:mya sebesar '1 :f ;atau, , :P. '5-" fie r ,- "b - - - - -,'U" ale ~ ~l b-"'IU3"'~ 'b' 'b- -.:an - ', './I'" -;, !',;'"
,~~!

, I ~.,..., IJ,!!#!!!.;o'-,

"

"'~

""II,

ti ,,~,

,~,

',~

",~:

....

!!!.i'\~~,

'I,'

"

J~

~'"

/J!!i!!"

,'1 -' ,I' ,

"'T',liIIi!,!!,

"TIl

centi

"19 ':er.
1

CD'"
'U,

oll"y:a pad Hm'l"g::I'~J~I,al1,

CompU:,lM'"

:p'DW'er' sup,ply di,

Idl,I'~ G"U',:~I !':![i;'~ U I I,b' iU,
~J

,,~,!jjl
_.l.~

..

",

,"

' j

"h'l,

1/.. ILl

'kl'~
II

m"'ii

iiCIi!' Ilb .. :']!IWa

'

0'10 ii&

at

atau VC:'R',aog:
.

'r-

,w",~,'l! , . ~Il "

I..

U',

lofil,Q'Fii U &:&1

:p'leo,ang:m::aiao~ : '-ap,asitDf' d,i.,I,unaltafl kareoa, ldaplat nl,fm.,g,30'-t :peran b,3t=~m,'b::;d-', -:~-, lOd: k;="~ bl:b~ib'balk, sle.:b,:ul&I;:;l, 'waktu, dlan -::angg,aI

yan,g tertera

,-;idak :~l, :
_I . ~;~ I.

,-'

mg,aJj,aDl.:i. :klesa1., " an,. Bng,in1,'" 1,*3eara m

I. fl ; I. I •. ;-'~Jllill~j J II J

7'

"bU;;I,:

I,',

!pa:.l!i ,lilt druJ;g::an

..
1

k~ur"as
I

-:m, lli::iiftI ~

gl~

besar 'Dlenft"aft mleDOIM'riln:akan 'bdlankar'boo ~~1~' 'mem'~Hkj r'I~'T serae 'tm!O;IDI sleh'mgga ;ak:an o "~~b-c:,,'"'iiit:"~~i'[ii luas ,~~,' menjadi besar ~1~1ii:i;~I~U' I,'~ii'ii"b-';- IDlraJ'tl '~-f~b-"I~ , : J'em', -,""1~'11~~;' ~ area 00',1'1 \1lU-I,~, Jr' JUtJl. I
~

~z.·I~j;

..

~IJ

J,._,)

"'_I

. D_Ll\.Jlit.Udl,

II

WIa
,L,\Z,

i''''II

g: ,

III

!Iii;

,;J g

IIj.J ~~

IikUl II

!IiIII'[r'!W-& I.rJ.J !llil!lr'

I~

J;

.~.

UJIJuI.

~.

Jl~Lf\.ll

1kU,

.g

I.

m'-;-:-'~,
I

-:-,,--:,::-, ~ ~,~ ~~ ~;"'J 'y:_,.' " ID 'be ~~,\,n.'fi i£!i;;!'liif!Fii'i'iiJ ~ ,- ~t'~'l'~' b-'-:: .~'"-';i'llaJ~·~.~.1IL ~'M'NI'~'~FI:?ft'"Pi' m,-=- '~I'iiil}i'ill"\~n UIIW!~.J!j~JU'J"~' ~r ~.oa_&~_lJ pesi if berada dj, pe ,;~f,k;~b,- 1 d'-, ,,I "U:atan.llu,g;aI, iv~' mr,atia, di peialt as". :"sulfur dengan jarak : :b s'~'kjtm~1.Cr"~ seh ingga bess kap:as fans:i dari 10",l, g ,karbon, ad:a'~,ah, ' '1~ldap-~,
.
I _ .

~ g''II ~nl ,ii 'Ii J ", TJJ'-~' '\m, .;JWII~_UL~:JU

at
U

'm-::-'~'
1_-

U"

,-

It,~n,

fi!ji~

••

[~I

iIkJ~;:I:LI,01l1

'0"

16.1

IUIU1L~:iI,

I,

-C = eo =

r:

~,.)

,d.

(0

0-

D:)

'1' 0·-:12
I •.

..~i"~,jl -2' )-' ~ •... ";LJL,' 'm }

IQ 0-' )

m,~'I,

= •.• III 'tI

0·· ~

05'

"ll""I1

'

p~c_-:~ kaml_< -_- 'U,~ff~:-_· ..-_~,g, b all_1 ~:W31~= '~'Da"d. pam. Ie mn,pu'- let _~'~naguoak_ - kons,ep k3p'asit:3f1S.~ u, mi 3 e ..,_~_' ;!!!;,-~,'",",-;~~··.·,·~.~_"-:-<r-m'~ S'l£ti~,~' J[~'lm',b ID_" -'U Oil, - - lde- .g:an,p e la : 'b:ag~ilan,'t.~as: l(ilp3l:i~ICtf~ =--e,~,it,a 'pIe;: ,a:, b'3_g,i;an, at,as d-tu"-;;m menga ~~,' ,:'3urm jar,ak; k~ ~,;m::rocm,: akan mmj,adt sinyaiJ. ,-·~-,-wiksleh'iillua :3ikan