j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/L M g] k fnLx?

sf] cf; / qf; ljifos sfo{kq d}n] g]kfndf

j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] k|efj ljifos sfo{zfnf ufi7Ldf k|:t't ug{sf nflUf n]v]sf] lyPF . o:sf]
ljifoa:t' nueu rf/ dlxgf sf] >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf d+qLsf] d]/f] cg'ejdf cfwfl/t
/x]sf]5 . @)#* ;fnb]lv sfg"gL ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] g]kfnL x? hfg] k|f/De eP kZrft\
klg k|ToIf dfgj hLjg, dfgj v'zL, dfgjLo ;+j]bgf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;+u ;DalGwt /x]
klg lsg oltsf] cJojl:yt / abgfd /x]sf]5 / g]kfnL hgtf sf] ;d:of rfx] klg /fhgLlt1
x? lsg ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}gg, eGg] ljifodf k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf]5' . ;d:of, d+qfno,
k|zf;g / /fhgLlt a'em] kZrft\ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ubf{ ljkmntf xfy nfUof] . zfob kl/jQ{g
sf] /fhgLlt ug'{ Tolt ;lhnf] x'+b}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] b]lvg] / gb]lvg] cy{ /fhgLlt Political Economy_ :ofgf] kf6L{ sf] Pp6L dlxnf d+qL sf] tfst / ;fdYo{ eGbf aflx/
sf] s'/f /x]sf] 5, ;+lIfKtdf d]/f] a'emfO{ oxL /x\of] .t/ rf/ dlxgfdf hlt d}n] a'em]+, d+qL eoL
cfh{g u/]sf] d]/f] /fhgLlts k"+hL ToxL g} xf]. kl5 o; d:of}bfnfO{ cem kl/dflh{t u/L :ofgf]
k'l:tsfsf] ?kdf 5kfpg]5'.

j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/L M g] k fnLx? sf] cf; / qf;

k[i7e"ld M
g]kfndf j}b]zLs /f]huf/Lsf] j}wflgs cf/De @)#* ;fnb]lvk|f/De eP klg g]kfnL] sfdbf/x?
ljb]zdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu hfg] k/Dk/f ;lbof]+ k'/fgf] /x]5 . @)$^ ;fndf ePsf] Joj:yf
kl/jQ{g kZrft\ a9bf] a]/f]huf/L / u/LaLsf] k[i7e"lddf jif{ @)%@ df g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLn]
;+;bLo k|hftf+lqs Joj:yf lj?4 hgo'4 k|f/De u/] kZrft\\ dWo k"j{sf d'n'sx?df j}b]lzs
/f]huf/sf nflu g]kfnLx? nfO{ k7fpg] gLltn] ;/sf/L j[tdf k|fyldstf k|fKt uof]{ . laNs'n}
km/s cfaf]xjf, efiff / ;+:s[lt sf] d'n'sx?df /f]huf/Lsf nflu g]kfnLx? 7"nf;+Vofdf ljb]z
hfg] tTk/ /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] @)^@+^# ;fndf zf+ltk|ls|of k|f/De eP kZrft\ j}b]lzs /f]huf/
sf] If]q nfO{ ;+:yfut / Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu c+tl/d Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] @)^$;fndf
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g @)^$kfl/t uof]{ . o'4df xf]ldPsf b]z leq cfly{s ljsf; cj?4 eO{
/x]sf] cj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dfkm{t b]zdf 7"nf] dfqfdf lelqg} remittance n] ubf{
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ljz]if dxTj x'g]g} eof] . ;do sf ;fy o;;+u ljleGg k|sf/ b]lvg] / g
b]lvg] :jfy{ x? klg h'6b} uP . g]kfn ;/sf/n] P]g cg';f/ ;+/rgf / k|ls|of nfO{
;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; cuf8L a9fO{ o; If]q nfO{ kl/rflnt / Jojl:yt ug{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu, ph'/L zfvf / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af Psflt/]8{ sf] klg u7g u/]sf] 5.
1

j}bl] zs /f]huf/ df 7"nf] ;+Vofdf o'jf x? sf] alxu{dgn] ;dfh / /fhgLltdf klg
ax'cfoflds k|efj k/]sf]5. o'4u|:t d'n'sdf cTolws ;+Vofdf o'jfx? /f]huf/Lsf nflu
ljb]z hfg]x'gfn] Psflt/ a]/fhuf/L ;d:ofn] u|:t 3/ kl/jf/, ;dfh / ;/sf/ nfO{ 7"nf]
/fxt dx;"; ePs} lYfof] eg] csf]{ lt/ o;n] s'g} ;do v+8df dfcf]jfbL hgo'4nfO{ dTy/
kfg]{ sfo{ klg sfd u/]sf] lyof] . cfhklg k|To]s lbg cf};tg !%)) b]lv @))) o'jf x?
ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g t/ b]zdf clxn] klg a]/f]huf/L sf] ;d:of klg ljs/fn 5. b]z leq
clxn] klg $% k|ltzt o'jf a]/f]huf/ /x]sf5g .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] cEof;, k|ls|of / cg'ej x? nfO{ ;+u} /fv]/ ;du| df o:sf] k|efj x]g]{ xf]
eg] O+un}+8 df cf}Bf]lus s|f+lt eO{ /x]sf] a]nfdf h'gvfnsf] ;dfh sf] d+yg ePsf] lyof] /
;fdflhs ;DaGw x?df h:tf] k|sf/sf] kl/jQ{g x? eP To; e+bf sd k|efj g]kfnsf] df
k/]sf] 5}g . t/ cfly{s ?kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/n] b]zsf] ljsf; jf cljsf; eof] Tof] ;do n]
atfpg] 5. ;flxTosf/ x?n] snd rnfpg] x'g eg] g]kfnsf b"/b/fh sf ufFp x? af6
k|f/De eoL d'n's sf] / /fhgLlt sf] d'6' sf7df+8" df k'uL ;d"+b/ kf/ sf zx/ x? ;d]tdf
a[xt\ pkGof; sf nflu syf sf] kfq / ;"q x? e]+6g]5g . ;dfhsf] s'g} klg s'gf o:sf]
k|efj af6 d'St /x]sf] 5}g . d+qfno sf] s';L{df a;]/ 7uLsf] k|s/0fx? sf] af/]df ;'Gbf /
tx txdf ePsf] ljleGg kf/bzL{ / ckf/bzL{ lsofsnfk af/] a'embf d slxn] sfxL+ ulxl/P/
;f]rlyP ls ;+s|d0f sfndf ;dfh, ;/sf/ / /fhgLlt sf] k'/fgf] / jQ{dfg rl/q / To:sf
aLrsf] c+tGb x? nfO{ ghLs af6 a'emg]xf] eg] o; d+qfno e+bf pko'St 7fFp csf]{ s'g} x'g}
;Sb}g .
g]kfnsf] blIf0fL ;Ldf df kg]{ dw]z sf lhNnfx? w]/} sf/0f x?n] ubf{ ;a}eGbf w]/} j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf hfgsf]] ;'rLdf cu|0fL /x]sf 5g . of] dnfO{ :jfefljs klg nfU5 lsg eg] h'g
;'s} a]nfdf h:tf] ;'s} /fhgLlts kl/jQ{g eP klg d'n's sf] zf;s ju{ sf] sf]/ Core
;+/rgf / agf}6df k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx s} kfnf b]lvclxn] ;Dd s'g} df}lns kl/jQ{g ePsf] 5}g
. sfn / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;/sf/ sf] cfsf/ a9b} uPsf] n] zf;s ju{ sf] 3]/f sf] :j?k
lj:tf/ dfq ePsf] /x]5, ?kfGt/0f ePs} 5}g .
blIf0f Plzofsf] cf}klgj]zLs/0f / klxnf] / bf]:qf] ljZjo'4 sf] bf}/fg kxf8 sf hghfltx?
Uff]/vfnL sf] gfdn] o'4 n8g aflx/ uPsf lyP . lxhf]sf lbgx? df o'4/t uf]/vfnL sf] sdfO{
n] d'n'ssf] zf;s ju{ sf] vr{ klg wfg] sf] lyof] . ca aflx/ hfg] kfnf] dw]zL sf] klg
cfPsf]5. dw]zdf jg h+un klg nueu ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yfdf / s[lifsf nflu kfgL, dn
/ s[lif cf}hf/ ;d]t ;:tf] / ;xh ?kdf pknAw g ePsf] cj:yfdf / b]z leq hfuL/gkfpg]
dw]z sf clzlIft, c4{ lzlIft / s]xL dfqfdf lzlIft o'jf x?sf nflu /f]huf/L sf nflu
ljb]lzg' afx]s ljsNk klg /x]sf] 5}g . t/ o; af6 k/Dk/fut zf;s ju{ nfO{ xfO ;Grf]
2

