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Culture Documents
2009
Bi 2: nh ngha cc lp m hnh d liu ........................................................................................................ 13 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. To ra mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL............................................................................................. 14 Cc lp thc th ..................................................................................................................................... 15 To cc lp thc th t CSDL ............................................................................................................... 15 Cch t tn v ng php s nhiu......................................................................................................... 17 Quan h gia cc thc th ...................................................................................................................... 18 Delay/Lazy Loading............................................................................................................................... 19 Dng cc Stored Procedure .................................................................................................................... 19 Dng SPROCS cp nht/xa,thm d liu ............................................................................................ 21 8. Tng kt ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Bi 3: Truy vn C s d liu ............................................................................................................................ 23 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M hnh ha CSDL Northwind dng LINQ to SQL.............................................................................. 23 Ly cc sn phm ................................................................................................................................... 23 Trc quan ha cc cu truy vn LINQ to SQL trong trnh g li .......................................................... 25 Gn ni cc cu truy vn LINQ to SQL vo cc control LINQ to SQL ................................................ 26 Data Sharping......................................................................................................................................... 27 Phn trang kt qu truy vn.................................................................................................................... 32 Tng kt ................................................................................................................................................. 34 CSDL Northwind c m hnh ha dng LINQ to SQL ..................................................................... 35 Change Tracking v DataContext.SubmitChanges() ................................................................................. 36 2. Cc v d Insert v Delete ...................................................................................................................... 37
Dng cc tham s dng output: .................................................................................................................. 89 S th no nu mt SPROC pht ra mt li? ............................................................................................. 90 Ti c th vit code thay v dung ORM designer gi SPROC? ............................................................ 90 17. Tng kt ............................................................................................................................................. 90
Bi 8: Thc thi cc biu thc SQL ty bin....................................................................................................... 91 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Dng cc cu truy vn SQL ty bin vi LINQ to SQL ........................................................................ 93 Dng ExecuteQuery ............................................................................................................................... 93 Ty bin cc biu thc SQL v theo vt (tracking) cc thao tc cp nht: ............................................ 94 Ty bin cc biu thc SQL vi cc lp ca bn .................................................................................. 95 Ty bin cc cu SQL cho Inserts/Updates/Deletes .............................................................................. 95 Tng kt ................................................................................................................................................. 96 Tm tt: dng <asp:LinqDataSource> vi mt mnh where c khai bo .................................... 97 Dng cc s kin Selecting vi <asp:LinqDataSource> ........................................................................ 98 Thc hin cc php chiu khi truy vn vi s kin Selecting .............................................................. 101 Tng kt ............................................................................................................................................... 103
1.
LINQ to SQL l g?
LINQ to SQL l mt phin bn hin thc ha ca O/RM (object relational mapping) c bn trong .NET Framework bn Orcas (nay l .NET 3.5), n cho php bn m hnh ha mt c s d liu dng cc lp .NET. Sau bn c th truy vn c s d liu (CSDL) dng LINQ, cng nh cp nht/thm/xa d liu t . LINQ to SQL h tr y transaction, view v cc stored procedure (SP). N cng cung cp mt cch d dng thm kh nng kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu v cc quy tc vo trong m hnh d liu ca bn.
2.
Visual Studio Orcas tch hp thm mt trnh thit k LINQ to SQL nh mt cng c d dng cho vic m hnh ha mt cch trc quan cc CSDL dng LINQ to SQL. Bi vit sau s i su hn vo cch dng trnh thit k ny (bn cng c th xem on video ny xem cch ti to mt m hnh LINQ to SQL). Bng cch dng trnh thit k LINQ to SQL, ti c th d dng to mt m hnh cho CSDL mu Northwind ging nh di y:
M hnh LINQ to SQL trn nh ngha bn lp thc th: Product, Category, Order v OrderDetail. Cc thuc tnh ca mi lp nh x vo cc ct ca bng tng ng trong CSDL. Mi instance ca mt lp biu din mt dng trong bng d liu. Cc mi tn gia bn lp thc th trn biu din quan h gia cc thc th khc nhau, chng c to ra da trn cc mi quan h primary-key/foreign-key trong CSDL. Hng ca mi tn ch ra mi quan h l mt mt hay mt nhiu. Cc thuc tnh tng ng s c thm vo cc lp thc th trong cc trng hp ny. Ly v d, lp Category trn c mt mi quan h mt nhiu vi lp Product, iu ny c ngha n s c mt thuc tnh Categories l mt tp hp cc i tng Product trong Category ny. Lp Product cng s c mt thuc tnh Category ch n i tng Category cha Product ny bn trong. Bng cc phng thc bn tay phi bn trong trnh thit k LINQ to SQL trn cha mt danh sch cc SP tng tc vi m hnh d liu ca chng ta. Trong v d trn ti thm mt th tc c tn GetProductsByCategory. N nhn vo mt categoryID v tr v mt chui cc Product. Chng ta s xem bng cch no c th gi c th tc ny trong mt on code bn di.
3.
Tm hiu lp DataContext
Khi bn bm nt Save bn trong mn hnh thit k LINQ to SQL, Visual Studio s lu cc lp .NET biu din cc thc th v quan h bn trong CSDL m chng ta va m hnh ha. C mi mt file LINQ to SQL chng ta thm vo solution, mt lp DataContext s c to ra, n s c dng khi cn truy vn hay cp nht li cc thay i. Lp DataContext c to s c cc thuc tnh biu din mi bng c m hnh ha t CSDL, cng nh cc phng thc cho mi SP m chng ta thm vo.
4.
