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Interim Report

On

An In Depth Study of Pharmaceutical Industry In India

Date of Submission December 12, 2009

Submitted To: Prof. Prerna Sharma Faculty, IBS-Chandigarh

Submitted By: Mohit Aggarwal 08BS0001762

Name of the Student: Mohit Aggarwal Mobile No: +91-9216001333

Id. No.: 08BS0001762 (08PMP02176) E-mail Id: mohitaggarwal007@gmail.com

Project Proposed
An In Depth Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry in India

Abstract
The Marketing Research Project on An In Depth Study of Pharmaceutical Industry in India is based on market research of the industry. It comprises collection of secondary data from internet and references from Library. The Data collected will be analyzed by the use of various statistical tools available like Descriptive tool, Correlation analysis etc The project has provided me a deep insight of the Pharmaceutical Industry in India and the current market scenario of the industry. This experience has exposed me to the basic fundamentals driving the pharmaceutical market.

Introduction:
The Indian Pharmaceutical industry has been witnessing phenomenal growth in recent years, driven by rising consumption levels in the country and strong demand from export markets.This segment of Industry has shown tremendous progress in terms of infrastructure development, technology base and wide range of products. The industry now produces bulk drugs belonging to all major therapeutic groups requiring complicated manufacturing processes and has also developed excellent GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices) compliant facilities for the production of different dosage forms. The strength of the industry is in developing cost effective technologies in the shortest possible time for drug intermediates and bulk activities without compromising on quality. This is realized through the country's strengths in organic chemicals' synthesis and process engineering. India is today recognized as one of the leading global players in pharmaceuticals. Europe accounts for the highest share of over 23% of Indian Pharma exports followed by North America and Asia. Exports to

USA have crossed the land mark figure of US $1 billion during 2006-07. Internationally recognized as amongst the lowest-cost-producers of drugs, India holds fourth position in terms of volume and thirteenth position in terms of value of production in pharmaceuticals. It is estimated that by the year 2010, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has the potential to achieve over Rs.1,00,000 crore production of formulations and bulk drugs. The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of Indias science-based industries with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A highly organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4.5 billion, growing at about 8 to 9 percent annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine is now made indigenously. Playing a key role in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many units approved by regulatory authorities in USA and UK. International companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 years and helped to put India on the pharmaceutical map of the world. The Indian Pharmaceutical sector is highly fragmented with more than 20,000 registered units. It has expanded drastically in the last two decades. The leading 250 pharmaceutical companies control 70% of the market with market leader holding nearly 7% of the market share. It is an extremely fragmented market with severe price competition and government price control. The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country's demand for bulk drugs, drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles. There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These units produce the complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i.e., medicines ready for consumption by patients and

about 350 bulk drugs, i.e., chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of pharmaceutical formulations

Objectives of the Project


The objective of the research project is: To know about the working of Pharmaceutical Industry in India Analysis of trends of sales of pharmaceutical products in India To study the Growth of Pharmaceutical Industry in India To know about the factors driving sales in the domestic & international market To know about the competitiveness of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry with other countries of the world Analysis of the financials of major players of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Methodology
The basic knowledge about the workings of Pharmaceutical Industry has to be gathered thorough the secondary data available on the internet and the documents available in the institute library. The quantum of information on this subject matter is enormous and updated. The secondary sources such as internet and news articles cover almost all major players. Although the project does not entitle for a primary research but for the validity and reliability of the research and better perception of the subject a primary research will be undertaken in few firms. Data Collection: Secondary Source: those, which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been through the statistical process and thus are available on internet sites and any other media for that matter. The secondary data was collected from internet and references from Library.

Analytical Tools

The methodology adopted would include an Exploratory research. The Data collected will be analyzed by the use of various statistical tools available like Descriptive tool, Correlation analysis etc.

Main Text:
India's pharmaceutical market currently stands ninth in the world market for pharmaceuticals with a 1.5% share. The market was valued at more than $3 billion last year (1998. At its annual growth rate of 15% (almost double the world's 6% annual growth rate), this market is expected to reach $6 billion by 2001 and should more than double to $13.3 billion in 2006. India's official OTC market currently stands at over $130 million, and the industry's heart disease sector is expected to grow from $90 million now to more than $350 million in 2005. Current demand in the Indian pharmaceutical sector stands at about $4 to $5 billion, and is forecast to increase at an annual rate of 15 - 20% in the future. Nevertheless, average per capita expenditure on pharmaceuticals in India is only $3 -- compared to $412 in Japan, $222 in Germany and $191 in the US. This is due in part to the prevalence of alternative healing methods in India, such as ayurvedic medicine and homeopathy, but also because prices for drugs have been kept artificially low by the Indian government. In fact, India's pharmaceutical industry is one of the most highly regulated industries in the country. Price controls have a strong effect on profitability in the industry, and weak patent protection poses a long-term threat to investment in India's drug market. Foreign firms also find it difficult to operate in India due to arbitrary Bureau of Industrial Cost and Pricing (BICP) pricing changes, arbitrary local FDA decisions, high import duties (about 42%) and complex import procedures. However, while the pharmaceutical sector in India will most likely stay regulated in the short term, there are plans for reform. The sheer size and growth of India's domestic pharmaceutical industry is making it increasingly difficult for the government to regulate prices for every single firm, and pressure from the World Trade Organization is also speeding up discussions within the national government to improve patent protection. As a result, foreign pharmaceutical firms can expect

improved market opportunities in India's enormous drug market over next several years. The pharmaceutical industry is a very unique and spectacular industry, with an impressive evolution along the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, as well as facing a challenging future. The situation in the industry at the global level has spectacularly changed in the past two decades, leading to new strategies and new portfolios, especially for the major pharmaceutical companies worldwide. The current pharmaceutical industry characterizes as a mature and stable industry that is constantly affected by mergers and acquisitions, as well as by new scientific discoveries. Therefore, it becomes very essential to understand the global scenario and the current trends in the pharmaceutical industry for the companies to operate in a single market and serve the mankind across the globe.