klg ePsf] /x]5 / ufj b]lv zx/ ;Dd cfo >f]t sf gof af6f] sf] lgdf{0f klg ePsf] 5.
geP /]ld6]+; leqfpg] o; ;d'x;+u olt ljlw 7uL lsg x'lGyof]xf]nf.
of] eGbf cltzof]lSt g xf]nf ls d'n'sdf dw]zL, hghflt tyf u/La / lgd'vf x? sf] x}l;ot
zf;s ju{ sf nflu lxhf] h:tf] lyof] ,cfh klg p:t}5. cf+bfng cf+bf]ng s} b]zdf ;DaGw
sf] gfd dfq kl/jQ{g ePsf] t/ k|s[lt sdf]a]z To:t} 5 . lxhf] hf] /}tL lyP cyjf zfl;t
lyP , cfh tL alx:s/0f df k/]sf l;df+tLs[t ePsf 5g . c+u]|hLdf pgL x? nfO{ people
at the margin or periphery eGg ;lsG5 . >d d+qL sf] x}l;otn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu nfO{ cWoog Core / Periphery sf] ;DaGw cWoog ubf{ d]/f] cg'e"lt oxL /x\of] .
cfh klg alx:s/0f df k/]sf jf margin df /x]sf u/La, d]xgtL t/ lgd'vf g]kfnL o'js
/ o'jtL x? s}] j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] sdfO{ n] d'n'ssf] cy{ / vr{ 7"nf]xb ;Dd wfg]sf] 5 t/
gLlt lgdf{0f / lg0f{o sf] s]Gb|df pgL x? 5}gg. /fHo, ;/sf/, ljleGg txsf ;+ul7t ;d"x /
;fdfGo hgtf sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dfly sf] lge{/tf 8/ nfUbf] ls;Ld ;] a9L ;s]sf] 5 . /
To;} n] ubf{ w]/} g]kfnL x?sf] cf; / qf;sf] ljifo klg /x]sf]5 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ . g]kfn
;/sf/ sf] Pp6f :ofgf] txsf] Peon b]lv k|wfgd+qL ;Ddsf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefudf rf;f]
d]/f] nflu cfZro{ sf] ljifo g} /xof] .
d kb u| x 0f ug] { a] n fsf] cj:yf
7"nf] ;+Vofdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf cj;/sf nflu dWo k"j{sf b]z x? ;a e+bf a9L dxTjk'0f{
/x]sf 5g . To; kZrft sf]l/of / Oh/fOn klg rrf{df /xg] u/]sf] 5 . oL b]z x?df df
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] cEof; / cg'ejn] ljZj dfg} g]kfn / g]kfnL x?sf] ax'cfoflds kl/ro
:yflkt u/fPsf] 5 . dWo k"j{sf d'n's x?df cToGt k|lts"n kl/j]z / kl/l:yltdf klg
w}o{sf ;fy l6sg ;Sg] d]xgtL g]kfnL sfdbf/ x?n] tL d'n's x?df g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? sf]
5'} klxrfg :yflkt u/fP sf 5g eg] b]z b]lv ljb]z ;Dd b]lvPsf 7uLsf dfldnfx?n]
;/sf/ sf] rl/q, Ifdtf,lgot sf ;fy ;fy} g]kfnLsf] ;fdflhs / JolStut rl/q ;d]t nfO{
h'g 9+u n] phfu/ u/]sf]5, Tof] sd dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf]O{g . s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] nueu
Ps rf}yfO{ k|ltzt cfo>f]t sf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] / %^ k|ltzt 3/ w"/Lsf] kfl/jfl/s /
;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf] b[li6sf]0f ;d]t af6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] tyf g]kfnL
sfdbf/ x?sf] xs lxt tyf JolStut ;'/Iff ;+u klg k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ePsf] n] of]
d+qfno cToGt ;+j]bgzLn / dxTjk"0f{ /x] sf] cg'e"ltsf ;fy d}n] >d tyf oftfoft d+qL sf]
kbef/ sflQ{s @@ , @)^*df u|x0f u/]+ sf] lyPF.
d >d d+qL x'g' e+bf s]xL lbg cl3 dfq /fi6klt Ho" n] stf/ e|d0fsf] s|ddf ToxfF g]kfnL
sfdbf/ x?sf] b'/fj:yfsf] ljifodf JoSt u/]sf] lr+tf / rf;f]n] n] ;+rf/dfWoddf 7"nf] dxTj
kfPsf] lyof] .To;sf] nuQ} kl5 cd]l/sf af6 kmls{g] s|ddf k|wfgd+qL 8f= afa"/fd e/fO{n]
3

klg stf/ l:yt /fhb"tfjf; df s]xL ;do latfO{ ToxfF g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? ;+u e]+6L ltgL
x?sf] larNnL cj:yf af/] hfgsf/L lnPsf] va/n] klg ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] lyof] .
k|wfgd+qL d'n's kms]{ kZrft\ 8f= u0f]z u'? sf] cWoIftf df j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg]
af/] k|ltj]bg klg t}of/ ePsf] lyof] / pSt sfo{bnn] k|wfgd+qLnfO{ #) a"+b] ;'emfj ;lxt sf]
k|ltj]bg a'emfP kZrft\ >d d+qfno sf] gfddf k|wfgd+qL] sfof{no dfkm{t !) a"+b] lgb]{zg
ldltdf hf/L ul/P sf] lyof] . d kbef/ ;Dxfng' cl3g} >d d+qfnosf ;x;lrj k"0f{r+b|
e/fO{sf] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs sf] kbdf tLg dxLgf sf nflu lgo'lSt eoL
;s] sf] lyof] . k"0f{r+b| e/fO{ o; e+bf cl3 rf/ jif{ ;Dd >dd+qfnosf] ;x;lrj kbdf /xL
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ nfO{ lgo+q0f / kl/rfng ug]{ lhDdf
;DxfnL ;Sg'ePsf] lyof] .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nfuL 3/af6 lg:s]bvL ljb]zl:yt sDkgLdf gk'u];Dd >dLsx? k|To]s
kfO{nfdf 7lug] / ToxfF k'u] kZrft\ klg 7lug] / a+ws ;d]t aGg] ,;fy} dlxnf x? ljleGg
k|sf/ sf lx+;f sf] lzsf/ x'g] ;'g] / k9] sf] lyPF . g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? g]kfndf / To;
kZrft\ u+tJo d'n'sdf kfpg] wf]vfw8Ln] ubf{ o; If]q ;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] d+qfno,
ljefu, sd{rf/L / d}g kfj/ sDkgLx? ljjfbsf] 3]/fdf klg /x+b} cfPsf] / ljz]if u/L of]
d+qfno e|i6frf/ sf nflu klg cToGt} abgfd /x]sf] klg ;'g] sf] lyPF . lglZrt ?kdf
;du|df d+qfno a'emg s]xL ;do nfUg] g} lyof] .
7uL sf] ljifodf a'embf 7uL k|s/0f ljb]lzg] vf]Hg]sf] ufFp3/df Ph]+6 x? sf] ;Dks{ sf ;fy
z'? x'lGyof] . Ph]+6 x? sfdbf/ x? ;+u rsf]{ sdLzg lng] / To; kZrft\ Dofgkfj/
sDkgLx?n] k|To]s sfd sf nflu rsf]{ z'Ns c;'ng] eg] hfgsf/L kfPF . uGtJo d'n'sdf k'u]
kZrft klg /f]huf/ bftf n] lbP sf] ;demf}tf kq Po/ kf]6{ df g} km]l/g] / >ldsx?
;demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf] s+kgLdf sfd klg ug{ g kfpg], ;demf}tf adf]lhd sf] sfd /
k};f klg g kfpg], ;demf}tf ljk/Lt w]/} clws ;do ;Dd sfd ug'{ kg]{, cfkmgf] bvn jf
Ifdtf g ePsf] hf]lvd k"0f{ sfo{ ug'{ kg]{, sfd sf] bf}/fg aL/fdL eoL jf b'3{6gfdf k/L dg]{
x? sf] af/]df ;'g]+ .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/s} l;nl;nfdf u+tJo d'n'sdf g]kfnLx? ljleGg ck/fwdf cf/f]lkt eO{ h]ndf
y'lgg] / d[To' b+8 ;d]t sf] ;hfo kfpg], sfdsf bf}/fg cfTdxTof ug]]{ h:tf 36gfx? klg
;fdfGo ;dfrf/ eO{ ;s] sf lyP . o;} ;Gbe{df /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z hfg] dlxnf sfdbf/
x?sf] ;+Vof klg a9\]sf] t/ dlxnf x?sf nflu j}b]lzs /f]huf/ /f]huf/L sf]dfWod dfq geO{
a]rlavg, 3/]n" lx+;f, of}g zf]if0f sf] sf/0f klg x'g k'u]sf] /x]5 . w]/} h;f] 3/]n"sfdbf/ sf
nflu hfg] dlxnf x? u+tJo d'n's ;+u x'g] cfjZos ;demf}tf tyf lgod sfg"g sf]
cefjdf d}g kfj/ sDkgLx? dfkm{t j}wflgs tj/n] guoLsg cj}wflgs tj/n] JolStut
tj/df g]kfn e+bf klg ef/tsf] af6f] eoL hfg] u/]sf]x'gfn] dlxnfsfdbf/x? a9L hf]lvddf
/x]sf] klg a'lemof].
4

