O C V CHNH L S LIU THY VN

Nguyn Thanh Sn- ng Qu Phng

NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni 2003
T kho: mc nc, su, vn tc, lu lng, bn ct, trong sut, mn, mui,
lu tc k, phao, thy trc, trm o, tuyn o
Ti liu trong Th vin in t i hc Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho
mc ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n
phc v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc
gi.

LI TA
Gio trnh "o c v chnh l s liu thu vn" trang b cho
sinh vin chuyn ngnh thu vn lc a nhng kin thc c bn nht v
vic thu thp v chnh l s liu thu vn gm hai phn:
Phn 1 - o c thy vn do

Nguyn Thanh Sn bin son

chng 1 n chng 7 bao gm cc phng php o c v tnh ton

cc c trng c bn ca ch nc : mc nc, su, vn tc dng
chy, lu lng nc v lu lng ph sa, mn, nhit , mu sc v
trong sut ca nc. Gio trnh cp nhng vn c bn v mt
nguyn l ca cc dng c v phng php o cng nh nhng nt c
trng nht ca ch o dng chy nc ta.
Phn 2 - Chnh bin ti liu thu vn do ng Qu Phng bin
son t chng 8 n chng 10 trnh by nhng phng php thng
dng nht chnh l ti liu o c : mc nc, lu lng nc v lu
lng ph sa lin quan n nhng sai s do iu kin o c gy ra cn
hiu chnh. Phn ny gii thiu t nguyn l

n cc bc tin hnh

hiu chnh cc c trng dng chy.

Ti liu c vit cho sinh vin thu vn cc trng i hc c
o to chuyn ngnh ny. Mt s qui nh chi tit vit r trong cun
"Tiu chun ngnh - Qui phm quan trc" do Tng cc Kh tng - Thu
vn ban hnh nm 1994 chng ti ch gii thiu ch khng cp li.
Trong qu trnh bin son cc tc gi nhn c nhiu kin ng
gp t cc ng nghip. c bit cc kin ca PGS. TS Nguyn Vn
Tun v TS. Cao ng D lm tng nhiu cht lng cun sch ny.
Gio trnh chc hn cn nhiu thiu st, chng ti mong nhn
c nhng kin ng gp, b sung ca cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc
ny hon thin n trong nhng ln sau.
CC TC GI

NGUYN THANH SN - NG QU PHNG

O C V CHNH L
S LIU THU VN

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA H NI

MC LC

PHN 1. O C THY VN
M U ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHNG 1. TRM O C THU VN V H THNG PHC V O C 12
1.1. Phn loi trm thu vn.................................................................................. 12
1.2 Phn cp trm thu vn ................................................................................... 13
1.3. Kho st chn v tr t trm.......................................................................... 13
1.3.1 Chn on sng v ch t trm ................................................................. 13
1.3.2 Cc cng vic cn tin hnh ........................................................................ 14
1.3.3. Cc bc kho st ...................................................................................... 15
1.4. Kho st v tr t trm................................................................................... 16
1.4.1. Kho st k thut ....................................................................................... 16
1.4.2 Chn tuyn o .............................................................................................. 16
1.5. Chuyn trm..................................................................................................... 18
1.6 Quy hoch quan trc chui o c thu vn.................................................. 18
CHNG 2. O MC NC ................................................................................... 20
2.1. Nhng khi nim c bn v ch mc nc .............................................. 20
2.2. Cc nguyn tc xy dng cng trnh o mc nc ...................................... 21
2.3. Cc cng trnh o mc nc........................................................................... 23
2.3.1. Cc o ......................................................................................................... 23
2.3.2. Thu ch....................................................................................................... 24
2.3.3. Thu ch cc i trong ng st tuyn cc ................................................ 25
2.3.4. Thu ch kim loi c c xon y ............................................................ 26
2.3.5 Thu ch rng ca Pronlov .......................................................................... 26
2.3.6 My t ghi mc nc ................................................................................... 26
2.4. Ch o mc nc ........................................................................................ 29
2.5. Cch o mc nc ........................................................................................... 29
2.6. Tnh ton c trng ca mc nc................................................................ 30
2.6.1 Tnh mc nc bnh qun ngy ................................................................... 30
2.6.2 Tnh mc nc bnh qun thng .................................................................. 31
2.6.3 Tnh ton mc nc bnh qun nm. ........................................................... 31
2.6.4 Tnh Hmax , Hmin thi on............................................................................ 31
2.6.5 Tnh chnh lch mc nc ........................................................................... 31
2.7 . Hiu chnh mc nc...................................................................................... 32
2.7.1 Hiu chnh mc nc................................................................................... 32
2.7.2 Hiu chnh thi im.................................................................................... 33
2.7.3 Cc loi bng thng k ................................................................................ 33
CHNG 3. O SU........................................................................................... 35
3.1. Cc dng c o su .......................................................................................... 36
3.1.1 Thc o su................................................................................................ 36

3.1.2 So o........................................................................................................... 36
3.1.3 Ti cp v ti trng...................................................................................... 36
3.1.4 My hi m .................................................................................................. 38
3.2. Ch o su ................................................................................................... 40
3.3 Cc phng php o su.................................................................................. 41
3.3.1. o su theo mt ct ngang ......................................................................... 41
3.3.2. o su theo hng dc sng. ..................................................................... 46
3.4 .Chnh l v tnh ton ti liu o su............................................................... 46
3.4.1 Chnh l s b .............................................................................................. 46
3.4.2 Tnh ton c trng mt ct ........................................................................ 47
CHNG 4. O LU TC ........................................................................................ 49
4.1. Khi nim v lu tc dng nc..................................................................... 49
4.1.1. Mc ch nghin cu................................................................................... 49
4.2. S thay i lu tc theo thi gian v khng gian ........................................ 49
4.2.1 Phn b ca lu tc theo khng gian .......................................................... 50
4.2.2. S thay i lu tc theo thi gian............................................................... 52
4.3. Cc phng php o lu tc.......................................................................... 52
4.3.1 o lu tc bng my o lu tc. ................................................................. 52
4.3.2 Xc nh s im o trn mt thu trc....................................................... 53
4.3.3. Phng php o lu tc.............................................................................. 56
4.4. Cc dng c o vn tc.................................................................................... 57
4.4.1. Lu tc k.................................................................................................... 57
4.4.2 Phao ............................................................................................................. 61
4.4.3. ng o thu vn .......................................................................................... 63
4.4.4 Xc nh vn tc bng xc nh lc tc ng ca dng chy ln vt tri... 64
CHNG 5. LU LNG NC............................................................................ 66
5.1. Khi nim.......................................................................................................... 66
5.2 Phng php "lu tc - din tch". M hnh lu lng ................................ 66
5.3 o lu lng bng lu tc k.......................................................................... 69
5.3.1. Chn on sng .......................................................................................... 69
5.3.2 Xc nh hng tuyn o ............................................................................. 69
5.4 Trang b ca tuyn o thu vn v phng php o .................................... 70
5.4.1. Phng php chi tit................................................................................... 71
5.4.2 Phng php c bn.................................................................................... 71
5.4.3 Phng php rt gn ................................................................................... 71
5.4.4 o nhanh...................................................................................................... 71
5.5. o lu lng nc ........................................................................................... 71
5.6 Phng php tch phn o vn tc dng chy v lu lng nc............... 72
5.7 Tnh ton lu lng nc ................................................................................ 73
6.7.1 Phng php phn tch................................................................................ 73
5.7.2. Phng php phn tch chnh xc .............................................................. 75
5.7.3 Phng php gii ................................................................................... 76
5.7.4 Phng php tnh lu lng theo cc ng ng lu............................... 77
5.8 nh gi sai s o lu lng bng lu tc k ................................................ 78

5.8.1 Nhm sai s ngu nhin............................................................................... 79

5.8.2 Nhm sai s h thng................................................................................... 79
5.9 o lu lng bng phao ................................................................................... 80
5.9.1 Thit k cng trnh ....................................................................................... 80
5.9.2 Tnh ton lu lng ..................................................................................... 80
5.10. Phng php xc nh lu lng bng tnh ton ....................................... 81
5.11. Xc nh lu lng nc bng phng php th tch ............................... 81
5.12. Phng php trn hn hp xc nh lu lng .................................... 81
5.12.1. Phng php th chm cht ho tan i biu......................................... 82
5.12.2 Phng php th nhanh cht i biu tnh lu lng............................... 83
CHNG 6. O LU LNG BN CT ............................................................... 85
6.1 Cc khi nim c bn ....................................................................................... 85
6.2. Chuyn ng ca ph sa trong sng .............................................................. 87
6.2.1. Chuyn ng ph sa y............................................................................. 87
6.2.2. Chuyn ng ph sa l lng ....................................................................... 87
6.2.3. V ch c v dng chy ph sa trong sng.......................................... 88
6.2.4 S khong ho ca nc v dng vt cht ho tan..................................... 88
6.3. Nghin cu dng ph sa l lng ..................................................................... 88
6.3.1 Dng c ly mu ph sa l lng.................................................................. 88
6.3.2. Dng c ly mu ph sa y....................................................................... 89
6.3.3. o lu lng ph sa l lng....................................................................... 89
6.3.4. Tnh lu lng ph sa l lng .................................................................... 91
6.3.5 Tnh ton dng chy ph sa l lng ............................................................ 94
6.4. Nghin cu ph sa y .................................................................................... 96
6.4.1. Cc dng c ly mu ph sa y ........................................................... 96
6.4.2. o v tnh lu lng ph sa y. Tnh ton ph sa y............................. 96
CHNG 7. O MN, O NHIT , MU SC V TRONG SUT CA
NC ........................................................................................................................... 98
7.1 Khi nim v mui v mn .................................................................... 98
7.1.1 mui........................................................................................................ 98
7.1.2. mn........................................................................................................ 98
7.2 V tr v phng php ly mu........................................................................ 99
7.2.1 Thu trc ly mu ........................................................................................ 99
7.2.2 V tr im ly mu trn thu trc................................................................ 99
7.2.3 Dng c ly mu .......................................................................................... 99
7.3 Ch o mn................................................................................................... 99
7.4 Phng php phn tch xc nh mn..................................................... 100
7.4.1 Dng c phn tch...................................................................................... 100
7.4.2 Ho cht v cch pha ch.......................................................................... 100
7.4.3. Cc bc phn tch xc nh mn................................................... 101
7.5 o nhit nc ............................................................................................. 105
7.6. Xc nh mu sc v trong sut ca nc.............................................. 105
7.7. Xc nh cht lng nc bng my o hin s ......................................... 105

PHN 2. CHNH L S LIU THY VN

GII THIU ............................................................................................................... 110
CHNG 8. CHNH L S LIU MC NC .................................................... 112
8.1. Mc ch v nhim v ................................................................................... 112
8.2 Nhng nhn t nh hng ti s thay i ca mc nc v nhng mc
nc thng dng................................................................................................. 113
8.2.1 Nhn t nh hng .................................................................................... 113
8.2.2 Mc nc thng dng.............................................................................. 113
8.3. Phng php kim tra sai s ca mc nc thc o ................................. 113
8.3.1. Tnh cht chung ca s thay i mc nc trong sng............................ 114
8.3.2. Tnh cht c bit ca s thay i mc nc trong sng................... 115
8.4. Cc phng php sa cha cc sai s ca mc nc (H) thc o............ 117
8.4.1 Ni suy H v Hc thi on ........................................................................ 118
8.4.2. Tnh theo quan h tng quan ca mc nc H cc trm trn cng mt
h thng sng ...................................................................................................... 118
CHNG 9. CHNH L S LIU LU LNG NC...................................... 121
9.1 Mc ch nhim v chnh l ti liu lu lng nc.................................... 121
9.1.1 Mc ch..................................................................................................... 121
9.1.2 Nhim v chnh l ti liu lu lng .......................................................... 121
9.1.3 Kim tra, sa cha ti liu. ....................................................................... 122
9.1.4. Phn tch quan h Q=f(H) ........................................................................ 122
9.1.5 Phng php tnh ton .............................................................................. 125
9.1.6. Tnh lu lng tc thi ............................................................................. 125
9.1.7 Kim tra kt qu tnh ................................................................................. 127
9.1.8. Kim tra cn bng nc ........................................................................... 128
9.1.9. Kim tra tnh cht lch pha....................................................................... 130
9.1.10 Tng hp v thuyt minh.......................................................................... 130
9.2. Quan h lu lng mc nc ....................................................................... 130
9.2.1. C s khoa hc v hu ch kinh t............................................................ 130
9.2.2. Tnh cht ca quan h............................................................................... 131
9.3 Ko di cc quan h tnh lu lng nc..................................................... 150
9.3.1. Ko di Q = f(H) trung bnh phn nc cao............................................ 150
9.3.2 Phng php ko di Q = f(H) tng i n nh phn nc thp.......... 153
CHNG 10. CHNH L S LIU CHT L LNG ......................................... 156
10.1. Cc nhn t nh hng ti c nc sng......................................... 156
10.2. Mc ch v nhim v chnh l s liu cht l lng ................................. 156
10.2.1 Kim tra s liu cht l lng ................................................................... 157
10.2.2. Phn tch s liu thc o chn phng php tnh R: ............................ 157
10.2.3. Tnh R bnh qun thi on v cc c trng ........................................ 158
10.2.4. Kim tra kt qu tnh .............................................................................. 158
10.3. Cc phng php tnh R theo tng quan............................................... 158
10.3.1. Tng quan R=f(Q) ................................................................................ 158
10.3.2 Tng quan t c m =f( t ) .......................................................... 159

Phn 1
O C THU VN

M U
o c thu vn l mt b phn ca thu vn hc. Gio trnh o c thu vn
gii thiu nhng nguyn l c bn ca cc php o c thu vn trn thc t c
tin hnh trm quan trc cng nh lc i kho st thc a. Bit o c, chnh l cc
s liu thu vn l mt yu cu khng th thiu c i vi mt k s thu vn.
Mn hc gip chng ta trnh c nhng b ng khi tip xc vi cng vic
thc t, bit t chc ly s liu phc v nghin cu khoa hc v phc v cc yu cu
khc nhau ca nn kinh t quc dn.
Cc kt qu o c thu vn c s dng rng ri khi qut ho cc qui lut
ca cc hin tng v cc qu trnh thu vn. Chng gip cho vic a ra cc kt lun
khoa hc mi v khng nh cc l thuyt trong c s thu vn hc v phng php
phn tch tnh ton thu vn.
o c thu vn trc tip phc v giao thng vn ti, xy dng cc cng trnh
thu nh: thu li, thu in, khai thc ng nghip, nng nghip, chng hn hn v l
lt cng nh phc v cc cng trnh du lch, th thao, ngh dng, quc phng v.v..
Nhng nhim v c bn nht ca mn hc o c thu vn bao gm:
1. X l cc phng php v dng c o xc nh v tnh ton nh lng
cc yu t ca ch nc.
2. o c mt cch c h thng cc yu t ch thu vn ca i tng
nghin cu nhm x l c cc c trng nhiu nm ca dng chy nh: mc nc,
lu lng nc v ph sa, thnh phn ho hc, nhit , mn ca nc v.v..
Nghin cu ch nc rt cn thit cho vic quy hoch v tnh ton khi thit
k, thi cng v vn hnh cc cng trnh thu cng nh a ra cc kt lun khoa hc v
ti nguyn nc.
Ni dung cng tc o c thu vn bao gm:
1. o c thu vn nc kh quyn.

2. o c thu vn nc mt: sng ngi, ao h v bin..

3. o c thu vn nc ngm.
Trong gio trnh ny ch cp ch yu l i tng nc lc a (sng ngi,
ao h, kho nc... ). y cng tc o c c th l:
1. Xy dng , trang b cc trm v tiu o c thu vn.
2. o su nghin cu su v a hnh y sng hay thu vc.
3. Quan trc dao ng mc nc.
4. Quan trc dc mc nc.
5. Quan trc nhit nc
6. o vn tc v hng dng chy.
7. o lu lng nc v ph sa.
8. Xc nh thnh phn c gii ca ph sa v trm tch y.
9. Quan trc mu sc, trong sut, mt v thnh phn ho hc ca nc.
Ngoi 9 yu t c bn trn cn c nhng quan trc khc nh: quan trc s xi
l lng sng, ch sng cng nh nghin cu ch to cc my o mi nhm nng
cao chnh xc cc ti liu o c thu vn.
Nhim v c bn nht ca vic tnh ton ti nguyn nc quc gia l xc nh
s lng v cht lng , thnh lp ngn hng d liu v s dng nc cho nhu cu dn
c v kinh t quc dn :
1. Lp k hoch s dng ti nguyn nc trc mt v lu di, tin hnh cc
bin php iu phi nc i vi s pht trin v phn b cc lc lng sn xut
trn ton lnh th.
2. Thnh lp s tng hp cn cn nc, qui hoch thu li.

3. Tnh ton thit k i vi cc x nghip, cc cng trnh thu li, giao thng
thu v cng nghip cng nh cc cng trnh khc c lin quan ti s dng nc.
4. D bo thay i cc iu kin thu vn, lu lng nc v cht lng nc.
5. Son tho cc bin php tng cng hiu qu cng tc ca h thng thu li.
6. iu khin tc nghip ca h thng thu li.
7. Tiu chun ho nhu cu v i hi v nc v cc ch tiu cht lng nc.
8. Son tho cc bin php phng v chng cc tc hi ca nc.
9. Thc hin kim tra quc gia vic tin hnh cc bin php s dng iu ho
nc v gi nc.
10. iu tit nc gia cc ni s dng nc.
nc ta cng tc o c thu vn v vn dng kin thc thu vn c t
rt lu i. T thu L Chn khai khn t hoang n thi Ng Quyn, Trn Hng
o vi cc chin thng trn sng Bch ng chng t vic p dng cc kin thc
v nc vo nng nghip v quc phng ca cha ng ta ngy trc. Song cho ti nm
1945, vic sng lp Nha kh tng mi a ngnh thu vn ln mt bc pht trin
rng ri, quan trc thu vn c coi l mt cng tc khng th thiu c trong c
cu nn kinh t quc dn.
Vic thnh lp Tng cc Kh tng - Thu vn (TCKTTV) li cng thc y
s pht trin ca khoa hc thy vn mt cch ton din v h thng hn. Ngy nay
trong tt c cc ngnh khoa hc iu tra c bn u cp ti ti nguyn nc, li
cng to cho n v tr quan trng.
Cng ngy cng c nhiu my mc, dng c tin tin ra i trn c s nhng
tin b khoa hc k thut v cng ngh c a vo s dng. T cc dng c th s
ban u bng thc g, dy nay c cc dng c o tin tin nh cc my t ghi,
t hin v my o hi m. T chnh l s liu bng tay hoc ton nay c cc
my tnh in t chnh s liu.

10

T vic ch quan trc ti mt vi yu t n nay c hng chc yu t c

quan trc ti cc i trm. H thng i trm ngy cng m rng k c s lng ln
cht lng.
Hin nay vic quan trc o c cc yu t thu vn phc v d bo i hi
vic quan trc thu vn gn lin vi quan trc cc yu t kh tng bng cc cng c
hin i. K thut vin thm, v tinh v k thut s c ng dng h tr cho
o c thu vn phc v cng tc d bo. Mt h thng quan trc x l s liu kh
tng thu vn c lin kt vi nhau trong h thng t ghi, t bo rt hin i
c thit lp ti M, Anh v cc nc chu u.

11

CHNG 1. TRM O C THU VN V H THNGPHC V O

C
phc v nghin cu ch thu vn ngi ta thng tin hnh quan trc
qua mt mng li cc i trm, tiu hoc l thng xuyn, hoc l tm thi cng nh
nh cc cng tc kho st thc a.
1.1. PHN LOI TRM THU VN

Mng li i trm quc gia c th phn lm 3 loi da vo i tng phc v

nh sau:
1. Trm c bn: Thu thp s liu phc v cho cc cng tc iu tra c bn
ngun nc. V tr t trm mang tnh cht i biu c tnh khng ch cao cho mt
hoc nhiu khu vc v s thay i ca cc yu t thu vn, thi gian hot ng di, c
s qun l ca mt c quan thng nht. V d, trm thu vn Ho Bnh l mt trm c
bn khng ch cho c lu vc sng c ti liu quan trc t nm 1902.
2. Trm dng ring: Thu thp s liu phc v trc tip thit k, thi cng,qun
l mt cng trnh no . Ch lm vic, thi gian lm vic ca trm tu theo nhu
cu ca ch phc v. Ngy nay s trm ny ngy cng xut hin nhiu hn.
3. Trm thc nghim: Trm dng th nghim cc phng php o c mi,
kim nghim cng tc phc v v tnh ton thu vn.
Khi quyt nh thit k t trm cn ch n cc vn sau:
a. V tr a l ca trm ph thuc vo s bin i ca cc yu t kh tng thu vn l iu kin ng nht ca mi trng a l ni chung.
b. Tnh c trng hay l mc phn nh cc c im ca vng ni t trm
v a hnh, a cht v kinh t dn sinh. Trm o thng c b tr gn khu vc dn
c.

12

c. Mc chnh xc ca vic xc nh cc yu t kh tng thu vn so vi i

hi ca khoa hc, kinh t quc phng.
d. K hoch xy dng cc bin php thu li trong quy hoch quc gia.
e. Hch ton kinh t.
Trong cng tc quy hoch xy dng i trm ni chung l phi lm sao p
ng c yu cu s trm t nht vn c th thu c cc s liu y v tin cy v
ch nc ca sng chnh v cc ph lu.
1.2 PHN CP TRM THU VN

Cp trm thu vn ph thuc vo khi lng cng vic v quan trc c thc
hin trm. Ngi ta c th chia trm thu vn ra lm 3 cp.
1. Trm thu vn cp I c quy nh o nhiu yu t thu vn c bn nh
mc nc, lu lng nc v bn ct, ch quy nh c th tu thuc vo s thay
i ca cc yu t thu vn theo thi gian.
2. Trm thu vn cp II ch yu l o mc nc, cn cc yu t khc nh lu
lng, bn ct ch quan mt s thi on trong nm.
3. Trm thu vn cp III ch yu l o mc nc ngoi ra cn o cc yu t
khc nh: nhit nc, nhit khng kh, lng ma.v.v...
Ngoi cc trm kiu ny t trn cc sng, cn mt s trm c th nghin
cu dng chy trn cc khu vc nh, trn vng t nng nghip, vng ca sng, ao h,
m ly.v.v...
1.3. KHO ST CHN V TR T TRM

1.3.1 Chn on sng v ch t trm

Yu cu: on sng v ch t trm c chn tu vo mc ch v nhim v
quan trc t ra sao cho kt qu thu c phn nh y nht nhng nt c trng
chnh ca ch nc on sng cho.

13

 cc vng ng bng, ni t trm c on sng phi thng c tnh khng ch

cao, khng c bi bi, c a hnh tng i bng phng, khng c vng hoc nhnh, t
cy c ven b, sng chy mt lng, khng c cc c lao hoc o lm xoy dng chy,
khng c nc vt, a cht n nh; ni t trm phi cch xa cng trnh thu.
cc vng ni, ngoi tiu chun nh ng bng th nn trnh nhng ch
thc ghnh m chn nhng ni c dng chy tng i m t trm. Cn ch
rng nhng on sng un khc khng nn t trm v n gy kh khn cho cng tc
o c v sau.
Khi t trm nht thit phi nghin cu dao ng ca mc nc trnh phi
di trm o nc l dng cao lm ngp trm. Mt khc phi ch n a hnh ton b
lu vc, khu vc nh hng n truyn tn hiu thng tin t i trung tm n cc
trm quan trc

1.3.2 Cc cng vic cn tin hnh

1. Xem xt on sng: iu tra dn c ven vng nh t trm c nhng
kin thc c bn v cc yu t ca ch thu vn nh l, kit... ch t trm
Xc nh dao ng ca mc nc, tnh cht dng chy, trng thi bi bi v
cc b, cc cng trnh cng cng.
2. Lm r on nc dng: on nc dng thng lm gim chnh xc
ca cc o c thu vn v gy phc tp khi chnh l s liu. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra
nc dng bao gm: hoc p nhn to iu chnh dng chy nm pha di on
kho st, hoc do ph lu vo pha di tuyn o; s st l y sng v hai b pha
di tuyn o chn. T ch dt trm phi tho mn:
+ a hnh on sng phi tng i bng phng, c chiu di sao cho vic xc
nh chiu di dng chy nm trong phm vi sai s cho php. Nu gi D% l sai s
cho php v chiu di dn chy, L - chiu di dng sng t trm; B- chiu rng trung
bnh on sng th vi D% = ( 2- 5) % c L = (3 - 5) B
+ on sng t trm phi nm ngoi khu vc nh hng ca nc dng do
cc cng trnh nhn to hoc do giao thoa cc sng nhnh gy ra. Chiu di khu vc
nc dng c tnh theo cng thc sau y:

14

Ld = a

h0 + z
I

(1.1)

vi Ld - Chiu di on nc dng
ho - Chiu su bnh qun ca dng chy khi cha c nc dng
z - Chiu cao nc dng ln nht
I - dc b mt nc khi cha c nc dng
a - H s ph thuc vo t s Z/ho - theo bng sau:
z/h0

5,0

2,0

1,0

0,5

0,3

0,2

0,1

0,05

0,96

0,91

0,81

0,76

0,67

0,58

0,41

0,24

+ Trm o khng chu nh hng ca thc ghnh v cc nh hng do s hot

ng ca con ngi lm thay i quy lut t nhin ca dng chy.
+ Hai b sng cao, khng ch mc nc cao nht, c iu kin a cht m
bo vic xy dng cc cng trnh o c.
+ Hnh dng mt ct ngang v chiu rng mt nc trong on sng khng
thay i t ngt, tt nht l c mt ct dng Parabol hoc ch V.
+ Mc nc phi c thay i u n, phn nh ng quy lut thay i mc
nc trong sng.
+ Ti tuyn o mt nc khng c dc ngang.
Ngoi ra cn ch n cc iu kin sinh hot v i li ca nhn vin o c.

1.3.3. Cc bc kho st
+ Kho st s b: Chn on sng trn bn c t l ln.
+ Kho st thc a on sng t 5 - 10 km v thu thp cc ti liu sau: tnh
hnh a hnh, a cht b v lng sng, cc iu kin dng chy nh thc ghnh,
phn lu v nhp lu, cc cng trnh thu; cc s liu kh tng thu vn khu vc; cc
iu kin kinh t dn sinh.

15

1.4. KHO ST V TR T TRM

1.4.1. Kho st k thut

+ Lp bnh on sng t trm,( di hn on sng chn t trm ) o a
hnh on sng b ngp ( o su ) v phn khng ngp nc.
+ V mt s mt ct ngang, mt ct dc chn tuyn o.
o c v iu tra cc yu t thu vn nh mc nc ln nht, nh nht, phn
b lu tc trn mt ct, hng dng chy trung bnh v.v..

1.4.2 Chn tuyn o

Trm cp I bao gm cc tuyn o lu lng, o mc nc v o bn ct , o
dc mt nc, o phao v o mn( vi on sng c nh hng triu )
a. o lu lng: Cch xc nh lu lng ph bin nht hin nay l phng
php "lu tc - din tch". Theo phng php ny ti tuyn o cn xc nh cc thnh
phn nh lu tc nc, din tch mt ct (o su v o khong cch gia cc thu trc
o su). Tuyn o lu lng ti mt ct phi m bo:
. Mt ct vung gc vi hng chy bnh qun.
. Hnh dng mt ct tt nht c dng parabol (lng cho) hoc khng c bi
trn v nc t ng.
. S phn b lu tc trn mt ct tun theo nhng quy lut chung, m bo o
c thun tin theo cc ma.
. Din bin lng sng khng phc tp, n nh l tt nht.
b. o dc mt nc: dc mt nc t do l h thp bnh qun ca
mt nc trn mt n v chiu di dng chy,
dc c tnh theo cng thc sau:

J=

H 1 H 2 H 1 2
=
LL j
Lj

(1.2)

16

vi J - dc tnh bng phn vn; H1 - mc nc ti tuyn o dc trn

mc nc ti tuyn o dc di LJ - chiu di dng chy gia hai tuyn.