MARKET STRUCTURE OF THE INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY The Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly fragmented -- there are now more than 20,000 domestic manufacturers of end-use pharmaceuticals, particularly because of the industry's low capital requirement and the lack of product patents. Only about 300 of these are in the organized sector. This structure causes intense competition, especially in the bulk drug markets, with profitability falling as demand expands. For value purposes, drugs in India are generally classified into two categories -- bulk drugs and formulations. Due to India's low overhead costs, bulk drugs comprise the largest sector in the country's pharmaceutical market. Indias bulk drug sector also makes up about 6% of the international bulk drug market. Drug intermediates are used as raw materials for the production of bulk drugs, which are either sold directly or retained by companies for the production of formulations. Formulations can be subdivided into generic drugs and branded or "ethical" drugs, the latter of which are made under process patent and sold under a separate brand name. Expected shortterm growth for the two types of drugs has been 20% for bulk drugs and 15% for formulations. The import of finished pharmaceuticals is almost negligible, and confined to very specific types like anti-cancer drugs. In 1994, the import of drugs, pharmaceuticals

and intermediates was estimated at $450 million, and included the following: antibiotics, penicillin and its salts, erythromycin and its preparations, vitamins and provitamins, vaccines (polio, human and veterinary), preparations containing insulin, caustic and other hormones, and tetracycline and its preparations. Essential drugs comprised of antibiotics, antibacterial, anti-TB, anti-parasitic, and cardiovascular constitute a major portion of turnover of the industry. Indian companies dominate this class of drugs with a market share of 71%. Multinational companies are reluctant to enter these markets as most of them are under government price controls. The Domestic Pharma Industry The domestic Pharma Industry has recently achieved some historic milestones through a leadership position and global presence as a world class cost effective generic drugs' manufacturer of AIDS medicines. Many Indian companies are part of an agreement where major AIDS drugs based on Lamivudine, Stavudine, Zidovudine, Nevirapine will be supplied to Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa and Tanzania which have about 33% of all people living with AIDS in Africa. Yet another US Scheme envisages sourcing Anti Retrovirals from some Indian companies whose products are already US FDA approved. Many Indian companies maintain highest standards in Purity, Stability and International Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) protection in production and supply of bulk drugs even to some innovator companies. This speaks of the high quality standards maintained by a large number of Indian Pharma companies as these bulk actives are used by the buyer companies in manufacture of dosage forms which are again subjected to stringent assessment by various regulatory authorities in the importing countries. More of Indian companies are now seeking regulatory approvals in USA in specialized segments like Anti-infectives, Cardiovasculars, CNS group. Along with Brazil & PR China, India has carved a niche for itself by being a top generic Pharma player. Increasing number of Indian pharmaceutical companies have been getting international regulatory approvals for their plants from agencies like USFDA (USA), MHRA (UK), TGA (Australia), MCC (South Africa), Health Canada etc. India has

the largest number of USFDA - approved plants for generic manufacture. Considering that the pharmaceutical industry involves sophisticated technology and stringent "Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements, major share of Indian Pharma exports going to highly developed western countries bears testimony to not only the excellent quality of Indian pharmaceuticals but also its price competitiveness. More than 50% share of exports is by way of dosage forms. Indian companies are now seeking more Abbreviated New Drug Approvals (ANDAs) in USA in specialized segments like anti-infective, cardio vascular and central nervous system groups Exports According to the Quick Estimates of Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), Pharmaceuticals exports (valued in US dollar terms) registered an impressive growth rate at 30.7% terms during April-October,2008 compared to the corresponding period of the last year. This growth further increases to 38.5% when valued in rupees terms. Exports on account of Pharmaceuticals have been consistently outstripping the value of corresponding imports during 1996-97 to 2007-08. The trade balance increased from Rs. 2157 crores in 1996-97 to Rs. 13893 crores in 2007-08. Exports of pharmaceuticals registered a growth at the rate of 16.22% during 2007-08. The share of exports of Pharmaceuticals products to the total national exports have been in excess of 2% during each of last 12 years ending 200708. It has exhibited a long-term upward trend from 2.01% in 1996-97 to 2.55% in 2007-08.

Key Strengths
Strong manufacturing base Cost competitiveness Network of laboratories and R&D infrastructure Highly trained pool of scientists and professionals World-class quality products Strong marketing and distribution network Strong process development skills Potential ground for clinical trials

Fast growing health care industry Rich biodiversity Growing biotechnology industry Highest Quality approvals from USFDA, EDQM, MHRA etc. Ranks 4th in the world, accounts 8% by volume and 2% by value. Very strong in Indian medicine systems of Ayurvedic, Homoepathy, Unani, Siddha and Herbals medicines An excellent center for clinical trials.

Origins and Evolution


The modern pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive non-assembled global industry. Its origins can be traced back to the nascent chemical industry of the late nineteenth century in the Upper Rhine Valley near Basel, Switzerland when dyestuffs were found to have antiseptic properties. A host of modern pharmaceutical companies all started out as Rhine-based family dyestuff and chemical companies e.g. HoffmanLa Roche, Sandoz, Ciba-Geigy (the product of a merger between Ciba and Geigy), and Novartis etc. Most are still going strong today. Over time many of these chemical companies moved into the production of pharmaceuticals and other synthetic chemicals and they gradually evolved into global players. The introduction and success of penicillin in the early forties and the relative success of other innovative drugs, institutionalised research and development (R&D) efforts in the industry. The industry expanded rapidly in the sixties, benefiting from new discoveries and a lax regulatory environment. During this period healthcare spending boomed as global economies prospered. The industry witnessed major developments in the seventies with the introduction of tighter regulatory controls, especially with the introduction of regulations governing the manufacture of generics. The new regulations revoked permanent patents and established fixed periods on patent protection for branded products, a result of which the market for branded generics emerged. Branded companies are the innovative companies that carry out the Research and Development (R&D) of new drugs (or contract this process). Initially, their products

are protected by patents. The clinical test data, used for the approval of the drugs, is usually protected as well. Generic companies produce drugs that they have not developed themselves. Normally these drugs are not protected by patents anymore. However, many branded companies have divisions or subsidiaries that produce generics as well. With regard to the products of these companies, three categories of drugs are commonly distinguished. Prescription drugs. These have to be prescribed or administered by healthcare professionals. Over the counter (OTC) drugs, also called self-medication drugs. These can be purchased without a prescription. Vaccines. These are usually regarded as a separate category next to pharmaceuticals. In contrast to pharmaceuticals, vaccines are not based on chemical compounds but on live bacteria and viruses. The production process of vaccines is therefore quite different and far more complicated.