dWok"j{ sf] d'n'sdf sfdbf/x? b}lgs ?kn] b'O{ tLg hfgf sf] b/n] d[To'x'g] / lbg} kl5 pgL
x? sf] nfz g]kfn cfpg] s|dn] j]b]lzs /f]huf/ ;+u ufFl;Psf] b'vb kIf klg s;} ;+u n's]sf]
lyPg . of] ;Dk"0f{ 36gf rqm of k|s/0f :jfefljs lyof] jf c:jfefljs / o;df d+qfno /
;DalGwt ljefu x? sf] :yfg / lhDdjf/L sxFf /x]sf] 5, Tof] a'emg' d]/f] nflu klxnf] r'gf}tL
k"0f{ sfd lyof] . To;} aLr ;a eGbf klxnf O:qfon sf] d'2f d]/f] ;dIf cfof].
O:qfon k| s /0fM
d}n] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn] kZrft\ s]o/ lue/ x?nfO{ O:qfon k7fpg vr{ lgwf{l/t ug]{ af/]sf]
kmfOn d]/f] 6]a'ndf cfof] . o; e+bf cl3 b'O{ k6s O:qfOnL ;/sf/n] g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? nfO{
O:qfon k7fpg] k|lta+lwt u/L ;s] sf] lyof]. ToxfFsf] ;/sf/n] To:tf] lg0f{o ug'{k5f8L sf]
d"nsf/0f oxfFsf d}g kfj/ sDkgL x?n] O:qfon sf] ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] e+bf w]/} a9L /sd lng]
/ rsf]{ Aofh b/df C0f lnP/ hfg] sfdbf/x? ToxfF k'u] kZrft\ C0fsf] rfkdf tgfju|:t
eO{ /fd/L sfd ug{ g ;Sg] eP kl5 ToxfF sf] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?df hfgsf/L u/fP
kZrft\ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf x?sf] bafjdf O:qfOnL ;/sf/n] o; e+bf cl3 b'O{ rf]6L
g]kfnL sfdbf/x?sf nflu le;f glbg] lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] lyof] . t]:qf] k6s g]kfnL s]o/
lue/ sf nflu O:qfOnL cfsfz k'gM vf]Ng] lg0f{o ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lyof] / d lgo'St x'g' e+bf
cl3g} O:qfondf s]o/ lue/ k7fpg] ;DaGw df gofF sfo{ljlwdf k|wfgd+qLn] x:tfIf/ u/L
cg'df]bg u/L ;Sg' ePsf] lyof] / pSt sfo{ljlw df O:qfon hfgsf nflu >ldsx?n] Aof]xg]{
s'n vr{ klg pNn]v lyof] . t/ klg dfq vr{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ af/] sf] kmfOn d lg/ cfof].
d}n] O:qfon k7fpg] vr{af/] lg0f{o ug'{ e+bf cl3 ToxfFsf] sfo{ljlw / cGo u+tJo d'n's hfg]
lgwf}l/t vr{ af/] ;/sf/L lg0f{osf] dfkb+8 / cfwf/ af/]df klg cWoog ug]{ k|of; u/]+. Klxnf
sf lg0f{o x? lglZrt dfkb+8sf] cfwf/df u/]sf] d}n] kfOg / s]xL yk cWoog ubf{ cfpg]
hfg] vr{ tf]s]sf] ;d]t d}]n] e]+6fPF.
lglZrt ?kdf @)^$ ;fnsf] P]g / sfg"g sf] cfwf/df /xL gLltut lg0f{o ug]{ d]/f] ;f]r
lyof]. pNn]vgLo s'/f s] /x]sf]5 eg] P]gn] x/]s u+tJo d'n's sf nflu 5'f 5'} sfo{ljlw sf]
lgdf{0fsf] kl/sNkgf ;d]t P]g n] u/] sf] 5}g . t/ o; e+bf cl3 klg sf]l/of / hfkfg sf
nflu ;/sf/ n] sfo{ljlw agfPsf] /x]5. o; af6 /fd|f] cfdbfgL ePsf] d'n'sdf ljefu /
d+qfnon] rf;f] /fv]sf] b]lvG5 / To:sf] ljz]if cy{ /fhgLlt klg 5 .
X' g t c+t/fli6o sfg"g cg';f/ u+tJod'n'sdf hfgsf nflu /f]huf/bftfn] sfdbf/sf] cfpg]
hfg] xjfO{ l6s6sf] ef8f ltg'{ kg]{xf] t/ ;/sf/L lg0f{o x?df xjfO{ oftfoftsf] vr{ tfs]sf]
d}n] kfPF / xfd|f sfdbf/ x? oftfoft vr{ lt/L /x]sf] klg ;j{q a'lemPsf] 5 . sfo{ljlw df
tf]lsPsf] /sd / d]/f] lg0f{osf nflu NofOPsf] kmfOndf vr{sf nflu k|:tfljt /sd
ts{;+ut / Gofo;+ut /x]sf]af/]df d cfZj:t x'g ;lsg . tf]s]sf] kf}g] tLg nfv /sd w]/}
5

a9L ePsf] nfUof] . ;fy ;fy} pSt sfo{ ljlw df pNn]lvt s]xL ljifo x? sfdbf/ / sfg"g
sf] kIfaf6x]bf{ dnfO{ cToGt cfklQhgs klg nfUof] .
;j{k|yd O:qfon hfg] vr{ nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df ts{;+ut agfp+b} ljleGg txsf] ldl6+u ub}{
k|:tfljt nueu kf}g] tLg nfv sf] vr{ /sd nfO{ &% xhf/ g]kfnL ?k}ofdf emf/]+ .
tTkZrft\ k|wfgd+qL nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fp+b} d}n] O:qfonsf] sfo{ljlw ;+zf]wg ug]{ lg0f{o u/]+ .
d}n] k|wfgd+qLsf] z'elr+ts eoLg} To:tf] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyPF lsg eg] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L k|j4{g
af]8{n] pSt sfo{ljlw nfO{ k|sflzt ug]{ t}of/L u/L /x]sf] lyof] . dnfO{ s] nfu]sf] lyof] eg]
To:tf lg0f{ox? ;fj{hlgs ePdf k|wfgd+qLsf nflu /fd|f] x'+b}g . d}n] lg0f{o u/] kZrft\
tTsfnLg lgldQ ;lrj sf] g]t[Tjdf sfo{bn u7g eoL sfo{ k|f/De eoL sfo{ cuf8L klg
a9of]. / d kbd'St x'g' e+bf s]xL lvg cl3g} b'O{ tLg rf]6L sf] d;d]t ;+nUg ePsf]
5nkmnsf] cfwf/df sfo{ljlw ;+zf]wgsf] d:of}bf d]/f] 6]andf cfoL ;s]sf] lyof] / Ps b'O{
lbgdf d To;df ;xL uly{o]+ xf]nf . w]/}s'/fdf ;xdlt eP klg s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s'/fsf] af/] df
;xdlt x'g ;sL /x]sf] lyPg. To:tf] klxnf] ljifo lyof] O:qfonaf6 s]o/ lue/ sf nflu
cfpg]df+ukq nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yfsf] clwsf/ O:qfon l:yt g]kfnL
/fhb"tfjf;nfO{ lbg]jf g lbg] . of] k|wfgd+qL sfof{nosf] b; a"+b] lgb]{zg df pNn]v lyof] .
csf]{ a"+bf lyof], hfg vf]hg] sfdbf/ n] ;Dk'0f{ vr{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt sDkgL sf] vftfdf
Psd'i6 hDdf ug{], df+u kq Nofpg Ohfht kq jfnf JolSt :jo+ O:qfon hfg' kg]{ h:tf
cGo cGo cfklQhgs s/f klg pNn]v lyof] . dnfO{ of] ;a} ls|of snfk syndicalism
a9fpg] h:tf] nfUof] . Draft d]/f] 6]a'n df lyof] / d Ps b'O{ lbg df /xdlt ug]{ jfnf lyPF
t/ a/Vjf:t eP. Sfo{ljlw sf] kmfOn clxn] klg clgl0f{t /x]sf]5. O:qfon ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o
kZrft\ klg v'nf ?kdf eL;f cfO{ /x]sf] 5}g t/ s]o/lue/ x? ef/t sf] gof gof entry
point h:tf] ls nvgp hok'/ af6 uoL /fv]sf] ;'lgPsf] 5. of] s;/L eO{ /fv]sf] 5 , o:sf]
af/] df ;du| s'/f a'emg ;s]sf] 5'O{g .
Kf| w fgd+ q L sf] b;a" + b ] lgb] { z g
ljefu / d+qfno k|wfgd+qL sf] b; a"+b] lgb]{zg c+tu{t sfo{ ug]{ w'gdf /x]sf] d}n] e]+6fP.d}n]
x]bf{ b; a"+b] lgb]{zgdf k|wfgd+qL sf] x:tfIf/ lyPg . pSt lgb]{zg d+qL kl/ifbsf] lg0f{o
;d]t lyPg . / To:df plNnlVt s]xL ljifo sf] af/] df ljjfb / c+tlj{/f]w /x]sf] d}n] kfPF /
d}n] lg0f{o ubf{ P]g df cfwfl/t eO{ lg0f{o u/]+. h:tfls JolStut le;fdf stf/df 3/]n"
sfdbf/ k7fpg] ljifodf To:t} kmfOn cfPsf] lyof]. /fhb"tfjf; sf] l;kmfl/zdf JolStut
eL;fdf dlxnf sfdbf/ x? nfO{ >d :jLs[lt lbg] af/]df d]/f] lg0f{o ljefu nfO{ rflxPsf]
lyof] . xfd|f] P]gn] JolStut eL;fdf hfg]sfdbf/sf nflu k|i6 Joj:yf u/]sf]n] pSt P]g
cg';f/ >d :jLs[lt lbg] eg]/ lg0f{o u/]+F. k]z eP adf]lhd ug'{ egL lg0f{o u/Lg .