H2 -

m bo sai s ca ti liu cn ch m bo cc yu cu sau:

- Tuyn I1 v I2 phi cch u tuyn o lu lng;
Ti cc tuyn phi phn nh c qui lut mc nc, t trm o thun tin.

I1

P1

P2

I2

Lp
Lj
Hnh 1.1 S tuyn o phao v tuyn o dc

- Khong Lj phi tun theo:

+ Sng min ni H 1 2 = 25 50 cm
+ Sng ng bng H 1 2 = 10 20 cm
c. Tuyn o phao: Nu trong cc trng hp khng cho php o lu tc bng
my th phi o bng phao, thng s dng trn cc tuyn o min ni khi nc chy
xit thuyn v ngi khng o trc tip c trn sng.
Khi ta cn chn cc tuyn th phao v o phao thng lu v h lu tuyn
o lu lng P1 v P2 vi khong cch Lp=(50-80)Vmax.
Cc tuyn o mc nc, bn ct, mn, ho nc v nhit ly trng vi
tuyn o lu lng.

17

d. Trm o mc nc cp III:
Trm o loi ny phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Sng thng L=(3-5)B
- Khng c nc t
- Khng c ghnh, thc v cng trnh nh hng n mc nc.
Tuyn o t vung gc vi hng chy bnh qun.
e. Trm o mn thng kt hp trn cc on sng c nh triu cng vi cc
tuyn o khc ca cc yu t kh tng v thu vn .
1.5. CHUYN TRM

Chuyn trm l trng hp bt c d lm ph mt tnh lin tc thi on ca

chui s liu ti im o bi v mt l do no . Khi chuyn trm cn gng tho mn
cc yu cu sau:
1. Ch t trm mi cng gn ch c cng tt bo m tnh lin tc ca
quan trc.
2. Nu trm t mi c ch mc nc khc th khng cn lin quan ti trm
c. Nu cng ch mc nc th dng mt th quan h mc nc gia hai trm c
v mi ko di t nht 1 - 2 nm. V sau ti liu cn c x l m bo tnh
ng nht ca chui s liu.
1.6 QUY HOCH QUAN TRC CHUI O C THU VN

H thng quan trc o c thu vn bao gm cc trm c bn, trm dng ring
cp I, II, III ...
Nguyn tc qui hoch h thng quan trc o c thu vn nh sau:
m bo tnh khng ch ca tng trm o v khng ch c h thng.

18

m bo tnh thun tin khi truyn cc thng tin kh tng thu vn t i

trung tm v cc trm o c thu vn m bo s ch o thng nht v d dng
truyn cc thng tin t ghi, t bo v pht bo.
m bo tnh ti u v kinh t: S trm khng nhiu nhng m bo tnh
khng ch cao v thu thp thng tin.
m bo tnh lin thng gia cc thng tin v kh tng thu vn cng nh cc
thng tin v phng chng bo, l v khai thc ngun nc.
H thng quan trc thu vn Vit Nam: Hin nay trn h thng sng ngi
gm 2630 con sng ln nh ca Vit Nam hnh thnh h thng quan trc thu vn
kh tt. Trn ton b lnh th nc ta c 232 trm thu vn c chia thnh 9 i khu
vc trong c cc trm kh tng. Chn i khu vc l:
1. i ng Bc c 26 trm thu vn
2. i Ty Bc c 12 trm thu vn
3. i Vit Bc c 31 trm thu vn
4. i Bc Trung B c 34 trm thu vn
5. i Trung Trung B c 28 trm thu vn
6. i Nam Trung B c 12 trm thu vn
7. i Ty Nguyn c 15 trm thu vn
8. i ng bng Bc B c 27 trm thu vn
9. i ng bng Nam B c 49 trm thu vn
Hnh 1.2 cho ta thy bc tranh phn b mt s trm thu vn thuc cc i Ty
Bc, Vit Bc, ng Bc v ng bng Bc B.

19

CHNG 2. O MC NC
2.1 NHNG KHI NIM C BN V CH MC NC

nh ngha: Mc nc (thng k hiu l H, o bng cm, m) l cao mt

thong ca dng nc so vi mt mt chun qui c. C hai loi mc nc: tuyt i
v tng i. Mc nc tuyt i l cao trnh mt thong ca nc so vi cao trnh "0
chun quc gia" - mc nc triu bnh qun nhiu nm ti Hn Du trn vnh Bc B.
Mc nc tng i l cao trnh mc nc so vi "0 gi nh" tu theo tng trm o.
Lng nc chy trong cc sng ngi hoc nm trong sng ngi, ao h, m
ly, t ai trn lc a thay i khng ngng. Do lng nc lun thay i nh vy
nn mc nc b mt cc thu vc cng thay i lin tc. Tnh cht cc dao ng ny
c xc nh bi cc nh hng ca hng lot cc nhn t gy nn cc dao ng theo
ngy, ma, nm hoc nhiu nm.
Dao ng mc nc nhiu nm lin quan ti cc dao ng iu ho ca kh
hu do s thay i ch hon lu kh quyn. Cc thi k lnh hoc nng gy ra s
gim hoc tng lng ma, m v bc hi dn ti tng hoc gim dng chy v
tng ng vi iu l mc nc dng ln hoc h xung trn cc ao h, sng
ngi...
Dao ng nhiu nm ca mc nc cng c th do cc nguyn nhn a cht
(s nng hoc h y thu vc do cc hot ng kin to) cng nh cc hot ng xi
mn hoc tch t ca ao h (th d nh thng ngun trn cc con sng min ni do
qu trnh bo mn su y sng lin tc dn ti xu hng h n nh mc nc trung
bnh nhiu nm) gy ra. Nhng thay i mc nc ni trn khng lin quan n s
thay i lng nc.
Cc dao ng mc nc nm c xc nh ch yu do cc iu kin kh hu
trong nm, c ngha l do lng ma ri trn b mt lu vc, nhit , m khng
kh v gi gy nn tn tht m qua bc hi.

20

Qui m tn tht do thm trong t ai ph thuc vo thnh phn c gii ca t

vi cu trc a cht v a mo lu vc, kt hp vi cc iu kin kh tng, c bit
vo cc ma thu, xun.
Cn cc dao ng mc nc theo ma trong sng ngi, ao h v m ly xc
nh ch yu bi v tr a l ca lu vc : ngun nc, m ly v bin. Chng c c
mt ngha kinh t khoa hc to ln. Vic xy dng cu cng, p trm thu in, cc
cng trnh ven b cng nh cc h thng knh o thu nng, ng s v cc vng
dn c phi ch n vic tnh ton ch nc v dao ng ca mc nc trong khu
vc thi cng.
V d: Xy cu khi nc dng c th lm cn tr tu thuyn, hoc b ngp; knh
o c th thiu nc vo ma kit; cc cng trnh ven b c th b ph hu do l; giao
thng thu b tc nghn...
Nghin cu mc nc gip cho vic iu khin vn hnh hp l s s dng
nc cho cc lnh vc kinh t quc dn khc nhau nh thu in, giao thng. ..
Trong o c thu vn mc nc l mt c trng quan trng tnh ton
dng chy trn c s quan h thc nghim Q=f(H) xc nh lu lng. Vic o
mc nc H d v r tin hn lu lng Q rt nhiu, nn qua vic o H ta c th xy
dng c mt bc tranh tng i c th v dao ng ca lu lng nc Q trong
nm.
2.2 CC NGUYN TC XY DNG CNG TRNH O MC NC

Quan trc mc nc trn cc trm cn c t chc sao cho ti liu quan trc
m bo c:
1. Theo mt trm c so snh cho ton b thi k hot ng ca trm.
2. Cho php so snh kt qu quan trc thu c ti cc trm phn b trn mt
i tng nghin cu. Cc yu cu trn ch c th tho mn khi trn tt c mi trm
duy tr mt h thng quan trc thng nht.
Mi trm o mc nc bao gm:

21

a. Cc cng trnh o mc nc bao gm h thng cc o, thu ch, thc o v

my t ghi. Vic m t chi tit cc dng c ny v cch s dng chng s trnh by
phn sau.
b. K hiu cao khng i . Mc nc o trn cc dng c o phi quy v
mt mt chun quy chiu ca trm c cao , l hng s i vi thi gian trm tn ti.
Cao mt quy chiu ca trm c chn khi xy dng c trm sao cho mt
quy chiu nm su hn mt nc thp nht ti tuyn o t nht l 0,5 m. Nh vy
cho vic ly s o mc nc lun lun dng. Trn cc con sng khng n nh khi
chn cao trn mt chun cn tnh n xi l y sng thp nht . Khi c hng lot
trm trn mt on sng ngn (5km), t dc c th chn chung cho c tuyn trm mt
cao mt chun quy chiu chung. Mt cao quy chiu chung cng thng c ch
nh cho tt c cc trm o mc nc ti h, kho nc.v.v
Trn kho nc cao mt chun quy chiu cho thp hn mc nc thit k
0,5-1,0 m trong phn p cha nc.
Trong mt s trng hp c kh nng bt buc thay i cao mt chun quy
chiu. S thay i cao mt chun quy chiu c tin hnh trong cc trng hp
sau y:
1. Khi phi di chuyn trm n mt khong cch kh xa so vi trm c.
2. Do chn mt quy chiu khng chun(cao hn mc thp nht, dn n mc
nc c gi tr m khi o).
3. Do ch mc nc thay i t ngt m khi nh mt chun qui chiu
khng lng trc c (xy dng p, kho nc v.v.. sau khi t trm).
4. Ngoi ra cn c th thay i mt
chun quy chiu khi cc c quan trc a nh
nc yu cu.
V tr cao ca mt chun quy chiu
c xc nh bi khong cch h0 theo
phng thng ng t cc chun ca trm o.

Mt nc
Mt nc
thp nht
Mt chun
qui chiu

22

T cao tuyt i ca cc chun ta c th tnh c cao tuyt i ca mt

chun quy chiu v cc cc o. Ngoi mt quy chiu trn cc trm cn c "0" quan
trc. Khi nim "0" quan trc c th hiu l mt chun no ngi ta dng c
s o khi o c vo thi im quan trc. Khc vi mt chun quy chiu,"0" quan trc
c th thay i theo mc dao ng ca mc nc v s lng ca cc cc o v
thu ch, hoc gi c s di chuyn hoc thay i cc cc. S gia ca "0" quan trc
cc thu ch, cc o so vi mt chun quy chiu gi l hiu cc cao ca chng c
tn l s hiu chnh ca cc cc v thu ch . Nh vy vic quan trc ti trm o
mc nc ch c th bt u khi m:
1. Chn c cao mt chun quy chiu.
2. Trc a t cc chun ca trm xc nh im 0 ca thu ch, cc o vi
mt chun quy chiu.
3. Tnh c s hiu chnh ca ton b cc thu ch, cc o vi mt chun quy
chiu.
Vic quan trc mc nc c tin hnh nh sau:
1) Ngi quan trc vit cc s th t thu ch ( hoc cc o) v s c khi tin
hnh o ( n v o qui v chuyn thnh cm).
2. Tnh cao(cm) ca mc nc quan trc so vi mt chun quy chiu ca
trm nh l mt tng ca cc s o trn thu ch(cc) v s hiu chnh ca chng. Nu
cn quy v cao tuyt i th thm vo cao tuyt i ca mt chun quy chiu
trm .
2.3. CC CNG TRNH O MC NC

2.3.1. Cc o
cc thng dng cc trm trn b cc sng c lng sng thoai thoi( ng
bng), nhiu thuyn b qua li hoc dng c cc sng min ni c nhiu vt tri trn
dng sng vo ma l.
Vt liu dng lm cc c th l b tng, st c thit din ngang l hnh ch nht
cnh t 10-15 cm hoc hnh trn c ng knh l 10-15 cm Chiu di ca cc ngp

23

vo vng t cng t nht l 50 cm v nh ln khi mt t t 10-20 cm. Nu l cc g

hoc b tng th u phi bt st z= 10-15 cm nh ln khi mt cc 10 mm dn
cao . S lng cc mi tuyn o tu thuc vo a hnh b sng v bin dao
ng mc nc m quy nh. Khi xy dng h thng cc o cn m bo yu cu sau
y:
Chnh lch cao gia hai cc k nhau thng t 20-40cm, khng vt qu
80 cm.
u cc trn cng phi cao hn mt nc ln nht t 25-50cm, cao u
cc cui phi thp hn mc nc thp nht t 25-50cm.
nh s th t cc cc t cao nht n thp nht.
Ti cc trm c cc iu kin a cht v kinh t nn xy cc bc thang b tng
c gn cc tng tui th ca cng trnh. Sau khi ng cc xong nht thit phi trc
a ton b cc cc cho, tnh ton cc hiu chnh so vi mt chun quy chiu cho
cc cc va mi a vo s dng. Cng vi cc cc o mc nc ngi ta cn s
dng thm thu ch ri cm tay tiu chun di 100 cm c chia ra tng cm mt ( thng
lm bng mt ng kim loi nh ).

2.3.2. Thu ch
Thu ch c dng nhng ni lng sng dc, t thuyn b qua li. Mi trm
o thng dng t 2-3 thu ch. Trm o mc nc bng thu ch tng i thun li
v r tin. Thu ch t tt nht l cc knh c dao ng mc nc nm t 2 - 3 cm.
Thu ch c th lm bng bng g, st trng men hoc st sn.
Thu ch g thng khng bn vng, sn vch trn g d b nc lm bong ra
dng khng c tin li lm. Thng thng thu ch bng g c kch thuc nh sau:
di 1,5- 4 m, rng 8-15 cm, dy 2-5 cm. Trn b mt c khc di cch nhau 1-2cm
hoc 5cm ( ging nh mia trc c).
Trn cc cc on trm dng lu nn dng thu ch bng st sn, hoc st
trng men l tt nht. Trong cc chuyn i thc a c th dng cc loi thu ch dy
kim loi c vch chia tng cm.

24

 nhng ni c cu cng, cc thu ch c th gn vo vnh vin. Nu cu

nn t thu ch v pha n dng chy, nn t thu ch sao cho chiu dt ca n ct
dng chy trnh gy nc dng.
* nhng ni khng c cu cng, thu ch c gn vo cc cc, bo v
thu ch ngi ta thng xy dng h thng bo v.
* cc p nc thng gn hai thu ch o mc nc tuyn trn v o mc
nc tuyn di p nc .
im 0 ca mi thu ch trn tuyn o phi c xc nh so vi mt chun
quy chiu. Cao trnh im 0 thu ch nm trn phi thp hn cao im trn cng
ca thu ch nm di tip theo t nht l 20 cm.
Trn y l cc trm thu ch t theo chiu
thng ng. mt s ni thun tin c th t thu ch
nghing gc. Thu ch t nghing c li ch n
c bo v tt hn. Thu ch c phn chia cc nc
bng 2/sina vi a l gc nghing ca thu ch so vi
mt nm ngang. Nh vy mi nc chia tng ng vi
2 cm nh l thu ch t thng ng.
Trong thc t c th c trm ngi ta t cc
xen k vi thu ch o c. C th o mc nc cao
nht, thp nht bng thu ch chuyn dng.
Quan trc mc nc trn cc trm o c 1 hoc Hnh 2.2 Cc loi thu ch
2 ln trong ngy khng cho php xc nh mc nc
ln nht v b nht trong ngy. M gi tr ca c trng mc nc c bit quan
trng xc nh gii hn dao ng ca mc nc. V tr gii hn ca mc nc trong
cc thi k quan trc c c theo cc thu ch cc i v cc tiu chuyn dng.

2.3.3. Thu ch cc i trong ng st tuyn cc

Cu to: Gm cc ng st rng ng knh 5cm t trn cc c nh. Pha di
di mt vi l cho nc thot vo trong ng. o bng cch dng mt thc nh ng

25

knh 1cm y ly l. Trn thc c chia khong cch tng 1cm; th vo mt t bt

phn. Ranh gii phn bm vo thc cho ta mc nc cc i gia hai thi im o.

2.3.4. Thu ch kim loi c c xon y

Cu to nguyn tc nh trn song khng khoan y, c th khoan su vo
t 0.7m. Khi dng thu ch ny cn o "0" quan trc trc khi o c.

2.3.5 Thu ch rng ca Pronlov

Dng o mc nc nh nht. Trn thu ch treo mt phao c th h xung
cng mc nc song khi nc ln n b cc rng ca gi li v c th n gi li c
mc nc b nht trong khong gia hai k quan trc. Nu cu to dng ngc li
ca thu ch prolov c th dng o mc nc cc i.
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng trm nh v Y.52 xc nh mc nc cao v
thp nht.
Cu to trm nh v gm:
Mt b phn phao truyn dao ng cho mc nc
Mt b phn o v bng s c cc mi tn ch mc nc tc thi, cao nht,
thp nht.
Tt c c t trong mt h thng bo v

2.3.6 My t ghi mc nc
a. My t ghi mc nc theo nguyn tc " nc ni, thuyn ni"
My t ghi mc nc c nhiu loi khc nhau. Cn c theo phng trc trng
qun giy c th phn thnh hai loi chnh:
+ Loi trc ngang: c trc trng qun giy nm ngang khi my hot ng
+ Loi trc ng: c trng qun giy t theo chiu thng ng khi my hot
ng.

26

Ngy nay trn cc trm nc ta v cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y rt

thng dng trong vn hnh my t ghi mc nc ca Lin X in hnh nht l my t
ghi mc nc Vanai.
Cu to my t ghi mc nc
Vanai gm cc b phn chnh sau:
1) Trng qun giy t ghi: trc trng
gn lin vi cc a quay. Giy t ghi l
mt loi giy k li c t l ph thuc vo
cu to ca my.
2) Kim t ghi: Kim t ghi cu to
tng t nh mt ngi bt c phu cha
Hnh 2.3 My t ghi mc nc "Valdai"
mc. Kim trt c trn mt trc t song
song vi trng qun giy chuyn ng theo s diu khin ca mt ng h.
3) Phao: c dng l mt hnh tr rng lm bng tn, ng thi c tc dng
truyn dao ng mc nc ti a quay qua h thng dy rng rc.
4) Cc a quay: Gn vo cc trc. Cc trc ny gn vi trng qun giy. Nh
cc a quay ny m s dao ng ca cc phao truyn n c trng qun giy. Mi
my c 1-2 a quay vi ng knh khc nhau nhn biu mc nc vi t l
khc nhau.
5) ng h: dng ch thi gian c lin h ti s chuyn ng ca kim t ghi.
C 24 gi phi ln dy ct mt ln.
6) Thn my v hp my gn cc b phn.
7) i trng phao v i trng ca ng h; h thng giy.
Nguyn l hot ng: Do phao c th ni trn mt nc nn dao ng mc
nc c truyn qua cc a quay ti trng qun giy lm trng quay xung quanh
trc ca n. Mt khc kim t ghi dch chuyn theo thi gian c phng song song vi
trng qun giy cho ta biu t ghi ca qu trnh thay i mc nc. T l biu
H=f(t) tu thuc vo biu dao ng ca mc nc. Biu nh th t l ln v

27

ngc li. Cc a gn vo cht 6 cho t l 1:1 v 1:2 cn cht 7 th cho t l 1:5 v

1:10.
u th ca my t ghi l phn nh c qu trnh thay i lin tc ca mc
nc, gim nh sc lao ng, song cng trnh trm v bo dng kh tn km.
Cng trnh t my t ghi : C hai loi cng trnh c dng ph bin l:
Ging t ghi kiu o: Xy dng trn lng sng ti tuyn o c. Ging hnh
tr (b tng hoc sn g) . Sn t my c mi che c cng tc ni vi b t sn L
thng nc ging v sng nm thp hn v tr mc nc lch s thp nht. u im:
D thi cng, vn thi cng t. Nhc im: D b nh hng sng gi, nn ti liu km
chnh xc, y ging hay b bn ct lp phi tn cng no vt.
Ging kiu b: C cc b phn chnh: ging, ng dn, sn my. u im: Khc
phc cc nhc im ca ging kiu o, song kh thi cng v gi thnh cao.
b. My t ghi mc nc theo nguyn tc mc nc thay i lm p sut ca
nc ln senser thay i.
Loi my ny cc nc phng Ty thng trang b cho cc trm o t
ng. nc ta, GS. TS. Nguyn An, Khoa Vt l, trng i hc Khoa hc T
nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni nghin cu v sn xut loi thit b ny v ang
trang b cho trm H Ni. Cc thit b o nh sau:
7
Hnh 2.4 Thit b o mc nc t ghi
kiu senser
1. B phn cm ng ca senser
2. Dy cp
3. My radio thu pht
4. Pin mt tri
5. ng ten thu pht
6. Lu t my
7. Mt tri

5
6
4

2
1

28

u im ca thit b ny l hin i va lm nhim v t ghi v pht tn hiu

nh b phn tng hp khc nh radio thu pht, ng ten truyn tin. Nng lng cung
cp cho my hot ng l pin mt tri.
2.4. CH O MC NC

Cn c vo s dao ng ca mc nc, cng sut mc nc ( H

) v yu

cu phc v m qui nh ch o mc nc cho ph hp. Thng c cc ch o

nh sau:
o hai ln mi ngy m: y l ch o c bn p dng cho tt c cc trm
trong mi iu kin vo lc 7h v 9h.
Vo ma l, khi cng dao ng mc nc bin i nhanh, ngi ta tin
hnh quan trc b sung. S ln quan trc ny tu theo tnh cht ln xung ca mc
nc trong sng m quy nh cc thi im quan trc cch nhau t 2, 4, 6 gi tc l o
4, 8, 12 ln trong ngy.
o 4 ln: 1, 7, 13, 19h o 8 ln trong ngy vo 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 gi.
o 12 ln 1, 3,... 21, 23 gi trong ngy.
Nu mc nc ln vi nhp nhanh th c th duy tr ch o 24 ln trong
ngay cch u tng gi 1, 2, ... 23, 24h. Ngoi ra mt s trm cn quy nh o xc
nh chn l, nh l, chn triu, nh triu cch nhau 15', 30' hoc ngn hn (thng
l cc trm khng c my t ghi ).
Khi o mc nc trn cc i trm quc gia cn ch o cc yu t sau:
1. cao mc nc
2. Nhit nc
3. Gi, sng, ma
4. Ghi trng thi cy c b lng sng, mc tu b trn sng
2.5 CCH O MC NC

Nu cng trnh o bng cc th dng thc cm tay di 80 - 100 cm c khc

tng cm. Cm thc trn u cc v quay chiu dt ca thc theo chiu nc chy

29

xui cc gn b nht trnh hin tng dng nc dn n sai s.

Gi a l s o t cc th ta c mc nc:
H = a + H0
Vi H0 - cao u cc
Nu o bng thu ch th :

(2.1)

H = H'0 + a.
nng cao tin cy, cn c 2 ln v ly mc nc bnh qun.
Cn chn cc sao cho 5 cm < a < 60 - 70 cm
S liu o c c cn phi ghi vo s quan trc bng bt ch. S ghi mc
nc c cc mc nh sau:

nc

Quan trc ph

Mc

qun

bnh

ngy

Mc nc trn

mt qui chiu

S c

Cao

S hiu cc

o,thu ch

Gi

Ngy

Thng

+ chnh xc mc nc c ti cm.
+ chnh xc o nhit ti 0,1 0C, nhit k ngm trong nc 5 pht.
+ Khng c gi ghi 0, thi ngc dng , xui dng , thi mnh t tri sang
phi ; nh phi sang tri .
+ Gi lng ghi s 0; cp 1 - gi yu; cp 2 - gi va, gi mnh; cp 3- sng
+ Ma ly s o quan trc ti im o ma
2.6 TNH TON C TRNG CA MC NC

2.6.1 Tnh mc nc bnh qun ngy

Phng php s hc: Dng khi cc ln o trong ngy cch u nhau. Khi
thiu mt mt t quan trc cn b sung bng phng php ni, ngoi suy tnh
ton.
Cng thc:

30

ngy

H
i =1

(2.2)

Hi - mc nc thc o ln i,
n - S ln o trong ngy
Phng php hnh hc: S dng khi o mc nc khng cch u v thi gian

2.6.2 Tnh mc nc bnh qun thng

n

H th =

H
i =1

ngay

(2.3)

Nu trong thng c 1 ngy khng c Hng th khng tnh Hth; n - s ngy

o trong thng.

2.6.3 Tnh ton mc nc bnh qun nm.

12

H nam =

H th
i =1

12

H
i =1

ng

(2.4)

Vi N l s ngy trong nm.

2.6.4 Tnh Hmax , Hmin thi on.

Mc nc cao nht, thp nht trong tng thi on (tc thi ngy, thng, ma,
trn l) ni chung c xt chn t thc o. Trng hp c bit do mc nc thay
i nhanh m s ln o t khng phn nh y d qu trnh thay i mc nc theo
thi gian th c th dng phng php tng quan hoc ni, ngoi suy tnh b sung
mc nc cao nht v thp nht.

2.6.5 Tnh chnh lch mc nc

C th tnh chnh lch gia mc nc cao nht v mc nc thp nht trong
mt nm, thng, ngy hoc chnh lch mc nc nh l v chn l, nh triu v chn

31

triu. Nu tnh chnh lch gia nh triu v chn triu k tip sau gi l chnh lch
triu xung. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn tnh thi gian triu ln v thi gian triu xung.

HL - chnh lch triu ln

Hx - chnh lch triu xung
TL - thi gian triu ln
Tx - Thi gian triu xung
2.7 . HIU CHNH MC NC

Bao gm:
- Kim tra s c, cch ghi chp
- Kim tra s hiu cc, thu ch v cao ca chng
- V quan h H = f(t)
- Kim tra tnh cc s liu c trng
- Kim tra ghi chp cc yu t ph
- Hiu chnh s liu my t ghi sai

2.7.1 Hiu chnh mc nc

Khi o mc nc vi my t ghi c sai lch th cn phi hiu chnh tr s mc
nc ghi sai ca my.
Cng thc hiu chnh nh sau:

H 0 = H + H t = (H 2 H' 2 )

t t1
t 2 t1

(2.5)

H0 - Mc nc ng sau khi hiu chnh

Ht - Mc nc sai ca my t ghi ti thi im t

32

t - Thi im xut hin Ht

H2 - Mc nc ng c ti thi im t2
t1 - Thi im kim tra ln 1 t1 < t < t2

2.7.2 Hiu chnh thi im

Cng thc:
t 0 t = t = t + ( t 2 t '2 )

t t1
t 2 t1

(2.6)

t0 - Thi im xut hin mc nc sau khi hiu chnh

t - Thi im xut hin mc nc do my ghi sai

t - Tr s hiu chnh ( c th dng hoc c th m )

t1 - Thi gian so ng h ln 1 ( ng )
t2 - Thi gian so ng h ln 2 ( ng )
t'2 - Thi im ch ng h t ghi ng vi t2

2.7.3 Cc loi bng thng k

1. Bng thng k mc nc bnh qun ngy
Trm
Sng
Mc nc, gi
Ngy
1
2

thng nm
1

...

24

Tng s

Mc nc
qun (cm)

bnh

31

33

2. Bng thng k mc nc bnh qun thng

Trm
Sng

thng

Mc nc, thng
Ngy

II

nm

...