Current Industry Scenario


The global pharmaceutical industry in the year 2007 was estimated to be around USD712 billion. According to the Pricewaterhouse Coopers estimates, the value of Pharmaceutical Industry by the year 2020 would reach to 1.3 trillion. In the year 2005 the global pharmaceutical sales was USD 602 bn, which increase to USD 643 bn in 2006 and registered a modest 6.5% growth in 2007. But due to recent recession and economic crisis it has seen a little slump for the year 2008. In spite of difficult market conditions and patent expiry of several blockbuster drugs, the global pharmaceutical markets expanded to $750 billion in 2008 biotechnology drugs/biologics accounted for $87 billion and generics for $80 billion of the global market.

The three top therapeutic categories were CNS drugs at $118 billion, cardiovascular drugs at $ 105 billion and Cancer drugs at $70 billion of sales. In biologics the top three categories were monoclonal antibodies at $33 billion, Vaccines at $25 billion and TNF inhibitors at $18 billion sales in 2008. Lipitor still remains the world best selling drug with projected sales of $13.3 billion as its 12% sales decline in the USA was offset by higher international revenues and weak dollar. It was followed by Plavix and Enbrel. It is the first time that a biologic product has taken the 3rd top

selling medicinal brand. Four biologics made the top ten best selling list and seven biologics made the top twenty lists in 2008. Patent expiry resulted in loss of sales of last year best sellers like Risperdal, Fosamax, Prevacid, Protonix and Norvasc. Regulatory action by FDA (black box warning, restricted use and labelling changes) resulted in loss of sales for Avandia as well as Aranesp and other erythropoietin brands. Tamiflu loss of sales was due to lack of demand to renew the stockpile for future avian flu pandemic. Seven brands had sales greater than $ 5 billion and fourteen drugs with sales more than $ 4 billion in the year 2008. Analysis of blockbuster brands sales and marketing data provides a better evaluation of the R&D performance of companies concerned.

Current Market Structure


The current global pharmaceutical market is dominated by US as always. It accounts for about 45% of global sales followed by the EU accounting for roughly 20% and Japan that accounts for 10% of global pharmaceutical sales. The rest of the world including India constitutes only 21% of the global market in terms of sales.

Source: IMS Health MIDAS, 2007. Therefore it is very important for Indian pharma companies to establish their foothold in these biggest markets. In addition a lot of molecules are going off patent globally which provides a lot of opportunity for Indian generic manufacturers. In the year 2008, around 20bn USD worth drugs were expected to go off patent. Comparing

these figures with the size of Indian pharma industry, the Indian pharma industry accounts a miniscule 1.5 to 1.8% of total global pharmaceutical market. The global pharmaceutical sales have shown a rising trend since 2000. The sales figure has increased more than twice in the year 2008 as could be seen clearly from the chart given below. Chart 3.1: Global pharmaceutical sales till 2008

Source: IMS Health Market Prognosis Chart 3.2: Growth in Sales over previous year

Source: IMS Health Market Prognosis Thus it can be concluded that the global pharma industry is growing at a tremendous pace but the growth percent over the previous years has been declining. In 2008 the growth percentage was only 5.5 over 2007 as compared to 2003 when it was 10.3%. This growth in the pharma sector can be attributed to the various structural and mainly the technological changes that have been taking place in the industry all this years.

Major Players in the Market The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by a high level of concentration of multinational companies dominating the industry. Table below contains information about the top 10 pharmaceutical companies across the globe that are sorted in the order of their 2008 revenues sales of pharmaceutical products in terms of US dollars. Table 3.1: Sales of top 10 global pharma companies Sl.No. 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Company Name Johnson & Johnson Pfizer Roche Novartis AstraZeneca Sanofi-Aventis GlaxoSmithKline Merck Wyeth Eli Lilly & Co. Sales(in million $) 63,747 48,296 45,617 44,821 31,601 27,568 24,352 23,850 22,834 20,378

Source: Wright Investors Service

Geographical headquarters of major pharmaceutical companies are approximately evenly distributed between the U.S. and Western Europe with only one Asian company in the list.

Chart 3.3: Sales of top 10 global pharma companies

Source: Wright Investors Service From the chart it can be inferred that Johnson & Johnson was the leader in terms of sales in the global market in 2008 followed by Pfizer and Roche. Whereas w.r.t market share, Pfizer continues to lead with a market share of 6.2 percent. GSK comes in second with 5.4 percent, and Roche boasts a third-place with 4.3 percent. That's all going to change, though, as only two of today's top 10 are expected to post industrybeating growth: Roche and Novartis. The global pharma market is poised for compound annual growth of 5.5 percent over the next four years, to $929 billion according to a report published by URCH. Roche is expected to rack up 6.2 percent and Novartis 6.1 percent. Johnson & Johnson and Merck are expected to generate only "stagnant growth" through 2012, URCH Publishing predicts. According to a Ernst&Young, global pharmaceutical market, are counting on emerging markets to extend the life of mature products as well as to develop new markets for their ethical products. Current global financial conditions and the threat of a broad recession have accelerated the timetable for implementing change, as the industry confronts lower corporate stock prices and an increasingly cost-averse customer. The emergence of a middle class with growing disposable incomes in

rapidly expanding countries with large populations, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, Korea and Mexico, represents tens of millions of new customers who will demand improved healthcare.