d}n] hfg] cg';f/ JolStut le;fdf hfg] JolSt x? hfg] a'em] sf] ;Dks{ / ;DaGw sf]
cfwf/df hfG5g. To:tf JolSt x?sf nflu sfg"g :ki6 /x]sf]n] To;sf nflu g]kfnL
/fhb?tfjf; sf] yk k|df0fLs/0f sf] cfjZostf x'+bg}. sfg"g e+bf aflx/ uoL To:tf] k|ls|of
nfO{ cuf8L a9fp+bf To:sf] b'?kof]u x'g] / To;af6 yk ljs[lt / e|i6frf/ hlGdg] ;+efjgf
sf] d}n] cg'dfg u/]+] . ;ae+bf a9L To;af6 dlxnf x?sf] t:s/L x'g] ;+efjgf lyof] +. dnfO{
To; e+bf cl3 klg Pp6f /fhb"t af6 k|:tfj cfPsf]lyof] ls /fhkl/jf/ sf ;b:ox?sf nflu
3/]n" sfdbf/ k7fpg] ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L b"tfjf;nfO{ ;f}+kL lbg] . t/ d}n] To:tf] k|:tfj nfO{
:jLsf/ u/Lg . s'g} d'n'snfO{ g]kfnL dlxnf x? 3/]n' sfdbf/sf nflu rflxg] eP g]kfn
;+u 3/]n' sfdbf/ k7fpg]af/] ;xdlt ug'{ pko'St x'g] 5 eGg] d]/f] wf/0ff lyof] . jf km]/L
/fhkl/jf/sf JolSt x? cfkmgf] ghLs ePsf d}g kfj/ sDkgL dfkm{t g]kfn sf d}g kfj/
sDkgL ;+u s/f/ u/L d+ufpg ;lSyP . d}g kfj/ sDkgL dfkm{t 3/]n" sfdbf/ x? hf+bf b]z
df pgLx?sf] record / ;Dks{ sf] ;"q klg x'g] lyof], / s]xL ;d:of ePsf] cj:yfdf
;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;xof]u sf efuL klg aGg] cj:yf x'lGyof] . dnfO{ lbP sf] hfgsf/L cg';f/
;DalGwt b]zsf lgod sfg"gx? n] 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] k]zf nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] >]0fLdf
/fVb}gg. t/ s'/f Tolt dfq /x]g5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj:t/df ePsf s]xL lg0f{o x? klg
d}n] cWoog u/]+ / To; kZrft d}n] a'emL xfn]+ ls 3/]n' sfdbf/ sf] ?kdf dlxnf x? sf] a]r
lavg jf t:s/L x'g'df ;/sf/L gLlt sf] ck|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] 5.
3/]n" sfdbf/sf nflu af+Unfb]z nufot cGo d'n's x?n] u/] h:tf] 5'} ;xdlt ug'{ pko'St
x'g] 5 eGg] af/]df d b[9 lyPF / To; adf]lhdsf] lgb]{zg klg d}n] lbO{ ;s] sf] lyPF.af+Unfb]z
df 3/]n" dlxnf sfdbf/n] !) xhf/ 6fsf dfq vr{ u/L hfg] Joj:yf ldnfP sf] 5.
government to government ;xdlt x'+bf 3/]n' sfdbf/ sf] k]zf ck]Iffs[t ;'/lIft /
lgoldt x'G5 . s'j}t sf /fhb"t dw'ag kf}8]nn] dlxnf 3/]n"sfdbf/ sf] af/] df ul/g]
;xdlt kq sf] d:of}bf ;d]t k7fpg' ePsf] lyof] / d+qfno To;df 5nkmn / ljrf/ ljdz{
sf] k|ls}of d x'+bf cuf8L a9foL ;s] sf] lyof] . t/ ;xdlt s]xL x'g ;s] sf] 5}g . g]kfn n]
sfdbf/ x? nfO{ !)* d'n's df hfg] cg'dlt lbP klg clxn] ;Dd hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of,
stf/ / ax/fOg ;+u dfq ;demf}tf -memorandum of understanding_ u/]sf]5. of]
tYo klg cfkm" df ;/sf/ sf] u+eL/tf bzf{pg kof{Kt k|df0f sf] ?k df /x]sf] 5.

b;a" + b ] lgb] { z g / sDkgL bQf{ sf] ljifo

o;}aLr k|wfgd+qL sf] b; a"+b] lgb]{zgsf] klg ;lrj tyf ;x;lrj n] d]/f] ;dIf rrf{ ug{
yfn]sf lyP. d+qL :t/ e+bf klg pRr:t/Lo k|zf;lgs txdf ;xdlt eO{ pSt lgb]{zg
7

hf/L ePsf] d}n] a'em]+. lDflt @)^*. ^. !% sf] k|wfgd+qL sfof{no sf] lgb]{zg d}n] ldlt
@)^*.&.@@ df kb ef/ u|x0f ug'{ e+bf cl3g} s]xL xb ;Dd ls|ofGjogdf uO{ ;s] sf] lyof] .
To:sf] rf} y f a" + b fdf plNnlvt /x] s f] 5, j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/ ljefu af6
j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/ ;+ r fngsf nflu cg' d lt lng] ;+ : yfsf] ;+ V of / tLgsf
zfvf sfof{ n osf] cg' u dg ug{ kof{ K t hgzlStsf] Joj:yf xfn x' g g
;s] s f] n ] xfnnfO{ gofF cg' d lt lbg] sfo{ Joj:yf -j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/ P] g
@)^$ sf] bkmf *@ adf] l hd_ >d tyf oftfoft Joj:yf dGqfnon]
ldnfpg] .
pSt lgb] { z g hf/L x' g ' e+ b f cl3 @& nfvsf] a} + s Uof/+ 6 L a' e mfO{ ;s] sf]
rf/ kfF r j6f d} g kfj/ sDkgL bQf{ sf] s| d df /x] s f lyP . gof sDkgL
x? n] ca Ohfht kq g kfpg] ljefun] egL ;s] kZrft\ pgL x? d+ q fno
wfpg yfn] sf lyP . cfly{ s bfloTj ;[ h gf eoL ;s] s f o:tf kIf x? ;+ u
cGofo eoL /x] s f] dnfO{ nfUof] .o; ;DaGw df k| w fgd+ q L sf sfof{ n o sf
;lrj nLnfdl0f kf} 8 ] n ;+ u s' / fu/L d} n ] o:tf sDkgL x?nfO{ O{hfht kq lbg'
kg]{ af/]df l6Kk0fL p7fpg] lgb]{zg lbPF . kmfOn d]/f] 6]a'ndf klg cfof] t/ ljleGg txdf
n]lvPsf l6Kk0fL x? sltko dfog]df c:ki6, c+tlJ{f/f]wL / ax'cy{ nfUg] vfnsf] lyof] .
bQf{sf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] cfwf/df k|ls|ofdf /x]sf @) @% sDkgL x?sf] ;"rL;d]t ;+nUg
ePsf] pSt kmfOndf c+tdf v'n]/ Ohfht kqsf nflu rf/ j6f sDkgL sf] gfd ljefu af6
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] lyof]. sDkgL x? sf] ljj/0fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L ljefu ;+u dfq /x]sf]
x'gfn] d}n] k]z ePadf]lhd ug]{ egL
w/f}6L a'emfPsfx? nfO{ Ohfht kq lbg' eg]/
;}4flGts lg0f{o u/]+ .
JolStut ?kdf d sfg"g e+bf aflx/ uoL /fHosf] x:tIf]ksf/L "e"ldsf a9foL ;fdfHo
hgtfsf] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] xgg sf] kIfdf lyO{g . t/ cfkm" gof d+qL ePsf]n] l:ylt cem
ulx/fO{ n] a'emg] lbzfdf nfu]+ . kl5 yfxf kfp+bf ljefu n] cfkm'n] l;kmfl/z u/]sf] rf/ hfgf
sDkgL nfO{ bQf{ ug]{ Ohfht lbof]. To; kZrft @# nfv w/f}6L a'emfO{ ;s] sf] cfwf/df
cGo JolSt x? klg bQf{sf] Ohfht sf nflu d+qfno df wfpg yfn]. pgL x?sf] egfO{ lyof]
ls xfn Ohfht kfPsf rf/} hfgfn] k|wfgd+qL sf] lgb]{zg hf/L x'g' e+bf cl3 @# nfvsf] a}s
Uof/+6L dfq a'emfPsf lyP / afsL /x]sf] ;ft nfv kl5 dfq a'emfPkZrft kfPsf] x'gfn]
To;}cfwf/ df xfdLx?n] klg Ohfht kq kfpg' kof]{ .
ljifoa:t' nfO{ cem a'emg]sfnflu d}n] cfkm"n] lg0f{o u/]sf] kmfOn k'gM lemsfO{ cWoog ubf{ d
cfZro{rlst ePF lsg eg] ljefu nfO{ k7fpg] lg0f{o sf] k|lt agfp+bf To;df d+qfnosf
sd{rf/L n] cfkmgf]tkm{ af6 Pp6f k+lSt ykL lbPsf lyo]f. Tof] k+lSt lyof] ;fy} o;df ;"rL
;+nUg ul/Psf]5. d}n] a'emL ;s]+ d}n] u/] sf] lg0f{o nfO{ manipulate ul/Psf] 5. ljifo
8

uDeL/ lyof] / d+qfno sf] sd{rf/L ;+u a'embf pgn] Tof] k+lSt ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs k"0f{r+b|
e/fO{ sf] lgb]{zfg';f/ yk]sf lyP .
To; kZrft Ohfht k|fKt rf/ hfgf sf] kmfOn lesfP/ cWoog ubf{ d}n] klg kfPF ls pSt
rf/ hfgfn] @# nfv sf] a}+s w/f}6L k|wfgd+qL sf] lgb]{zg e+bf cl3 / z]if ;ft nfv kl5
a'emfPsf /x]5g .d e/fO{ sf] ls|ofsnfk k|lt ;z+lst eO{ ;s]sf] lyPF / d+qfnodf e}/x]sf]
ultljlw sf] hfgsf/L lglZrt ?kdf ljefudf k'uL /fv]sf] lyof]. csf]{ k6s cfPsf x? sf]
lgj]bg nfO{ klg d}n] cfjZos sf/jfxL ug'{ tf]s nufoL ljefu k7foL lbPF .
To;sf] s]xL lbg kZrft\ sDkgL bQf{ sf] Ohfht sf nflu k'gM klxnf h:t} csf]{ kmfOn d]/f]
6a'ndf lg0f{ofy{ cfO k'Uof]. o;kfln nueu krf; hfgf sf] ;"rL ;lxtsf] kmfOndf zfob
rf/ jf kfFr hfgfsf] gfd k|ToIf?kn] tf]sL ltgL x? nfO{ Ohfht kq lbg]af/] d+qL sf]
gLltut lg0f{osf nflu ;lrj dfkm{t x'+b} cfPsf] cfof]. d}n] k'gM k]z eP adf]lhd lg0f{o u/Lg
a? kmfOndf p7fOPsf] l6Kk0fL nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ d}n] e/fO{ nfO{ tLg lbg leq hafa lbg]
u/L :ki6Ls/0f ;f]Wf] ls o; ljifodf d+qL :t/ af6 gLltut lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf
lsg k6s k6s gLltut lg0f{o sf nflu kmfOn k7fOPsf]5. sfuhft x? hfFra"em u/L s'g}
sDkgL nfO{ Ohfht kq lbg] jf g lbg] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ljefusf] /x]sf]n]
o:tf ljifoa:t'x? d+qL ghLs cfpg' x'+b}g eg] d]/f] wf/0ff lyof] .
kmfOn x? sf] l6Kk0fLx? x]bf{ dnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] Psflt/ sfg"g jf lgodfjnLnfO{ cfwf/
agfO{sg k|zf;lgs txaf6 lg0f{ofy{ ljsNkx? ;d]t k]z u/] sf] l6Kk0fL gx'g] / csf]{ lt/
sfg"g / lgodfjnL :ki6 x'Fbf x'Fb} gLltut lg0f{osf nflu kmfOn cfpg] . g]kfndf Bad
Governance jf cndndf kfg]{ vfnsf] policy decisions sf] of] klg Pp6f uDeL/
sf/0f x'g ;Sb5 .
j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/ / k//fi6 d+ q fno
t'ngfTds ?kdf g]kfnsf u/La / w]/} h;f] cbIf sfdbf/x? ;xh / ;:tf]df pknAw
u/fO{Psf]df ljsf;f]Gd'v dWo k"j{sf d'n's x?sf nflu g]kfn dxTjk"0f{ d'n's x'+b}uPsf]xf] /
g]kfnL b"tfjf; oL d'n's x?df >d s'6gLlt labor diplomacy tkm{ ls|ofzLn x'g
vf]h]sf] klg d}n] a'em+].
d}n] kbef/ u|x0f ug]{ a]nfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / d}g kfj/ sDkgL x? aLr Gb a9L
/x]sf] cj:Yff lyof] . k"j{:jLs[ltsf nflu d}g kfj/ sDkgL x?n] ljb]z af6 NofOPsf] df+u kq
df pNn]v eP adf]ljd sf] kb sf] ldnfg kl5 g]kfnsf d}g kfj/ sDkgL dfkm{t
sfdbf/nfoL k7fOPsf] s/f/kq df plNnlvt kb ;+u g ePsf]n] ljefun] >d :jLs[lt lbg
9

