DeAquino Kinetic Gravity

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Kinetic Quantum Theory of Gravity

Fran De Aquino

Maranhao State University, Physics Department,

S.Luis/MA, Brazil.Copyright

©

2002-2006 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved

Starting from the action function we have derived a theoretical background that leads to quantizationof gravity and the deduction of a correlation between the gravitational and inertial masses, whichdepends on the

kinetic

momentum

of the particle. We show that there is a reaffirmation of the strongequivalence principle and consequently the Einstein's equations are preserved. In fact such equationsare deduced here directly from this kinetic approach to Gravity. Moreover, we have obtained ageneralized equation for inertial forces, which incorporates the Mach's principle into Gravitation. Also,we have deduced the equation of Entropy; the Hamiltonian for a particle in an electromagnetic fieldand the reciprocal fine structure constant. It is possible to deduce the expression of the

Casimir force

and also to explain the

Inflation Period

and the

Missing Matter

without assuming the existence of

vacuum fluctuations

. This new approach for Gravity will allow us to understand some crucial mattersin Cosmology. An experiment has been carried out to check the theoretical correlation between thegravitational and inertial masses. The experiment and results are presented on appendix A. Theexperimental data are in strongly accordance with the theory.

1. INTRODUCTION

Quantum Gravity was originallystudied, by Dirac and others, as theproblem of quantizing GeneralRelativity. This approach has manydifficulties, detailed by Isham [1]. Inthe 1970's physicists tried an evenmore conventional approach: simplifythe Einstein's equations bypretending that they are

almost linear

,and then apply the standard methodsof quantum field theory to the thus-oversimplified equations. But thismethod, too, failed. In the 1980's avery different approach, known asstring theory, became popular. For awhile there are many enthusiasts ofstring theory. But the mathematicaldifficulties in string theory areformidable, and it is far from clear thatthey will be resolved any time soon.At the end of 1997 Isham [2] pointedout several "Structural ProblemsFacing Quantum Gravity Theory". Atthe beginning of this new century,the problem of quantizing thegravitational field was still open.In this work we propose a newapproach to Quantum Gravity.Starting from the generalization of the

action function

we have derived atheoretical background that leads toquantization of gravity. The Einstein'sequations of the General Relativityare deduced directly from this theoryof Quantum Gravity. Also, it leads toa complete description of theElectromagnetic Field, providing aconsistent unification of gravity withelectromagnetism.

2. THEORY

We start with the

action

for afree-particle that, as we know, isgiven by

∫

−=

ba

dsS

α

where

α

is a quantity whichcharacterize the particle.In Relativistic Mechanics, theaction can be written in the followingform [3]:

dt cV c Ldt S

t t t t

∫ ∫

−−==

2121

22

1

α

where

22

1

cV c L

−−=

α

is the Lagrange's function.In Classical Mechanics theLagrange's function for a free-particleis, as we know, given by:

2

aV L

=

where

V

is the speed of the particleand

a

a quantity

hypothetically

[4]

given by :

2

ma

=

where

m

is the mass of the particle.

2

However, there is no distinction aboutthe kind of mass (if

gravitational mass

,

g

m

, or

inertial mass

i

m

)neitherabout its sign

( )

±

.The correlation between

a

and

α

can be established based on thefact that on the limit

∞→

c

therelativistic expression for

L

must bereduced to the classic expression

2

aV L

=

.The result [5] is:

cV L

2

2

α

=

.Therefore, if

mcac

==

2

α

we obtain

2

aV L

=

.

Now, we must decide if

g

mm

=

or

i

mm

=

. We will see in thiswork that the definition of

g

m

includes

i

m

. Thus the right option is

g

m

, i.e.,

.ma

g

2

=

Consequently,

cm

g

=

α

and thegeneralized expression for the actionfor a free-particle will have thefollowing form:

( )

1

∫

−=

bag

dscmS

or

( )

21

222

21

dt cV cmS

t t g

−−=

∫

where the Lagrange's function is

( )

31

222

.cV cm L

g

−−=

The integral

dt cV cmS

t t g

222

1

21

−=

∫

preceded by the

plus

sign cannothave a

minimum

. Thus, the integrandof Eq.(2) must be

always positive

.Therefore, if

0

>

g

m

then necessarily

0

>

t

; if

0

<

g

m

then

0

<

t

. Thepossibility of

0

<

t

is based on thewell-known equation

220

1

cV t t

−±=

of Einstein's Theory.Thus if the

gravitational mass

of a particle is

positive

then

t

is also

positive

and therefore given by

220

1

cV t t

−+=

. This leads to thewell-known relativistic prediction thatthe particle goes to the

future

if

cV

→

. However, if the

gravitational mass

of the particle is

negative

then

t

is

negative

and given by

220

1

cV t t

−−=

. In this case theprediction is that the particle goes tothe

past

if

cV

→

. Consequently,

0

<

g

m

is the necessary condition forthe particle to go to the

past

. Furtheron it will be derived a correlationbetween

gravitational

and

inertial

masses, which contains thepossibility of

0

<

g

m

.The Lorentz's transforms followthe same rule for

0

>

g

m

and

0

<

g

m

,i.e., the sign before

22

1

cV

−

will be

( )