Industry Trends
Structural changes The pharmaceutical industry is currently undergoing a period of very significant transformation. The majority of Big Pharma companies are generating high returns which provide them with excess cash for further rapid growth whether organic, or through mergers and acquisitions. In pharmaceutical industry size of the company on its own is a significant advantage. Besides economies of scale in manufacturing, clinical trials and marketing, bigger companies can get a competitive advantage by allowing investments in more research and development (R&D) projects which in turn diversify their future drugs portfolio and make them much more stable in the long term. As the result, top-companies in the industry were active participants of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Another form of structural change in the industry was establishing of new strategic alliances and joint ventures. So far as the research and development process for each drug take many years and requires significant investments, and the outcome of these investments of time and financial resources remains unclear until the final approval of the drug, Big Pharma companies are constantly looking for synergies that they can get from cooperation with their competitors. For example, cooperation of SanofiAventis and Bristol-Myers Squibb resulted in production of Plavix, which is currently one of the top-selling products for each of these companies. Yet another trend is selling off low-profitability or non-core businesses. Big Pharma companies in order to maintain strong sales growth and meet profitability expectations of their shareholders actively engage in these activities. For example, in 2003 Merck sold its low-profitability Medico Health Solutions that helped to increase its profitability margin. Massive sales of non-pharmaceutical businesses by Takeda

also were compatible with its strategy to concentrate its financial resources on its core pharmaceutical business. Major factors of future growth The pharmaceutical industry showed high sales growth rates in the recent past, and a number of factors suggest that this trend will continue in the future. Some of these factors are:
Due to numerous advancements in science and technology, including those in

the health care industry, life expectancy in the developed countries has been steadily growing. As the result, growing proportion of elderly people promises further growth of demand for healthcare products.

According to various studies, a significant portion of elderly population in the

United States and other countries does not receive proper treatment. For example, only about one third of the U.S. population who requires medical therapy for high cholesterol is actually receiving adequate treatment. As it is expected, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act starting from the beginning of 2006 will increase access of senior citizens to the prescription drug coverage, thus increasing pharmaceutical sales.

Although developing countries at the moment have a small portion of world pharmaceutical sales, these countries also have a significant potential for the pharmaceutical industry in the future. Fast growing economies in Asia, South America and Central & Eastern Europe suggest an increasing solvency of population and make these markets more and more attractive for Big Pharma companies. Further reforms of legislation systems in the countries of these regions, especially regarding patent protection issues, will inevitably result in growing pharmaceutical sales.

Strong emphasis on R&D

One of the distinctive characteristics of the Big Pharma companies is a very high level of investments in research and development. On average, it takes about 10-15 years, and millions of dollars to develop a new medicine. According to industry statistics, only about one in ten thousand chemical compounds discovered by pharmaceutical industry researchers proves to be both medically effective and safe enough to become an approved medicine, and about half of all new medicines fail in the late stages of clinical trials. Not surprisingly, according to Research and Development in Industry: 2001 report of the National Science Foundation, in 2001 the pharmaceutical industry had one of the highest R&D expenditures as percentage of net sales. More detailed information on this issue is provided in the second part of this paper.

3.9 Patent system


The patent system plays a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry because of the importance of product innovation and the substantial R&D costs involved in developing a new drug. Patents give their owners the legal right to exclude others for a time from making, using or selling a product or process arising from an invention, and are typically granted for a period of 20 years. In the pharmaceuticals sector, companies can acquire patent protection once basic research has led to the identification of a promising NCE. A patent is then filed and may be granted, but the drug might typically be halfway through its patent period by the time it has progressed through the various stages of research and development and is ready to be launched onto the market. Patent protection may allow a firm to exercise market power to some degree in pricing a drug. The profits that can potentially be earned during the patent period are crucial in providing incentives for pharmaceutical firms to undertake R&D, given the large amount of expenditure and the long lead times involved in new drug development.

Drug lifecycle

The diagram below shows the typical length of time that it takes for a new drug to go through the various stages of its life cycle.
Chart 2.4: Various Stages of Drug Lifecycle

Source: Office of Fair Trade

It is possible in the diagram to distinguish between components of the production process that can be considered 'international' (namely can be located anywhere in the world for supply to any given country) and those that are 'national' (that is need to be located in the country in question). As the diagram moves from left to right and becomes lighter, so the activities become increasingly 'national' in scope. More formally, the term 'international' is used to denote those stages of a drug's lifecycle for which: The activity can be located anywhere in the world where a suitable environment exists Once the costs of that activity have been incurred somewhere in the world, they do not have to be incurred again in order to make the product available in other countries.

R&D is an 'international' activity in this sense of the term, as it can be located wherever a suitable research environment exists, and once a drug has been developed the R&D cost does not need to be incurred again to make the drug available in other countries. In addition, some of the costs of global manufacturing facilities may also represent an 'international' cost element. The different stages shown in the chart above normally follow the patent application and are described in the next few paragraphs. Even before patent application a considerable amount of time and money may have been spent on basic research to identify suitable entities for investigation, although much basic research is carried out in universities and publicly-funded institutes. Pre-clinical trials precede any testing on humans, and involve rigorous testing of selected NCEs in laboratories and animals. There are very high attrition rates8 at this stage of development: less than one per cent of compounds successfully make the transition from pre-clinical trials to clinical studies in humans. Clinical trials are carried out in humans. Three stages are carried out before drugs receive marketing authorisation, namely:

Phase I: trials in 20-100 healthy adults to test the drug's safety. 70 per cent of investigational new drugs (INDs) proceed successfully through Phase I.

Phase II: trials in 100-300 patient volunteers to determine the safety and efficacy of the drug. A third of INDs make it through both Phase I and II, and

Phase III: trials on larger groups of patients (typically 1,0003,000), to gain further data on safety and efficacy. Around 25 per cent of INDs progress through all three phases to a regulatory review.

Marketing authorization must then be obtained before drugs can be launched onto the market. Even after the preclinical stage, with its high attrition rate, only a small proportion of drugs proceed successfully to marketing approval. After the drug reaches the market, Phase IV pharmacovigilance trials begin. These seek to identify any adverse drug reactions and continue throughout the lifetime of the drug. As discussed earlier, generic manufacturers are able to enter the market and sell generic copies of the drug after a drug's patent (and any supplementary protection certificate) has expired. In general it is clear that only a small fraction of drug entities will on average achieve a stage where commercialisation is valuable. For each new successful drug, there are many which prove unsuccessful.