dfgL /x]sf] lyPg . /fi6klt / k|wfgd+qL sf] stf/ e|d0f kZrft ;demf}tf kqdf plNnlvt
sfd e+bf ljb]zdf km/s sfd ug'{ >ldsx?sf] 7uLsf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] cfd wf/0ff
agL /x]sf] lyof] . ;+rf/ dfWodsf] klg o:tf] wf/0ff sf] lgdf{0fdf k|d'v e"ldsf lyof] . o;
af/]df d}g kfj/ sDkgL x? defensive lyP / pgLx? sf] egfO{ lyof] ls clxn] ;Dd
o:tl/g] rnL /x]sf] lyof] ,To;}]n] PSsf;L o; nfO{ /f]Sg' pko'St x'+b}g. k"j{ :jLs[lt e+bf kb
km/s eP klg sfdbf/ ToxfF k'u] kZrft s]xL ;d:of pTkGg ePdf xfdL g} ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
lng] / To:sf nflu xfdL Uof/+6L df a:g t}of/ 5f}+ eGg] d}g kfj/ sDkgL x?sf] egfO{ lyof] .
d}g kfj/ sDkgL x?sf] yk egfO{ cg';f/ ljefu n] ;+:yfut >d :jLs[lt glbP sf]
cj:yfdf ljb]z hfg sf nflu sf7df+8" ;d]t cfO{ ;s]sf sfdbf/ x? a; sf a; e/L
ef/t sf] af6f] hfg nfu]sf lyP .
k"j{ :jLs[lt / c+ltd :jLs[ltsf nflu ljefudf k]z ul/Psf sfuhft x?df P]g cg';f/ kb
ldnfg ePsf] 5 cyjf 5}g, k"j{ :jLs[lt / c+ltd :jLs[ltdf kbsf] km/s s;/L / lsg x'G5
/ of] ;d:of x? k'/fg} lyP eg] eg] clxn] ;Dd Ogsf] ;dfwfg lsg x'g ;s] sf] 5}g, g]kfn
df ;+:yfut >d :jLs[lt g kfPsf sfdbf/ x? a;sf a; e/L ef/tsf] af6f] eoL s;/L
hfg ;S5g, oL ;a} s'/fsf] af/]df d}n] ;To / tYo / oyfy{ a'emg lglZlrt ?kn] s]xL ;do
nfUg] lyof] .
otfkL /fhb"tfjf; sf] l;kmfl/z sf] cfwf/df JolStut le;f k|fKt u/L ljefu af6 >d
:jLs[lt lnO{ g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? u+tJo d'n'sdf hfg] s|d z'? eoL ;s] sf] lyof]. o;
af/]df klg d}g kfj/ sKkgL x?df lvGgtf lyof] . b; a"+b] lgb]{zg hf/L eP kZrft\ JolStut
le;f lnO{ hfg] sfdbf/ x? sf] ;+Vof XjfQ} a9]sf] x'gfn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefudf nfOg
nfUg] sfdbf/ x?sf] klg eL8 a9b} uoL /fv]sf] lyof] . of] ;Dk"0f{ cj:yf dnfO{ c:jfefljs
/ cldNbf] nfUg yfn]sf] lyof] .
o; af/] k| w fgd+ q L sfof{ n o sf] @)^*.^.!# sf] lgb] { z g o:tf] k| s f/ sf]
/x] s f] 5 M JolStut k| o f;df j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/df stf/ , dn] l zof, ;fpbL
c/a, ;+ o ' S t c/a O{ l d/] 6 \ ; , ax/fOg, Oh/fon hfg] sfdbf/n] k] z ug] {
sfuhft dWo] s/f/ kq ;DalGwt b] z l:yt g] k fnL /fhb" t fjf;af6 k| d fl0ft
u/L ACCESS CODE dfkm{ t kx' F r ePsf] web page df /fVg] Joj:yf
b" t fjf;n] ldnfO{ j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/ ljefunfO{ lbg] / ;f] s f] cfwf/df dfq}
:jLs[ l t lbg] Joj:yf nfu" ug] { .
of] P]g ljk/Lt lyof] t/ e/fO{ o; nfO{ cg's"n egL P]gsf] ckJofVof ug]{ u/]sf lyP .
d]/f]sIfdf sfdbf/ x?nfO{ ljb]z df k7fpg] k|ls}ofut sfo{ljlw sf] k|:t'ltsf] bf}/fg
sfdbf/sf] df+ukq sf nflu g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf; sf] l;kmfl/z clgjfo{ x'g] k|:t'lt u/]sf lyP .
t/ k|:t'ltdfly sf] 5nk.n bf}/fg P]g kN6fp+bf pGsf] ckJofVof unt /x]sf] k|dfl0ft eof] .

10

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g sf] bkmf !% sf] -!,r_ df n]lvPsf]5 Mj}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] d'n'ssf]
cflwsfl/s lgsfo jf s'6gLlts lgof]u jf >d ;xrf/L jf r}Da/ cfFkm sfd;{ jf gf]6/L
klAnsaf6 k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] df+ukq / clVtof/gfdf sf] ;Ssn k|lt . u+tJo d'n's sf]
/fhb"tfjf; sf] k|df0fLs/0f sf] k|fjwfg nfO{ e/fO{n] ha/b:tL g]kfnL b"tfjf; sf] k|df0f
pNn]lvt /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{ rfxL /x]sf lyP . pgL >d d+qfno e+bf klg k|wfgd+qL sfof{no
/ k//fi6 d+qfno ghLs eO{ sfd u/L /x]sf]d}n] dx;"; ul/ ;s]sf]lyPF .
P]gdf plNbnlvt sfuhft x? g]kfnsf] d}g kfj/ sDkgL n] j}b]lzs /f]hUff/ ljefu df k]z
ug'{ kg]{ /x]sf]5 t/ e/fO{ P]gnfO{g} kN6fO{ oxfF sf d}g kfj/ sDkgL / j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefusf] sf] k|ToIf e"ldsf nfO{ ;Lldt ub}{ g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;x? sf] e"ldsf clej[l4sf]
kIfdf v'n]/ nfuL ;s]sf lyP . o; ;d:ofsf] af/]df d+qfnodf 5nkmn u/fp+bf Ps hfgf
sd{rf/L n] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s eg]sf] s'/f d clxn] klg ;dlemG5'
Klxnf ;+ : yfut egL sg sfdbf/ k7fOlGyof] t/ u+ t Jod' n ' s df k' u ] kl5 p
JolStut eO{ xflNyP / clxn] JolStut eg] / k7fOG5 / u+ t Jo d' n ' s df
k' u ] kl5 pgLx? ;+ : yfdf sfd u5{ g .
o; jfSo df d}n] ulx/f] cy{ /x]sf] a'em]+ . olb g]kfnsf d}g kfj/ sDkgL x?n] ubf{ g} a9L
7uL k|s/0f eO{ /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf b"tfjf; x?n] ;+:yfut / ;fd"lxs le;f nfO{ k|dfl0ft
ug]{ lbzfdf lsg ?lr lnPgg eGg] k|Zg d]/f] dg df p7L /fv] sf] lyof] . 7f]; ;a"t t d
;+u 5}g t/ ;'g] cg';f/ d}g kfj/ sDkgL sf] gfd sf] ;+:yfut df+u kq nfO{ l;kmfl/z ug'{
e+bf /fhb"tfjf; n] JolStut le;fsf nflu df+u kq l;kmfl/z ug'{ k5f8L sf] d'nsf/0f ToxfF
lng] z'Ns b/ klg /x]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls g]kfnL sDkgL sf] gfddf ToxfF sf] s'g} /f]huf/ bftf
n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf ;+:yfut le;f -Ps hfgf e+bf a9L sf] le;f_sf nflu lng] z'Ns klg plQs}
x'g] / Ps hfgf sf] JolStut le;f sf nflu lng] z'Ns klg plQs} x'g] /x]5 . t;y{ b"tfjf;
sf sd{rf/L x?n] JolStut le;fsf nflu ;a}nfO{ k|f]T;flbt u/]sf] va/ klg kfPF .To;f] x'+bf
lglZrt ?kdf b'tfjf; x? sf nflu JolStut le;f sf nflu l;kmfl/z ug'{ g} a9L
kmfobfhgs /x]sf] k|i65 . ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 ;+:yfsf nflu cfpg] ;fd"lxs l;kmfl/z g]kfn
df j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu df k'Ug] ePsf]n] lglZrt ?kdf ;fj{hlgs ?kdf hafab]xL klg
:yflkt x'g] /x]sf]5. t/ b"tfjf; n] l;kmfl/z ug]{ JolStut le;f sf] ;"rLsf] hfgsf/L ljefu
nfO{ dfq x'g] ePsf] n]
ljefu ;+u kbf{ k5f8Lsf Ph]+6 x?sf] ;Dks{ a9g] ePsf] n]
o;af6 dfgj / dlxnf t:s/L a9g] k|z:t ;+efjgf ePsf] k|i6 lyof] .
lglZrt ?kdf g]kfnsf d}gkfj/ sDkgL / Ph]G6x?n] ubf{ g]kfnL sfdbf/ x? b]z df /
ljb]zdf 7lug] u/]sf 5g . t/ d}g kfj/ sDkgL / Ph]+6 x? nfO{ sfg"g cg';f/ lhDd]jf/
agfpg' ;f p:sf] e"ldsf 36foL b'j} tkm{ cg'xf/ ljxLg Ph]+6 x?s} e"ldsf a9fP/ ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg x'g]df d sbflk klg ljZj:t lyO{g . ca pk/f+t b]z b]lv ljb]z ;Dd km}lnPsf] 7uL
sf] ;+hfn / k|ls|ofdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefu / ;/sf/ sf] cGo lgsfosf] sltsf] lhDd]jf/L
11