+

when

0

>

g

m

and

( )

−

if

0

<

g

m

.The

momentum

, as we know, isthe vector

V L p

rr

∂∂=

.Thus from Eq.(3)we obtain

( )

41

22

.V M cV V m p

gg

rrr

=−±=

The sign

( )

+

in the equation abovewill be used when

0

>

g

m

and thesign

( )

−

if

0

<

g

m

. Henceforth, bysimplicity the signs

( )

±

before

22

1

cV

−

will be omitted.The derivate

dt pd

r

is the

inertial

force

i

F

which acts on the particle. Ifthe force is perpendicular to thespeed we have

( )

51

22

.dt V d cV mF

gi

rr

−=

However, if the force and the speedhave the same direction, we find that

( )

( )

61

23

22

.dt V d cV mF

gi

rr

−=

From Mechanics [6] we know that

LV p

−⋅

rr

denotes

the

energy

of theparticle, thus we can write

( )

71

2222

.c M cV cm LV p E

ggg

=−=−⋅=

rr

This fundamental equation presentsthe concept of

Gravitational Energy

,

3

g

E

, in addition to the well-knownconcept of

Inertial Energy

,

i

E

, andshows that

g

E

is not null for

0

=

V

, butit has the finite value

( )

8

20

cm E

gg

=

This is the particle's gravitationalenergy

at rest

.The Eq.(7) can be rewritten inthe following form:

( ) ( )

911

02222222222

iigKiiig E iiiiggggg

E mm E E mmcmcV cmcmmmcmcV cmcm E

Ki

=+==

   

−−+==−−−=

4 4 4 34 4 4 21

By analogy to the Eq.(8),

20

cm E

ii

=

intothe equation above, is theinertial energy

at rest

. Thus,

Kiii

E E E

+=

0

is the

total

inertialenergy, where

Ki

E

is the

kinetic inertial energy

. From the Eqs.(7) and(9) we thus obtain

( )

101

2222

.c M cV cm E

iii

=−=

For small velocities

( )

cV

<<

we obtain

( )

11

2212

V mcm E

iii

+≈

where we recognize the classicalexpression for the kinetic inertialenergy of the particle.The expression for the

kinetic gravitational energy

,

Kg

E

, is easilydeduced by comparing of the Eqs.(7)and (9). The result is

( )

12

. E mm E

KiigKg

=

In the presented picture, wecan say that the

gravity

,

g

r

, into agravitational field produced by aparticle of gravitational mass

g

m

depends on the particle's gravitationalenergy,

g

E

( given by Eq.(7)), becausewe can write

( )

13

222222

r M Gcr c M Gcr E Gg

ggg

−=−=−=

where

( )

21

22

1

−

−=

cV m M

gg

is the

relativistic

gravitational mass definedin the Eqs.(4)and (7).On the other hand, as weknow, the gravitational force is

conservative

. Thus, gravitationalenergy, in agreement with the energyconservation law, can be expressedby the

decrease

of the inertial energy,i.e.,

( )

14

ig

E E

∆∆

−=

This equation expresses the fact thatthe decrease of gravitational energycorresponds to an increase of theinertial energy.Therefore a variation

i

E

∆

in

i

E

yields a variation

ig

E E

∆∆

−=

in

g

E

.Thus

iii

E E E

∆

+=

0

;

igggg

E E E E E

∆∆

−=+=

00

and

( )

15

00

igig

E E E E

+=+

Comparison between (7) and (10)shows that

00

ig

E E

=

. Consequentlywe have

( )

162

000

iigig

E E E E E

=+=+

However

Kiii

E E E

+=

0

.Thus(16)becomes

( )

17

0

. E E E

Kiig

−=

Note the

symmetry

in the equationsof

i

E

and

g

E

.Substitution of

Kiii

E E E

−=

0

into (17) yields

( )

182

Kigi

E E E

=−

Squaring the Eqs.(4) and (7) andcomparing the result, we find thefollowing correlation betweengravitational energy and

momentum

:

( )

19

22222

.cm p c E

gg

+=

The energy expressed as a functionof the

momentum

is, as we know,

of 00

Leave a Comment

Starting from the action function we have derived a theoretical background that leads to quantization of gravity and the deduction of a correlation between the gravitational and inertial masses, which depends on the kinetic momentum of the particle. We show that there is a reaffirmation of the strong equivalence principle and consequently the Einstein's equations are preserved. In fact such equations are deduced here directly from this kinetic approach to Gravity. Moreover, we have obtained a generalized equation for inertial forces, which incorporates the Mach's principle into Gravitation. Also, we have deduced the equation of Entropy; the Hamiltonian for a particle in an electromagnetic field and the reciprocal fine structure constant. It is possible to deduce the expression of the Casimir force and also to explain the Inflation Period and the Missing Matter without assuming the existence of vacuum fluctuations. This new approach for Gravity will allow us to understand some crucial matters in Cosmology. An experiment has been carried out to check the theoretical correlation between the gravitational and inertial masses. The experiment and results are presented on appendix F. The experimental data are in strongly accordance with the theory.

reply01 / 15 / 2008