BACKGROUND ANALYSIS
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has come a long way from being almost nonexistent in the 1970s to being one of the largest and most advanced Pharmaceutical industries in the world. The domestic Pharmaceutical output has increased at a CAGR of 13.4.Currently the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is valued at $ 8 billion (approx).Globally the industry ranks 4th in terms of volume and 13th in terms of value. It provides employment to millions and ensures that essential drugs are available to the vast population of India at affordable prices. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry has attained wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology developed through a range of governmental incentives and the industry has been declared a knowledge based industry. This Industry is a highly organized sector and is extremely fragmented with severe price competitions and governmental price control. The major players in the Industry are Ranbaxy, Dr. Reddys Laboratories, Cipla, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Lupin Lab, Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceutical, Cadila Healthcare, Aventis etc.

RELEVANCE FOR GROWTH


India has the highest number of manufacturing plants approved by US FDA, which is next only to that in the US. More than 85% of the formulations produced in the country are sold in the domestic market. Over 60% of India's bulk drug production is exported. India holds the lion's share of the world's contract research business as activity in the Pharmaceutical market continues to explode, over 15 prominent contract research organizations (CROs) are now operating in India attracted by her ability to offer efficient R&D on a low-cost basis. Thirty five per cent of business is in the field of new drug discovery and the rest 65 per cent of business is in the clinical trials arena. India offers a huge cost advantage in the clinical trials domain compared to Western countries. India got a major boost with the signing of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in January 2005 with which it began recognizing global patents. The acceptance of patent laws and the rise of contract research and manufacturing sourcing (CRAMS) have led to the diversification of revenue streams, enabling the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry to experience high market growth. EXPORT PROFILE Exports constitute a substantial part of the total production of Pharmaceutical in India. The formulations contribute nearly 55% of the total exports and the rest 45% comes from bulk drugs. Pharmaceutical exports clocked $7.2 billion in 2007-08, accounting for six per cent of the countrys total exports. Indian companies export drugs to over 200 countries, but the top 25 markets, which includes the US, Germany, Russia, China and few European and African countries, account for about half of the total. Indian drug makers exported medicines worth Rs 31,608 crore during April 2008-January 2009 and exports shot up 30.7% as compared to last year due to a weak Indian currency and increased demand for low-cost generic medicines. US is the largest importer of drugs followed by Russia and Germany.

FOREIGN PARTICIPATION Drugs and Pharmaceuticals ranks 8th in Indias top 10 FDI-attracting sectors. The government of India has allowed foreign direct investment up to 100% through the automatic route in the drugs and Pharmaceuticals industry of the country, on the condition, that the activity should not fall into the categories that require licensing. Pharmaceutical industry accounts for about 2.91% of total FDI into the country. The FDI in Pharmaceutical sector is estimated to have touched US$ 172 million, thereby showing a compounded annual growth rate of about 62. The Industry has received almost Rs 2141 crore investment from 36 countries through FDI between April 2007 to April 2009 with most of the fund infusion directed to healthcare and biotech ventures. Out of the total investment, almost 82 per cent of the FDI in Pharmaceutical sector was from five countries - Mauritius, Singapore, USA, UAE and Canada. The increase in FDI Inflows to Drugs and Pharmaceuticals industry in India has helped in the expansion, growth, and development of the industry. This in turn has led to the improvement in the quality of the products from the drugs and Pharmaceuticals. Technologically strong and totally self-reliant, the Pharmaceutical industry in India has low costs of production, low R&D costs, innovative scientific manpower, strength of national laboratories and an increasing balance of trade. The Pharmaceutical Industry, with its rich scientific talents and research capabilities, supported by Intellectual Property Protection regime is well set to take on the international market as a global leader.

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR PHARMACEUTICAL GROWTH The Indian Pharmaceutical industry has grown from a mere Rs. 1,500 crore turnover in 1980 to over Rs. 78,000 crore in 2008 with about 10 per cent of share volume of global production. High growth has been achieved through; the creation of required infrastructure, capacity building in complex manufacturing technologies of active production ingredients(APIs) and formulations, entering into drug discovery through

original and contract research and manufacturing (CRAM) and clinical trials and product specific strategies of acquisition and mergers. The domestic sector had a production turnover of Rs. 47,241 crore from about 10,000 small-scale and 300 large and medium manufacturing units in 2008. ROLE IN FOREIGN TRADE Pharmaceutical exports have grown from Rs. 6,256 crore in 1998-99 to Rs. 30,759 crore in 2008. Exports of pharmaceuticals have been consistently outstripping the value of corresponding Imports in the period 1996-97 up to 2007-08. Exports registered a growth rate of 25 per cent in 2007-08 over 2006- 07. The sector attracted FDI amounting to US$ 1,401.60 million during 2000-01 to September 2008, of which, US$ 125.30 million occurred during April- September 2008. YEAR 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 INVESTMENT Investments in pharmaceutical sector are now expanding into areas of innovative R&D focused outsourcing opportunities like clinical trials, data management services, pharmaceutical informatics, lead discovery and optimization, Pharmaceutical cokinetics and Pharmaceutical co-dynamics and pre-clinical drug discovery in combinatorial chemistry, chiral chemistry, new drug delivery Systems, bioinformatics and phyto-medicines. The Indian drug discovery market has grown from US$ 470 million in 2005 to US$ 800 million in 2007. REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT There are two major government agencies responsible for drug regulation and control: EXPORT (Rs. in Crores) 6256.06 7230.16 8757.47 9751.20 12826.10 15213.24 17857.80 22578.98 24942.00 30,759.00

1) the Drugs Controller of India (DCI), and 2) the State Food and Drug Administrations (FDAs). The DCI, under the Ministry of Health, has five main functions: 1) Controlling the quality of imported drugs, 2) Coordinating the activities of State FDAs, 3) Enforcing new drug legislation, 4) Granting approval to new drugs, and 5) Controlling the quality of imported drugs. State FDAs, on the other hand, monitor the drug manufacture, sale, and testing by companies in their jurisdiction. There are also two main statutory bodies formed by Parliament: 1) the Drugs Technical Advisory Board, whose technical experts advise the Central and State Governments on special technical matters involving drug regulation, and 2) the Drugs Consultative Committee, where Central and State drug officials ensure that drug control measures are enforced uniformly in all states. Current Reforms: Maharashtra FDA The most powerful state-FDA is located in the western state of Maharashtra, where the country's pharmaceutical industry has been concentrated for the past 46 years. Over 50% of manufactured drugs in India are currently produced in Maharashtra, and Maharashtra's FDA therefore plays a large role in determining national policy on the import and local manufacture of pharmaceuticals in India. It monitors drug quality and safety through pre- and post-licensing checks, as well as through periodic inspections and drawing drug samples from companies from time to time. Maharashtra's FDA underwent some major changes over the past few years to improve its efficiency and raise its credibility. Under the present Commissioner, Anil Kumar Lakhina, the Indian FDA has revamped its structure, introduced a new drug management system, and instituted a new electronic drug renewal application procedure via its website. It has also started codifying all pharmacopoeial, patent and proprietary combinations of drugs -- there are currently 50,000 drugs all licensed by the FDA and 4,300 of them have already been codified. Drug Application Procedures