XII

1
31
Tng cng
Bnh qun
Thp nht
Cao nht
Ngy
3. Bng thng k mc nc trong vng sng c nh hng triu
Trm
Tn sng
Triu
Ngy

nh triu

Chn triu

Chnh lch

Thi gian

Cao

Cao

Cao

Cao

Gi

Thp
H

Gi

Gi

Thp
H

Gi

Gi

Thp
H

Gi

Gi

Thp
H

Gi

Ngy
cui
thng trc
1
2
31
Ngy
u
thng sau
Tng cng
Bnh qun
Cao nht
Gi, ngy
Thp nht
Gi, ngy

34

CHNG 3. O SU
Mc ch ca cng tc o su l xc nh su v tnh cht ca a hnh y
sng, h , h cha. Sau cng tc o su c th ln c s lng sng hoc y cc
thu vc nghin cu. Ngoi ra ti liu o su cn phc v cho vic tnh ton nhiu c
trng thu lc v thu vn khc.
Nhim v ca cng tc o su bao gm:
- Nghin cu cc i tng nc theo mc ch a mo.
- o su phc v cho o c thu vn (o vn tc, tnh lu lng nc v
ph sa v.v..)
- o su phc v giao thng thu.
- o su v a hnh y phc v cho thit k cc cng trnh thu.
- o su v a hnh y phc v cho vic nghin cu din bin lng sng
v s bi lng cc thu vc.
Vic o su thng c tin hnh vo ma nc cn gim chi ph.
nh ngha: su k hiu l h o bng n v cm, m l khong cch t mt
thong nc ti y sng theo chiu thng ng.
su thng c o ti cc thu trc o su. Thu trc l mt ng thng
tng tng vung gc vi mt thong ca nc v y sng m trn ngi ta tin
hnh o su hoc o vn tc. Tn ti thu trc o su v thu trc o vn tc.
Vic o su dng v mt ct ngang, mt ct dc on sng hay dng
kho st bnh y sng. o su l mt cng vic khng th thiu c khi o vn
tc v tnh lu lng. S lng thu trc o su ph thuc vo mc ch o su, t l
bnh cng nh rng ca sng.

35

3.1. CC DNG C O SU

Ngy nay ph bin cc dng c o su nh thc o su, so o su, ti v ti

trng, my hi m. M t chi tit tng loi dng c nh sau:

3.1.1 Thc o su
Thc o su c th lm bng kim loi hoc g c bt st hai u di t 1,5-2
m trn c khc chia cc mc o cch nhau tng cm. Thc o su ch dng trong
trng hp su im o khng vt qu 2 m. o bng thc thng rt chnh xc,
d s dng song b hn ch bi su ca im o. Thng thc o ch dng o cc
thu trc gn b.

3.1.2 So o
So o su hnh tr ng knh t 6-8 cm lm bng g c di t 3-4 m. Trn
so o c khc chia mc khong cch cch nhau 5 cm . So o su dng kh tin li
nht l khi o c trong cc ao h (nhng ni c su khng bin i t ngt) vi
su khng ch l 4 m. o su bng so n gin song ngoi hn ch v su
cn c hn ch l ch o c nhng ni c vn tc dng chy b v 5 cm/s ,
ngoi phm vi s cho ta sai s khi o su v tc ng ca lc dng chy ln so lm
cho so khng gi c phng thng ng.

3.1.3 Ti cp v ti trng
y l dng c o su ph bin nht hin nay. Tnh u vit ca dng c ny l
o c vi bt k su no v vn tc dng chy no.
Ti: Hin nay c nhiu loi ti, c loi
gn thng vo thuyn o su chuyn dng, c
loi ri c th di chuyn thun tin. Nguyn
tc cu to chung ca cc loi ti l c cc b
phn sau: 1.Dy cp: Lm bng st hoc dy
Hnh 3.1 Di o su
nha tng hp c di tu theo su ca
im o c cun vo mt trc cun cp, 2. Rng rc: iu khin ti khi th v
ko ti trng v c nh phng thng ng ca thu trc o, 3.Hp s: quan st
di ca dy ti ra khi trc cun cp, 4. Gi : gi cn bng ca dng c
khi tin hnh o c.

36

Ti trng: Lm bng st c khi lng t 10 - 100 kg dng gn vo u dy st

ca cp o vi mc ch cho dy
cp c gi theo phng thng
ng lc o su. Tu thuc vo
su v vn tc dng chy m chn loi
ti trng cho ph hp. V hnh dng
Hnh 3.2 C st o su
ti trng thng c m phng theo
hnh dng con c nn n cn c gi l c st.(H.3.1 v H.3.2)
o su bng ti v ti trng l
dng c ph bin nht. Tuy nhin khi th
c st c th on dy t rng rc
(H.3.3) n mt nc nghing i mt
gc no nn khi c s o trn hp s
cn phi hiu chnh.
+ Trng hp a < 1m th su
h phi hiu chnh theo cng thc sau:
h = l - a - 2
(3.1)
Vi l - Chiu di dy cp c
ti ra. a- Khong cch t u rng rc

Hnh 3.3 Rng rc v gi

n mt nc. 2- H s hiu chnh un khc ca on dy cp.

+ Nu a > 1 m th cng thc tnh h s l:

1
1 =
1 a
cos

( 3.2)

Th t hiu chnh gm:

- Xc nh khong cch a = AD
- Th c st chm mt nc v y sng xc nh l1= B1C
B

-o gc lch

37

- Tnh 1 theo (3.2)

- Xc nh l2 - on
dy ngp nc l2 = l1 - 1,
sau xc nh 2.
- Tnh su h thc
t theo cng thc h = l2 - 2

3.1.4 My hi m
My hi m l dng
c c th o su tng im
hoc lin tc ti tuyn o. N
m bo chnh xc cao, o
c nhanh v thun tin.

Hnh 3.4 S hiu chnh su o bng ti v ti trng

Nguyn l my hi m:
Da vo nguyn l truyn m
trong nc k t lc my pht sng n
lc sng m gp y sng phn hi li
m tnh c su qua qung ng
truyn m. V sng m truyn trong
nc kh nhanh nn vic xc nh thi
gian thng gp kh khn khi thu, pht
sng, khc phc ngi ta s dng
cc loi ng h chy c nhiu vng
trong mt giy xc nh thi gian.
Hnh 3.5 My hi m IREL
Mun cho m thanh c cng mnh
phi khuych i m, v gim hin tng khuych tn sng cn phi thu ngn bc
sng bng cch tng tn s pht sng.
Vn tc truyn m trong nc ph thuc vo nhit v mn (vi t0
=+140C trong nc ngt m truyn vi vn tc 1462m/s).

38

S cu to: Gm 1 b phn t ghi, mt b phn phng i, mt b phn

in v mt b phn pht, thu sng m.
1 - B phn t ghi.
2 - B phn khuych i.
3 - Ngun in
4 - B phn thu pht.
Khi lm vic my c gn vo thuyn hoc can di chuyn vi vn tc u
trn tuyn cn o su. B phn thu, pht sng m t su 0,40 - 0,50 m di
mt nc.
Khi lm vic trong ng dy thu pht sng rung ng v pht sng m , sng
m gp vt cn (y sng) phn x li truyn ton b rung ng ny a ti my bin
thnh in nng v phng i - truyn ti bt t ghi, nh cc bc " cc bon ho " vi
t l c cho ta nng su ti mi im ca tuyn o.
- su c tnh theo cng thc:
h =

c
2

L

2

+ d

(3.3)

Trong :
- h - su ti im do.
- t - Thi gian o sng m trong nc (140C = 1462 m/s)
- L - Khong cch gia b phn thu v pht sng
- d - Khong cch t mt nc ti b phn thu - pht sng m.
Nh vy, b phn t ghi s ghi li hnh dng ca y sng trn tuyn chuyn
ng ca my hi m.
Dng my hi m o su t ti chnh xc cao ( sai s ni chung khng
qu 2% ) nhng s dng phc tp, nht l phng tin di chuyn my ( tu, thuyn,

39

can... ) kh gi c tc u. Mt khc, nhit nc v mn c th thay i

vt qu ra ngoi iu kin ca my to nn sai s v su. Do , nu nhit v
mn khc sai nhiu vi iu kin ca my khi thit k th cn nghin cu hon
chnh kt qu o.
Gi s can c gn my hi m di chuyn u trn tuyn o vi tc u th
cn xc nh khong cch gia 2 im bt u v kt thc o;
V d: Xc nh t l trc honh:
T im n trn tuyn o su dng NC vung gc vi R1 R3 (NC ly bng chiu
rng sng).
Ti im 1 - bt u o cho ta gc b1
Ti im 2 - kt thc cho ta gc b2
Trn my kinh v khong cch thc t 1 - 2 l:
B* = NC(tgb2 - tgb1)

(3.4)

Khong cch o trn biu t 1 - 2 l b cho ta t l trc honh l b/B*.

Trong thc t ngi ta xc nh t l ny cho tng on o. Theo v d
trnh by trn t t l trc tung v ti mi im vo biu t ghi ta u c th
xc nh c su ca chng.
3.2. CH O SU

Vic quy nh ch o su tu thuc vo tnh hnh thay i ca lng sng,

yu cu phc v ca ti liu v sai s cho php trong o c. V mt l thuyt th o
cng dy th cng phn nh chnh xc s thay i ca lng sng, song khng tit kim
c chi ph. Do cn cn i gia k thut v kinh t m quy nh ch o su
cho ph hp (tc l m bo chnh xc cho php vi s ln o c t nht).
Chng hn khi o su lm cng tc cho vic lp bnh on sng, nghin cu
din bin lng sng th trong 1 nm ch c th o dc 1 - 2 ln vo nhng thi k sng
c bi, xi ln (trc v sau ma l).

40

Vic o su phc v tnh lu lng nc ti cc trm thu vn yu cu s

ln o nhiu hn, tu thuc vo hnh thc v mc bi xi ca mt ct ti tuyn o.
cc trm thu vn thng quy nh o su vo trc sau mt cn l, khi
khng c l th trong thng o theo s ln quy nh.
Theo "Tiu chun ngnh - Qui phm quan trc" th:
1. Nu lng sng n nh tng ma hoc lu di th c 5-10 ln o tc th
tin hnh mt ln o su. V ma kit khong thi gian gia hai ln o su khng vt
qu 3 thng.
2. Nu lng sng hay bin i th c 2-3 ln o tc tin hnh 1 ln o su
mt ct ngang.
3. Mi thu trc o su tin hnh t nht l hai ln vi su chnh lch nhau
khng qu 5%. Nu iu khng m bo th phi o li. Khi o li phi ko c st
ln khi mt nc. su chnh l trung bnh ca cc ln o.
4. Khi su ln, nc chy mnh vi gc lch dy cp ln hn 100 th phi
tng trng lng c st hoc hiu chnh su theo gc lch ca dy cp.
3.3 CC PHNG PHP O SU

3.3.1. o su theo mt ct ngang

S liu o su theo mt ct ngang c s dng v mt ct ngang v bnh
on sng tnh cc yu t lu lng nc, bn ct. y l phng php o d
dng, kt qu kh chnh xc, ph hp vi iu kin bin ch, trang b ca cc trm
thu vn. song do theo phng php ny tn thi gian, cng sc nht l khi sng rng,
nc chy mnh.
3.3.1.1 Chn mt ct ngang: S lng mt ct v s im o trn mt ct s
quy nh chnh xc ca ti liu. Trong thc t v tr mt ct v im o c chn
nhng ch c a hnh thay i t ngt. Khong cch gia hai mt ct ngang lin tip
c th da vo ch tiu sau:

41

Khi rng B < 100 m, khong cch gia hai mt ct ngang chn trong
khong (1/2 - 1/3)B ; Khi B>100 m th khong cch bng (1/3 - 1/4 ) B ; vi
B(chiu rng sng).
3.3.1.2 Xc nh im o trn mt ct: S im o su trn mi mt ct ngang
ph thuc vo chiu rng B ca sng v a hnh y ( gh gh, bng phng ) m b tr
cho hp l Trong iu kin bnh thng c th tham kho bng qui nh sau:
B(m)

<100

100-200

200-500

500-1000

Khong cch cch im o

5-10

10-20

20-50

Cc phng php xc nh im o trn thc t bao gm:

1.Phng php cng dy.
2.Dng my ngm gc t trn b
3.My secxtan t trn thuyn
4.Dng theo h thng tiu cm trn b
R4
R3

M
A
R1
R2

Hnh 3. 6 S lp tuyn o su bng my kinh v v mia

1. Phng php cng dy: Khi dng sng c chiu rng khng ln lm ( B <
300 m ), t thuyn b qua li, lu tc nh th c th dng dy cp c nh du
khong cch ( cch nhau 1, 2, 5 hoc 10 m cng ngang theo tuyn chn
xc nh v tr im o.

42

Khi o iu kin thuyn hoc ca n ti cc im xc nh, c nh thuyn

vo dy, o ly su, ghi khong cch v su ca im o vo s. Trong thi gian
o, nu mc nc thay i t ( Hd - Hc < 10 cm ) th ch cn c mc nc lc bt
u o v kt thc o, cn nu mc nc H thay i nhanh cn phi c mc nc
cho tng im o.
2. a.Dng mia v my kinh v: (theo h thng cc tiu cm trn b)
Theo s 3.6 M l im cn o, A l im gc trn b, khong cch AM xc
nh trc tip bng my o t ti im A. im M nm trn ng thng R1, R2, R3,
R4. cch im A mt khong no c xc nh bng my kinh v.
2.b.Dng my kinh v v so tiu o gc:

R4
R3

A
R1
R2

Hnh 3. 7 S lp tuyn o su bng my kinh v v so tiu

a
b
B

Hnh 3.8 S xc
nh v tr thu trc
o su bng
secxtant

V tr im o M c xc nh bi :
AM = AC . tg

( 3.5)

43

Ly AC gn bng chiu rng sng. - Gc

ACM

iu khin thuyn i theo tuyn R1, R2, R3, R4, t my ti im C o gc ACM

= , xc nh AM theo cng thc (3.5) vi AC l khong cch o trc.
3. Dng my Secxtant t trn thuyn:Xc nh v tr im o bng secxtant
t trn thuyn yu cu phi c mt im mc xc nh trc trn b (H.3.8). Ti
im a ta c gc v ti b ta c gc xc nh bng secxtant nh trn hnh v. Vi
tuyn o AB v cc gc , c th xc nh v tr cc thu trc o su.
4. Dng h thng cc tiu:

a. Dng h thng cc tiu trong

b. Dng h thng cc tiu ngoi

Hnh 3.9.
(a,b,c) Xc
nh v tr
thu trc
bng cc tiu
c. Dng h thng cc tiu song song

3.3.1.3 su ca im o: Trn thc t o c thu vn, su ti

im o c coi l khong cch theo phng thng ng t mt nc ti im
o. tng tin cy ca s liu th ti mi im ngi ta o 2 ln v chnh
xc quy nh nh sau:
Vi h < 3m cho php sai s l
h 5m

2 cm

5 cm

44

h > 5m

10 cm

Trong trng hp cn c s liu v chiu cao y sng th cn phi bit cao

trnh mc nc lc o su ( mc nc tng ng v mc nc tnh ton )
+ Khi mc nc thay i t H - Hc < 10 cm th

H tt =

(H d H c )
2

(3.6 )

+ Vi mc nc thay i nhanh H - Hc > 10 cm ta c

H tt =

( H1b1 + H 2 b2 + ...+ H n bn )
B

(3.7)

Trong : H, Hc - mc nc lc bt u o v khi kt thc o;

b1,bn - Khong cch t mp nc ti 2 thu trc o su st hai b tri phi.
b2, b3 - Khong cch gia hai thu trc o su k nhau.
B - Chiu rng mt ct ngang
H1, H2 Mc nc ti cc thu trc 1 v 2
T mc nc tnh ton ( Htt ) ta c cao trnh y sng (z ) l
z = Htt - h

( 3.8 )

3.3.1.4 Cch b tr thu trc o su: B tr thu trc o su trn mt ct ngang

phi m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
1. Thu trc o su m bo khng ch c s thay i a hnh lng sng.
2. S thu trc o su phi ln hn hoc bng thu trc o tc .
3. Vi lng sng n nh th v tr thu trc o su phi c nh.Nu lng sng
khng n nh cn b tr thm thu trc ph cho thch hp.
4. C gng b tr sao cho khong cch gia cc thu trc o su tng i
bng nhau v l bi s ca 2, 5, 10. Nu sng nh hn 10 m th l bi s ca 0,2 , 0,5.

45

5. Mi quan h gia rng sng v s thu trc o su nh sau. i vi trm

mi xy dng:
rng mt nc (m)

<50

50-100

100-300

300-1000

1000-3000

S thu trc o su

20

20-30

30-40

40-50

50-60

i vi trm n nh th c th gim s thu trc o su, nhng khng qu

mt na s qui nh bng trn.

3.3.2. o su theo hng dc sng.

3.32.1 o dc:o su dc theo sng trong trng hp cn lp bnh y
sng vi yu cu khong cch gia cc im o l (1/10 - 1/20) B ( rng ca sng)
3.3.2.2 o cho Tin hnh o vi gc so vi phng nm ngang l 15 0- 300
vi khong cch cc ng cho khng vt qu 1/4 - 1/2 B
3.3.2.3 o theo vung:Thng dng o h theo phng php giao hi.
Kt qu o su cho php v bnh theo phng php ni suy thnh lp cc ng
ng tr.
3.4 .CHNH L V TNH TON TI LIU O SU

3.4.1 Chnh l s b
Thu thp kim tra cc s liu nh sau: mc nc, su, lch dy cp, to
o v sng, gi, tnh hnh thi tit.
- Kim tra tnh hp l ca vic b tr tuyn o v im o. Trong trng hp
cn thit phi chun b o b sung.
- Kim tra vic ghi chp su v cc ti liu xc nh khong cch im o.
- Tnh su hon chnh
- So snh su vi cc ti liu trc pht hin cc sai s trong o c
- Da vo kt qu o c tnh ton mt ct dc, mt ct ngang dng sng lp
bnh v tnh ton c trng mt ct.

46

3.4.2 Tnh ton c trng mt ct

3.4.2.1: Din tch mt ct t: Din tch mt ct t l din tch mt ct ngang
lng sng vung gc vi hng chy bnh qun, gii hn bi ng y sng v mc
nc tnh ton. Din tch mt ct thng c k hiu l W ( hoc F, hoc A ) n v
hay dng l m2. Din tch mt ct t c th gm c b phn nc khng chy. Din
tch phn nc chy gi l
"din tch chy "; din tch phn nc khng chy gi l
"din tch t" din tch mt ct t c th dng my o trc tip trn hnh v mt ct
ngang hoc tnh bng phng php o gn ng. Theo phng php o gn ng th
mt ct ngang c chia thnh cc hnh tam gic hoc hnh thang bi thu trc o su
v khi cng thc tnh mt ct s l
b0

b1
h1

b2
h2

bn
hn

Hnh 3.10 S tnh din tch mt ct ngang

W = W0 + W1 + ... + W n
W = 1/2 [ h1b0 + (h1 + h2)b1+ ... +( hn-1 + hn)bn-1 + hnbn]

(3.10 )

Trong
Wi - l din tch gia cc thu trc o su th i
hi - su ti thu trc i
bi - Khong cch gia hai thu trc k nhau i-1, i
3.4.2.2 rng mt nc: L khong cch t mp b nc ny ti mp b
nc kia theo mt ct ngang c k hiu B(m)
3.4.2.3. su bnh qun: L t s gia mt ct t v rng mt nc h =
W/B . K hiu l hbq

47

3.4.2.4 Chu vi t: L chiu di y sng thuc mt ct ngang bi 2 mp nc

k hiu (m) c tnh theo cng thc:

= b02 + h12 + b12 + (h2 h1 )2 +L+ bn2 + hn2

(3.11)

3.4.2.5 Bn knh thu lc: T s gia din tch t v chu vi t k hiu l

R(m)
R = W/

( 3.12 )

Khi sng rng th c th coi B ; khi R hbq

48

CHNG 4. O LU TC
4.1. KHI NIM V LU TC DNG NC

4.1.1. Mc ch nghin cu
Trong o c thu vn lu tc c xc nh nh lu tc tc thi, lu tc bnh
qun theo thi gian, lu tc bnh qun theo khng gian, lu tc bnh qun theo c
khng gian v thi gian.
Khi nim:
+ Lu tc tc thi dng chy l lu tc mt thi im no .
+ Lu tc bnh qun theo thi gian l gi tr trung bnh ca lu tc dng chy
ti mt im no trong mt thi gian no .
+ Lu tc bnh qun theo khng gian l gi tr bnh qun thu trc v lu tc
trn mt ct ngang.
Mc ch nghin cu:
Lu tc l mt c trng thu lc quan trng rt cn thit cho vic tnh ton
thu vn, thu lc. nghin cu kt cu ni b dng chy cn phi bit ln v
hng ca lu tc ti mt im no trong dng chy v s thay i ca n theo thi
gian. Mun xc nh lng nc hoc lng bn ct chuyn qua mt mt ct hay mt
on sng no trong mt thi on no cn phi bit gi tr ca lu tc. Ti liu
v lu tc p ng cho vic tnh bi, xi l trn mt on sng, vic thit k cc thu
cng trnh v v..
4.2. S THAY I LU TC THEO THI GIAN V KHNG GIAN

Lu tc trong thin nhin thay i rt phc tp theo thi gian, khng gian bi
c qu nhiu nhn t nh hng lu tc nh thu lc, a hnh (tc y sng,
hnh dng mt ct...) iu kin kh tng, cc yu t ny li khng ngng thay i theo

49

thi gian v khng gian. C cc yu t bin i c tnh cht chu k nh thu triu,... c
cc yu t bin i ngu nhin nh lng ma, din bin dng sng v v... Do vy tnh
cht thay i ca lu tc cng mang c hai c tnh chu k v ngu nhin.

4.2.1 Phn b ca lu tc theo khng gian

4.2.1.1 Phn b lu tc theo chiu su:Trong thc t phn b lu tc theo chiu
su rt phc tp. Dng phn b chung nht l lu tc gim dn t trn mt nc xung
y sng. trn thu trc thng c cc dng phn b vn tc nh sau:

Hnh 4.1. Phn b vn tc trn thu trc

1) c trng cho sng vng ni, lu tc b mt ln
2) c trng cho vng ng bng
3) Phn b lu tc chu nh hng gh gh ca y sng
4) Phn b lu tc nh hng ca thu triu.

Vic nghin cu phn b ca lu tc theo chiu su c th t c bng

phng php l lun song cho ti nay vn cha c gii quyt trit . Trong thc
tin vn tc trung bnh c biu din bng cng thc:

u=

1
udt
T T

(4.1)

vi T l thi on ly trung bnh vn tc u .

50

Do i hi ca thc tin sn xut v nghin cu ngi ta thng a mt s

cng thc tnh ton s phn b lu tc trn thu trc theo kinh nghim hoc bn
kinh nghim ca cc tc gi xut pht t cc gi thit v khi nim khc nhau. Thng
thng, cc dng phn b vn tc theo chiu su vn gp cc cng thc dng parabol,
logarit, elp.V d:
Cng thc elp ca Carausev:
u = um

y
1 P
h

(4.2)

vi um vn tc trn b mt; h- su ti thu trc; y - khong cch t mt nc

ti im o c vn tc u. P l mt tham s khng th nguyn ph thuc vo h s
Chesi (C). Vi 10 C 60 th
P = 0,57 +

3,3
C

(4.3)

v vi 60 C 90 th
P = 0,022C - 0,000197C2

(4.4)

H s C c th tra cu t cc bng lp sn.

4.2.1.2 Phn b lu tc theo rng sng
Qua biu thc trn ta thy lu tc l mt hm s ca su v nu ta coi trn
mi mt ct ngang mt h s nhm l n v dc mt nc 1/j khng thay i th lu
tc t l thun vi su. Trng hp dng chy mt chiu th ng vn tc ngang
c dng t l ng y sng ngha l su ln nht tng ng vi vn tc ln nht
v gim dn n hai bn b.
Gi s y sng phc tp th dng phn b vn tc cng phc tp, hai on
sng cng c nh hng.
4.2.1.3 Phn b lu tc theo dng chy
Phn b lu tc theo dng chy rt phc tp v ph thuc vo a hnh y
sng, hnh dng mt ct, dc y sng v cc iu kin thu vn v kh tng. Nhn

51

chung lu tc gim dn theo chiu dng chy. Cng v h lu dng sng cng rng,
vn tc cng gim xung.

4.2.2. S thay i lu tc theo thi gian

- Lu tc mch ng: L thuyt v dng ri trong t nhin c nghin cu
kh nhiu. y ta ch bn mt vi kha cnh trong l thuyt . Nu dng ri chy u
chia vc t vn tc ra ba thnh phn theo cc trc to 0x, 0y tng ng c cc
thnh phn lun thay i theo thi gian t.
Tr s lu tc trung bnh l lu tc bnh qun hng dc dng chy trong mt
thi gian T no .
Lu tc bnh qun v lu tc tc thi c quan h nh sau:
u = u u'

(4.5)

Trong - u' l tr s thay i ca lu mch ng ti mt thi im no c

th dng, m hoc bng 0.
4.3. CC PHNG PHP O LU TC

Cc phng php o vn tc dng chy da trn cc nguyn tc sau:

1. Da vo s vng quay ca cnh qut (lu tc k)
2. Trn c s vn tc ca vt tri (phao)
3. Xc nh theo cao ct nc (ng thu tnh)
4 . Theo lc tc ng ca dng (phng th nghim)
5 . Trn c s trao i nhit
6.Theo th tch khi nc
7. Theo vn tc truyn sng m trong nc

4.3.1 o lu tc bng my o lu tc.

4.3.1.1. B tr thu trc o lu tc trn mt ct ngang.
o lu tc dng tnh lu lng nc nn chnh xc ca ti liu ny ph
thuc ch yu vo s thu trc trn mt ct ngang, ph thuc vo rng sng, dng
chy v yu cu ti liu.

52

Cc trm mi cn c nhiu thu trc v cha nm bt c quy lut phn b lu

tc trn mt ct ngang (thu trc y ). Khi b tr cc thu trc m bo cc yu
cu sau: Thu trc trn dng chnh dy hn dng ph, nu bi c dng chy c lp
nn b tr thu trc . Nhng ch cc mt ct c cc ranh gii a hnh cng cn
c thu trc. Khi bit c phn b lu tc trn mt ct th cn s lng thu trc t
hn gi l cc thu trc c bn.
Mt s yu cu c th khi b tr thu trc:
- Ti ch lu b tr thu trc dy hn bi v hai b. Nu b dc th cch b 20
- 50 cm cn c mt ng thu trc. Nu c s ln xung t ngt v cc ranh gii
cng cn c mt ng thu trc ( thc t cc ng thu trc c bn b tr sao cho
tng i u nhau )
- Khi cn thay i l gp cc trng hp xi, bi lm a hnh bin i ln.
Khong cch t mp n ng b gn nht vt qu 10% rng su, cn c mt
ng thu trc c bn 3/10 khong cch trn k t b. Khi nc xung thu trc
gn b khng o c cn b tr thm mt thu trc cch mp nc c 5% d rng
sng .
Thu trc i biu phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Sai s o lu lng trn thu trc i biu v thu trc c bn khng vt
qu sai s cho php Vmc Vdb.
- V tr thu trc i biu b tr gn ch lu.

4.3.2 Xc nh s im o trn mt thu trc

S im o trn mt thu trc ph thuc vo su v s phn b lu tc theo
chiu su, s bin i cc yu t thu lc trong thi gian o cng nh yu cu ti liu
o.
4.3.2.1 i vi vng sng khng nh hng triu
C cc loi ch o 5, 3, 2, 1 im.
o 5 im vi su h>3 m c phn b vn tc phc tp ngi ta o 5 im
mt v cc su 0,2h,0,6h, 0,8 h cch mt nc v im y.