/x]sf]5 / b]z leq jf aflx/ g]kfnL sfdbf/7lug' df xfd|f P]g sfg"g, lgb]{zg, lgsfo / ;+oq
x? lhDd]jf/ 5g jf 5}gg eGg] ljifo d]/f] nflu dxTjk"0f{ x'+b} uP . / d}n} j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefu sf] sfd sf/jfxL cem ghLs af6 cWoog ug{ yfn]+ .
k|wfgd+qLsf] lgb]{zgdf /fhb"tfjf;sf] pNn]v eO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df k//fi6 d+qfnosf]
;+nUgtf sf] cj:yf k|i6 lyof] . j]b]lzs /f]huf/ P]gdf k//gi6 d+qfno sf] e"ldsf k|i6
pNn]v /x]5. t/ P]g cg';f/ k//fi6 d+qfno sfo{ ug{ t}of/ lyof] jf lyPg . l:ylt a'embf
8f= afa"/fd e/fO{ sf] ;/sf/ c+tu{t k//fi6 d+qfno j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g@)^$ c+tu{t
/xL ljb]zdf >lds x?sf] xs lxt ;'/lIft ug]{ ;DaGw df ;xsfo{ ug{ t}of/ /x]sf] lyPg +.
d}n] sfo{ef/ u|x0f ug'{ e+bf s]xL ;do cl3 k//fi6 d+qfno ;+u nfdf] 5nkmn / s]xL ;xdlt
kZrft\ dfq b"tfjf;df >d ;xr/L k7fpg] ;DaGw df ;xdlt x'g ;s] sf] lyof] . P]gdf
plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf cg';f/ >lds x? ;+u ;DalGwt sfo{ lgjf{x ug]{ s|ddf >d
d+qfno af6 uPsf >d ;xr/L nfO{ b}lgs sfo{sf nflu /fhb"t k|lt pQ/bfoL eP klg
>lds x?sf] ;DaGwdf c+ltd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ >d ;xr/L nfO{ x'g]5. k//fi6 d+qfno
o;sf nflu t}of/ lyPg / ;lrj :t/df P]g sf] pSt Joj:yf ;+zf]wg u/L /fhb"tfjf;df
/x]sf >d;xr/Lsf] clwsf/ s6f}tL u/L -/ >d d+qfno ;+u p:sf] ;DaGw ljR5]b u/foL_
p;nfO{ k"0f{tof /fhb"tfjf; cyf{t\ k//fi6 d+qfno c+tu{t /fVg] u/L P]g ;+zf]wg sf] k|:tfj
cuf8L a9fpg] ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
d]/f] a'emfO{df >lds x?sf] xs / ;'/Iff sf] ;DaGwdf sf] slt xb ;Dd lhDd]jf/ x'g] xf] /
;DalGwt ljb]zL d'n'sdf >d ;xr/L} / >d d+qfno sf] If]qflwsf/ sltx'g] xf] / /fhb"t /
>d ;xr/L sf] ljifodf >d d+qfno / k//fi6 d+qfno sfg"g sf] cwLg df /xL ljb]zdf
;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ xf] jf ljb]zdf >lds sf] ;DaGwdf >d d+qfno sf] s]xL klg
clwsf/ / bfloTj gx'g]xf] ljifodf c:ki6tf sfod g} /x\of] .sfg"g e+bf aflx/ uoL k|zf;lgs
:t/df dfq ul/P sf] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df P]gg} kl/jQ{g e} ;s]sf] d}n] dfgL xfNg] cj:yf
klg lyPg .
j}b]lzs /f]huf/df ;'wf/sf] k|ls|of cuf8L a9fpg] Wo]on] o; ljifodf ;dembf/L sfod ug{
d}n] k//fi6d+qL ;d]t ;+u jfQf{ u/]+ . d]/f] cfu|x lyof] ljb]zL ;/sf/ ;+u kqfrf/, ;xdlt
cyjf jfQf{ ubf{ >d d+qfnon] k//fi6 d+qfno dfkm{t hf+bf pko'St x'+g]5 t/ j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ P]g adf]lhd tTsfn lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{ >lds x?sf] xs lxt / ;'/Iff ;+u ;DalGwt
;d:of x?sf] af/]df >d d+qfno n] >d ;xr/L / /fhb"tfjf; ;+u k|ToIf electronic
dfWod cyjf kqfrf/ u/L ;d:of sf] lg?k0f ug{ kfpg' kb{5. To;f] ubf{ >d d+qfno n]
To:sf] hfgsf/L lnlvt ?kdf k//fi6 d+qfno nfO{ klg u/fpg]5 . t/ k//fi6 d+qL To;df
;xdt x'g' ePg. pxfF n] eg] cg';f/ >d d+qfno n] /fhb"t / >d ;xr/L ;+u kqfrf/ ;d]t
k//fi6 d+qfno dfkm{t g} ul/g' kb{5. x/]s ljifosf nflu k//fi6 d+qfno dfkm{t hf+g ;dosf]
lx;fan] klg pko'St lyPg . sltko ljifox?df >d d+qfnosf] ljifo nfO{ k//fi6 d+qfnon]
12

k|fyldstf jf dxTj glbP sf] klg d}n] dx;"; u/L ;s]sf] lyP+ / To;n] ubf{ s]xL d'n'sdf
/f]huf/L sf /fd|f cj;/x? klg u'd]sf] b]v]+ .
ljb]z df uPsf >d ;xr/L sf nflu b'eflifof, uf8L nufotsf cGo ;+/rgf >d d+qfno n]
j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k|j4{g af]8{ df >ldsn] hDdf u/fPsf] k};faf6 cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw
u/foL lbg] t/ >lds sf] xs / ;'/Iff sf nflu >d d+qfno b"tfjf; ;+u k|ToIf kqfrf/;d]t
ug{ g kfpg] ljifo d]/f] nflu c;xh g} lyof] .
>d ;xr/L af/] d f P] g sf] Joj:yf
P]gn] s'g} d'n's df /fhb"tjf; g eP klg >d ;xr/L lgo'St ug]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf] 5 t/
sf7df+8" sf] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfn] h;n] kl/rfng / ;xhLs/0f e+bf klg lgo+q0f dfq
hfg]sf]5, p:n] /fhb"tfjf; g ePsf] d'n'sdf >lds x? sf] lxtsf nflu >d ;xr/Lsf]
lgo'lStdf ?lr /fVg] s'/f klg ePg. ;+slnt '/fh:j af6 sd{rf/L sf] tna ;d]t ltg{ g
;Sg] ;/sf/ ;+u To:tf ck]Iff klg ug'{ plrt g x'g' kg]{ xf] . P]gsf] wf/f ^* cg';f/ kfFr
xhf/ jf ;f] eGbf a9L sfdbf/ k7fOPsf] d'n'sdf >d ;xr/L lgo'St ul/g] 5 . To;} u/L
lgodfjnL sf] bkmf $# cg';f/ Ps xhf/ jf ;f] e+bf a9L dlxnf sfdbf/ k7fOPsf] d'n'sdf
dlxnf >d ;xr/L lgo'St ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg klg /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] lxt
k|j4{gsf nflu >d ;xr/L sf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/Ldf u+tJo d'n'sdf >d tyf /f]huf/ sf] l:ylt,
b]zn] >d tyf c+t/fi6Lo dfgj clwsf/ tyf sfdbf/sf] lxt ;+/If0ffy{ rfn]sf sbdaf/]
g]kfn ;/sf/ nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg], sfdbf/ /f]huf/ bftf ;+:yf jf Ohfhtkqjfnf aLr
ljjfb ePdf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{, cnkq k/]sf sfdbf/ nfO{ :jb]z lkmQf{ u/fpg Aoj:yf
ldnfpg], g]kfn af6 sfdbf/ cfk"lQ{ ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L :t/df lkIfLo ;demf}tf ug{ k|of;
ug]{, sfdbf/sf nflu c;/ kg]{ sfdsf af/]df ;'kl/j]If0f nufotsf sfd ug{], sfdbf/ nfO{
cfjZos k/fdz{ k|bfg ug]{ nufot sf] sfd sQ{Jo pNn]lvt 5 . To;} u/L bkmf ^* sf]
pkbkmf # df pNn]v eP cg';f/ s'g} ljb]zL d'n'sdf s'6gLlts lgof]u / >d ;xr/L b'a}
ePdf P]gdf plNnlvt sfd / sQ{Jo k"/f ug]{ c+ltd lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ >d ;xr/Ldf
gLlxt /xg]5. >d ;xr/Ln] b}lgs sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu /fhb"tfjf; k|d'v k|lt pQ/bfoL
x'g] Joj:yf pNn]lvteP klg cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL sf] k|ltj]bg d+qfno /
k//fi6 d+qfnodf k7fpg'kg]{ ;d]t pNn]v5. t/ Jojxf/ df d}n] To:tf] eoL /x]sf] kfO{g.
To;n] ubf{ >d d+qfno / k//fi6 d+qfno sf] bfloTj, clwsf/ / e"ldsf sf] ljefhg af/] df
c:ki6tf sfod /x]sf]n] >d d+qfno sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtf klg k|efljt ePsf] d}n] kfPF .
>lds af/] s f] >dd+ q fno / k//fi6 d+ q fno sf] km/s b[ l i6sf] 0 f
>lds x?sf] xs lxt / ;'/Iff sf] ljifodf b'j} d+qfno sf] b[li6sf]0fdf klg df}lns leGgtf
/x]sf] d}n] kfPF . h:tf]ls >d d+qfnon] ljb]zdf >lds x?sf] xs lxt sf] ;'/Iff / ;+j4{gsf
sf nflu sfd ug'{ kg]{ xf] eg] k//fi6 d+qfnon] /fli6o lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu sfo{
ug'kg]{xf] . k/Dk/fut ;f]r cg';f/ c+t/fli6o If]qdf /fli6o lxtsf] cuf8L cGo ;a} s'/f
13