Foreign pharmaceutical firms looking to export drugs to India must first obtain a license from DCI, which is granted upon assurance that the firm's manufacturer abroad complies with Indian production and safety standards. These standards are becoming more harmonized with international Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and ISO requirements. Next, before any drugs are released for import into India, the importer must submit the following documents to the Central Drug Control Organization: 1) documents of import (Bills of Entry), 2) protocols test and analysis, 3) a sample of the product(s) label, and 4) a drug sample. The drug sample is tested by the government, which in turn releases a consignment to the importer if the test results approve the drug as meeting "standard quality." Importers are also permitted to import drugs for experiment, test research or clinical trial under a test license. Companies looking to manufacture drugs locally must go through a "preparatory" or Pre-Licensing Phase to show that their manufacturing facilities are up to standard. After being granted a license, the manufacturer must also produce a test batch of drugs that is approved by the government for safety. All companies must also follow specific labeling requirements. Both importers and local manufacturers must label every product with the following information: 1) name of the drug; 2) a correct statement of the net content of the drug; 3) content of active ingredients; 4) name and address of the manufacturer; 5) batch or lot number preceded by the words "Batch," "B," "Lot No.," or "Lot"; 6) manufacturing license number (if applicable); 7) number of the license under which the drug is imported (if applicable); and date of manufacture and expiration date, which must not exceed 60 months. Pharmaceutical companies must have their label and pack insert approved by the DCI before the drug is marketed.

The specific requirements for drug approval and renewal of imported and locally manufactured drugs are available from the Maharashtra FDA. As mentioned above, drug renewal applications are now accepted via the web, but until computer signatures are legitimized, new drug applications will still have to be completed in hardcopy. PRICE CONTROL Since 1961, pharmaceuticals in India have fallen under heavy price regulation. Domestic drug prices in India are among the lowest in the world; the Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India (OPPI) says that year-on-year price increases for pharmaceuticals in the country are lower than the wholesale price index each year and considerably lower than the CPI. This applies to both controlled and decontrolled drugs, where increases were just 1.1% and 3.6% respectively for 1997 over 1996. This has severely affected the profitability of the industry, especially since the prices of basic raw materials and the costs of packing have shot up over the past five years. Pharmaceutical manufacturers have also suffered from high transaction costs, including obstacles and difficulties associated with administrative processes, dishonesty of public agents, delays in obtaining finance, and transportation bottlenecks. Price controls are implemented under a Drug Price Control Orders (DPCO). Under Section 3 of the Essential Commodities Act, there have been four major revisions of DPCOs in 1970, 1979, 1987 and 1995. In 1995, the DPCO was revised twice -- once on January 6th and again on July 19th -- to coordinate the price descriptions of controlled and decontrolled formulations. Drugs falling under DPCO are generally either of the following: 1) those that have a minimum annual turnover of Rs 4 crore (US$1 million), and 2) those of popular use in which there is a monopoly situation (a monopoly in India exists if for any bulk drug, with an annual turnover of US$250,000 or more, there is a single formulator with a market share of 90% or more). For drugs where there is "sufficient" market competition, i.e. where there are at least five bulk drug producers and at least 10 formulators, and where none has more than a 40% market share in retail trade, price control is not mandated by the government.

Such drugs not falling under government price control are called "decontrolled" drugs. Aside from lowering profitability and constraining the market, there are many administrative problems with DPCOs that have been worsening as the Indian drug industry expands. The government often fails to update the financial data on which it bases its criteria for inclusion, aggravated by the long time lag between the collection of data and announcement of new pricing policy. As a result, basis data for determining prices is at least three months old at the time of approval, and the price benchmarks used end up being historical instead of prospective. Furthermore, there are serious problems with the way the government calculates the fixed prices for many drugs. For example, it does not take raw material price volatility or exchange fluctuations into account when calculating prices. Also, the government determines drug prices solely upon cost, not quality, of production (no distinction in pricing is made, therefore, between a drug produced under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and one that is not). The DPCO has also been gradually losing importance due to the emergence of a large number of manufacturers in the bulk drug industry. Thus, to improve its efforts at drug price control, the government set up the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) in August 1997 to update the list of bulk drugs covered under DPCO 1995 by inclusion or exclusion on the basis of established criteria and guidelines. The NPPA was also authorized to fix and revise prices of controlled bulk drugs and monitor the prices of decontrolled drugs and formulations and oversee the implementation of DPCO 1995. The government's stance on price control has been mixed. Although it has set up organizations like NPPA, the number of drugs under price control has gradually been reduced over time (see Figure 1 below), and sources in India's Ministry of Health have stated that the price control system may undergo further changes depending on the emergence of a much wider and much more assertive medical insurance system in the country.

R& D IN INDIAN INDUSTRY Though spending on R&D in relation to the GDP in the case of India has increased over the years, the difference between the spending in R&D between India and the developed world remains considerably high. India spends approximately 0.88 per cent of its GDP on research and development. This is low compared to countries like China which spend 1.42 per cent of its GDP on R&D and most developed countries spend more than 2 per cent of their GDP. During the period 2005-06, 74.1 per cent of the total R&D expenditure was met from government sources and rest 25.9 per cent came from the private sector. The Central Government was the highest contributor to R&D expenditure with a share of 57.5 per cent, the State Government had a share of 7.7 per cent while the industrial sector contributed 30.4 per cent, and the higher education sector 4.4 per cent. It is pertinent to note that the industrial sector R&D contribution in developed countries is usually more than 50 per cent. There are about 3,690 R&D institutions in the country. Under the Central Government R&D expenditure, 86 per cent was incurred by 12 major scientific agencies. The share of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) amongst the 12 major scientific agencies was 34.4 per cent. During 2005-06, the industrial sector R&D units spent 0.55 per cent of their sales turnover on R&D. In terms of sector-wise position, the drugs and pharmaceuticals sector occupied highest position with a share of 37.4 per cent followed by transportation and defence with 14.7 per cent and 6.9 per cent respectively.