53

o 3 im hoc 2 im khi h<3 m, c quy lut phn b vn tc r rng h = f

(v) vi sai s lu tc o 5 im v 2 im phi nh hn 3 %, th vi o 2 im l cc
im 0,2 h, 0,8 h cn o 3 im: 0,2 h, 0,6 h , 0,8 h .
o 1 im khi h < 1 m c v tr im o l 0,6 h.
4.3.2.2 i vi vng sng c nh hng triu
Vng ny c trng thi chy n nh, bin i nhanh, c cc yu t thu lc
thay i kh ln trong thi gian o lu tc ti mt thu trc. Nu dng nhiu my o
lu tc th tn km nn ngi ta dng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php o 6 im (hai lt ln v xung) gm cc im: mt, 0,8 h, 0,4
h, 0,6, 0,8, y, 0,8 h, 0,6h, 0,4h, mt.
o xung, ln 3 im: 0,6 h, 0,8 h, 0,6 h, 0,2 h.
o xung, ln 2 im: 0,2 h, 0,8 h, 0,2 h
Thi im ln o l thi im o ti im c su ln nht.
o mt ln tin hnh lc triu xung.
4.3.2.3. Thi gian o lin tc ti mt im.
- i vi vng sng khng nh hng triu thi gian o phi ln hn hoc
bng 120 s. Nu lu tc qu nh, thi gian o 120 s m cha thu c mt tn
hiu no th c th ko di thi gian o cho n khi thu tn hiu. Khi thi gian o
ti 5 pht khng thu c tn hiu no th coi lu tc ti im o bng 0.
- Ti vng sng c nh hng triu, thi gian o ti cc im khc nhau trn
thu trc l khc nhau (ti im gn y di hn), nhng tin cho o c c th qui
nh thi gian o ti mt im ln hn hoc bng 60 giy. Nu thi gian o vt qu
120 s m cha thu c tn hiu th coi lu tc ti im bng 0.
4.3.2.4. Tnh lu tc bnh qun thu trc.
tnh lu tc bnh qun thu trc c th tnh bng phng php gii hoc
phng php phn tch

54

- Phng php gii : C s tnh ton da vo cng thc:

h

v tt =

vdh

(4.6)

hay ni cch khc: v tt =

Trong :

F
h

F - din tch biu phn b lu tc theo su.

h - su thu trc

v biu phn b lu tc theo su ta dng lu tc bnh qun ti cc

im o trn thu trc ng vi su ca im . vng nh hng triu nu ti
im o lu tc c o hai ln th lu tc ca im l gi tr bnh qun cc ln o.
Din tch F c th xc nh bng my o din tch hoc tnh gn ng theo
phng php k v qui v tnh cc din tch b phn l din tch ca hnh ch nht,
hnh thang hoc tam gic.
- Phng php phn tch: C cc cng thc tnh khc nhau ph thuc vo s
im o trn thu trc.
+ o 6 im trn thu trc (i vi vng sng c nh hng triu)

v tt =

1
(vm + 2v0,2 + 2v 0,4 + 2v0,6 + 2v 0,8 + v d )
10

+ Phng php o 5 im (vng sng khng nh hng triu):

vtt =

1
(vm + 3v0,2 + 3v0,6 + 2v0,8 + vd )
10

(4.7)

+ Phng php o 3 im
v tt =

1
( v 0 , 2 + 2 v 0 , 6 + v 0 ,8 )
4

(4.8)

+ Phng php o 2 im

55

v tt =

1
( v 0 , 2 + v 0 ,8 )
2

(4.9)

+ V o ti 1 im

vtt = v0,6

(4.10)

Trong vm, v0,2, v0,4, v0,6, v0,8, vd l lu tc ti im mt v 0,2h, 0,4h, 0,6h,

0,8h v y

4.3.3. Phng php o lu tc

- o lu tc ti mt im v trn thu trc: Trc tin phi xc nh su ti
thu trc cn o, sau tnh sn cc su im o cn thit 0,2h, 0,4h, 0,6h, 0,8h.
Ti mi im o cng vic tin hnh nh sau:
Th my xung im o cn thit.
Ghi chp tn hiu v thi gian. Khi vt qu 120 s th kt thc vic o ti im
v di chuyn my ti im o tip theo.
S nhm tn hiu v thi gian o ti mi im hon ton tun theo qui phm.
o lu tc trn mt ct ngang: gm cc cng vic sau:
- o su ti cc ng thu trc v ln lt o vn tc ti tng im trn thu
trc.
- c mc nc lc bt u v kt thc o. Nu mc nc bin i nhanh th
khi o ti im 0,6h ca mi thu trc phi c s o mc nc.
- o mc nc ti tuyn dc, theo di v ghi chp cc hin tng thi tit
lc o nh sc gi v hng gi...
Phng php o lu tc trn mt ct ngang c tin hnh ti tt c cc thu
trc y hoc c bn. Trng hp cn o nhanh cho php gim s lng cc ng
thu trc da trn kt qu nghin cu trc sao cho sai s c th xy ra l nh hn sai
s cho php. Nu v l do no m tuyn chnh khng o c th c th o tuyn
ph nhng phi kho st trc.

56

4.4. CC DNG C O VN TC

4.4.1. Lu tc k
4.4.1.1 Vi nt v lch s lu tc k: T tng sng ch dng c l o vn
tc da vo mi lin h ca vng quay cnh qut trn nguyn tc bin chuyn ng
quay thnh chuyn ng thng ln u tin c Lna d Vanhxi s dng trong cc
cng trnh ca mnh song ng ng dng nguyn tc ny o vn tc gi.
Phn ln cc ti liu u cho rng Vontman - nh k thut thu (ngi Ham
bua) l ngi sng ch ra lu tc k, a vo cng trnh ca ng xut bn vo nm
1970 " l thuyt v s dng lu tc k".
Song trc Vontmam ngi ta cng s dng cc dng c o vn tc dng
chy cng da trn nguyn tc nh l lu tc k. N.D Chapkin cho rng ngi sng
ch u tin ra lu tc cha bit r, cn Vontman l ngi chuyn cc lu tc k c
thnh dng tng t nh ngy nay.
T trc ti nay lu tc k bc vo ng dng thc tin mt cch chc
chn, v l mt trong cc dng c tt nht v ph bin nht o c vn tc dng
chy.
4.4.1.2. Phn loi lu tc k.
Thc t c rt nhiu dng v cu trc lu tc k khc nhau. Ngy nay lu tc
k c phn bit theo nhiu du hiu: hng quay, trang b b phn tn hiu, phng
php th lu tc k xung nc vv...
Theo phng trc quay ngi ta phn bit 2 loi: loi trc quay nm ngang v
trc quay thng ng. Loi th nht l c th l cc my GP - 21, loi th 2 nh lu
tc k Prais.
Theo cu trc ca cnh qut th lu tc k c phn ra lm 2 loi: nhm cnh
qut li xng v nhm cnh qut li phu. i a s cc kiu lu tc k hin nay c
nh qut li xng to ra c my quay, c ng sinh dng parabol nh lu tc k GP
- 21,v.v.. Loi cc quay ch yu c s dng M ( lu tc k Prais ). Ni chung
lu tc k cnh qut kiu li xng thun tin v o c chnh xc hn.

57

Theo cu trc ca b phn cm ng, phn bit ra hai loi vi tr s o vng

quay c hc v tr s tn hiu in.
Hu ht cc lu tc k
u dng tn hiu in, u th
ca n khng phi nhc my
ln khi mt nc khi c s
vng quay. Loi my dng s
o c l my lu tc k
Hnh 4.2 Lu tc k GP-55
kiu BMM. Ngoi cc dng k
trn cn c mt s c ch tn
hiu khc s dng c vic lu
nh sng v vic ghi chp ln bng giy. Nhng phng tin ny c s dng
o vn tc v hng dng chy trn bin, mt vi ni s dng trn h dng my t
ghi.
Theo phng php th lu tc k c hai loi: Lu tc k dng cc o v cp.
Song ngy nay tt c cc loi lu tc k u ch to sao cho c th dng c cc ln
cp.
4.4.1.3 Cc b phn ch yu ca lu tc k : Lu tc k thng c chia ra
thnh 4 b phn c bn:
a: B phn quay v cm ng
b: Thn my
c: B phn nh hng
d: B phn tn hiu
4.4.1.4 C s l thuyt lu tc k. Cc thng s v c trng c bn. S lm
vic ca lu tc k da trn s tc ng qua li ca mi dng chy v dng c. Khi o
vn tc ngi ta thng s dng mi lin h gia s vng quay ca cnh qut trong
mt giy v vn tc dng chy. Trong trng hp l tng khi cht lng khng c
nht v my khng c ma st th lin h c biu din bng phng trnh sau y:
v = kg.n

(4.11)

58

vi v- vn tc dng chy.
kg - h s c gi l bc nhy hnh hc bng ng i cnh qut sau mt
vng quay.
n - s vng quay

1
s

Thc t mi lin h ny phc tp hn nhiu do cc lc cn c hc v lc cn

thu lc. Lc cn thu lc gm:
+ Ma st ca nc v cnh qut
+ Cc xoy to thnh ra cnh qut
+ S ph v trng vn tc khi th my v to nn mt p sut ti ch .
Lc cn c hc l cc ma st ca bn thn lu tc k khi my hot ng.
Bi vy, mi lin h (4.11) i vi iu kin thc t phc tp hn nhiu, iu
ny rt kh xc nh do s kh xc nh chnh xc cc loi ma st k trn.
T v s cc phng trnh bn thc nghim ta dng li phng trnh ca
M.Smith
v = an + bn 2 + c

(4.12)

a,b,c l cc tham s.
Phng trnh ( 4.12) phn nh kh chnh xc mi quan h gia vn tc dng
chy v s vng quay ca cnh qut trong iu kin thc t. Bng th n c dng
mt Hypecbol, vi n = 0, v = c = v 0 cn gi l vn tc ban u ca my.
Vn tc ban u ca my l vn tc m khi lc tc ng ca dng ln cnh
qut bng lc cn khi cnh qut bt u quay khng ng u. Tip theo khi vn
tc quay tr nn u khi phng trnh (4.12 ) c th vit di dng:
v = an + bn 2 + v 02

(4.13)

59

Vi: v0 l vn tc ban u ca my lu tc k.
Khi vn tc dng chy ln, c th coi v0 l khng ng k so vi v, khi :
phng trnh (4.13) c th vit nh sau:
v = (a + b )n = kn

(4.14)

k c gi l bc nhy thu lc . Bc nhy thu lc ln hn bc nhy

hnh hc, vi mt vn tc v th trong thc t ntt <nlt
k c xc nh bng phng php kim nh lu tc k cn cc tham s a, b
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
a = k (0,99 - )

(4.15)

b = ( k)2

(4.16)

Vi - tham s, xc nh theo cng thc Dzeleznhiacov:

= 6,9 v 0 + (2 ,3v 0 0,055) 2 + 0,00058

(4.17)

v0 tin ti m; v=f(n) c dng ng cong do vn tc ban u v0 cha vt qua

ni lc cn ma st. Khi thng c lc ma st th c dng ng thng t m n m1.
n mt vn tc no ti m1 th v=f(n) li c dng ng cong gy nn bi
cc nguyn nhn c th sau y: Kch thc ca knh kim nh; Kch thc ca cnh
qut lu tc k v su h my
Ni chung vi v > vm1 cha c nghin cu k nn khi o thng ch o
khong vn tc t m n m1 m thi. Nguyn nhn ng cong t v n vm1 c th do
s gia tng ri cnh qut.
4.4.1.5 Kim nh lu tc k
Kim nh lu tc k l cng tc xc nh mi lin h gia vn tc dng chy
v s vng quay ca cnh qut trong 1 giy bng thc nghim, th vic kim nh l
mt ti liu quan trng ca lu tc k; thng kim nh c tin hnh trong cc
mng, knh c iu kin tt hn thc tin nhiu.

60

4.4.2 Phao
4.4.2.1 C ch xc nh vn tc bng phao l cho rng vn tc chuyn ng ca
phao bng vn tc dng chy ca nc ti ch phao tri. Gi nh ny lm n gin
cho vic xc inh vn tc mc d v l thuyt cng nh thc nghim ngi ta
chng minh c rng phao lun tri nhanh hn nc chy quanh n. iu ny
c iuboa pht hin nm 1786. Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ny l bi s khng
cn bng trng lng ca vt tri trn trc chuyn ng. Ta xt cc lc tc ng ln
vt tri trong nc trng thi cn bng. Gi nh mt h to vung gc c gc
to ti tm vt tri, trc honh l chiu ng chy song song vi mt nc. Lc y
Acsimet vung gc vi b mt nc v hnh chiu ca n nn trc honh bng 0.
G -Lc trng trng hng
xung di.
Trng lng ca vt ny:

v
Gx

G =.V (4.18).

Vi: l trng lng

ring; V - l th tch ca vt.
Hnh chiu ca lc G nn
trc chuyn ng l Gx

Hnh4.3 S lc tc ng ln vt th tri

Gx = G.sin

- nghing ca b mt vi mt nm ngang
sin = I - dc ca mt nc.
Nh vy lc Gx l lc lm cho vt tri c gia tc. Di tc ng ca n vt
cng tri nhanh ti khi cn bng vi lc cn R.
4.4.2.2. Cc loi phao
a) Phao ni b mt: dng o vn tc v hng dng chy mt, c lm
bng g nh hnh trn hoc hnh ch thp c cm c tin quan st. Thng c cm
mt vt nng trn phao tng s n nh.

61

Hn ch ca phao l khng dng c khi tri c gi v vn tc dng chy b

hn 0,5m/s. Nu vn tc gi ln hn 6 m/s khng th dng phao o. Khi dng phao
o ch nhng im nh sau:
- Khi mc nc dng trong sng phao thng chuyn ng t gia dng dt
vo b v khi nc h th ngc li v vy lm tng qung ng tri gia hai
tuyn o cho nn xy ra c sai s.
- Khi o vn tc bng phao th vn tc thu c l vn tc trung bnh trn qu
o ca phao m ta coi nh vn tc ti im qu o ct tuyn o do xy ra c sai
s.
b) Phao su:
Dng o vn tc v hng dng
chy ti mt su no . Phao gm 2 phao
ni vi nhau bng mt si dy, th su
nh. Phao ni c kch thc b hn phao su
nhiu.

Hnh 4.4 Cc loi phao o su

c) Phao tch phn

Phao tch phn dng o vn tc trung bnh theo chiu thng ng. phao th
ti E chuyn ng ln theo lc Acsimet v chuyn ng xung di theo chiu dng
chy. Sau mt thi gian dt ta c th vit phng trnh:
dl = vdt
(4.19)
dh = v1ldt
(4.20)
l- l khong cch t thu
trc ti lc phao ni.

Hnh 4.5 S o bng phao tch phn

v - Vn tc a phng thay
i theo su
v1 - Tc nng cao theo chiu thng ng bng hng s.

62

h- su im o
T (4.19 v 4.20) ta c
t

l = vdt

(4.21)

h = v1t

(4.22)

Bi dt =
h

l=
0

dh
ta nhn c:
v1

v
dh
v1

(4.23)

vdh = v

Thay

h,

(4.24)

vi vB l vn tc trung bnh thu trc, ta c:

B

l=

1
vB h
v1

T : v B =

(4.25)
v1
l
h

(4.26)

v1 - Thu c bng thc nghim cho th phao ti ch nc ngng chy.

h - su v 1 l khong cch c th xc nh c. p dng tt vi dng
chy phn tng, cn i vi dng chy ri phi hiu chnh.

4.4.3. ng o thu vn
4.4.3.1. Nguyn tc
o vn tc dng chy bng ng o thu vn da trn vic thay vn tc bng
xc nh cao ca nc dng do vn tc dng chy gy ra. xc nh mi lin h
gia vn tc v cao ny ngi ta s dng phng trnh Becnuli cho dng nc A-B

63

z1 +

p1

u12
p
u2
= z2 + 2 + 2
2g
2g

(4.27)

u12
h=
2g
p1

p2

u1

Hnh 4.6 S nguyn l o vn tc bng ng o thu vn

Trong : Z1 = Z2 - cao ca im xc nh vn tc bng nhau cho c hai

im A v B; u1 - vn tc ti im A; u2 = 0 l vn tc ti im B, - - trng lng
ring ca nc.
T (4.27 )ta c:
p 2 p1

u12
=
=h
2g

(4.28)

T , nhn c cng thc tnh vn tc:

v = u1 = 2 gh

(4.29)

Cng thc (4.29) dng c trong trng hp cht lng l tng cn trong
trng hp dng chy ri th ( h) b hn . p dng ngi ta a vo mt h s iu
chnh () c xc nh bng cch kim nh. Khi (4.29) c dng:
u = 2 gh

(4.30)

Ngy nay d ch to c cc ng o c h s = 1

4.4.4 Xc nh vn tc bng xc nh lc tc ng ca dng chy ln vt

tri
4.4.4.1 Nguyn tc: da trn mi lin h gia vn tc dng chy v p sut ca

64

dng ln vt th nm trong . N c biu din qua mi lin h:

1 2
u
2

R = Cx

(4.31)

R - Lc p sut ca dng chy ln vt. Cx - h s cn, ph thuc vo hnh dng

ca vt v h s Reinolds (Re). - mt nc; u - vn tc dng chy. - din tch
hnh chiu vt ln b mt vung gc vi vn tc dng chy gi l Midel
T (4.31) vn tc s c l:
2R
Cx

v=u=

(4.32)

Vy khi o c p sut dng chy ln vt tri c th o c vn tc dng

chy. Trong cng thc trn bit. H s Cx ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vt v
h s Reinolds
Re =

ud

(4.33)

u - vn tc dng, d - kch thc vt cn; - h s nhit ng nht ca nc,

ph thuc vo nhit vt th , bi th vt th nn dng c dng hnh cu, hnh
a...v hm Cx = f ( Re) c trnh by trong cc sch tra cu.V l thuyt, o vn
tc cn c th da trn phng php th tch, phng php trao i nhit v phng
php hi m

65

CHNG 5. LU LNG NC
5.1. KHI NIM

nh ngha: Lu lng nc l mt th tch nc chy qua mt thit din

ngang ca dng chy trong mt n v thi gian . n v o m3/s hoc l/s; k hiu Q.
Lu lng nc l mt c trng rt quan trng; l mt trong nhng thnh phn
ch yu nht ca dng chy. Trn c s xc nh lu lng mt cch c h thng
ngi ta tnh lu lng nc trung bnh ngy, lu lng nc cc i, cc tiu cng
nh l th tch dng chy qua khong thi gian ny hoc kia.
Cc phng php xc nh lu lng nc ang tn ti c th chia ra hai nhm:
o trc tip v o gin tip .
Nhm th nht gm phng php th tch da trn vic o th tch bng cc
dng c o t di dng nc , ng thi o c thi gian lc y dng c cha. Lu
lng l t s gia th tch v thi gian o. Phng php ny thng c p dng
trn cc dng chy b nh sui, knh, rch vv... Phng php ny c chnh xc cao.
Phng php o gin tip gm nhiu phng php m c trng chung ca n
l khng o trc tip lu lng m o mt s yu t ca dng chy v lu lng thu
c thng qua tnh ton. Nhm phng php ny bao gm:
a. Phng php xc nh lu lng theo vn tc dng chy v din tch mt ct
ngang ca dng gi l phng php "lu tc - din tch"
b. Xc nh lu lng nh cc cng trnh o c nh nh knh o, p chn lu lng xc nh theo yu t thu lc .
c. Phng php hn hp (in, nhit vv..)
Trong cc phng php k trn th phng php " lu tc -din tch"l ph bin
hn c
5.2 PHNG PHP "LU TC - DIN TCH". M HNH LU LNG

66

Bn cht phng php "lu tc - din tch " l xc nh th tch m hnh lu

lng - c ngha l th tch vt th nc c s o bng lu lng nc i qua mt ct
ngang dng chy .
Ta xt mt ct ngang dng chy vi vn tc dng khc nhau cc im khc
nhau. Vn tc ln nht ti b mt gia cc dng, cng gn b v y chng cng b
dn. Tng ng vi n l thnh phn lu lng n v trong tng phn ca mt ct
ngang. xc nh lu lng qua 1 din tch thnh phn cn nhn din tch ca n vi
vn tc dng .
B

h
dx
y

dy

Hnh 5.1 Mt ct ngang ca dng chy

dQ = v cosd ,

(5.1)

v - vn tc trong gii hn ca din tch thnh phn; - gc lch ca hng vn

tc v ng vung gc; dx - din tch cc thit din thnh phn
Lu lng nc qua ton b din mt ct ngang s l:

Q = v cos d =

x =B y=h

v cos dxdy

(5.2)

x =0 y=0

Nu gi nguyn gi tr ca mnh cho mi din tch thnh phn th (5.2) c

th vit nh sau:
B h

Q = cos vdxdy

(5.3)

0 0

Nu vc t vn tc c hng trng vi ng vung gc c ngha l = 0 th

khi cos =1

67

B h

Q = cos vdxdy = vd
0 0

(5.4)

Cng thc thu c trn y l th tch lu lng nc hay l vt th nc

c gii hn mt sau l mt ct ngang ca dng , pha trn l mt nc t do th hin
phn b vn tc dng v pha di l mt mt cong c xc nh bi quan h v = f(x,
y). T suy ra rng xc nh lu lng l xc nh tch phn nu trn .
Song trn thc t n kh p dng do khng r cch ly v = f(x, y) nn thc t
ngi ta tnh ton mt cch n gin hn: lu lng tnh theo cng thc xp x bng
cch thay tch phn bng tng theo phng php phn tch:
OEB - mt ct; OMDNB - phn
b vn tc mt; CED - phn b vn tc
trn thu trc CE ca mt ct; MKN ng ng lu
C th xc nh lu lng theo
phng php sau:
u tin nu bit lu lng
nc trn cc thu trc (lu lng n
v) th lu lng c xc nh theo
cng thc:

Hnh 5.2 M hnh lu lng

Q = qdx

(5.5)

khi q - lu lng thnh phn bng tch ca vn tc trung bnh trn thu trc
vi su chnh thu trc . tc l q=vB.h vi B - rng ca sng.
Th hai , nu trong mt ct dng chy c cc ng lu v c th xc nh c
din tch nm gia cc ng ng lu v ng mc nc th th tch m hnh lu
lng nc s l:
Q=

vmax

v dv

(5.6)

68

v - Din tch b hn ch bi ng ng lu v v ng mc nc.

5.3 O LU LNG BNG LU TC K

5.3.1. Chn on sng

Yu cu ti thiu nh chn on sng c tuyn o mc nc, ngoi ra cn yu
cu b sung nh sau:
- C dng nc chuyn ng n nh.
- C chung mt hng dng chy;
- Vn tc v ma kit 0,15 - 0,25 m/s c th o bng lu tc k c chnh
xc cao;
- V ma l c vn tc khng qu 3 - 4 m/s.
Khng c nc t v dng chy ngc.

5.3.2 Xc nh hng tuyn o

Tuyn o thu vn gi l ng ct ngang sng m tin hnh o lu
lng.
Yu cu: Tuyn o vung gc vi dng chy; nu c lng bng mt c th
ly tuyn o vung gc vi c hai b
Phng php xc nh hng tuyn o vi my GP - 42 Phng php ny kh
chnh xc v c tin hnh nh sau
a. Trn tuyn o gi nh chn t 10 -12 thu trc
b. o vn tc 0,6 h = vtb cho tt c cc thu trc
c. Tnh lu lng trn thu trc q = vtb . h
d. Tnh lu lng n v qd = qb vi q - lu lng thnh phn
e. V cc qd n v ( c gi trv hng) trn s

69

f. Chn hng tng nh l tng vc t cc q thnh phn v ly ng vung

gc vi n lm tuyn o.
Phng php xc nh hng o bng phao ni:
Trn tuyn o th phao h tr. Phao th v quan st theo th t sau:
a. Th phao ti tuyn th t 10 - 15 phao theo chiu rng ca sng.
b. Quan st ch phao ct cc tuyn quan st phao.
c. Dng ng h bm giy xc nh thi gian phao tri v t tnh V = l/t,
vi l l khong cch gia hai tuyn, t l thi gian phao i
e. Tng t phng php trn chn tuyn o thu vn
Trn cc con sng chy nhanh trn cc sng min ni kh th phao trn ton
b sng th p dng phng php sau y. Trn b chn mt on AB v hai tuyn
vung gc vi n l AD v BE. t mt im H c nh trn sng tuyn AD th 7-8
phao v t im A quan st bng my v tr v gc khi phao ct BE, mi ln nh vy
cho ta mt gc v trung bnh cho ta mt gc no s ct BE ti M. Vy HM l
ng chy trung bnh ca tuyn o.
Nu ly AB = l suy ra AH = l.tg , cn BM = l.tg;

BK = AH -

BM = ( tg - tg )
AG vung gc vi AK l tuyn o thu vn
5.4 TRANG B CA TUYN O THU VN V PHNG PHP O

Tuyn o thu vn bao gm cc trang b sau:

- Trm o mc nc nu trm chnh xa tuyn o
- Cc mc kim tra
- Tuyn o su v thuyn qua sng ( cu cng )
- Cc tuyn o dc mt nc

70

Cc phng php nh v cc thu trc o vn tc trn tuyn o bao gm cc

phng php sau: Chi tit, c bn v rt gn.

5.4.1. Phng php chi tit

o vn tc nhiu im trn nhiu thu trc c p dng o trng vn tc
trn tuyn o vo 1 - 2 nm quan trc u tin. Phng php ny b tr cc thu trc
cch u theo chiu rng ca sng.

5.4.2 Phng php c bn

Xem xt o lu lng vi cng t s lng thu trc (o vn tc khng t
hn 5) v im o (2 - 3) vi iu kin l kt qu o khng khc vi lu lng o
theo phng php chi tit 3%.
S lng thu trc vn tc v phn b chng theo tuyn o c xc nh trn
c s phn tch 20 -30 ln o lu lng bng phng php chi tit vo cc ma khc
nhau.

5.4.3 Phng php rt gn

Phng php ny coi vic xc nh lu lng nc vi 1 hoc 2 im trn thu
trc vi dng chy t o hoc 2 - 3 im khi c cy c trn lng sng. S lng v v
tr thu trc vn tc v im o trong c xc nh trn c s phn tch k lng
cc ti liu nhn c vic o lu lng bng phng php chi tit v c bn. Phng
php ny p dng trn cc ca quan trc khi cn xc nh lu lng nhanh vi dng
chy khng dng.