uf}0f x'G5. t;y{ k//fi6 d+qfno n] >d s"6gLltsf nflu ;ls|otf a9fP klg pSt d+qfnon]
>lds lxt sf] ljifodf :ki6 b[li6sf]0f /fv]sf] d}n] dx;"; u/Lg . b[li6sf]0fdfg} km/s
ePsf]n] ;dGjo / ;xof]u sf] jftfj/0f agfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ sf] If]q nfO{ kf/bZfL{ /
Jojl:yt agfpg] lbzfdf klg k//fi6 d+qfno af6 afwf / Jojwfg eP sf] d}n] k|i6 dx;";
u/].+
Psk6s k//fi6 d+qfno sf pRr kb:y sd{rf/L n] t dnfO{ olt ;Dd a'emfpg] k|of; ug'{
eof] ls /fli6o lxtsf] cuf8L >lds x?sf] lxtsf] dxTj x'g ;Sb}g . o:tf ljifox?df
d'n's leq v'nf 5nkmn ePsf] d}n] slxn] klg kfOg. b]z leq Pshfgf sf] xTof cyjf
c:jfefljs d[To' sf] ljifo nfO{ lnO{ k6s k6s ;+;b cj?4 ePsf] d}n] kfPF t/ j}b]lzs
/f]hUff/ df lbg} kl5 cf};tg c9fO{ hfgf sf] c:jfefljs d[To' sf] ljifo ;+;bdf slxn] klg
/fli6o ax; ePsf] ljifo ag]sf] dnfO{ ;Demgf 5}g .
t;y{ ca d la:tf/} a'emb} uPsf] lyPF ls j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cfj/0fdf x'g] 7uL, dlxnf
t:s/L / dfgj t:s/L df ;/sf/L gLlt / /j}ofsf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
d}g kfj/ sDkgL dfkm{t sfdbf/x?nfO{ ;+:yfut le;f df k7fOg] k|ls|ofdf b]lvPsf
;d:ofn] ubf{ pSt k|ls|of nfO{ lj:yflkt ub}{ /fhb'tfjf; sf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df JolStut
le;fdf sfdbf/ k7fpg' ;d:of sf] plrt ;dfwfg xf]O{g / of] sfg"g ;Ddt klg xf]O{g eGg]
ljifodf d ljZj:t eO{ ;s]sf] lyPF. ;+:yfut le;f sf] 7fFpdf JolStut le;fdf hfg]
sfdbf/ x? emg c;'/lIft x'g] / To:tf sfdbf/ x? ;+u ljb]zdf s]xL tn dfly ePdf
pSt sfdbf/ / ltgsf] kl/jf/ klg ;/sf/sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] of]hgf af6 a+lrt x'g] /
sfdbf/ / pgsf] kl/jf/sf] aLrdf ;Dks{ ;"qsf] ?kdf d}g kfj/ sDkgL ;d]t / j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ ljefu ;d]t g /x]sf] cj:yfdf ck7\of/f] kbf{ kl/jf/hg ;+u klg ;Dks{ ;"q g /xg]
ePsf] :jtM a'emg ;lsG5.
JolStut le;f k| f ] T ;fxg sf] sf/0f / kl/0ffd
b; a'+b] lgb]{zg cg';f/ ;+:yfut le;f sf] 7f+pdf JolStut le;f sf] cfwf/ df >d :jLs[lt
nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ /fHosf] gLlt k|i6 5 . t/ JolStut le;fdf hfg vf]Hg] clwstd
sfdbf/x? ljb]zdf /x]sf /f]huf/ bftfx? ;+usf] lrGxhfg / ;Dks{ sf] cfwf/df e+bf klg
b]z / ljb]zdf /x]sf Ph]+6 x?s} k|ToIf / ck|ToIf ;Dks{ dfWod af6 hfg] s'/f ljefudf
nfOgdf nfu]sf g]kfnL x? nfO{ x]bf{ ;lhn} ;+u a'emg ;lsG5 . o;} ;+be{df sfdbf/ x?sf]
;xof]usf nflu ljefun] ;+3 ;+:yf sf k|ltlglw x? nfO{ :jo+;]jssf] ?kdf lgo'St u/]sf]
;dfrf/x]? klg cfpg yfn]sf lyP . b; a"+b] lgb]{zg c+tu{t g]kfndf Ph]+6, :jo+;]js,
ljefu aLr gof sfo{ ;DaGw b]lvg yfn]sf lyP. To;} u/L ljb]zdf klg Ph]+6 / /fhb"tfjf;
sf sd{rf/L g} d'VosQf{ sf ?kdf /x]sf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5. o; af/]df s]xL /f]rs
;+:d/0f / To;sf cfwf/df d}n] k'u]sf] lgisif{ klg dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5. obf sbf JolStut
le:ff kfPsf s]xL lzlIft / ;Ifd o'jf x? ljefun] >d :jLs[lt g lbPsf] cj:yfdf d lg/
14

u'gf;f] lnP/ cfO{ k'lUyP / d}n] ljefudf kmf]g u/] kZrft\ dfq pgL x? >d :jLs[lt
kfOlGyP. o;af6 d lgisif{ df k'u]sf] lyPF ls lglZrt ;+hfn af6 cfPsf JolSt x? afx]s
c?sf nflu JolStut le;f sf] cfwf/df klg >d :jLs[lt kfpg ;lhnf] lyPg . o:tf]
;+hfn ljefusf] j/L k/L ;'b[9 x'+b} uPsf] c+b]zf dnfO{ e} ;s]sf] lyof] . o; gof ljsl;t
x'+b} uO{ /fv] sf] ;+hfn dfkm{t xg] e|i6frf/ sf] ;dfrf/ klg d lg/ cfpg yfn]sf lyP.
csf]{ lt/ /fhb"tfjf; n] u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0f klg oyfy{?kdf df k|df0fLs/0f h:tf] x'lGyPg .
/f]huf/ bftf sf] df+u kqdf b"tfjf; sf sd{rf/L x?n] SEEN AT THE EMBASSY
cyf{t\ b'tfjf;df b]lvPsf] 5fk dfq nufpg] u/]sf lyP . s;}nfO{ b]v] sf] e/df p:n] k]z
ul/P sf sfuhft x? ;a} 7Ls x'g egL dfGg ;lsGg . sfg"gtM o:tf] 5fk nfO{ b"tfjf;n]
k|dfl0ft u/]sf] sfuhft dfGg' 7Ls xfO{g, dnfO{ nfUof] . of] ;f/f k|ls|ofdf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L
lgsfo x?sf] kf/blz{tf / hafab]lxtf 7"nf] k|Zg sf] ?kdf b]vfkof]]{ . k|wfgd+qL sf] lgb]{zg
af6 of] cIf/zM k|i65 ls /fhb"tfjf; af6 k|dfl0ft xf]O{g t/ l;kmfl/z ul/P sf >lds
x?sf] s/f/ kq af/]sf] ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/L sf nflu pknAw x'g] jfnf 5}g . b"tfjf;
n] l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] sfdbf/sf] ;"rL df access code dfkm{t ljefu sf] dfq kx'Fr /xg]
ePsf] n] >lds ;+u ;DalGwt ;"rgf x? ;f/} ckf/blz{tf ePsf]n] of] Joj:yf s'g} klg
b[li6sf]0f n] /fdf]| dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf klg lyPg. o;}aLr dWok"j{sf] Pp6f d'n'saf6 cfkm\gf]
sfo{sfn latfoL kms]{sf Ps hfgf /fhb"taf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ k|df0fLs/0f u/] afkt
ToxfF z'Ns lng] ul/Psf] hfgsf/L u/fP sf lyP . To:tf] z'Ns sf] dfkb+8 / sfg"gL cfwf/
s] xf] / Tof] z'Ns /fh:jdf hfg] xf] jf stf hfg]xf] h:tf cToGt dXTjk"0f{ kIfaf/] d+qfno
nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L lyPg . >d cyjf k'gM >d :jLs[lt lbg] a]nfdf lng] Ps xhf/ ?k}of
klg lagf sfg"g s} lnO{ /fv]sf] d}n] a'em]+. JolStut le;fdf w]/} >lds uP kZrft\ af]8{ sf]
cfDbgL a9g] k|i6 5.
d]/f]nflu lr+tfsf] csf]{ ljifo klg lyof], b"tfjf;df k7fOPsf >d;xr/Ln] ToxfF sfdbf/sf]
dfu kqnfO{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ 5fk nufpg] xf] eg] u+tJo d'n'sx? ;+u ;xdlt / ;demf}tf kq
t}of/ ul/g], ljb]zdf uPsf sfdbf/x? sf] ;'kl/j]If0f s:n] / s;/L ug]{ x'g . sfg"gL
clwsf/, ;+/rgf / cfjZos hgzlSt klg g ePsf] cj:yfdf /fhb"tfjf;x?n] j}b]lzs
/f]huf/ ljefusf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{ yfn] sf] o; k|lsofn] >lds x?sf] b'/fj:yf sf] ;'wf/sf]
lbzfdf /fd|f] kl/0ffd lbg ;Sg] ljifo e|dg} nfUof] .
t;y{,;d:of sf] plrt ;dfwfg sf nflu g]kfndf Ph]+6 nfO{ klg sfg'g
bfo/f df NofO{ ;+:yfut le;f sf] k|ls|of nfO{g} kf/bzL{ / ;'/lIft agfp+bf
b[li6sf]0fn] klg pko'St x'g] d]/f] wf/0ff lyof] . To:sf nflu sfg"g cg';f/
sf] juL{s/0f sf] k|ls|of nfO{ cuf8L a9fpg] / Ph]+6 sf nflu sfo{ljlw /
d}n] lgb]{zg lbO{ ;s] sf] lyPF .