EVOLUTION OF INDUSTRY In India, modern system of medicine is a 20th century phenomena, though the traditional system of medicine has been in practice for many centuries. Therefore, in discussing the evolution of the IPI, three points of time are very relevant. These are: 1900-1970, 1970-1990 and the decade of 1990s. The period 1900-1970 signifies the dominance of the multinationals in this field that were basically importing bulk drugs and formulations from abroad. Most domestic manufacturers were engaged in repacking the formulations produced by the multinationals and production was concentrated in the hands of the multinationals. Production of modern medicine by indigenous units started with the setting up of Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical works in 1892, which was followed by the establishment of Alembic Chemical works in 1907 and Bengal Immunity in 1919. At this point in time, the Patents Act of 1911 was in practice, which facilitated patenting all the known and possible processes of manufacturing of the said drug besides patenting the drug itself. Hence, the indigenous firms were legally prevented from manufacturing most of the new drugs during the life of the patent secured by the latter, i e, for 16 years, which could be extended to a maximum of another 10 years if the working of the patent had not been sufficiently remunerative to the patentee. This gave them the monopoly power initially. The domestic firms were also forbidden from processing a patented drug into formulations or importing it. However, the Second World War and the introduction of sulpha drugs and penicillin gave on impetus to the pharmaceutical industry. The policy instruments of independent India emphasized on creating a strong public sector unit. In the pharmaceutical front, specific areas of production were defined for the public, private and the domestic sector. The setting up of the public sector units and the technical institutes meant for creating technical skills in the country contributed to the growth of the domestic industry. By 1952, a few drugs like tetanus anti-toxin, PAS and Iodochlorhydroxyquinoline were produced in India from their basic stages . However, the import content of the basic drugs was high due to which the prices of the pharmaceutical products of India were the highest in the world. The second period of 1970-1990 is very significant for the IPI since, a few important changes that had implications on the growth of the IPI took place during this time.

The Patent Act of 1911 was amended in 1970, which came into force in 1972. The 1970 Patent Act provides protection for the processes of manufacturing the drug for seven years from the date of filing the application or five years from the date of the grant of the patent. Under this Act only one process that was used in the actual manufacturing could be patented. This change brought a renaissance to the pharmaceutical industry of India. More units larger in size and capacity set up in the 1970s and 1980s started producing drugs, which were primarily imported till then. The technical institutes that were set up in the early 1950s and 1960s resulted in creating technical and engineering skills, which could easily adapt the technology developed elsewhere, proved to be very advantageous for the industry. By 1972, over 100 essential drugs covering a wide spectrum of therapeutic groups like antibiotics, sulpha drugs, anti leprotic drugs, analgesics, antipyretics, vitamins, tranquillisers, photochemical and various other pharmaceutical chemicals were produced in India from basic stages . A significant increase in the production of bulk drugs and formulations is observed before and after the 1970s. In the early 1970s, the government introduced the MRTP Act the FERA, which aimed at reducing the concentration of economic power with few units and controlling the flight of foreign exchange from the country. Basically units, which were not bringing in any new technology were asked to reduce their foreign equity and renewal of their licence was also subject to their bringing in new technology. This resulted in the dilution of the foreign equity, which is reported in the Table As a strategy to protect the domestic industry from competition, the FERA companies were also not permitted to produce a list of drugs, which were delicensed during the 1980s.
Ownership Pattern of Foreign Companies Share of Foreign Equity (Per Cent) Above 74 50-74 40-50 26-40 Below 26 Total Number of Companies in 1976-77 20 11 13 14 6 64 Number of Companies in 1981-82 5 14 16 10 3 48

In the 1990s, several significant changes occurred in the pharmaceutical sector with the introduction of trade liberalization measures. All those drugs, which were reserved for the production by the public sector, were delicensed in two stages. One immediate impact of this de-licensing of the drugs was that production increased manifold besides increasing the competition among the domestic firms and from foreign companies in the 1990s. The increased production had a positive impact on exports and on the balance of trade. The government also increased the automatic approval limit for foreign direct investment in the pharmaceutical industry from 40 per cent to 51 per cent. This was subsequently increased to 74 per cent in 1997. In 1994, government of India signed the TRIPS Agreement. The de-licensing of the drugs and the policy of the government to allow subcontracting or loan licensing system resulted in an uneven growth of the domestic pharmaceutical industry. About 70 per cent of the production in the pharmaceutical sector is contributed by loan licensees. As of 2000, it is estimated that the total number of units engaged in the production of pharmaceutical units is 24, 000 (including that of loan licensees). Out of which 1.25 per cent or 300 belong to the organized sector and 23, 700 belong to the small and medium sector [GITCO 2000]. It is estimated that out of this 300 units only a few units will have the R & D facilities that is recognized by the department of science and technology (DST), while most others have sophisticated quality control laboratories, some of which even match the international standards. Most of the firms are engaged in the production of finished formulations that are in the off patent segment. Lack of adequate funds for modernization, increased competition from the private sector and high cost of production resulted in the decline of the public sector in the 1990s. For analyzing the current scenario-PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL (a) INDUSTRY COMPETITION Pharmaceutical industry is one of the most competitive industries in the country with as many as 10,000 different players fighting for the same pie. The rivalry in the industry can be gauged from the fact that the top player in the country has only 6 %(2006) market share, and the top 5 players together have about 18 %(2006) market