5.4.4 o nhanh
Lu lng c p dng trong cc trng hp m cn tin hnh o cng nhanh
cng tt; l khi c s dao ng mc nc t ngt (10cm/gi ), b b xi l mnh (
thng xy ra khi l lt ) khi yu cu o ti mt im khong 30 giy hoc thi
gian gia hai tn hiu m thi. o nhanh i vi tng im nn c th dng c 3
phng php chi tit, c bn v rt gn.
5.5. O LU LNG NC

Cng tc o lu lng bao gm:

71

a. M t on sng, thi tit v cc yu t xc nh iu kin lm vic

b. Quan trc mc nc
c. o su ti tuyn o thu vn ( TTV )
d. o vn tc ti cc im ring bit ca thit din t trn thu trc vn tc
e. Quan trc ti cc trm o dc mt nc. Kt qu c ghi vo s.
g. Da vo kt qu o tc v o su tin hnh tnh din tch mt ct ngang,
tc bnh qun mt ct v sau tnh lu lng nc.
Khi o vn tc cn ch :
Xc nh mc nc trn trm o vo u v cui thi gian o mi thu trc.
o su thu trc v tnh ton cc su 0,2h, 0,4h, 0,6h, 0,8h... th
my.
o vn tc su cn thit,
Thng ti mi im o thi gian l 120s m bo ly trung bnh vn tc
c chnh xc, nu 1/2 thi gian o trc v sau lch nhau 10s th cn kim tra li
my.
i vi khe sui nh c th o lu lng trc tip qua mng nc v thng
ng nc.
5.6 PHNG PHP TCH PHN O VN TC DNG CHY V LU LNG NC

Bn cht ca phng php ny nh sau: nu ta th lu tc k v dch chuyn

chng trong mt phng ca thit din t theo mt phng no v ng thi xc
nh tng s vng N ca cnh qut trong mt thi gian t th vn tc trung bnh trn
on ng o ca lu tc k xc nh c s l:
n=

N
, v = f (n )
t

(5.7)

72

Vi n l vn tc trung bnh dng chy tnh bng s vng /s c th thu nhn c

nh bng kim nh my lu tc k. Phng php ny c th thc hnh theo thu trc,
theo cc tuyn nm ngang v theo ton mt ct s thu c cc vn tc tng ng.
Trn tng thu trc h u lu tc k xung tn y ri ko ln sao cho chuyn
ng gi u. Sau tnh vn tc bng cch ly tng s vng quay chia cho s thi
gian my lm vic. Vic i th nguyn vn tc trung bnh dng chy c th tra
bng kim nh.
5.7 TNH TON LU LNG NC

C 3 phng php:
- Phng php phn tch
- Phng php gii
- Phng php theo cc ng ng lu
Trong phng php phn tch l hay dng nht bi tnh gin n ca n v
m bo chnh xc tng i cao.

6.7.1 Phng php phn tch

Lu lng nc c tnh theo cng thc xp x nh sau:

Q = kv1 0 +

v1 + v2
v +v
1 +L+ n1 n n1 + kvn n1
2
2

(5.8)

Trong : v1, v2...vn l vn tc trung bnh trn cc thu trc.

0, n l din tch gia thu trc vn tc gn hai b nht v cc b tri v phi.

1, 2 l din tch gia hai thu trc
k - l h s thc nghim tu thuc vo iu kin b. i vi:
- sng l tng ( k = 0,9 );
- sng c b khc khuu ( k = 0,8 )

73

- mp nc c su = 0 ( k = 0,7 )
- b c lau, sy ( k = 0,5 )
Vn tc trong cng thc ( 5.8 ) c tnh nh sau
a. Lng sng h, khng c c v nc t.
o 5 im trn mt thu trc:
VB = 0,1. ( Vm + 3 V0,2 + 3V0,6 + 2V0,8 + Vd)

(5.9)

o 3 im trn mt thu trc:

VB = 0,25 ( V0,2 + 2V0,6 + V0,8)

(5.10)

o hai im trn thu trc:

VB = 0,5(V0,2+V0,8)
B

(5.11)

o 1im trn thy trc:

VB=V0,6

(5.12)

b. Trong trng hp tnh lu lng vi b c lau sy;

o 6 im trn mt thu trc:
VB = 0,1. ( Vm + 2 V0,2 + 2 V0,4 + 2V0,6 + 2V0,8 + Vd)(5.13)
o 3 im trn mt thu trc:
VB = 1/3 ( V0,15 + V0,5 + V0,85)

(5.14)

o 1im trn thy trc

VB = kV0,5
B

(5.15)

Vi h s k = 0,9.
Din tch thnh phn ca cc thit din t c xc nh qua su trn cc
thu trc o su v thu trc o vn tc. Din tch phn mt ct gia b v thy trc

74

vn tc th nht:
h + h2
1
h1b0 + 1
b1
2
2

0 =

(5.16)

Din tch mt ct gia thu trc vn tc th nht v th hai l:

1 =

h2 + h3
h +h
h +h
b2 + 3 4 b3 + 4 5 b4
2
2
2

1
h10

h2

(5.17)

hn

h3

hn-1

h4
h5

Hnh 5.3 S tnh din tch thnh phn ca thit din t

Mc nc tnh ton khi mc nc bin i nhanh trong thi gian o l cng

thc trung bnh trng lng vi Hi - mc nc ti thu trc khi o; qi - lu lng
n v ti thu trc, bi - rng sng gia cc thu trc.
H tt =

H 1 q 1b1 + H 2 q 2 b2 +L+ H n q n bn
,
q 1b1 + q 2 b2 +L+ q n bn

(5.18)

5.7.2. Phng php phn tch chnh xc

Do Braslavski a ra rng th tch ti phn m hnh lu lng gia hai thu
trc k nhau c th biu din bng cng thc.
x=B

Q =

hvdx

(5.19)

x =0

h - su; v - vn tc trung bnh thu trc; b - khong cch gia cc thu trc;
x - to ang xt gia cc thu trc .

75

Cc gi tr ang xt ca h, v coi nh hm ca x. Gi thit rng s thay i

su gia hai thu trc l tuyn tnh gia vi h1 < h2 ta c: h = h1 +

h2 h1
x . Biu din
b

vn tc theo cng thc Chesi v = C hI v nhn cng thc Manhinga C =

1 16
h , vi nn

h s nhm, ta c:
v=

2
2
1
I h 3 = ah 3
n

(5.20)

Li gi s rng n v I l hng s gia hai thu trc th a l hng s, do vy

(5.20) c th vit
x =b

Q = a

x=0

h2 h1

h1 +

dx

(5.21)

Kt qu ly tch phn v bin i phng trnh cui cng ta c cng thc

tnh ton n gin:
Q = kv m

(5.22)

- Din tch t gia hai thu trc vn tc; vm - vn tc ln hn gia hai vn

tc ca thu trc k nhau; k - h s ph thuc vo t s Vn/Vm
Vn - vn tc nh hn gia hai vn tc ti cc thu trc k nhau.
Lu lng tng cng l tng cc lu lng thnh phn:
i= n

Q = i k i v im

(5.23)

i =1

Cng thc (5.23) cho tnh ton ra kt qu vi sai s khng vt qu 4,4% vi

s lng thu trc ti thiu, nu dng cng thc (5.8) vi s lng thu trc nh vy
th sai s c th ti 22%.

5.7.3 Phng php gii

Trong phng php ny php thay th tch phn bng vic o din tch cc phn

76

b lu lng n v bng my o vung. Lu lng n v c biu din gii tch

bng tch phn sau:
h

q = vdh

(5.24)

qua th th lu lng n v l din tch phn b vn tc trn thu trc. Vn

tc trung bnh i vi mi thu trc l php chia din tch cho su. Vic tnh
ton theo phng php ny c tin hnh nh sau:
1) Trn giy k li v mt ct ngang v cc phn b vn tc trn cng mt t l,
tnh vn tc cho trc q
2) Ly q/h cho ta nhn c vn tc trung bnh thu trc.
3) Dng phn b vn tc trung bnh theo chiu rng sng; tnh vn tc cho c
thu trc o su ( q/h t th phn b lu lng thnh phn )
4) Tnh lu lng n v cho cc thu trc ( k c thu trc o su ln vn tc
bng cch q=vtb. h
5) Tnh lu lng nc bng cch dng phn b Q v q thu c kt qu
bng m hay dng my o din tch. Din tch ng phn b Q cho ta lu lng
ton phn. Phng php ny rt chnh xc nhng mt nhiu cng sc.

5.7.4 Phng php tnh lu lng theo cc ng ng lu

Phng php ny da trn cng thc (5.6) bng cch thay tch phn bng tng
cc s yu t hu hn trn m hnh lu lng. Th tch m hnh lu lng hay l lu
lng nc bng:
Q=

0 +1
2

a+

1 +2
2

a +...+

n 1 + n
2

a + Qk ,

(5.25)

0 - din tch mt ct ngang

1, 2 - din tch gii hn bi ng ng lu th 1,2..
a- khong vn tc gia cc ng ng lu

77

Qk th tch phn cui bng:

Qk =

2
n (v max v n )
3

(5.26)

n - din tch ca cc ng ng lu cui cng

vmax - vn tc ln nht
vn - vn tc tng ng vi ng ng lu cui cng.
Nu cc ng ng lu cch u, cng thc (6.17) c dng n gin hn:
+ n

Q = a 0
+ 1 + 2 +L+ n 1 + Qk

(5.27)

Th t cng vic tnh ton lu lng nh sau:

1) Trn giy k li v mt ct ngang ca lng sng
2) v cc phn b tc trn thu trc cng t l
3) v cc ng ng lu (t 6 - 10 ng ng lu)
4) o cc din tch bi cc ng ng lu bng myo din tch hay m
vung trn giy k ly.
5) Tnh lu lng nc s dng cng thc ( 5.27 ).
5.8 NH GI SAI S O LU LNG BNG LU TC K

Khi o lu lng nc bng lu tc k, cng nh trong mi o c khc khng

trnh khi sai s. Lu lng xc nh bng phng php "lu tc - din tch" vi vic
xc nh vn tc bng lu tc k s mc phi sai s Q no , c th biu din qua:
Qd = Qt Q

(5.28)

vi Qd Lu lng thc o. Qt - Lu lng chnh xc, v Q - Sai s o c

(tuyt i)

78

Sai s o lu lng biu din bng % nh sau

Q =

Qd Qt
100
Qt

(5.29)

Cc nguyn nhn dn n sai s thuc 2 nhm: sai s ngu nhin v sai s h

thng chu cc nh hng:
- Tnh cht v cht lng dng c o
- Phng php v iu kin o c
- S bin i ca i lng o theo thi gian
- Phng php tnh ton

5.8.1 Nhm sai s ngu nhin

a. o din tch mt ct ngang: Khi o mt ct ngang c th c cc sai s sau:
- xp x su v khong cch
- sai lch v tr thu trc
- Tng sai s mc ny c th t ti gn 3%
b. o vn tc
- Xp x vic xc nh thi gian o
- Thi gian o ngn nn khng trit mch ng
- Xp x khi tnh ton vn tc trung bnh
- Tng sai s c 3 - 4 % khi tnh lu lng

5.8.2 Nhm sai s h thng

a. o din tch
- V tr khng thng ng ca cc v dy cp
- o nc chy trn cc v thc

79

- nh hng ca t nn y khi o su
- Tng sai s c 2 -3 %
b. o vn tc
- sai s khi kim nh my
- s khc bit ca iu kin kim nh v iu kin o kho c dng ri.
- s thay i ma st khi lu tc k lc vn hnh
- nh hng ca nht du trn my o
- Khng tnh nh hng ca tnh xon c
- Sai s do tnh khng xc nh ngoi suy vn tc t im o thp nht ti y
- Ton b sai s lu lng c 1- 5 %
Ngoi ra cn c cc sai s o iu kin lm vic v cng thc tnh ton khi
tham kho cc bng tra cu.
5.9 O LU LNG BNG PHAO

5.9.1 Thit k cng trnh

Chn 2 tuyn o trn di tuyn o thu vn sao cho thi gian phao tri khong
20 s v ti thiu m bo 10 s ( trong trng hp vn tc ln hn 2 m /s ). Khong
cch gia hai tuyn trn v di o chnh xc gi l tuyn c s. Phao th trn tuyn
trn c 5 - 10 m, xc nh mc nc v dc mt thong, o su.
o vn tc nh sau:
1) Th phao trn sng t 10 n 25 phao (sng hp th th t b nu sng ln
th dng thuyn) cch u trn sng theo nhm.
2) xc nh thi gian phao tri qua cc tuyn quan st.
3) trn tuyn o chnh lc phao i qua cn xc nh khong cch phao tri t
im mc ( bng dy hoc l my o ).

5.9.2 Tnh ton lu lng

1) Trn giy v cc cc im cho tng phao. Trc honh l khong cch t
mc c nh ti im phao ct tuyn gia, trc tung - thi gian phao i t trn
xung.

80

2) V phn b ng thi gian i theo chiu rng , sau nh cc thu trc

vn tc v o su.
3) i vi thu trc vn tc h t ng phn b thi gian phao tri v vn tc
chy mt Vi = l/t vi t l thi gian tri; l l khong cch.
4) Theo s o su tnh thit din t gia cc thu trc. T vn tc v din
tch xc nh lu lng ton phn.
5.10. PHNG PHP XC NH LU LNG BNG TNH TON

T tng ca phng php l din tch xc nh theo ti liu o su cn vn

tc th xc nh theo cng thc Sezi
v = C RI

(5.30)

C - h s Sezi th nguyn l m 0,5, R - Bn knh thu lc, I - dc mt nc.

Cng thc Chezi chnh xc i vi chuyn ng u vi cc yu t thu lc
ca dng: mt ct t, su, chiu rng, vn tc, dc khng thay i theo chiu
di, dng chy . Trong iu kin t nhin ch c th thu c kt qun gn ng.
i vi cc chuyn ng khng u v khng dng th cng thc (5.30 ) khng
p dng c.
5.11. XC NH LU LNG NC BNG PHNG PHP TH TCH

Phng php th tch ch p dng trong trng hp Q 5 - 10 lt/s. V lu

lng o trc tip nn phng php t chnh xc cao. Cng thc tnh ton s l:
Q=

V
vi V l th tch cha trong dng c o, t - thi gain o. Th tch dng
t

c o ph thuc vo 3 yu t: 1) lu lng ln nht; 2) mc chnh xc vic xc

nh th tch v thi gian tch lu nc; 3) mc yu cu chnh xc o lu lng.

5.12. PHNG PHP TRN HN HP XC NH LU LNG

81

5.12.1. Phng php th chm cht ho tan i biu

Trn on sng cho ti tuyn th ngi ta tin hnh cht ho tan ch th
vo mt hay vi im vi lu lng khng i. Tuyn o nm cch tuyn th sao cho
khong cch ho tan hon ton cht ch th vo nc sng; to ra ch dch
chuyn dng.
Nu on sng ta chn c th p ng yu cu nh vy, th nht thit iu kin
sau s thc hin l: lu lng ring gia tuyn o v tuyn th phi bng nhau. iu
c th th hin qua ng thc:
QC0 + qC1 = (Q + q ) C2

(5.31)

vi Q-lu lng sng; C0- nng t nhin cht ho tan trong nc sng; q-lu
lng cht ch th; C1-nng ho tan ca cht ch th; C2- nng cht ch th ti
tuyn o..
T (5.31) ta c:
Q=q

C1 C2
C2 C0

(5.32)

Nu trong sng t nhin khng c cht ch th i biu, c ngha l C0 = 0 , th:

Q=q

C1 C 2
C2

Tuyn th

Q,C0

(5.33)

Tuyn o

(Q+q),C2

q,C1

Hnh 5.4 S o lu lng bng cht ch th i biu

82

Trong (5.32) v (5.33) q v C1 lun bit; C0 v C2 xc nh bng o c. Nh

vy ta c th xc nh c lu lng thng qua vic o nng cht ch th i biu.

5.12.2 Phng php th nhanh cht i biu tnh lu lng

Phng php ny thc hin khc phng php nu mc 5.12.1 ch vic
th cht ho tan i biu vi lu lng thay i v th nhiu ln gia sng. Trong
trng hp ny khng to ra vic dch chuyn dng. Cht ch th lan to xung tuyn
di kiu nh cc m my do cc hot ng ri v khuych tn. Khi m my i
qua tuyn o, nng cht ho tan i biu C2 trong sng tng dn n cc i sau
gim v nng t nhin ban u C0 trong sng hoc v 0 nu trong sng khng cha
cht ch th .
Nu vic thc hin c ta c th dn cng thc tnh lu lng trn c s
lp lun nh sau:
Qua mt din tch c s ca thit din t d c lu lng dQ i qua. Trng
lng cht ch th l m i qua din tch trong thi gian t c th biu din qua mi
lin h:
t

m = dQC2 dt

(5.34)

vi C2 l nng cht ho tan trong nc sng ( i lng ny thay i theo

thi gian).
Ton b cht ho tan qua thit din t trong thi gian t s bng:
t

M=

dQC2 dt

(5.35)

Vi lu lng qua din tch c s khngph thuc vo t , cn

C2 dt

khng

ph thuc vo v tr ca din tch , c th vit:

t

M = dQ C2 dt

(5.36)

83

Khi :
t

M = Q C2 dt

(5.37)

Th hin trng lng cht ch th qua th tch V v nng C1 ca n, tc l

M= VC1 . Cng thc tnh lu lng
cui cng s l:
Q=

VC1
t

(5.38)

C2 dt
0

y l cng thc tnh lu

lng bng phng php th nhanh
cht i biu.

Hnh 5.5 Dng c o hng dng chy

Ngoi cc phng php nu trn cn c cc phng php xc nh lu lng

trn cc cng trnh c nh ( thu lc ), my t ghi, nh my thu in v.v... m ta s
nghin cu trong cc gio trnh "thu lc hc" v "tnh ton thu li"

84

CHNG 6. O LU LNG BN CT
6.1 CC KHI NIM C BN

Trong nc lun lun cha mt lng cht rn v cht ho tan. Tng lng cc
sn phm m dng nc ti i trong mt thi gian xc nh gi l dng chy rn, cc
phn t rn m nc ti i c gi l ph sa. Ph sa c cc ht ln khc nhau,
thnh phn ca n cn c c cc cht hu c.
S xut hin ca dng chy rn d b chi phi bi cc qu trnh bo mn ho
hc v c hc. Bo mn c hc ch yu l do dng chy mt, do gi; bo mn ho
hc - dng chy ngm. Phn ph sa ch yu tng lng sng l t lu vc, mt phn
no l do xi l lng v b sng .
Ph sa trong sng gm c ph sa l lng, ph sa di y. S phn bit ny ch
c tnh cht quy c bi qu trnh chuyn ho ca ph sa t dng ny sang dng khc
l lin tc. Song s phn chia ny cn thit khi thit lp cc phng php nghin cu.
Lu lng ph sa l lng k hiu R, (kg/s), cht ho tan S (kg/s). o lu lng ph sa
l lng da trn vic xc c ca nc ( lng ph sa trong mt n v th tch
nc). c c bin din bng cng thc:
=

p H 10 6
V

(6.1)

PH - lng ph sa trong l mu (g); V th tch l mu (ml) khi (g/m3).

o ph sa di y da trn vic xc nh lu lng thnh phn, c ngha l
lng ph sa chuyn qua mt n v chiu di chu vi cng ca lng sng trong 1s,
c biu din bng mi lin h;
g=

100 p D
tl

(6.2)

PD- lng ph sa mu ( g );

85

t - thi gian quan trc

l - rng ca khe h cc thit b ly mu ( cm) . Khi g (g/m3).
o lu lng cht ho tan da trn vic xc nh khong cht ca nc, tc l
lng phn rn trong 1n v th tch .
=

p C 10 6
V

(6.3)

PC - Phn cng (g),

V - Th tch (ml), v (g/m3).
Nghin cu dng chy rn bao gm:
+) Xc nh dng chy nm ca ph sa l lng, ph sa y v hp cht ho tan
cng vi s phn b chng trong nm .
+) Thnh phn ph sa l lng, ph sa y theo ln cc phn t , lng cht
hu c cha trong .
+) Thnh phn mui cc cht ho tan v s phn b trong nm ca cc ion .
ngha vic xc nh lu lng ph sa l lng:
- Phc v thit k v vn hnh kho nc
- Phc v giao thng vn ti.
- Thu in, khai thc cng trnh trm bm ti tiu, ly nc dng cho sinh
hot ...
ln ca ph sa quy nh bi kch thc ca cc ht , thng nhn l ng
knh trung bnh ca ht.
th thu lc l vn tc ri u ca phn t trong mi trng nc yn tnh,
o bng cm/s hoc mm/s. Phn t cng b th ln thu lc ca n cng b. ln
do thu lc ph thuc vo nhit . Nhit gim th nht tngv do ln
thu lc gim v ngc li.

86

6.2. CHUYN NG CA PH SA TRONG SNG

6.2.1. Chuyn ng ph sa y
Di tc ng ca lc dng chy
ph sa y c th ln, trt, hoc nhy
cc.
Trn cc con sng c y ct
thng to thnh cc a hnh c trng
l sng ct. Qui m sng ct ph thuc
Hnh 6.1 G ct y
vo lu lng v tc dng chy; ph
sa trt theo sng ct to nn qu trnh
bo mn v bi lng lin tc dn ti s di chuyn cc ct theo thi gian. Sng ct c
khi c qui m c chiu rng con sng.

Hnh 6.2 Trng vn tc trn g ct y sng

Trn cc con sng min ni, ph sa y c kch thc ln, cc ht di chuyn

theo phng thc ln hoc nhy cc trn ton b chiu rng sng.

6.2.2. Chuyn ng ph sa l lng

Ph sa l lng chuyn ng nh chuyn ng ri ca nc to trng thi l
lng ln nh cc lc xoy y ln. Lc nng cc phn t c th xy ra vi iu kin:

87

thnh phn thng ng ca vn tc ln hn ln thu lc ca vt l lng. duy

tr trng thi l lng hai thnh phn y cn phi bng nhau. Trong dng ri cc g
y to nn cc xoy c trc ngang tri theo dng nc mang theo c ph sa t y.
Vi chuyn ng ng u th lng ph sa ni ln v chm xung cn bng nhau
trong trng thi ng, tc l trong mt n v thi gian trn mt n v mt ct s phn
t chuyn ho t trng thi l lng thnh ph sa di y bng s phn t t ph sa y
thnh trng thi l lng.
Lng ph sa l lng ph thuc vo tc dng chy, vo lng ph sa lu
vc ti xung lng sng. Phn b ph sa tun theo trng thi cn bng. Cc lp di
thng c cc ht ln hn. Chuyn ng ca ph sa cng mang tnh mch ng.

6.2.3. V ch c v dng chy ph sa trong sng

Mi con sng c c v dng chy ph sa khc nhau. Lng ph sa ph
thuc vo tng chu k thu vn khc nhau. Ma l - ph sa nhiu, ma kit - ph sa
t. Khi lu lng nc tng th thng c trn cc con sng tng. nh ca chng
trn sng b thng xut hin trng nhau; trn cc con sng ln thng nh c
xut hin sm hn nh dng chy. Dng ph sa trung bnh nm cng thay i ph
thuc vo dao ng ca nc v cc iu kin kh tng.

6.2.4 S khong ho ca nc v dng vt cht ho tan

Dng chy mang vt cht ho tan trong lng ca n. Nh c chuyn ng ri
m cc cht ho tan phn b ng u trong thit din t ca dng. Cht ho tan
thng bt ngun t nc ngm, do ma kit nng cht ho tan cao hn v ma
l th ngc li. Dng cht ho tan ph thuc vo lng nc v iu kin a cht th nhng ca lu vc. Ngy nay n cn chu nh hng nng n ca cc cht thi
cng nghip.
6.3. NGHIN CU DNG PH SA L LNG

6.3.1 Dng c ly mu ph sa l lng

a. Dng c ly mu kiu chai: dung tch chai t (0.5-2,l) c np y m bng
cao su c hai vi xuyn qua (mt vi dng ly nc v mt vi dng thot kh) v c
th dng ly nc theo cc phng php tch im v tch phn

88

b.Dng c ly mu kiu ngang: l mt ng kim loi hnh tr c dung tch t 0.5

n 5 l. Hai u ng c hai np m cao su c dy l so gn cht vo ming ng.

6.3.2. Dng c ly mu ph sa y

Hnh 6.4 Dng c l mu kiu ngang

Hnh 6.3 Dng c ly mu kiu chai

Dng c ly mu ph sa y c nhiu loi, song y ch xem xt kiu "n"

l kiu hay s dng nht Vit Nam. Gm cc b phn chnh nh v bo v, b phn
in, ca ra vo, b phn cha ct.

6.3.3. o lu lng ph sa l lng

Gm cc cng on ch yu nh sau:
1. Ly mu nc cc thu trc vn tc tnh lu lng ph sa.
2. Ly mu kim tra xc nh quan h c trung bnh v c thu
trc i biu.
3. Ly mu xc nh ln ht ph sa.
S ln o lu lng ph sa l lng trong mt nm c xc nh bi ch
sng ngi v mc nghin cu dng chy rn ti tuyn o . Trung bnh 1 n 2
nm quan trc u tin o khong 20 n 25 ln, i vi sng vng ni 30 n 40 ln.
S ln o nhiu nht khi c l t 10 n 12 ln, vo ma kit o mt thng t 1 n 2
ln. Trong tng trn l s im o khng t hn hai ln lc nc ln v hai ln lc
nc xung.
Trong cc nm tip theo, nu xc nh c mi quan h xc nh dng ph

89

sa th s lng o ph sa c th bt i.
Nu tuyn o nm trn on sng vi s bi xi mnh th s ln o ph sa trn
sng bt buc phi dy hn t 4-6 ln trong mt thng.
chnh xc trong vic o c v tnh ton lu lng ph sa vi cc phng
php hin nay thng nm vo khong 10 -15 %.
Vic ly mu ph sa c cc
phng php nh sau: phng
php im; phng php tng v
phng php tch.
a. Phng php im: cc
mu nc ly cc im ring
bit trn cc thu trc vn tc 3
dng: chi tit; hai im v mt
im (chi tit: ti mt; 0.2h;
Hnh 6.5 Dng c ly mu trn cc v trn ti
0.6h;0.8h; y; hai im:ti 0.2h
trng
v 0.8h v mt im: ti 0.6h).
Dng chi tit p dng khi i hi ti liu chnh xc. Phng php hai im p dng
cho cc sng ln v trung bnh c c khng ln lm t 50-100 g/m3. Phng php
mt im dng cho cc sng b c c tng t.
b. Phng php tng: mu ly ti 2 im ring bit mi thu trc (0.2h v
0.8h )sau chung vo mt l ri xc nh
c tng cng. Phng php ny dng vi
c b hn 50 g/cm3.
c. Phng php tch: a dng c ly
mu chuyn ng lin tc theo tng thu trc
t mt xung y v ngc li. Dng phng
php ny vi chuyn ng khng ngng khi
cc yu t thu trc thay i nhanh.
Th tch mu ly sao cho khi lc, phn
ng li khng t hn 0,1 g. Mu kim tra ly

Hnh 6.6 Gu ly mu bn ct

90

ti mi ln o lu lng xc nh c. X l th (cn) tin hnh ngay ti ch

cn lc mu th tin hnh trong phng th nghim.
Mu xc nh ln cc cp ht ly vo cc thi k c trng (l, kit) khong
4-10 mu/nm, mu ly vo khi o lu lng ph sa trn mi thu trc vn tc v
vo mt l cho ton b mt ct. Th tch mu c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
V=

a .1000

(6.4)

a - Gi tr cn i hi (g)

- c g/m3:

6.3.4. Tnh lu lng ph sa l lng

Gm c phng php gii v phng php phn tch.
a. Phng php gii: vic tnh ton lu lng ph sa l lng c tin hnh
trn hnh v bng cc th tnh lu lng nc theo cc th t nh sau:
1. Dng phn b c: lm iu trn cc phn b vn tc cc im
o vn tc v ly c theo t l c. T l dng tnh ton sao cho rng
phn b gn bng rng phn b vn tc dng chy. Khi a cc im c cn
ch n cc im lch t ngt v khng tnh n chng khi xy dng phn b
c.
2. Tnh ton cc lu lng ph sa n v (g/m2.s) theo cng thc:

= v

(6.5)

3. Dng phn b cc lu lng ph sa l lng n v.

4. Xc nh cc lu lng ph sa l lng thnh phn r (g/ms), l din tch ca
cc phn b lu lng n v. c xc nh bng my o din tch hoc k .
5. Xc nh cc lu lng n v trung bnh ca ph sa trn cc thu trc
(g/m s) bng cch chia cc gi tr lu lng thnh phn c su cc thu trc.
3

91

 tb =

r
h

(6.6)

6. Dng phn b cc lu lng n v trung bnh tb cc gi tr tb c t t

ng mc nc mi thu trc theo cng t l t trn phn b vn tc v chp
cho tt c cc thu trc (vn tc - nhp c t s li ; cn li - h t th)
7. Dng phn b lu lng thnh
phn bng cch thm t ng mc nc
trn cc thu trc vn tc m trc y
nhp c. i vi cc thu trc o su
cc lu lng thnh phn c tnh bng
cch nhp tb vi su c gi tr r v
a ln hnh v.
8. Xc nh lu lng ph sa l
lng bng din tch cc lu lng thnh
phn ( my o hay vung ) kg/s, sau
tnh c trung bnh trong sng:
tb =

Hnh 6.7 Dng c lc mu ph sa

R1000
Q

(6.7)

Vi R - lu lng ph sa kg/s; Q - lu lng nc m3/s vi tb - g/m3 Ngoi ra

ngi ta cn tnh c trung bnh i vi mi thu trc vn tc

tbTT
tbTT =

r
q

(6.8)

b. Phng php phn tch: Phng php phn tch ph sa

l lng c tin hnh theo cng thc, n ph thuc vo phng
php ly mu nc xc nh c. Nu dng phng php
im th trc ht cn tnh cc lu lng trung bnh, lu lng Hnh 6.8 Phu lc
n v ca ph sa i vi tng thu trc vn tc. i vi vic bn ct
ngi ta p dng cc cng thc tnh vn tc trung bnh dng chy
trn thu trc. Vi phng php 2 im ly mu n v trung bnh l:

92

 tb =

0,2 + 0,8
2

(6.9)

Vi 0,2 l lu lng ph sa n v ti im 0,2h c tnh l 0,2 = v0,2.0,2.