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15

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u'gf;f / ;'gjfO{ x? cfPls JolStut le;fdf hfg] sfdbf/ x? sf nflu e|i6frf/ rf/ kfFr
u'gf a9]/ uof] / ToxfF ;+ul7t cfk/flws tTj -8fg_ x?sf] afnafnf a9b} uPsf] lyof].
j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] b[Zo cToGt /f]rs x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . Psflt/ JolStut le;f df
hfg]x?sf] sfuhft t}of/ ug{ ;xof]u sf nflu :jo+;]js x? sf] lgo'lSt ePsf] lyof] eg]
csf]{ lt/ JolStut le;fdf hfg] x? sf] nfut vr{ klg a9b} uPsf] lyof] .
JolStut le;f af6 JolStut 7uL cem a9g] g} lyP / d}g kfj/ sDkgLx? Klg kf/bzL{
af6f] e+bf klg ckf/bzL{ af6f] af6 Jofkf/ a9fpg] lt/ nfU5g eGg] d]/f] cg'dfg lyof] .
xfn;fn} j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] ph/L zfvfn] lbP sf] ;"rgf cg';f/ 7uL sf] ^) k|ltzt e+bf
a9L d'2fx? ;+:yfsf lj?4 e+bf klg JolSt sf] lj?4sf x'g . ;fy} ut xkmtf dfq 7uL sf]
cf/f]kdf nueu $% s+kgL sf] Ohfht kq klg /2 u/]sf] ;dfrf/ klg cfPsf] /x]5 . To;}
u/L ut ;Ktfxg]} s'j}t sf /fhb"t n] dlxnf 3/]n" sfdbf/ x? sf nflu hf]lvd a9b} uPsf]
cj:yfdf ;/sf/ sf] b; a"+b] lgb]{zg cg';f/ b'tfjf;n] JolStut le;f sf cfwf/df dlxnf
sfdbf/ x? sf] >d :jLs[lt sf nflu l;kmfl/z g ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] ;dfrf/df cfPsf] 5. t/
o; l:yltsf nflu ljefu / d+qfno sltsf] lhDd]jf/xf] To; af/]df u+eL/tf k"j{s 5nkmn /
cfd ;+jfb x'g ;sL /fv]sf] 5}g / To:sf nflu ldl8of klg plQs} lhDd]jf/5 . ldl8of /
ldl8of sdL{ klg lgxLt :jfy{ ;d'xsf] k|efjdf /x]sf5g .
b; a"+b] Joj:yf c+tu{t hfg] sfdbf/ x? oyfy{df JolStut le;fdf hfg] sfdbf/ x?
jf:tljs cy{df JolStut le;fdf hfg] ls;Ldsf sfdbf/g} xf]Ogg. xfn ckf/bzL{ 9+un]
cgfdwf/L / cg'xf/ lagfsf] Ph]+6 x? sf] ;ls|otf a9]sf] 5. d}g kfj/ sDkgL x? klg o;
Joj:yf sf] kmfObf p7fO{ ckf/bzL{ 9+u n] b]z / ljb]zdf /x]sf Ph]+6 x? nfO{ ;ls|o u/fO{
emg a9L cg'Q/bfoL eP sf] xg ;S5g, / o; af6 e|i6frf/ / 7uL sf] d'2f a9b}g} 5 /
;a e+bf a9L 3f6fdf g]kfnL sfdbf/ x'g 5g .

JolStut le;f JolStut ;Dks{ / lrGxhfg sf] e/df cfpg] ePsf] n ]

/fhb" t fjf; sf] k| d f0fLs/0f sf] cfwf/df o:tf] Joj:yf nfO{ k| f ] T ;flxt u/L
g] k fnL x? sf nflu j} b ] l zs /f] h uf/L sf] cj;/ x? ;du| d f 36g] d] / f]
cg' d fg lyof] < To;} klg g] k fnL /fhb" t fjf; dfq /fhwfgL df /x] s f] x' g fn]
/fhwfgL e+ b f aflx/ sf /f] h uf/bftf x?n] Ph] + 6 dfkm{ t g} JolStut le;f
sf] cfwf/df ;demf} t f kq k7fp+ b f c+ t /fli6o sfg' g cg' ; f/ cfpg] hfg]
xjfO{ l6s6 sf] ;' l jwf ;d] t af6 a+ l rt x' g ] h:tf] nfUof] / o; k5fl8
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16

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ePsf]n] /f]lsP sf] ;dfrf/ ljleGg ;+rf/dfWodx? Dff cfO{ ;s] sf] lyof] . o;af/]df
/fhb"tfjf;sf sd{rf/L x? ;+u a'embf d}n] h'g hfgsf/L kfPF , Tof]d]/f] nflu ck|Toflzt dfq
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af/]df z+sf k/]df ef/tLo sd{rf/L x?n] b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/L x? nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ sfuhft
z+sf:kb /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fplyo] / To; kZrft b"tfjf;sf sd{rf/Ln] j}b]lzs /f]huf/
ljefusf dxflgb]{zs k"0f{r+b| e/fO{ nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ pSt sfdbf/ n] jf:tjdf >d :jLs[lt
kfPsf] xf] jf xf]O{g eg]/ ;f]blyP . To:s]f cfwL 3+6f cyjf kf}g 3+6f kZrft\ e/fO{ n] pSt
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;DalGwt JolStsf] af/]df lg0f{o ulYfP . of] ;Dk"0f{ k|ls|of dnfO{ cToGt :j]R5frf/L nfUof] .
cfhsf] o'udf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefun] >d :jLs[lt lbP sf] hfgsf/L lbg} kl5 ;fj{hlgs g
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;+b]xf:kb x'g] g} eof].
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>d :jLs[ltsf] ;"rgfdf kx'Fr lyPg . pgLx? klg z+sf ePsf] cj:yfdf s'g} sfdbf/ sf]
sfuhftsf] af/]df ;f]b k"5 ug{ e/fO{ nfO{g} 6]lnkmf]g af6 ;Dks{ u/lyP . o;aLr
Po/kf]6{df klg sfdbf/ x? >d 8]:s cyjf cWofudg ljefu sf sd{rf/L x? e|i6frf/sf]
lzsf/ x'g] ;dfrf/ af/Daf/ cfoL g} /fv]sf] lyof] . o; af/]df yk a'emb} hf+bf k|i6 eof] ls
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17

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kfpg] g]kfnL gful/s x? sf] gfd / kl/ro tyf /fxbfgL ;lxt sf] ;"rL ;fj{hgs hfgsf/L
sf nflu website df /fVg] u/]sf] lyPg .
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k"0f{tof a'emg ;sLg t/ ljut sf] b'O jif{ b]lv sfd eP klg ljefusf] data base clxn]
klg t}of/L x'g] k|ls}ofdf /x]sf]n] d}n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ljefudf x'g] e|i6frf/ sf] kl/j]z /
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w]/} xb;Dd 7uL / dfgj t:s/Ldf lgoGq0f x'GYof] . d}n] dGqfnoaf6 x6] kZrft\
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18

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df klg kf/blz{tf a9lyof] / hafab]lxtf klg a9Ldfqfdf :yflkt x'lGyof] .
o; ;Dk" 0 f{ k| s /0fdf d] / f] nflu lh1f;f sf] ;a e+ b f dxTjk" 0 f{ ljifo lyof] ,
7" n f] ;+ V ofdf sfdbf/ x? nfO{

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k| l s| o f dnfO{ nf] s t+ q sf] basic values sf] lvnfkm ePsf] nfUof] . d} g
kfj/ sDkgL jf bnfn jf ph] + 6 x?n] umt ls} o fsnfk ug] { x f] eg] pgLx?
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u/L a] O dfgL / e| i 6frf/ ug{ yfNg] x f] eg] ;fdfGo lgd' v f / u/La hgtf sf
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5 / d} n ] cfkmgf] pSt ljZjf; cg' ; f/ sfg" g nfO{ 6] s L sfo{ ug] { k| o f;
u/] + .

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h:tf sfo{qmdx? klg d}n] professionals x? eGbf klg /fhgLlts bn s}
ghLs ePsf JolQmx?sf] kxF'r b]v] / ToxfF klg syndicalism g} /x]sf] d}n] a"em]+ .
pgLx?sf] ;"rLs/0f sf] k|ls|of b]lv sfof{mo lg/LIf0f ;d]tsf] sfo{x? Psbd}
ckf/bzL{ /x]sf] lyof] / To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ klg k|ls|of d}n] cuf8L a9fo{
;s]sf] lyPF.

t/ ;+ r f/ dfWodsf] va/, ;] l dgf/ sf] lgisif{ , NGO / lj1 x?sf] l/kf6{

tyf xNn} xNnfsf] aLrdf sfg" g e+ b f aflx/ uoL hf/L u/] s f] lgb] { z g /
lg0f{ o x?af6 6' s 8f 6' s 8f df ;+ r flnt / zfl;t b] z df ha d} n ] sfg" g /
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19

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20