share. Thus, the concentration ratio for this industry is very low. High growth prospects make it attractive for new players to enter in the industry. Another major factor that adds to the industry rivalry is the fact that the entry barriers to pharmaceutical industry are very low. The fixed cost requirement is low but the need for working capital is high. The fixed asset turnover, which is one of the gauges of fixed cost requirements, tells us that in bigger companies this ratio is in the range of 3.5-4 times. For smaller companies, it would be even higher. Many small players that are focussed on a particular region have a better hang of the distribution channel, making it easier to succeed, albeit in a limited way. An important fact is that, pharmaceutical is a stable market and its growth rate generally tracks the economic growth of the country with some multiple (1.2 times average in India). Though volume growth has been consistent over a period of time value growth has not followed in tandem. The product differentiation is one key factor which gives competitive advantage to the firms in any industry. However, in pharmaceutical industry product differentiation is not possible since India has followed process patents till date, with loss favouring imitators. Consequently product differentiation is not a driver, cost competitiveness is. However, companies like Pfizer and Glaxo have created big brands over the years which act as product differentiation tools. Earlier it was easy for Indian pharmaceutical companies to imitate pharmaceutical products discovered by MNCs at a lower cost and make good profit. But today the scene is different with the arrival of the patent regime which has forced Indian companies to rethink its strategies and to invest more on R&D. Also contract research has assumed more importance now. (b) BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The unique feature of pharmaceutical industry is that the end user of the product is different from the influencer (read doctor). The consumer has no choice but to buy what doctor says. However, when we look at the buyers power, we look at the influence they have on the prices of the product. In pharmaceutical industry, the buyers are scattered and they as such do not wield much power in the pricing of the products. However, govt with its policies, plays an important role in regulating

pricing through the NPPA (national pharmaceutical pricing authority). (c) BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS The pharmaceutical industry depends upon several organic chemicals. The chemical industry is again very competitive and fragmented. The chemicals used in the pharmaceutical industry are largely a commodity. The suppliers have very low bargaining power and the companies in the pharmaceutical industry can switch from their suppliers without incurring a very high cost. However, what can happen is that the supplier can go for forward integration to become a pharmaceutical company. Companies like Orchid Chemicals and Sashun Chemicals were basically chemical companies who turned themselves into pharmaceutical companies. (d) BARRIERS TO ENTRY Pharmaceutical industry is one of the most easily accessible industries for an entrepreneur in India. The capital requirement for the industry is very low; creating a regional distribution network is easy, since the point of sales is restricted in this industry in India. However, creating brand awareness and franchisee among doctors is the key for long term survival. Also, quality regulations by the government may put some hindrance for establishing new manufacturing operations. The new patent regime has raised the barriers to entry. But it is unlikely to discourage new entrants, as market for generics will be as huge. (e)THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES This is one of the great advantages of the pharmaceutical industry. Whatever happens, demand for pharmaceutical products continues and the industry thrives. One of the key reasons for high competitiveness in the industry is that as an ongoing concern, pharmaceutical industry seems to have an infinite future. However, in recent times the advances made in thee field of biotechnology, can prove to be a threat to the synthetic pharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSIONS OF THE MODEL This model gives a fair idea about the industry in which a company operates and the various external forces that influence it. The industry seems to be operating in monopolistic market structure. However, it must be noted that any industry is not static in nature. Its dynamic and over a period of time the model, which we have used to analyse the pharmaceutical industry may itself evolve.

Going forward, we foresee increasing competition in the industry but the form of competition will be different. It will be between large players (with economies of scale) and it may be possible that some kind of oligopoly or cartels come into play. This is owing to the fact that the industry will move towards consolidation. The larger players in the industry will survive with their proprietary products and strong franchisee. In the Indian context, companies like Cipla, Ranbaxy and Glaxo are likely to be key players. Smaller fringe players, who have no differentiating strengths, are likely to either be acquired or cease to exist. The barriers to entry will increase going forward. The change in the patent regime has made sure that new proprietary products come up making imitation difficult. The players with huge capacity will be able to influence substantial power on the fringe players by their aggressive pricing thereby creating hindrance for the smaller players. Economies of scale will play an important part too. Besides government will have a bigger role to play.

SWOT ANALYSIS
STRENGTH Availability of Cheap raw material (most economical raw material in the world after China) Availability of professional manpower with good technical expertise Low cost of production. Large pool of installed capacities Efficient technologies for large number of Generics. Large pool of skilled technical manpower. Increasing liberalization of WEAKNESS Bad brand image of Indian Pharmaceutical Products in USA, UK & other western countries which is hampering exports Lack of Research & Development (R&D) orientation of Indian Pharmaceutical Companies Fragmentation of installed capacities. Low technology level of Capital Goods of this section. Non-availability of major intermediaries for bulk drugs.

government policies.

Lack of experience to exploit efficiently the new patent regime. Very low key R&D. Low share of India in World Pharmaceutical Production (1.2% of world production but having 16.1% of world''s population).

Very low level of Biotechnology in India and also for New Drug Discovery Systems.

Lack of experience in International Trade. 9. Low level of strategic planning for future and also for technology

OPPORTUNITY Very lucrative high profit making market with high chances of growth Increased awareness amongst

forecasting. THREAT Entry of other foreign competitors in the Indian market Other Business Risks Containment of rising health-care cost. High Cost of discovering new products and fewer discoveries. Stricter registration procedures. High entry cost in newer markets. High cost of sales and marketing. Competition, particularly from generic products. More potential new drugs and more efficient therapies. Switching over form process patent to product patent.

people about Health Prodcuts Aging of the world population. Growing incomes. Growing attention for health. New diagnoses and new social diseases. Spreading prophylactic approaches. Saturation point of market is far away. New therapy approaches. New delivery systems. Spreading attitude for soft medication (OTC drugs). Spreading use of Generic Drugs.

Globalization Easier international trading. New markets are opening.

Schedule
DATE Sept 8, 2009 Sept 15, 2009 Nov 20, 2009 Dec 12 ,2009 Feb 20, 2010 March 12, 2010 STEPS Introduction to project Clear with Research Methodology Data Collection Preparation of Interim Report Analysis of Data Preparation of Final Report

Limitation of the study


The time period for the study is not sufficient Some companies want to keep their records confidential There are large numbers of small players in the market, records of that cannot be traced corretly Research on Export market cannot be carried out fully due to resource limitation

References
www.indianbusiness.nic.in

www.kpmg.ie www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com www.ficci.com www.highbeam.com

Faculty Guide Name:


Prof. Prerna Sharma Faculty, IBS- Chandigarh Signature of the Student

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