Tng t vi 0,8 = v0,8.0,8
Vi vic ly mu ph sa ti 1 im:

tb = 0,6

(6.10)

Nu tnh theo phng php ly mu chi tit th cng thc tnh lu lng ph sa
trung bnh trn thu trc s l:

tb = 0,1(m + 30,2 + 30,6 + 20,8 + d)

(6.11)

Sau khi xc nh lu lng trung bnh n v cho mi thu trc, ph sa l lng

trn ton b c:
+n
+2

R = 0,001 k 1 0 + 1
1 +L+ n1
n1 + k n n (6.12)

2
2

Hoc:
+ 2
|+ n

R = 0,001 1 Q0 + 1
Q1 +L+ n1
Qn 1 + n Qn

2
2

(6.13)

1,...n lu lng trung bnh n v ph sa l lng trn cc thu trc vn tc

k - h s nh khi tnh lu lng nc

- Din tch cc trc din thnh phn

i - c thnh phn
Qi - lu lng thnh phn
C th tnh lu lng ph sa khi bit c trung bnh v lu lng nc qua
cng thc:
R = 0,001 tb.Q

(6.14 )

93

6.3.5 Tnh ton dng chy ph sa l lng

Dng chy ph sa l lng c tnh bng 2 phng php. Phng php th
nht da trn vic s dng cc ti liu v c ca cc mu nc n v hng ngy

tb v mi quan h gia c ca mu n v dv v c trung bnh ca sng

tb=f(dv). Phng php th hai da trn vic s dng mi quan h gia cc lu lng
ph sa v lu lng nc R = f(Q)
Phng php th nht ph bin hn v c coi l c s v n cho php xc
nh dng ph sa theo mt s lng va phi cc lu lng ph sa l lng o c
(10 - 15 lu lng/nm). Vic p dng phng php th hai b hn ch bi v mi
quan h ng tin cy gia lu lng ph sa v lu lng nc R = f(Q) nht thit phi
c mt s ln lu lng ph sa o c. Thng s ln o phi l 20 - 40 lu lng
ph sa/nm, ch xy ra vo cc k quan trc u tin ca cc trm hoc khi tin hnh
cc cng tc o c thu vn theo mt chng trnh c bit.
a) Tnh dng ph sa l lng theo c cc mu n v hng ngy v mi lin
h gia c ca mu n v v c trung bnh ca sng. Khi tnh ton dng ph
sa theo phng php ny ngi ta s dng cc s liu sau:
1) c cc mu nc n v hng ngy dv.
2) c trung bnh mt ct tb.
3) c cc mu n v kim tra dvkt
4) Lu lng nc.
Tnh ton dng c tin hnh theo tun t sau:
1) Dng th qu trnh nm ca c n v (s dng s liu v c ca
mi n v hng ngy cho mt nm). th ny c dng ng thi vi th nm
ca lu lng nc. Thng thng th Q tng R tng. Khi xt thi im xut hin
cc tr ca lu lng nc v ph sa ta thy TQmax chm hn TRmax ( i vi sng ln
v trung bnh ), cn TQmax ng thi TRmax ( i vi sng b ).
2) Dng th quan h tb = f(dvkt) sao cho ng quan h i qua gc to

tb = kdv

94

3) Tnh cc lu lng ph sa chc ngy Rtb10trung bnh ph sa l lng:

10

Rtb10 = 0,1 Rtbn .0,001

(6.15)

Vi Rtbn l lu lng ph sa trung bnh ngy.

4) Tnh dng ph sa l lng: lm vic trc ht phi tnh cc gi tr dng
chy ph sa theo chc ngy sau bng cch ly tng xc nh gi tr dng chy
nm. thu c dng chy ph sa theo chc ngy cn phi xc nh trc lu lng
ph sa (trung bnh theo chc ngy ) nhn vi s giy trong chc ngy c ngha l
8,64.105. Nhng tnh ton nh vy c tin hnh i vi tng chc ngy trong nm,
cc gi tr thu c s cng li. Dng chy ph sa l lng nm thng o bng n v
tn/nm.
b. Tnh ton dng chy ph sa l lng theo th gia lu lng nc v lu
lng ph sa: Phng php ny c p dng khi c s lng ln o lu lng ph sa
ln trn tt c mi pha ca ch thu vn, c ngha l lc l ln, nh l v vo cc
ma kit. Khi tun theo cc iu kin l: mi on ca mi ph thuc R = f (Q) c
khi qut kh y . Phng php ny c gii thiu p dng khi tnh dng chy
ph sa cc sng ln v trung bnh. Khi tnh ton dng ph sa cc tuyn di p cc
sng c chnh tr phng php ny khng dng c.
tnh dng ph sa ngi ta dng th lin h gia cc i lng thc o
lu lng nc v cc lu lng ph sa l lng c ng thi.
Trong s phn b cc im a ln ta thy mt quy lut cho php dn ng
cong mm mi - ng cong thng hay c dng ngi bt hoc l ng cong phc
tp gm 2 nhnh tng ng vi l: nhnh phi di - nc dng, nhnh tri trn nc xung; mi nhnh tng ng vi thi gian khc nhau.
tnh ton dng ph sa t th dng c ngi ta h cc gi tr lu
lng ph sa trung bnh ngy theo cc gi tr nc trung bnh ngy.
Khi cn s dng ng cong tng ng vi nhng ngy xc nh lu lng.
Bng cch ta thu c cc gi tr ph sa trung bnh ngy ri cng theo chc ngy v
tnh lu lng ph sa cho chc ngy.

95

Dng chy nm ca ph sa thu c bng cch cng cc gi tr tnh ton dng

ph sa tt c cc chc ngy trong nm
Khi tnh ton dng ph sa l lng trong nhiu nm nht thit vi mi nm phi
c th quan h tb = f(dv) hoc R=f(Q) . Trong mt s trng hp cc mi quan h
ny c kh nng n nh, khi c th khi cn thit tin hnh tnh ton dng chy ph
sa nm cho c cc nm v trc.
6.4. NGHIN CU PH SA Y

6.4.1. Cc dng c ly mu ph sa y
Mun o bn ct ti mt im no trn y sng ta a my xung im .
Khi my chm y sng th cc ca m, sau mt thi gian di th ko my ln ghi
ly thi gian o . Thi gian o ph thuc vo lng bn ct ti im o nhiu hay t
quy nh. Thng thng im mi im ly mu t 50 - 750 g l c.

6.4.2. o v tnh lu lng ph sa y. Tnh ton ph sa y

a) o lu lng ph sa y: S lng ln o
lu lng ph sa y tu thuc ch sng (khng t
hn 10 ngn ln 1 nm, khi c l o dy hn). o ph
sa y ng thi vi o lu lng nc v o lu
lng ph ph sa l lng. Mu ph sa y ly trn
mi thu trc o vn tc. phn tch th ngi
ta khng ly mu ring m dng lun mu o th tch.
b. Tnh ton lu lng ph sa y: thng lu
lng ph sa y c tnh theo phng php phn
Hnh 6.9 Dng c ly ph sa
tch, song trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dng
Moltranov
phng php gii nhn trc quan hn. Phng
php no cng phi tnh s b lu lng ph sa thnh phn i vi thu trc theo cng
thc:
g=

100 p d
tl

(6.16)

pd - Mu ph sa (g); t - thi gian ly mu (s); l - rng ca my(cm ).

96

Lu lng ton phn ph sa y G:

g + g2
g
+ gn
g
g

G = 0,001 1 b0 + 1
b1 +L+ n1
bn 1 + n bn
2

2
2
2

(6.17)

g1, g2, gn - lu lng thnh phn g/m.s

b1, bn - khong cch gia cc thu trc b0, bn - khong cch gia mp nc v
cc thu trc gn b.
Vi phng php gii th cn phi dng cc phn b lu lng thnh phn
theo chiu rng sng. Din tch c xc nh bng my hoc k .
c. Tnh dng chy ph sa y: cn dng th G = f (Q).
- Nu G= f (Q) l cht ch ( phn tn cc im nh ) th ngi ta dn n
mt ng cong ( li v pha trc Q) v dng n tnh ton.
Nu G = f(Q) c phn tn cc im ln khng th dn mt ng cong th
cn a thm gi tr dc mt nc, tc bnh qun dng chy hoc su trung
bnh ri dn h vo ng cong 3 tham s.
Nu phng php ny cng khng th dn ng cong th nu s lng ln o
c ri u trong nm cho php s dng phng php ni suy vi iu kin ch ph
sa khng thay i.

97

CHNG 7. O MN, O NHIT , MU SC V TRONG

SUT CA NC
Cng tc o mn c tin hnh trn cc trm sng ti khu vc c nh hng
ca thy triu.
7.1 KHI NIM V MUI V MN

7.1.1 mui
mui l tng cc loi mui c trong 1000 gam nc bin nhit 4800C
(gm cc mui cc-bon-nt b xi ho , I-, Br-, ClThng ngi ta xc nh mui qua lng ion Cl- trong mu nc .
C(%o) =

0,030 + 1,8050 Cl (%o)

(7.1)

Cl = (%o) Clo tnh bng (%o)

y l cng thc xc nh mi quan h cc i lng nc bin i dng.
Trong sng cng thc trn khng th dng c do vy vic xc nh lng
NaCl l loi mui c t trng ln nht trong cc mui bin gi l mn.

7.1.2. mn
L tng s gam mui NaCl trong mt gam nc bin, g/1000g. k hiu l S.
xc nh mn thng da vo mi quan h gia Clo v mn nh sau:
S = 1.65 Cl

(7.2)

Cl = 0.607 S

(7.3)

S - mn phn nghn (%o)

Cl - Clo phn nghn (%o)

98

7.2 V TR V PHNG PHP LY MU

7.2.1 Thu trc ly mu

cc trm thu vn cp I, II c o mn th ng thu trc ly mu trng
ng thu trc o lu tc.
trm thu vn cp III (cc trm thu vn o mn) th thu trc c b tr
nhng ch c dng chy r rt, ch dng chnh, a s trng vi thu trc o lu tc.
Nu gi s khng trng nhau th xc nh thu trc i biu o mn nh sau:
- o mt s ln mn c trng (ln nht, nh nht, trung bnh) trn ton b
mt ct ngang.
- Tnh mn bnh qun mt ngang ( Smn ).
- Chn mt s ng thu trc mn ri tnh Stt
Lp quan h Smn v Stt , chn tip tuyn i biu vi quan h c sai s b nht .

7.2.2 V tr im ly mu trn thu trc

Thng ngi ta c phng php 3 im hoc 6 im.
- Phng php 3 im gm cc im: mt, 0,5h, y.
- Phng php 6 im gm cc im: mt, 0,2h, 0,4h, 0,6h, 0,8h, y. Ch yu
ngi ta thng o 3 im v sai s gia hai phng php trn khng ng k .

7.2.3 Dng c ly mu
- Chai c nt hoc dng c ly bn ct kiu ngang .
Ch : Khi ly mu cn c mc nc, nhit , thi gian o, v tr o.
7.3 CH O MN

- Ly mu nc mn thng tin hnh vo ma nc cn hng nm. i vi

tng vng khc nhau th ma nc cn cng khc nhau .

99

-Ly mu cn cn c vo ch thu triu m quy nh ch o c th vo k

triu c trng. o mn cn tin hnh sao cho thu c mn ln nht v nh nht,
mi ln o t 1 - 2 gi t chn triu n nh triu .
7.4 PHNG PHP PHN TCH XC NH MN

7.4.1 Dng c phn tch

Gm c bnh nh mc , ng dung lng, ng ht v ng nh git.
a. Bnh nh mc:
Bnh nh mc lm bng thu tinh, gm cc loi 1000, 500, 200 v 100 ml.
Trc khi dng phi ra1 -2 ln bng nc sch ri 2 -3 ln bng nc ct , thng
thng pha dung dch c nng xc nh trc .
Khi xc nh dung tch dung dch Ko cm tay trnh tng dung tch dung dch
do nhit . Khi pha dung dch nn dn nc ct vo ti khi dung dch tan ht vi th
tch dung dch = 3/4 dung tch nh mc th thi.
b. ng ht : lm bng thu tinh c hai loi: Loi c bu v loi chia . Dng
a th tch ca dung dch t bnh ny sang bnh kia.
c. ng dung lng: lm bng thu tinh hnh tr c y c khc vch ch dung
tch t 5,10,15,25,50,100,200,500,1000 ml ong nhng th tch cc dung dch c
chnh xc cao.
d. ng nh git: Thu tinh c khc (ml) phn di nh dn c kho ng
m , vch 00 trn cng , khi s dng ng cn tho kho ra sch bng nc ct v
trng bng dung dch AgNO3.

7.4.2 Ho cht v cch pha ch

a. Dung dch ni t rt bc N bng 0,0855: Ly tinh th AgNO3 1200C trong
2h ngui trung bnh ht m 45 pht. cn 14,533 g vi nc ct cho vo bnh nh
mc 1 lt. ( Nc ct 2 ln ) gi trong ch ti trnh nh sng lm phn gii dung dch.
Mun pha AgNO3 N = 0,01712 th ly AgNO3 N = 0,0855 pha thm 4 ln th tch
nc ct 2 ln.

100

b. Dung dch chun NaCl N = 0,0855:

Cn chnh xc 5g NaCl ( sy kh nhit 1200C trong 4 gi ti bnh ht
m 45 pht ) ho tan vi 1 lt nc ct.
c. Dung dch K2Cr2O4 10%
Cn 10 g tinh th K2Cr2O4 ho tan vi 100 ml nc ct
d. iu chnh nng dung dch AgNO3:
Ly 10 ml dung dch NaCl N = 0,0855 v 3 git ch th mu K2Cr2O4 10%.
Dng AgNO3 nh git kim tra phn ng. Th nghim 2 ln sai nhau khng qu 0,1
ml th l nng nh, nh hn 9,8 ml th l nng ln. Cch iu chnh gm:
Nng ln: Pha thm nc ct theo cng thc:
V =

V (10 V1 )
V1

(7.4)

V1 - lng AgNO3 bnh qun dng nh git ( ml )

V - Th tch dung dch AgNO3 cn iu chnh
Nu nng AgNO3 nh th thm tinh th AgNo3 theo cng thc:
G =

V (10 V1 )
14 ,533
V1

(7.5)

7.4.3. Cc bc phn tch xc nh mn

1.Dung dch nc mu phn tch
: m bo chnh xc ca ti liu tit kim ho cht v tin cho tnh ton
nn chn th tch nc mu ph thuc vo mn nh bng sau:

101

 mn (%o)

Nng
(N)

>1,000

0,0855

5 pha thm 15 ml nc ct

0,2501,000

0,0855

20

0,01712

20

0,01712

50100

<0,250

AgNO3 N x58,45 = P

Th tch nc mu V ml

2. Cc bc phn tch mn.

a) Trc khi phn tch 1 -2 gi em mu nc v dng c phn tch trn bn
cho nhit ca chng bng nhit trong phng.
b) Xc nh pH ( dng giy th pH). Nu pH < 6,5 th dng dung dch
Na2CO30,1 N trung ho a pH v khong 7. Nu pH>10 th dung dch H2SO4
0,12N trung ho a pH 7. Nu pH = 7,510 th khng cn iu chnh pH na.
c) Cho dung dch AgNO3 vo ng nh git n vch khc "0".
d) Dng ng ht ht mu nc cho vo tam gic.
) Cho vo nc mu 3 git ch th muK2Cr2O4.
e)Dng dung dch AgNO3nh git, khi n im ti (nc mu chuyn sang
mu hng nht) th ghi ly lng AgNO3 nh git.
3. Cc bc tnh ton mn.
a) mn ti im o:
Hm Cl- tnh theo cng thc sau:

Cl =

W N 35,5
1000
V

Trong :

(7.6)

W- Lng dung dch AgNO3 dng (ml)

102

N - Nng dng lng ca dung dch AgNO3

V - Dung tch nc mu dng phn tch (ml)
35,5 - ng lng ca Cl
1000 - s i g ra t mg.
Nu gi P' = Nx35,5 th Cl- c xc inh:
Cl =

W . P'
.1000
V

(7.7)

Khi N = 0,0855 th P' = 0,607

- mn tnh theo cng thc:
NaCl =

W N 58,45
1000
V

(7.8)

Trong cc k hiu W, N, V nh trong cng thc;

58,45 - l ng lng ca NaCl
Nu gi P = Nx58.45 th mn c tnh:
NaCl =

WP
1000
V

Khi

(7.9)

N = 0,0855 th P = 5,00
N = 0,01712 th P = 1,0

Khi xc nh mn trc khi hm lng Cl- c xc nh nh sau:

Cl-= 0,607NaCl
tin tnh ton khi phn tch mn c th p dng cng thc tnh sn nh bng
sau y:

103

Nng dung Th tch nc mu Cng thc tnh lng Cng thc hm

dch AgNO3(N) phn tch (ml)
mui NaCl ( mn) mg/l lng Cl-(mg/l)
0,0855

20
20

50
1 0 0

0,01712

1000W

607W

250W

151,8W

50W

30,35W

20W

12,14W

10W

6,07W

b) mn bnh qun thu trc:

o 3 im:

S tt =

S tt =

S mat + S 0 ,5 h + S day

(7.10)

S mat + S 0 , 2 h + S 0 , 4 h + S 0 ,6 h + S 0 ,8 h + S day
6

(7.11)

c) mn bnh qun mt ngang:

- Trng hp khi o mn ng thi c o lu lng nc trn mt ngang:

S mn =

S1Q0 +

+ Sn
S1 + S 2
S
Q1 + ...+ n 1
Qm 1 + Sn Qn
2
2
(7.12)
Q

Trng hp khi o mn khng o lu lng:

S mn =

S1 + S 2 + ... S n 1 + S n
n

(7.13)

Trong cc cng thc trn th:

Smt, S0,2h, S0,4h... - mn ti im c su tng i l mt 0,2h, 0,4h..

104

S1, S2, Sn

- mn bnh qun ti thu trc s 1, 2, n

Q1, Q2,.... Qn - lu lng nc b phn gia cc thu trc o lu tc v o mn.

4. Phn tch chua (pH)
a)Khi nim chung: chua trong nc thin nhin do s tn ti ca cc a xt
hu c t do, kh ccbonnc cha ho hp v cc loi kim yu to thnh hoc ch yu
quyt nh bi t l nng ca cc ion axt mnh v kim yu...
Tr s pH ch nng ion H+ ( gc a - xt ) trong nc v h s tuyt i ca n
qu nh nn ngi ta dng logarit ca s nghch o ca nng pH. Tc l:

pH = log
Khi

1
[H + ]

(7.14)

pH = 7 - nc trung bnh
pH > 7 - kim
pH< 7 - axt

b) Phng php xc nh chua pH.

Phng php thng dng xc nh pH nc ta hin nay l dng my o
pH. Sau y ch gii thiu phng php dng giy th pH l phng php d lm,
chnh xc p ng c yu cu ca sn sut v nghin cu khoa hc.
Nguyn l chung ca phng php: Mu nc c tr s pH khc nhau khi gp
giy th pH s xut hin mu sc khc nhau. Mun xc nh pH ta dng mt mnh
giy th pH nhng vo nc mu cho t u ri ly ra khong mt pht khi mu
ln r th a so snh vi thang mu pH c sn. T s xc nh c pH
ca nc mu.
7.5 O NHIT NC

o nhit nc c tin hnh trn mi trm thu vn c quan trc mc

nc, trong :

105

1) o c mt cch c h thng hng ngy ti mt ch c nh - vng gn b

hay gia sng.
2) thnh thong o ng b nhit nc ti mt vi im dc theo sng hoc
theo chiu rng sng.
V tr o nhit nc trn cc sng c chn hoc trn tuyn o, hoc gn
trm o, ni c dng chy vi su khng nh hn 0,3-0,5 m. Gn v tr o khng c
nc thi cng nghip hoc ngun nc khong. Chn v tr o sao cho nhit im
o khc rt t vi nhit trung bnh ton mt ct v on sng ni t trm. iu ny
cn phi c tun th bng cch o ng b.
Nu sng hp hn 10 m v nng th o nhit tin hnh ti ch c dng chy
su nht.
1. Vi nhit k. cho php c nhit vi chnh xc ti 0,01 0C trong khong
-0,8 n +1,20C
Khi o nhit ban u cn tun th
cc bc x l sau:
1) Chnh l s o theo dng c o.
2) Tnh ton nhit trung bnh
ngy theo cc trm o c bn.
Hnh 7.1 Dng c o nhit bng
in (vi nhit k)

3) Tnh ton nhit trung bnh

chc ngy, nhit trung bnh thng.

Xy dng th bin trnh nhit theo thi gian.

4) Phn tch kt qu quan trc.
5) Lp bng nhit nc
Da trn kt qu o nhit nc c th tnh dng nhit theo cng thc:
T = CtiQ

(7.15)

106

Vi C - Nhit dung ring ca nc bng 1000 kcal/(m3.0C). Q- Lu lng nc

qua tuyn o. ti - Nhit nc.
2. Nhit k o su dng o nhit nc tng su c v bc bng st
bo v. (H.7.2)
Cc bc x l ban u nhit nc tng su gm:
1) Xy dng phn b vn tc theo
su ti im o.
2) Xy dng bn ng nhit cho
ton mt ct.
3) Phn tch tr lng nhit thu vc
.
7.6 XC NH MU SC V TRONG
SUT CA NC

Hnh 7.2 Dng c o nhit nc

Nghin cu mu sc ca nc, cng
tng su
nh trong sut trong cc iu kin dng
thng tin hnh trn mt thu trc c nh. Mu sc nc thng c xc nh nh
so snh cht ho tan lm thang chun mu sc vi mu nc. Thng c cc mu :
xanh m, xanh l cy v mu gch.

trong sut ca nc thng c xc nh nh mt a mu trng th xung

nc. su cn nhn thy c ca a phn nh mc trong sut ca nc.
su quan st a cng ln th trong sut ca nc cng cao.
Tp hp s liu v mu sc cng nh trong sut ca nc cng cn phi x
l th ban u ri lp bng a vo nin gim.
7.7 XC NH CHT LNG NC BNG MY O HIN S

Trn y trnh by cc phng php tin hnh ly mu nc, phn tch v

tnh ton cc ch tiu ca cht lng nc nh mui, pH v.v.. Cc phng php
trn tn nhiu thi gian v ho cht. Ngy nay vi pht trin ca k thut v cng

107

ngh nhiu dng c thit b o cht lng nc ra i. Cc dng c o trc tip bng
cc s o hin s trn my. Hin nay c nhiu catalo gii thiu cc loi my ny.

108

Phn 2
CHNH BIN TI LIU
THU VN

109

GII THIU
Trong o c thu vn s liu o c thng c sai s do cc iu kin o
khng ph hp gia cc tuyn o, hoc sai s xy ra gia cc ln o trn cng mt
tuyn. c s liu ng b v hn ch nhng sai s trn cn chnh bin s liu
khi o c xong.
Mc ch cng tc chnh bin ti liu thu vn l:
1. Chnh sa sai s ca cc ti liu gc nhm nng cao cht lng ca ti liu.
2. Phn tch, tnh ton khi qut qu trnh thay i ca hin tng thu vn.
3. Nghin cu quy lut thay i ca tng yu t thu vn c phng php
o hp l nht, gim nh chi ph v nhn lc v cho ti liu c chnh xc cao.
4. Ko di, b sung ti liu lu lng nh ti liu o mc nc
Ni dung khi qut ca cng tc chnh bin ti liu thu vn:
1. Phn tch s liu o c
2. Ni suy s liu: bng phng php ni suy ngi ta c th a ra qu trnh
thay i hin tng thu vn khng lin tc theo thi gan v khng gian.
3. Tng hp s liu nhm mc ch s dng bo qun, lu tr s liu thun tin.
Yu cu cng tc chnh l.
1. K thut:
- Phng php phn tch phi c c s khoa hc.
- S liu tnh ton phi m bo chnh xc cao (nm trong sai s cho php)
2. Kinh t:

110

- Nhm gim nh c o c, tit kim c nhn lc, am bo thu thp s

liu tt, t ng ho trong o c. Kt hp o c vi s dng phng php tnh ton
hin i.
Xu th pht trin ca chnh bin ti liu thu vn:
- Tm ra phng php o c, tnh ton hin i nhm gim chi ph v nhn lc.
- Xy dng cc chng trnh mu, chnh l s liu thu vn v t ng ho
trong chnh l s liu

111

CHNG 8. CHNH L S LIU MC NC

8.1. MC CH V NHIM V

Mc nc l yu t thu vn s dng rt ph bin i vi cc ngnh c lin

quan n ngun nc. Cng vic o mc nc tng i n gin do c th o
nhiu ln cho mt ngy nhng phi m bo th hin s thay i lin tc ca mc
nc theo thi gian.
Mc ch ca cng tc chnh l s liu mc nc thc o l kim tra, pht
hin sa cha nhng sai s trong o c v tnh ton, tng hp s liu s dng lu
tr v nh ra c mt ch o hp l. C th theo di s sau:
Mc nc
thc o

nh ch o
hp l

Nng cao cht lng

Tng hp ch o
hp l

Cung cp cho cc ngnh

khc

xut cc yu cu

Hnh 8.1 S chnh l s liu mc nc

Nhim v ca cng tc chnh bin:

- Phn tch sa cha, b sung mc nc H
- Tnh cc mc nc c trng : mc nc cc i(Hmax), mc nc thp nht
(Hmin), chnh lch mc nc(H) v mc nc bnh qun ( H ) v cng sut mc
nc

H
t

112

- Tng hp v thuyt minh cc ti liu.

8.2 NHNG NHN T NH HNG TI S THAY I CA MC NC V
NHNG MC NC THNG DNG

8.2.1 Nhn t nh hng

Mc nc trn sng ngi lun lun bin i, s thay i ca mc nc do
nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra. Cc chu k lnh hoc chu k nng ca v tr thng ko
theo s gia tng hay gim ca dng chy. S thay i ca mc nc (H) trong
nm ph thuc bi nhng nguyn nhn c th do lng ma ri trn b mt lu vc
v bc x mt tri trong nm chi phi. S thay i mc nc trong ngy ph thuc
ch yu do thu triu, gi hoc s hot ng ca cc cng trnh trn b mt lu vc
gy nn. Ti liu mc nc o c c im l s liu nhiu nhng d b sai do o
c hoc ghi chp.

