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LoveFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe word love has many different meanings in English, from something that gives alittle pleasure ("I loved that meal") to something one would die for (patriotism,pair bonding). It can describe an intense feeling of affection, an emotion or anemotional state. In ordinary use, it usually refers to interpersonal love.Probably due to its psychological relevance, love is one of the most common themesin art and music.Just as there are many types of lovers, there are many kinds of love. Love isinherent in all human cultures. It is precisely these cultural differences thatmake any universal definition of love difficult to establish. See the Sapir-Whorfhypothesis. One definition attempting to be universally applicable is Thomas JayOord's: to love is to act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others(including God), to promote overall well-being. This definition applies to thepositive connotations of love.Expressions of love may include the love for a "soul" or mind, the love of lawsand organizations, love for a body, love for nature, love of food, love of money,love for learning, love of power, love of fame, love for the respect of others,etcetera. Different people place varying degrees of importance on the kinds oflove they receive. According to philosophers, the only goal of life is to behappy. And there is only one happiness in life: to love and be loved. Love isessentially an abstract concept, much easier to experience than to explain.Interpersonal loveEmotionsBasicAngerFearSadnessHappinessDisgustSurpriseOthersAcceptanceAffectionAggressionAmbivalenceApathyAnxietyBoredomCompassionConfusionContemptDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvyEmbarrassmentEuphoriaForgivenessFrustration
 
GratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungryHysteriaLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorseShameSufferingSympathyInterpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potentsentiment than a simple liking for another. Unrequited love refers to thosefeelings of love which are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closelyassociated with interpersonal relationships. Such love might exist between familymembers, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disordersrelated to love, such as erotomania.Some feelings that are often associated with interpersonal love:* Affection: feelings of tenderness and/or wanting physical closeness* Attachment: satisfying basic emotional needs* Altruism: selfless or unselfish concern for another* Reciprocation: if love is mutual* Commitment: a desire to maintain love* Emotional intimacy: sharing emotions and feelings* Friendship: the spirit between friends* Kinship: family bonds* Passion: whole-hearted desire* Physical intimacy: sharing of intimate personal space* Self-interest: desiring rewards* Service: desire to helpSexuality can be an important element in determining the shape of a relationship.While sexual attraction often establishes a new bond, sexual intention isconsidered undesirable or inappropriate in certain love bonds. In many religionsand systems of ethics it is considered wrong to act on sexual desire for immediatefamily, for children, or outside of a committed relationship. However, there aremany ways to express passionate love without sex. Affection, emotional intimacyand shared interests and experiences are common in friendships and kinships of allhuman beings.Impersonal loveA person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it
 
greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach andvolunteer workers' 'love' of their cause may be borne not of interpersonal love,but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. Peoplecan also 'love' material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselvesin bonding their identity with that item. In these cases, if sexual passion isactually felt, is called paraphilia.[1]Scientific viewsMain article: Love (scientific views)Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on thephenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of psychology has written agreat deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of evolutionarypsychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology haveadded to the understanding of the nature and function of love.Chemistry of loveBiological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hungeror thirst.[2] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides theexperience of love into three partly-overlapping stages: lust, attraction, andattachment. Lust exposes people to others, romantic attraction encourages peopleto focus their energy on mating, and attachment involves tolerating the spouselong enough to rear a child into infancy.Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involvesthe increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. Theseeffects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the moreindividualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, whichdevelops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies inneuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistentlyreleases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine,norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act similar to amphetamines, stimulating thebrain's pleasure center and leading to side-effects such as an increased heartrate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Researchhas indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to threeyears.[3]Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stageis needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding whichpromotes relationships that last for many years, and even decades. Attachment isgenerally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutualfriendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higherlevels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin than short-term relationshipshave.[3]In 2005, Italian scientists at Pavia University found that a protein moleculeknown as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall inlove, but these levels return to as they were after one year. Specifically, fourneurotrophin levels, i.e. NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, of 58 subjects who hadrecently fallen in love were compared with levels in a control group who wereeither single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showedthat NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as comparedto either of the control groups.[4]Psychology of love
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