8.2.2 Mc nc thng dng

- Mc nc bnh qun cc thi on: c im s liu t ph thuc vo
yu cu tnh ton

Hng , Hth , Hn .

Mc nc bnh qun theo khng gian: theo tng on sng, nhnh sng , hai
b v.v..
- Mc nc cao nht, thp nht thi on biu th s dao ng ca mc nc
trong mt thi on no .
- Chnh lch mc nc H trong mt trn l , trong thi gian triu ln hoc
triu xung.
8.3. PHNG PHP KIM TRA SAI S CA MC NC THC O

Phng php thng dng hin nay l phng php so snh, nhn xt ng
qu trnh H = f(t) ca nhiu trm trn cng mt h thng sng.
Cch lm:

113

V H = f(t) ca nhiu trm trn cng mt biu nhng phi m bo cc yu

cu sau:
- V ng nht t l v thi gian.
- T l mc nc ph thuc vo s dao ng ca mc nc tng trm m chn
sao cho d so snh.
- Vi mc chnh xc n 0,5 mm th t l thi gian chn nh hn 1 mm 2
gi v t l mc nc H khng nn nh hn 1 : 20.
- C biu H = f(t), cn c vo tnh cht chung v 4 tnh cht c bit ca
s thay i H trong sng vi cc nhn t nh hng ti s thay i trong phm vi
sng quan trc m kim tra.
- Mc nc thc o c coi l hp l khi dng quan h H = f(t) th hin
nhng tnh cht chung hoc tnh cht c bit ca on sng quan trc.

8.3.1. Tnh cht chung ca s thay i mc nc trong sng.

a) Tnh cht i dn. Mc nc thay i do nh hng ca l hoc triu th
hin tnh cht i dn qua 3 giai on: nc dng
nc rt

dH
> 0,
dt

nc

ng

dH
= 0,
dt

dH
< 0.
dt

i vi sng min ni v sng nh hng triu mnh c giai on nc ng

rt ngn t 5 - 10 pht nn ch o H cch u vi 1 gi o 1 ln khng biu th
c giai on nc ng.
b) Tnh cht iu tit. Mc nc sng thay i do mc nc l, thu triu u
chu tc dng iu tit v sc cn ca lng sng gi l iu tit t nhin ca lng
sng. Lng sng rng v su chu tc ng ca iu tit r nt v ngc li. Thng
thng lng sng va thot nc va gi nc ri iu tit thot ra dn dn nn
di tc dng iu tit ca lng sng thi gian nc rt di hn thi gian nc
dng (xt trong tng trn l ). Tc dng iu tit v sc cn ca lng sng lm cho
bin l hoc bin triu (H chn l v nh l, chn triu v nh triu ) gim
dn theo hng truyn sng l.

114

c) Tnh cht tng ng. Sng l, sng triu truyn theo dc sng to nn s
thay i ca mc nc ca cc mt ct trn cng mt h thng sng c th tng
ng nhng lch pha nhau mt thi gian truyn l, truyn triu no . Tnh cht ny
th hin r cc sng khng c hin tng giao thoa sng l, sng triu hoc khng
c lng gia nhp khu gia.
Nu H = f(t) trong cng mt thi gian ca nhiu mt ct trn mt on sng c
dng tng t nhau, chng t mc nc cc mt ct c thi gian thay i tng
ng.

d) Tnh cht chnh

lch thun.

Quan h H = f(t)
cng thi gian ca nhiu
mt ct trn cng mt h
thng sng v cng mt h
trc to v cng t l th
cc ng ny khng ct
nhau vi cng mt iu
t(ngy)
kin mt ct chun. Bi v
Hnh 8.2 ng quan h H=f(t) trm Ph Li s.
nc chy c trong sng
Thi Bnh.
l do s chnh lch mc
nc theo chiu dc sng nn mc nc ca cc mt ct theo chiu nc chy s
thp dn.

8.3.2. Tnh cht c bit ca s thay i mc nc trong sng.

Nhngtnh cht tng phn ca tnh cht chung l:
a. Tnh cht thay i gp. Quan h H = f(t) hnh thnh vi bc nhy v
cng sut rt ln. Tnh cht ny th hin trong nhng on sng c s hot ng
ca cc cng trnh thu li ln nh cng ngn triu, p dng, h cha xy ra hin
tng nh v , p, ... Trong trng hp ny mc nc ang bnh thng dn dn
pha h lu xy ra v , mc nc h thp t ngt to nn bc chy nc rt.

115

b. Tnh cht iu tit km. Ti nhng sng lng sng b thu hp dn n kh

nng thot l km, to ra hin tng nc dng lm cho bin l ca mt ct khu
vc nc dng ln hn bin l ca mt ct khu vc thng lu. Hin tng ny
cn th hin on sng c nc b sung thm dc sng, bin l tng theo
hng dc sng. Vi sng hnh loa, thu triu truyn vo sng d dng nhng ti
on thu hp c hin tng nc dn lm cho bin triu ti on ny ln hn
bin triu ti mt ct vng ca sng. Vi on sng c nhiu nhnh nhp lu xy
ra hin tng giao thoa sng l ca cc nhnh nn hnh thnh dng l c bit m
thi gian nc dngHdi hn thi gian nc rt.
H=f(t) dao ng theo dng
l

H=f(t) dao
ng kt hp
c l v triu
Thi gian
Hnh 8.3 ng quan h H=f(t) khng tng ng trong on sng chuyn tip l v
triu

c.Tnh cht khng tng ng. Nhng on c nhiu sng nhnh, nhp lu,
thi gian cp nc v t l lng nc ca cc nhnh khng ng nht, to nn hin
H

ng cong
mt nc
lm

Chy
xui

Khng
chy

Chy
ngc
L

Hnh 8.4 Dng ng cong mt nc lm v hin tng chnh lch

ngc

116

tng mc nc dao ng khng tng ng gia cc mt ct trn cng mt h thng

sng. Hin tng ny cn xy ra gia cc sng chuyn tip, gia vng nh hng l
v nh hng triu nhng mt ct cch nhau khng xa. xy ra hin tng mt ct
trn mc nc dao ng theo dng l, mt ct di mc nc chuyn ng theo dng
kt hp c l ln triu.

d. Tnh cht chnh lch ngc. Hin tng ny xy ra trong trng hp c

tc dng ca nc nhy,
on sng nh hng triu c s chuyn tip gia hng chy xui (t
ngun ra bin) v hng chy ngc (t bin vo sng) c hin tng chnh lch
ngc. Bi v ng mt nc cch nhau tng i xa.
8.4. CC PHNG PHP SA CHA CC SAI S CA MC NC (H) THC O.

C nhiu nguyn nhn dn n s sai s ca mc nc H thc o. Nhng

nhng sai s c th chia ra hai loi:
+ Sai s ch quan: bao gm cc sai s do tnh sai, o sai ( k c sai s do nh
hng ca cc iu kin thi tit), dn cao sai hoc ghi sai s liu thc o mc
nc.
+ Sai s khch quan: Bao gm sai s do my t ghi, bin ng, hng hc.
Cn c dng quan h H = f(t) c th nhn xt cc nguyn nhn sai s:
Nu quan h H = f(t) c bc nhy k tip nhau to nn dao ng khng tng
ng ( so trm trn v trm di) r nt th hin tng ny o tnh sai, chp sai, o
sai. Bi v hin tng o sai, ghi sai, tnh sai ch xy ra ti tng thi im, khng c
tnh quy lut.
Nu quan h H = f(t) c bc nhy gin on vn gi c dng dao ng
tng ng vi trm trn hoc di th sai s H thc o do dn sai cao, ghi sai s
hiu thc nc. Loi sai s ny c tnh cht h thng vi nhiu mc nc lin tip.
Sa cha nhng sai s tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau:
- Nu sai s do tnh ton, sao chp, ghi sai th loi b H sai v b sung H ng.

117

- Nu dn sai cao, ghi sai s hiu thc o mc nc th cn hiu chnh

cc s liu mc nc theo s liu cao hoc thc ghi ng. Loi b H sai v b
sung H ng theo cch nh sau:

8.4.1 Ni suy H v Hc thi on

Thng ngi ta ni suy theo xu th thay i u (ng thng) v biu thc ni
suy:
Ht = Hd =

Hc Hd
(t t d )
tc td

(8.1)

Bc nhy k tip

a)

b)
Bc nhygin on
t
Thi gian
Hnh 8.5 Sai s do tnh sai, o chp sai, o sai (a) v sai s do dn
cao sai hoc sai s niu thc o (b)

Trong :
Ht - Mc nc thi im cn tnh.
H - Mc nc u thi on
Hc - Mc nc cui thi on
t, tc - Thi im u v cui thi on
t - Thi im bt k trong thi on tnh ton ni suy.

8.4.2. Tnh theo quan h tng quan ca mc nc H

cng mt h thng sng

cc trm trn

Quan h ny c xy dng c th theo tng quan cng thi im hoc

tng quan lch pha. Cch ny c th dng cho mi trng hp (nc dng, nc

118

rt, nc ng v dao ng chp chn). Thng ngi ta dng quan h ny tnh b

sung cho cc thi im nc cc tr (chn l, nh l, chn triu, nh triu).
Ta c Htrn - Hdi o cng thi im, ta li c Htrn - Hdi sau thi gian chy
truyn.
Tu c trng ca tng on sng m quan h ny c dng ng thng hay
ng cong.
Nu sai s do dn cao hoc ghi sai s liu thc nc th sai s l hng
s, ch cn xc nh sai s ri cng hoc tr sai s th s cho ta s liu H ng.
Tnh v v ng lu tch mc nc bnh qun ngy.
ng lu tch nhm phc v nhu cu khai thc v s dng ngun nc nh
giao thng, xy dng cng trnh thu, phng chng lt ...

900

H (Ph L i)

800
700
600
500
400
400

500

600

700

H (C t K h)

H n h 8 .6 T n g q u an m c n c n h triu c a h ai trm P h L i
v C t K h trn sng Thi B nh

Cc bc tin hnh:
Bit s liu H ngy trong nm X trm Y
- Phn cp H bnh qun ngy.
- Cn c vo s liu tnh H mc nc bnh qun ngy cao nht vi mc
nc ngy thp nht.

H = Hmax Hmin

(8.2)

119

V chia u khong 20 - 30 cp.

Bng 9.1 Bng thng k cp mc nc xy dng ng lu tch H

Cp
mc
nc

S ngy H xut hin trong tng thng

I

II

III

IV

VI

VII

VIII

IX

XI

XII

ngy
tng
cp

ngy
lu
tch

- Tnh s ngy H xut hin trong tng cp

- Tnh s ngy lu tch.
- V ng lu tch. Tu yu cu thc t m v ng lu tch bnh qun
nm hay ng lu tch bnh qun nhiu nm hoc lu tch nm in hnh.
H, cm
800
600
400
200
100

200

300

(Ngy)

Hnh 8.7 ng lu tch mc nc trm H Ni nm 1961

120

CHNG 9. CHNH L S LIU LU LNG NC

Hin nay do iu kin kinh t, k thut cn hn ch, vic o lu lng nc
vn cn gp rt nhiu kh khn, nn vn cn nhiu sai phm. Vic tin hnh o lu
lng thng khng lin tc m ch o c trong mt giai on no . Song khi
tnh ton lu lng th cn mt chui o lu lng lin tc th mi phn nh c
tnh hnh thay i ca nc trong sng theo thi gian v khng gian.
Do hai hn ch nu trn m khi s dng s liu lu lng nc nht thit cn
thng qua vic chnh l s liu.
9.1 MC CH NHIM V CHNH L TI LIU LU LNG NC

9.1.1 Mc ch
- Sa cha sai st, nng cao cht lng ti liu
- Bin ti liu lu lng khng lin tc thnh lin tc.
- Tng hp bo qun v lu tr ti liu
- Qua chnh l s liu lu lng c th chnh l s ln o cho hp l.
Thc o

Cung cp

Mc ch chnh l

nh ch o

ngh

Hnh 9.1 S cng tc chnh l lu lng

9.1.2 Nhim v chnh l ti liu lu lng

- Kim tra , sa cha ti liu sai
- Phn tch, phn loi cc dng quan h Q=f(H)

121

- Tnh lu lng Q tc thi theo mc nc H v cc c trng

- Tng hp thuyt minh s liu
- nh ch o c

9.1.3 Kim tra, sa cha ti liu.

Yu cu kim tra m bo s lng ln o, phn phi cc ln o (thi gian
, khng gian v cht lng o).
Cht lng ti liu xt trn cc mt:
- Trang thit b, nhn lc...
- o cc yu t hay khng? V d o lu lng Q gm H, B, V, I...
- Phng php o c: o c bn, o gin ho, o chi tit
- Kim tra cc khu tnh ton t vic tnh vn tc cc im n lu lng Q v
cc yu t khc.

9.1.4. Phn tch quan h Q=f(H)

Ni dung: Dng quan h Q=f(H) thuc dng no?

Nhn t nh hng ch

yu?
C th bng cch nh tnh (nhn dng) hoc nh lng (tnh phn tn
theo %).
Da vo tnh xi, bi ca mt mt ct m c th phn thnh cc loi quan h
gia Q =f(H) l:
- Tng i n nh
- Thay i theo mt ct
- Thay i theo dc
- Thay i khng c quy lut

122

a. Quan h Q=f(H) tng i n nh. Khng c dng phn b theo thi gian
v nh gi sai lch bng %

H 4% th kt lun quan h tng i n nh. Nguyn nhn c th do o

c hoc l mt hin tng ngu nhin. Quan h ny thng gp cc con sng min
ng bng khng nh hng triu.
H,cm

3
4

4
3

4
3

1
2
v

1
hmax

Hnh 9.2. Quan h Q=f(H), =f(H), v = f ( H ),

, hmax = f ( H )

b. Quan h Q=f(H) thay i theo din tch mt ct W

Cng c phn tch da vo ba quan h W=f(H), Q=f(H), I=f(H). Bng nh
tnh th khong lch Q v khong lch W c th phn b thnh nhm theo thi
gian (hoc c th phn b theo cp mc nc H.
Vi Q 5% v W > 5% . Cc nguyn nhn c th l do cc sai s trong o
c; do bi xi. V khng cn bng lng chuyn ct theo cc chiu.
c. Quan h Q=f(H) thay i theo dc mt nc.
nh tnh: Trn tng cp nc khong lch Q v khong lch I tng ng
vi nhau hoc phn b theo nhm thi gian, hoc phn b theo cp mc nc.

123

V nh lng, Q 5% khng xt W, I. Hin tng ny xy ra hoc l do

lch pha , bin hnh, hoc l do giao thoa sng l.
- Lch pha: nh l trm trn khng cng xut hin vi nh l trm di.
- Bin hnh: Cng truyn v pha i nh l cng thp v con l cng bt dn
- Giao thoa: L hin tng phc tp xy ra cc on sng c nhnh vo.
- Lch pha, bin hnh, giao thoa sng triu.
+ Lch pha ngc vi trng hp l.
+ Bin hnh
+ Giao thoa sng triu phc tp hn giao thoa sng l.
Hin tng ny xy ra nhng trm ng bng gn bin lm cho dc trong
qu trnh ln, xung c s tng hay gim v mc nc H thay i v va chu nh
hng ca l v ca triu.

H,cm

x
x

x
x
x

x
Q

xx

x x
Q,m3/s
Q

Hnh 9.3 Quan h Q=f(H) tng i n nh

d. Quan h Q=f(H) thay i khng c quy lut.

nh tnh: Khng c s tng ng gia mc nc vi lu lng, din tch mt
ct v dc theo thi gian hoc theo khng gian.

124

nh lng: Q 5%Q W 5%W

I khng xt

Hin tng ny thng xy ra nhng trm va thay i theo dc mc

nc, va thay i theo mc nc.
H,c
m

H,c
m

H,c
m

x2

x2

x4

x3
x1
x4

x1

x3

x1

x2

x4
Qm3/s

x3

,m2

Hnh 9.4 Quan h Q=f(H), =f(H), I=f(H)

9.1.5 Phng php tnh ton

+ Quan h Q=f(H) tng i n nh th s dng duy nht l phng php
ng trung bnh .
+ Quan h Q=f(H) thay i theo din tch nn s dng phng php t s din
tch v phng php trung bnh thi on .
+ Quan h Q=f(H) thay i theo dc . C th dng phng php m un
lu lng , phng php t s dc, phng php ng cong theo thi gian.
+ Quan h Q=f(H) khng c quy lut. Dng duy nht phng php ng
cong theo thi gian.

9.1.6. Tnh lu lng tc thi

Chn phng php tnh.
Tnh lu lng tc thi theo mc nc l kt qu c bn nht dng tnh
ton cc c trng. C cc phng php tnh ton nh sau:

125

- Phng php gii

- Phng php bn gii
Yu cu lp cc biu tnh ton phi d c v d ni suy; m bo sai s cho
php; mang tnh khoa hc v tnh m thut cao.
Ngun s liu ban u chnh l s liu mc nc tc thi ti mt ct nu s
dng phng php trung bnh thi on s d dng tnh lu lng tc thi vi
nguyn tc tnh ton nh sau:
Xy dng biu tnh ton ti mt ct no th khi tnh ton lu lng Q phi
dng s liu mc nc ti mt ct .
Xy dng biu quan h Q = f(H). o trong thi on no ch dng tnh
lu lng tc thi cho thi on . Nu quan h Q=f(H) khng thay i ln c th
s dng biu quan h Q = f(H) o trong thi on ny tnh cho thi on khc.
Tnh lu lng Q trung bnh thi on v cc c trng khc:
a. Vng khng nh hng triu: thng tnh Qngy, Qthng, Qnm.
C 2 cch tnh Qngy :
Tnh gn ng , nhanh th s dng php trung bnh cng
Q

n g

ti

ti

(m3/s)

(9.1)

ti

Qti - Lu lng nc bnh qun ca thi on ti trong ngy

ti - s o thi gian ca on th i (s)
Mun lu lng nm(l/s km2)
M nam =

Qnam
F

(9.2)

F - Din tch lu vc trm khng ch (km2)

Wnm - Th tch nc qua mt ct trong mt nm:

126

W nam = Wi

(m3)

(9.3)

- su dng chy nm :
Ynam =

Wnam
F

(mm)

(9.4)

b. Vng nh hng triu mnh:

Trong cng mt ngy hng dng chy khng ng nht c chy ngc ln
chy xui v vy tnh cc c trng triu l phi tnh Qngc v Qxui cho tng chu k
triu ring bit. (H.9.5)
-

Qngc

ngc
Q xui

Qxui

9.1.7 Kim tra kt qu tnh

Hnh 9.5

Kim tra kt qu tnh nhm pht hin sai s tnh ton, xt tnh cht hp l ca
kt qu tnh ton c ph hp quy lut thay i ca mc nc hay khng ? c th xy
ra 4 trng hp sau :
- Kt qu tnh chnh xc ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh chnh xc , khng ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh khng chnh xc ph hp vi quy lut
- Kt qu tnh khng chnh xc khng ph hp vi quy lut
Phng php kim tra:

127

C nhiu phng php kim tra nhng khng c phng php no ng thi
tho mn c hai mc ch :
1. Kim tra tnh cht tng ng gia Q v H.
cng mt biu so snh.

V ng qu trnh H, Q trn

2. Kim tra Qvo v Qra ca on sng tng ng (vi iu kin khng c

dng gia nhp khu gia, hoc c nhng nh so vi Qvo )
- L ln: Qvo > Qra
- L xung Qvo < Qra
Q(m3/s)
H(cm)
H=f(t)
Q=f(t)

t, gi
Hnh 9.6 Quan h Q=f(t) v H=f(t)

9.1.8. Kim tra cn bng nc

vao

vao

ra

+ Wd = Wra + Wc

- Tng th nc chy vo trong sng bng mi ngun

- Tng th nc chy ra trong sng bng mi ngun

W ,W
d

(9.5)

- Tng th tch nc cha trong sng ti thi im u v cui .

Trong thc t phng trnh ny khng tho mn tuyt i m c sai s l 1

2%. C trng hp tho mn phng trnh cn bng nhng ti liu vn c sai s ln.

128

Q, m3/s

Q=f(t)trn
Q=f(t)di

t, gi

Hnh 9.7 ng qu trnh lu lng tuyn trn v tuyn di

-Vng nh hng triu .

1. Triu mnh: khong thi gian gia hai im ngng triu ln v hai im
ngng triu xung khong 25 - 26 ngy
-

Qngc, m3/s 25-26

t, ngy

Qxui, , m3/s

25-26

Hnh 9.8 i vi vng nh hng triu mnh

2.Triu yu: Khong thi gian gia hai lu lng nh nht l 25-26 ngy.
Q(m3/s)

2526

t(ngy)

Hnh 9.9. i vi vng nh hng triu yu

129

9.1.9. Kim tra tnh cht lch pha

Triu mnh Qmaxngc xut hin trc nh triu, Qmaxxui xut hin trc chn
triu.

9.1.10 Tng hp v thuyt minh

iu ny da trn nguyn tc c tp s liu khng nhiu nhng tnh i biu
cao. Cn phi nh gi v lm r cht lng ti liu s dng vo cng vic tnh ton
sau ny:
9.2. QUAN H LU LNG MC NC

9.2.1. C s khoa hc v hu ch kinh t

Trong dng n nh khng u, chnh l s liu lu lng bng cng thc :
+ (v d2 v t2 )

Q = CR 2
+
2 gL
L

(9.6)

Trong :
-Din tch mt ct
C -H s S zi
R -Bn knh thu lc
- -H s tn tht cc b
- -H s ct nc lu tc
-vt,vdLu tc trung bnh mt ct trn v mt ct di ca on sng L
H -Chnh lch mc nc gia hai tuyn
Nh vy Q l mt hm ph thuc nhiu yu t W,C,R,I,H.....
Q=f(W,C,R,I,H.....)

130

Khi mt trong cc yu t trn thay i th mc nhin Q cng thay i. Bn

thn cc yu t thay i rt phc tp, do vy Q cng thay i phc tp. Nhng cc
yu t trn thay i trn c s H bin i vy ta c quan h
Q=f(H).
Hiu qu kinh t ca quan h Q=f(H)
-Lu lng Q kh o, tn km v nhn lc
-Mc nc H d o v o c lin tc nn da vo quan h Q=f(H) c th
xc nh c Qt ti liu thc o H.

9.2.2. Tnh cht ca quan h

Q=f(H) , =f(H) v I=f(H) thay i,

th quan h Q=f(H) cng bin i . V vy khi

xt quan h Q=f(H), cn xt cc mi quan
h ring.

1. Tnh cht quan h =f(H)

Cc mt ct trong sng rt phc tp

xt quan h W=f(H) ta phi tm coi mt Hnh 9.10 . Mt ct ngang quan trc l hnh
ct l mt hnh thang cn. y sng vi chiu
thang cn
rng ca mt nc .
Ta c :
W=

B+b
(b + 2 hm) + b
h (9.7)
h=
2
2

W = bh + mh 2

W
= b + 2 mh > 0
h

(10.7)
(9.8)

W
tng dn theo mc nc, hm W =f(H) l hm thun bin.
h

131

 2W
= 2W > 0, hm W=f(H) c dng lm.
h 2

2. Tnh cht quan h I =f(H) hoc H L = H .

L = const H = f (H)
a, Quan h I =f(H) ti vng sng khng c nh hng triu
H(cm)

H,cm

H2
H1'
H1
H2'

t1

t2

t'1 t'2

t(gi)

H,cm

Hnh 9.11. Quan h H=f(H) vng khng nh hng triu vi on sng m rng dn

Sng m rng dn: L ln:

Htr1 - Hd1 < Htr2 - Hd2; H1<H2
L xung: ; H'2<H'1
Vy quan h H H l quan h vng dy thun
Sng thu hp dn.

132

H(cm)

H,cm

H2
H1'
H1

t1

H2'

t2

t'1

t(gi)

t'2

H,cm

Hnh 9.12. Quan h H=f(H) vng khng nh hng triu vi on sng thu hp dn

L trm di nhn hn l trm trn, thi gian l ln, l xung trm di

ngn hn trm trn nn:
H1>H2
H(cm)

H'2>H'1
H,cm

Trm trn
Trm
di

t(gi)

H,cm

Hnh 9.13. H=f(H) vng khng nh hng triu vi on sng t thay i

b, Quan h I =f(H) ti vng sng c nh hng triu.

Chy xui:
-Triu ln: H 2 < H1

133

Triu xung: H 2 > H1

Do quan h H =f(H) trong mt chu k hnh thnh mt vng dy dc
triu ln nh hn dc triu xung.
H,cm

H(cm)

H2

H'1

H1
H'2

t1

t2

t'1

t'2

t(gi)

H,m

Hnh 9.14. Quan h H=f(H) vng sng nh hng triu

3. Dng quan h Q=f(H). Trong dng khng n nh ta bit biu thc tnh Q:
H ( + )(v d2 v t2 )
Q = WCR
+

2g

(9.9)

t:
m

H + 2
H
2
L = L 2 g ( v d v t )

(9.10)

m l h s hiu chnh sao cho h thc trn c cn bng.

1 H
Q = WCR 2
L

1 H
1
Q
W
H
= CR 2
WCR 2 m

L
L H
H

(9.11)
m1

(H )
H

(9.12)

a, Vng sng khng nh hng triu c rng sng m rng dn.

134

Q,m3/s
P

W
> 0;
H
Q
H
> 0
>0
H
H

hoc Q=f(H) n tr
H,cm

Khi rng sng thu hp dn:

W
< 0;
H
Q
H
< 0
>0
H
H

Hnh 9.15 Quan h Q=f(H) vng sng

khng nh hng triu, on sng m
rng dn

hoc Q=f(H) l hm thun.

H,cm

Hnh 9.16 Quan h Q=f(H) vng sng khng nh

hng triu, on sng thu hp dn

b, Vng nh hng triu.

W
> 0;
H
Q
H
< 0
<0
H
H

H,m
H ,cm

nhng trong thc t vng nh hng

triu s bin i ca

Q
W
<

< 0 nn
H
H
H

quan h Q=f(H) nghch bin.

H ,m

Hnh 9.17 Quan h Q=f(H) vng sng nh hng triu

135

-Triu mnh(xt trng hp chy ngc )

Q,m 3 /s

W
> 0;
H
Q
H
> 0
> 0
H
H

Trong thc t

xxx
xx

W
H
hoc
thay i khng
H
H

xxx
xx
xx
x
xx

ng nht nn Q=f(H) khng ng nht.

H,cm

9.2.3. Cc phng php tnh lu lng tc

Hnh 9.18 Quan h Q=f(H) thc
thi theo mc nc
o
S chung:
Phng php tnh Q nc tc thi

Nguyn l
iu kin gi
thit
C s lp lun

Cch lm
phng php
v
phng php
tnh

iu kin p
dng
Thu lc
a hnh
S liu o

u nhc im
K thut
Kinh t

1. Phng php tnh Q nc tc thi khi quan h Q=f(H) tng i n nh:

-Ch ch tiu Q=f(H) tng i n nh
-Phng php ng trung bnh:
*

Nguyn l: Phng trnh dng khng n nh khng u:

1

H ( + 2 g ) (v d2 v t2 ) 2
H i
Q= k

= ki
L
Li
L

(9.13)

1
2

k = C R W hng s m un lng trung bnh ca mt on sng.

H
dc mt nc trung bnh ca mt on sng
L

136

H i
dc mt nc trung bnh ca mt on sng Li m Li L
Li

m: s mc hiu chnh
Vy Q=f(W,I,H......)=f(W,I)
Khi W,I,H khng i th Q=f(H) n tr
Khi H khng i nhng W,I thay i b tr th Q=f(H)n tr. Trong thc t
khng c Q=f(H) n tr tuyt i nn khi Q=f(H) dao ng trong sai s cho php coi
Q=f(H) n tr.
*

Cch lm :

a, V biu cn c vo s liu Q thc o cn H tng ng xy dng biu

Q=f(H)
Nguyn tc
n tr thun bin i dn
Sai s nh nht

(Q

do

Q ) = min

(9.14)

D c m bo m thut chnh xc ng quan h nghing khong 400600. chnh xc: m bo chnh xc ca mc nc ti cm th t l nh nht
ca trc H l: 1:20
Q ( ) =

0,5mm
X (*)

(9.15)

Q(*) - Sai s tng i, c.

X(*)- Khong c k t gc.
Q ( ) =

0,5mm
S (%)
X (*)

(9.16)

S(%) - Sai s cho php

137

Vy x

0,5mm
vi x l di gii hn.
S (%)

(9.17)

V d sai s cho php 5% khong c x=0,5/0,05 = 10 mm tc vi sai s cho

php 5% th vi khong c x<10 mm, th sai s ln hn sai s cho php v x>10
mm th sai s c nh hn sai s cho php .
-Xt sai s tng quan:

Q Q
doQ tinh
tinh

(9.18)

n 1

Q
t S = do ta c =
Qtinh

(S 1)

n1

(9.19)

Qo t thc t, Qtnh tra trn quan h Q=f(H)

n: s ln o xy dng quan h
Vi 5% quan h tt; 5% 10% quan h kh; 10% quan h km.
ngha :
-Phn nh qui lut tng quan gia Q v H trm o.
-Phn nh sai s o c.
-Phn nh sai s trc quan ngi v.
a, c trng ca : d dao ng bi mt s t ln o c sai s ln , ph thuc
vo k thut v ng trung bnh do khi xt khng ch xt n thun m cn xt
thm dng phn b v qui lut phn b .
b, Tnh lu lng tc thi: T H tc thi tra biu c Qtt
c, iu kin ng dng;
-iu kin thu lc:

138

+ ng dng trong trng thi chy khng n nh thay i chm.

+ T l thay i dc nh
-iu kin a hnh:
+ Mt ct thay i b tr hoc khng i
+ Hnh dng mt ct ngang, dc t thay i
-S liu:
+ C s liu o c nhnh nc ln v nc xung
+ Phn u khong 20-30cm c mt ln o
4. u nhc im:
+ K thut : phng php ny th hin r , t sai s ch quan d so snh nhiu
nm, d ko di.
+ Kinh t: tnh n gin c th th s dng cng c tnh hin i. S ln o
khng cn nhiu lm nn khi lng o c t.
+ Nhc im: coi Q=f(H)n tr iu ny cha hon ton ph hp vi thc
t.
2. Tnh Q tc thi khi Q=f(H) thay i theo din tch:
a. Phng php trung bnh thi on:
1. Nguyn l : ging phng php ng trung bnh.
2. Cch lm : v nguyn tc c bn ging phng php ng trung bnh
- Nguyn tc v: tnh c Q ng vi mi mc nc chuyn tip khng gy
nn bc nhy trong kt qu tnh .
3. iu kin ng dng v nhc im:
- iu kin thu lc : nh phng php ng trung bnh

139

- iu kin a hnh: ng dng i vi trm o c W thay i khng lin

tc(do iu kin no , mt ct bin i nhng n bin i trong thi on ngn ).
H(cm)

H(cm)

8
9

1x2

T2

CT

1x 4x

T1

2x

3x

x3

Q(m3/s)

T(gi)

Hnh 9.19 Phng php trung bnh thi on

- iu kin s liu: nh phng php ng trung bnh

- u nhc im: v c bn ging phng php ng trung bnh nhng d
gy sai s chuyn tip.
b. Phng php t s din tch:
1. Nguyn l: Qx = wx v x
H(cm)
H(cm)

Qc

Qx

m3/s

H(cm)

m3

vc

vx

Hnh 9.20 Quan h Q=f(H), =f(H), v=f(H)

140

m/s

Qc = w c v c

Qx, wx - lu lng v din tch xut hin.

v x - lu tc bnh qun mt ct xut hin

i lng c ch s c: chn lm chun tnh tng ng vi Hx

Ch : ng vi mi mc nc Hx ch chn mt tr s vi cng Hx th
Qx v x w x
.
=
.
Qc v c w c

(9.20)

vx
lun thay i nn dng quan h t s lu lng v t s din tch l mt h
vc

ng thng c h s gc thay i.
- Gi thit

vx
w
thay i thun hoc nghch thun tu vi x th c th khi
vc
wc

qut gn ng biu thc (10.20) tr v dng n tr:

w
Qx
= a. x
Qc
wc

ni

(9.21)

a - h s ca ng cong
ni - s mc ca ng cong, n c th thay i
-c bit : v x thay i thun hoc nghch vi wx theo qui lutc th vit:
v x = (wx )
Qx = ( w x ) w x = f ( w x )

Dng quan h Qx =f(Wx) thay cho quan h

(9.22)
Qx
w
= f (. x ) tnh Qtt.
Qc
wc

2, Cch lm: mun c Qx phi xc nh thnh phn ca (9.21)

-Tnh Wx: v Wx = f(H) theo thi gian (v theo s liu mc nc thc o ng
vi ln o lu lng v s liu khi o su)

141

Gi thit gia hai ln o su W thay i u

- Tnh Wc: c th chn tu nhng d tnh ton v trnh sai s ch quan
ngi ta chn theo nguyn tc: n tr, i dn v gn to im thc o.

vx
>1
vc
vx
=1
vc

Qx
Qc

vx
<1
vc

wx
wc

Hnh 9.21 Quan h

Qx
w
= f( x)
Q
w

- Tnh Qc: V biu Qc = f(H).

tng ng ln o lu lng chn Wc c Qc .
Tnh a v ni: V

Qx
w
= f (. x ) trong Qx, Wx l lu lng v din tch thc o
Qc
wc

tng ng; Qc,Wc - lu lng v din tch chn lm chun tra trn biu tng ng
cng mc nc.
-Sai s tng quan:
=

(S 1)

n1
(

Vi S =
(

Qx

Qx

Qc ) tinh

(9.23)

(9.24)

Qc ) docbieudo

n - Tng s im xy dng ng quan h.

142

Tnh Qtt: ti thi im t1 c H1, t H1 tra biu

Wx1, Wc1, Q

ni

c1thay(10.21)c

W
Q = a x1 Qc1 , cch tnh ny thch hp trong iu kin dng my .
Wc1

Ti thi im t1 c H1, t H1 tra biu c Wx1, Wc1, Q

c1

tnh c

Wx
Qx
Qx
tra biu Q1 = Qc1
Wc 1
Qc 1
Qc 1

3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im :

a, iu kin thu lc: ng dng trong iu kin dng khng n nh thay i
chm t l thay i dc nh.
b, iu kin a hnh: mt ct thay i thng xuyn c nh hng n s
thay i ca Q.
c, iu kin s liu:
m bo s liu v ng chun v ng t s ; s liu Wx th hin
s thay i ca W theo t.
u im: ng t s c s m n thay i nn c th to ra sai s nh c c s
lp lun ko di ng quan h.
Nhc im: d c sai s ch quan khi s liu o su t khi lng tnh nhiu
Qx
Qc
w
Qc
= a x
Qa
wc

ni

wx
wc
w
Q
Hnh 9.22 Quan h x = a x
Qc
wc

ni

143

3. Tnh lu lng tc thi khi Q=f(H) thay i theo dc;

Phng php t s dc:
H
1. Nguyn l: Qi = K i i
Li

( K i = i . Ci Ri 2 ) (9.25)

Qi, Ki,Hi : tr s c trong thc t ng vi Hi

Qc

H c
= Kc

Li

(9.26)

Qc, Kc,Hc : tr s chn lm chun ng Hc

Qi
K i H i
=

Qc
K c H c

(9.27)

Gi thit t s m un lu lng
ng vi

Ki
thay i thun hoc nghch thun tu
Kc

H i
th c th khi qut h ng cong ca (9.27)
H c

thnh dng n tr

gnng.
Qi
Qc

Qi
Qc

b)

a)

Hi
Hc

Hi
Hc

Hnh 9.23 Quan h Qi/Qc = f(Hi/Hc)

B

144

Q
Q

i
c

H
=
H

i
c

m i

(9.28)

, -h s ca phng trnh tng quan

mi - s m ca phng trnh n c th bin i .
2. Cch lm:
Mun tnh Qi theo biu thc (9.28) phi tnh Hi, Hc, Qc, , , mi.
Tnh Hi: Hi = Ht - Hd (cng thi im)
Tnh Hc: Xy dng quan h Hc = f(H). T Hc chn tra ra Hc
Tnh Qc, v tng ng Hc
Tnh ,, mi, xy dng quan h

Qi
H
= f ( i ).
Qc
Hc

Qi, Hi - thc o; Qc, Hc tra trn ng chun

Sai s tng i:

(S 1)
n1

S=
(

Qx

Qx

Qc ) tinh

(9.29)

Qc ) docbieudo

Tnh Qtt : gi thit ti t1 c Ht1 (trm trn), Hd1(trm di) t H1 tra biu
c Hc1, Qc1.
T Ht1 v Hd1 c H1 = Ht1 - Hd1
H mi

1
Q1 =
+ Qc1
H c1

(9.30)

H 1
tip tc
H c 1

Cch 2: H1 = Ht1 - Hd1, t H1 tra bn c Hc1, Qc1 suy ra

145

 Qi

Qc 1

tra biu c

Q
Q1 = i Qc1
Qc 1

(9.31)

3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:

-iu kin thu lc :
+ dng trong iu kin dng khng n nh thay i chm

+ t l dc ln

-iu kin a hnh: mt ct t thay i

- iu kin s liu:
+ o im o v ng t s v ng chun
+ cn phi c ti liu mc nc Ht v Hd
- u im:
+ s m m thay i linh hot c th v tng quan sao cho sai s nh .
+ trong trng hp h thng cao c sai s c th sa cha
+ c c s lp lun ko di ti liu.
Phng php ng cong theo thi gian Q=f(H)
1.Nguyn l:
H i
Qi = K i

Li

(9.32)

Gi thit ng vi mc nc Hi m un lu lng Ki = const vi mt mc nc

th Qi = f(Hi).
Xt quan h H=f(Hi) v Q = f(H)

146

Quan h Q=f(H) cho thy ln o lu lng trong thi gian l ln phn b

thnh mt gii im thin ln so vi ln o lu lng trong thi gian nc xung.
Xt H = f(Hi) thy rt tng ng , nhnh l ln c dc ln th c lu lng ln ,
l xung c dc nh lu lng nh, v vy c kt lun quan h Q=f(H) thay i
theo dc ca nc.
2. Cch lm
-V H = f(Hi) theo thi gian.
- V quan h Q=f(H) theo thi gian tng ng c dc.
3, iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:
-iu kin ng dng:
+ iu kin a hnh, thu lc ging phng php t s dc
+-iu kin s liu; i hi phi c nhiu s liu thc o
u im:
+ phn nh c mi nh hng tng hp theo s liu thc o
+ tnh ton n gin
Nhc im:
+ D nh hng sai s ch quan, chu nh hng ca mt s t ln o c sai
s ln , khi lng o c nhiu, kh ko di
Phng php m un lu lng
1, Nguyn l:
H
T cng thc Q1 = K i i
Li

T s

suy ra

Qi
Ki
=
H im Lmi

(9.33)

Q1
- s o lu lng tng ng vi mt n v chnh lch mc nc
H im

147

Vi Hi = 1 n v; Q( H =1) = K i

K
1
= im
m
L1
L1

(9.34)

Theo biu thc (10.33) ng vi mt Hi no c nhiu chnh lch mc nc

Hi1, Hi2, ..., Hin do ng Hi suy ra:
Q1
K
Q2
K
Q3
K
= 1m ;
= 2m ;
= 3m ; gi thit vi mt Hi no th W, C,
m
m
m
H i
L1 H 2
L2 H 3
L3
1

R l khng i hoc thay i b tr sao cho K i = Wi Ci Ri 2 = const th:

Q1
Q2
Q3
=
=
= const
H 1m H 2m H 3m

(9.35)

c ngha ng vi mc nc no ta c nhiu lu lng nc khc nhau nhng

ch c mt m un lu lng. Vy quan h Ki =f(H) l n tr do dng Ki tnh
Qi.
2, Cch lm
Cch 1: th dng dn trong thi on ngn s liu t
Cch 2: tnh quan h Q=f(H) ; H = f(H) tng ng - tnh cho thi on di,
s liu nhiu.
Cch 3: tnh theo chn im
Ki = f ( H ) v

Cch 1: Gi thit nhiu tr s m khc sau xc nh quan h

mt l thuyt quan h n tr trong thc t th quan h H v

Qi
theo sai s nh
Him

nht xc nh .
Cch 2: tnh theo quan h Q=f(H); H =f(H) tng ng xc nh m ng tng
mc nc suy ra s m m.
m

Q1 H 1m H 1 Q2 H 2m H 2
Q1
Q2
=
=
=
=
suy
ra
=
;

Q2 H 2m H 2 Q3 H 3m H 3
H 1m H 2m

148

suy ra m =

Q
lg 1
Q2
H 1
lg

H 2

(9.36)

Cch 3: ni dung tng t cch 2 nhng khc l khng v quan h m chn

ngay im thc o tnh m.
ngha ca s m m :
- v mt ton hc: l s hiu chnh sao cho kt qu tnh trn biu gn kt
qu thc o.

H + (V d2 V t 2 )

- v mt vt l: Q = k

2 gL
L

H i
= Ki

Li

H + (Vd2 Vt 2

lg

2g
L
1 L
Loga ho suy ra m =
2
lg H L

m = f (H , H i ; v d , v t , , , K , K i . . . )
Cc yu t ny thay i bi a hnh sng, trng thi chy. Vi trm o c a
hnh thay i chm hoc khng i m = f(trng thi chy) iu ny c ngha ng tng
trn l, cn triu th m c gi tr khc (ng vi mi trng thi chy c mt gi tr m
khc)
Tnh sai s tng quan.

(S 1)
n1

S=

Qi

Hi tinh
Qi

Hi docbieudo

Tnh Qtt, t1 c H1 v H1

149

 Qi
m
. H 1 v c H1 = Ht1 - Hd1
H i 1

t H1 Q 1 =

3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im.

- iu kin thu lc v a hnh: Ging phng php t s dc
- iu kin s liu: ng dng trong iu kin s liu t.
u im: Dng quan h n tr d ko di,
khng i hi s liu nhiu.

d c iu kin dng my tnh

- Nhc im: Khi m ln, sai s mc nc nh hng rng.

9.3 KO DI CC QUAN H TNH LU LNG NC

Cc quan h tnh lu lng nc bao gm:

- Quan h trc tip Q = f(H)
- Quan h trung gian H = f ( H );

H
Qi
= f

Qc
H C

Cc quan h ny u xy dng trn c s s liu thc o, trong thc t c th

chng ta khng c s liu o do iu kin: thi tit, nhn lc, my mc. V vy
phi ko di Q = f(H) c c cc mc nc cao nht v thp nht.

9.3.1. Ko di Q = f(H) trung bnh phn nc cao

Khi nim v mc nc cao hoc mc nc thp trong vic ko di qu trnh
tnh lu lng ch c ngha tng i. Vi 1 trm o c nh cng khng c ch
tiu nh lng mc nc cao hoc mc nc thp
Ko di Q = f(H) tng i n nh phn nc cao dng 2 phng php sau:
- Phng php tch s CIm khng i.
- Phng php tng t khng iu kin.
9.3.1.1 Phng php tch s CIm khng i.
H
1. Nguyn l: Q = K i
L

m
1

= CR 2 I m

150

Gi thit phn nc cao CIm =a ( hng s).Vy Q = CR 2 .a

Nu dng quan h Q vi tch s R

th quan h ny s l ng thng vi
1

h s gc a. Do d dng ko di quan h Q =f( R 2 ) theo xu th ng thng v t

ko di quan h Q = f(H)
2. Cch lm:
1

a) V quan h Q = f (R 2 ) trong thc t thng R = h =

(B: rng

lng sng)
1

- V quan h Q = f (h 2 )
1

- Nu phn nc cao quan h Q = f (R 2 ) c xu hng thng,

iu ny

chng t c im trm o ph hp vi gi thit CIm =const. Vy c th ko di

1

Q = f (R 2 ) theo xu hng thng v dn ti ko di Q = f(H) qua cc bc trung

gian.
1

Nu phn nc cao quan h Q = f (R 2 ) khng thng:

Phng php ny

khng thch hp.

Xt gi thit CIm = a
- Qua thc nghim ta thy phn nc thp C thay i nhiu cng ln cao
cng t thay i C =

1 16
R
n

- Quan h mc nc vi dc
Cng di thp dc I cng thay i nhiu do nh hng ma st y sng,
cng ln cao cng t nh hng ma st y sng nn n n nh hn.
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im.
* iu kin thu lc: Dng khng n nh, thay i chm, thay i dc nh.

151

* iu kin a hnh: T l thay i mt ct t ( t xi bi)

* iu kin ti liu: o c Q trong khong 2/3 bin dao ng mc nc
c ti liu a hnh v mt ct.
u im: C phng php lp lun r rng, hn ch sai s ch quan
Nhc im: hn ch phm vi s dng do gi thit CIm=const
9.3.1.2. Phng php tng t khng iu kin.
1) Nguyn l: Phng php ny gi thit rng ng cong Q = f(H) phn nc
cao v phn nc thp l ng nht ( cng ph hp vi mt phng trnh tng
quan ) Trn c s gi thit trn c th dng phng trnh tng quan Q = f(H) phn
nc thp tnh cho mc nc cao v ngc li.
2. Cch lm: Xc nh phng trnh tng quan phn nc thp tnh cho phn
nc cao
ng cong Q = f(H) thng c dng cong lm, phng trnh thng c dng
Q = aHn +b

(1)

Q = a(H -Z )n

(2)

Nu xu th Q = f(H) ct trc Q ( H=0; Q = b) dng cho dng (1)

Nu xu th Q = f(H) ct trc H ( H = z; Q = 0) dng dng (2).
Xc nh a, b, n, hoc a,z, n.
Trn ng trung bnh Q = f(H) chn 3 im sau v ln biu v tnh th.
Xy dng quan h lg(Q b) = f (lg H ) trn giy k li ri th dn b cho n
khi ba im thng hng l c; ta xc nh c b,n
Tnh lga = lg ( Q - b)- n lg H.
Tng t xc nh z, n suy ra lg a - lg Q - nlg (H-z)
Xc nh c phng trnh mc nc thp thay H mc nc cao tnh c Q.

152

3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:

- iu kin a hnh thu lc tng t phng php tch CIm = const
- iu kin s liu: Khng cn s liu o ln, o c lu lng trong
khong 2/3 bin dao ng mc nc.
- u im: Hn ch sai s ch quan, khng cn s liu o a hnh, khng
nhng ng dng cho phn nc cao m c phn nc thp.
- Nhc im: C gi thit phng trnh tng quan mc nc cao v thp
ng nht nhng khng c iu kin kim tra.

9.3.2 Phng php ko di Q = f(H) tng i n nh phn nc thp

- Phng php tng t khng iu kin.
- Phng php im ngng chy.
9.3.2.1. Phng php im ngng chy.
1) Nguyn l:
- Q nh nht = 0.
- Mc nc ng Q =0 gi l mc nc ngng chy k hiu:z
Trn biu Q = f(H) c to ( Q = 0; z = h) gi l im ngng chy. Vi
trm o mt ct dc v mt ct ngang tng i n nh th im ngng chy cng
n nh (ch c mt im ngng chy)
2. Cch lm.
Xc nh to im ngng chy ( Q = 0, z = H) T ko di Q = f(H) ti
im ngng chy c 2 cch xc nh z.
a) Xc nh mc nc ngng chy z bng biu mt ct dc sng.
- Mt ct xui thun mc nc ngng chy z trng cao im thp nht ca
mt ct o lu lng.

153

- Nu mt ct khng xui thun z cao hn im thp nht mt ct dc v

bng hai tr s cao nht trn mt ct dc k t mt ct o lu lng v h lu.
b) Xc nh z bng cng thc: Gi thit rng Q = f(H) ph hp dng phng
trnh Q = a ( H 2) n trong (z=H, Q=0) th tnh
Z=

H B2 H A . HC
2 H B ( AA + AC )

vi HA, HB, HC mc nc c trn ng cong Q =

B

f(H) tng ng vi QA; QB; QC; chn tu sao cho QB = Q A . QC

B

3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:

- iu kin thu lc; khng ng dng vi iu kin ngng chy do nh hng
triu v giao thoa l gia cc nhnh sng.
- iu kin a hnh: mt ct dc v ngang tng i n nh.
- iu kin s liu: Cn c s liu mt ct dc ngang.
u im: lp lun r rng, cch lm n gin.
Nhc im: Sai s ch quan ln.
H
Hc
Hb
Ha
Q
Qa

Qb

Qc

Hnh 9.24 Phng php im ngng chy

9.3.3. Ko di cc quan h trung gian tnh lu lng nc

9.3.3.1. Ko di quan h m uyn lu lng

Qi
= f (H )
H im

154

1. Nguyn l: Gi thit phn nc cao C = const

h gia Q = f R 2 c xu th thng vi h s gc
1

2. Cch lm: V quan h:

tip tc ko di quan h

C
= const , suy ra quan
Lmi

C
L ,im

1
Qi
2

=
(
) m R = h ; nu quan h ny thng ta
f
R
Him

Qi
= f (H ) nu khngthng th khng ph hp vi gi thit
H im

trn.
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im:
Tng t phng php CIm = const

155

CHNG 10. CHNH L S LIU CHT L LNG

10.1. CC NHN T NH HNG TI C NC SNG

- Ngun cung cp : do xm thc b mt lu vc chuyn vo sng chim t l

ln trong ma l , do si l lng sng (chim t l ln trong ma cn)
- Cc nhn t nh hng : nhn t nh hng to quy lut theo thi gian ma
l . Ma ma to ma nc c , ma kh to ma nc trong (ma l cng to
quy lut theo khng gian nhng khng r rt). Nhn t qui lut theo khng gian: a
hnh y sng, b mt lu vc, mng li sng , a cht , ph thc vt ...
10.2. MC CH V NHIM V CHNH L S LIU CHT L LNG

- S liu cht l lng

thc o (khng lin
tc)

- Sa cha sai s ti liu o

- Tnh R (l lng)
- Tng hp - Tnh c trng
- Kin ngh o c

Kin ngh o c

- Cc ngnh s dng

ngh s liu

Mc ch : s liu lu lng bn ct l lng thc o khng lin tc

phn nh s thay i bn ct theo thi gian do vy cn chnh l tnh b sung sao cho
s liu tnh lin tc phn nh thay i bn ct theo thi gian, do cn chnh l
b sung sao cho s liu phn nh tnh thay i lin tc ca bn ct. Khng tnh lu
lng b ct tc thi m tnh lu lng b ct bnh qun ngy
Nhim v :
- Kim tra s liu thc o

156

- Phn tch s liu thc o v chn phng php tnh R

- Kim tra kt qu tnh R v cc c trng
- Tng hp s liu .

10.2.1 Kim tra s liu cht l lng

a) S lng : - Trong mt nm khong 20 ln o c mt ngang m
- c bnh qun thu trc i biu t ma l ngy o
1 ln, ma kit 3 -5 ngy o 1 ln
b) Phn phi theo thi gian
- l u ma
- l cui ma
o u c nhnh nc ln v nc xung

10.2.2. Phn tch s liu thc o chn phng php tnh R :

Da vo quan h:
m v t

t = f (t)

Kt qu phn tch
chia thnh cc trng hp:
a) c

g/cm3

+10%

quan h m v t n nh
dng quan h m v t tnh
R
b) c t
quan h m v t
n nh.

-10%

nhng
khng

g/cm3

Hnh 10.1 Quan h m v t

157

- quan h m v t nh hn quan h R v Q dng quan h m v t

- quan h m v t ln hn quan h R v Q dng quan h R v Q
c) khng t , dng quan h R v Q quan h m v t n nh khi c t
nht 3/4 tng s im quan h c sai s so vi ng trung bnh 15%

10.2.3. Tnh R bnh qun thi on v cc c trng

R ngay = m Q ngay .K

(kg/s)

(10.1)

m : c mt ct ngang bnh qun ngy (g/m3)

R : lu lng bn ct bnh qun ngy (kg/s)

Q: lu lng nc bnh qun ngy (m3/s)

R

thng, nm=

trung bnh cng

K l h s chuyn i
- Th tch cht l lng trong mt thi on no
Vthi on = R thi on.T (Tn/ ngy, thng, nm)

10.2.4. Kim tra kt qu tnh

a) Kim tra tnh cht tng ng gia =f(t)
b) Kim tra bng phng trnh cn bng

vao

V trong = V ra

c) Tng hp v thuyt minh s liu vi khi lng t nhng tnh i biu cao
10.3. CC PHNG PHP TNH R THEO TNG QUAN

10.3.1. Tng quan R=f(Q)

1. Nguyn l R =Q

158

-Gi thit ti trm o c tng thun chiu vi lu lng nc Q quan

h R =f(Q) dng cong lm
- Gi thit ti trm o c tng gim , ngc chiu vi lu lng nc Q
quan h R=f(Q) c dng cong li
2. Cch lm
- V quan h R f(Q) (t s liu thc o ca ln o Q v o lu lng bn
ct l lng mt ct ngang.
- Xt sai s : khng xt sai s m xt sai s gii hn 10% hoc 15%
- Tnh R: bit Q tra biu c R
R(kg/s

+10%

-10%

Q m3/s

Hnh 10.2 Quan h R=f(Q)

3) iu kin ng dng v u nhc im

- iu kin ng dng : a hnh , a cht tng i ng nht , t xi l ng
dng trong iu kin khng c s liu t i biu o hng ngy ( t o lc 7h sng
v o cng m ngang )
- u im : n gin , khng i hi t hng ngy nn s liu gim nh
- Nhc im: ch xt ti yu t lu lng cn cc yu t khc cha xt ti.

10.3.2 Tng quan t c m =f( t )

1) Nguyn l

159

 1 + 2
q +....+ n q n
2 2

1 q1 +
m =

1,2, ... n c thu trc th 1, 2, ...n

q1, q2, ... qn lu lng b phn
t q2=q1; q3=q1; Q = nq1 =

m =

q2
q
; = 3 ......
q1
q1

1 + (1 + 2 ) + (2 + 3 )....n
2

2
n

Vy c mt ct ngang ph thuc vo cc c thnh phn nhng ng

thi cn ph thuc h s lu lng .
Do

m = f ( lon , qlon ) , tc =f ( ch lu)

2) Cch lm.
Lp quan h m v t
- Nguyn tc: n tr, t thay i t ngt, sai s nh nht
- Xt sai s: ch xt sai s gii hn
- Tnh R
+ Trong mt ngy o mt ln t i biu coi l t ngy
+ Nu trong mt ngy o nhiu ln tnh trung bnh cng cc ln o
+ Nu mt ngy khng o th ni suy gia hai ngy gn nht bit t (ngy) tra
bn c n ngy Rngy= m . Qy
3. iu kin ng dng v u nhc im

160

- iu kin thu lc : ch lc t thay i Q tng i n nh

- iu kin a hnh : mt ct t xi l bi lng
- S liu : o c t (ngy) i biu
- u im: xt c nh hng tng hp
- Nhc im : khi lng o c ln
4) Mt s bin php x l
- Quan h m v t c th phn thnh nhiu quan h thi on (quan h m v
t thi on)

- Nhng trm khng o c m nhng nhiu t i biu lc mn h

s nhiu nm s dng
m = K t

- Nu khng c ti liu nhiu nm coi nh m = t

161