Cc v d LINQ to SQL
Mt khi m hnh ha CSDL dng trnh thit k LINQ to SQL, chng ta c th d dng vit cc on lnh lm vic vi n. Di y l mt vi v d v cc thao tc chung khi x l d liu:
a. Ly cc Product t CSDL
on lnh di y dng c php LINQ ly v mt tp IEnumerable cc i tng Product. Cc sn phm c ly ra phi thuc phn loi Beverages: C#:
VB:
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VB:
on m di y biu din cch to mt phn loi mi, v to hai sn phm mi v a chng vo trong phn loi to. C ba sau s c a vo c s d liu. Ch rng ti khng cn phi t qun l cc mi quan h primary key/foreign key, thay vo , ti ch n gin thm cc i tng Product vo tp hp Products ca i tng category, v ri thm i tng category vo tp hp Categories ca DataContext, LINQ to SQL s bit cch thit lp cc gi tr primary key/foreign key mt cch thch hp. (Add c thay i bng InsertOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) C#
VB:
d. Xa cc sn phm
on m sau s biu din cch xa tt c cc sn phm Toy khi CSDL: (RemoveAll c thay i bng DeleteAllOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) C#:
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e. Gi mt th tc
on m di y biu din cch ly cc thc th Product m khng dng c php ca LINQ, m gi n th tc GetProductsByCategory chng ta thm vo trc y. Nh rng mt khi ly v kt qu, ti c th cp nht/xa v sau gi db.SubmitChanges() cp nht cc thay i tr li CSDL. C#:
VB:
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on m di y biu din cch phn trang trn server nh mt phn ca cu truy vn LINQ. Bng cch dng cc ton t Skip() v Take(), chng ta s ch tr v 10 dng t CSDL bt u t dng 200. C#:
VB:
5.
Tng kt
LINQ to SQL cung cp mt cch hay, r rng m hnh ha lp d liu trong ng dng ca bn. Mt khi nh ngha m hinh d liu, bn c th d dng thc hin cc cu truy vn cng nh cp nht, xa, sa d liu mt cch hiu qu. Hi vng nhng hng dn v v d mu trn gip bn lm quen vi LINQ. Ti s tip tc cc bi vit ny gip bn khm ph LINQ to SQL mt cch chi tit hn.
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Cch truy vn d liu Cc cp nht d liu Cch chn v to quan h cc dng trong mt CSDL Cch xa cc dng trong mt CSDL Cch gi mt th tc Cch ly d liu v phn trang trn server
Ti thc hin tt c cc thao tc d liu bng cch dng mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL ging nh di y:
Trong bi ny, ti s i vo chi tit cch to ra mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL ging nh trn. LINQ to SQL, cng nh LINQ to SQL, v tt c cc tnh nng khc m ti ni n trong lot bi ny s c coi nh mt phn ca .NET 3.5 v Visual Studio Orcas (nay l Visual Studio 2008). Bn c th lm theo tt c cc bc di y bng cch ti v hoc Visual Studio 2008 hoc Visual Web Developer Express. C hai u c th c ci t v dng ng thi vi Visual Studio 2005.
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Vic chn mc LINQ to SQL s khi chy LINQ to SQL designer, v cho php bn m hnh ha cc lp m n biu din mt CSDL quan h. N cng s to ra mt lp kiu DataContext, trong c cc thuc tnh biu din mi bng m chng ta m hnh ha trong CSDL, cng nh cc phng thc cho mi Stored Procedure m chng ta m hnh ha. Nh ti m t trong phn 1 ca lot bi ny, lp DataContext l thnh phn trung tm ca m hnh, ton b cc thao tc truy vn hoc cp nht d liu u c thc hin thng qua lp ny. Di y l nh chp mn hnh ca mt ca s thit k LINQ to SQL, v cng l ci m bn s thy ngay khi to ra mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL:
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2. Cc lp thc th
LINQ to SQL cho php bn m hnh ha cc lp nh x vo CSDL. Cc lp ny thng c l Entity Class (lp thc th) v cc instance ca n thng c gi l Entity (thc th). Cc lp entity nh x vo cc bng bn trong mt CSDL. Cc thuc tnh ca cc lp thng thng nh x vo cc ct trong bng. Mi instance ca mt lp thc th biu din mt dng trong bng. Cc lp thc th trong LINQ to SQL khng cn phi k tha t mt lp c bit no khc, iu cho php bn c th cho php chng tha k t bt c i tng no bn mun. Tt c cc lp c to ra dng LINQ to SQL designer u c nh ngha nh partial class c ngha l bn c th vit thm code thm vo cc thuc tnh, phng thc v s kin cho chng. Khng ging nh chc nng DataSet/TableAdapter c trong VS 2005, khi dng LINQ to SQL designer, bn khng cn ch ra cu truy vn SQL c dng to ra m hnh v lp truy xut d liu. Thay vo , bn tp trung ch yu vo vic nh ngha cc lp thc th, cch chng nh x vo CSDL, v mi quan h gia chng. Trnh LINQ to SQL c th m bn dng s m bo vic sinh ra cc lnh SQL thch hp vo lc chy khi bn tng tc v lm vic vi cc thc th d liu. Bn c th dng c php truy vn LINQ ch ra cch bn mun truy vn d liu.
3. To cc lp thc th t CSDL
Nu c cu trc cho CSDL, bn c th dng n to cc lp thc th LINQ to SQL mt cch nhanh chng.
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Khi bn thm 2 bng (Categories and Products) v 1 view (Invoices) t CSDL Northwind vo ca s LINQ to SQL designer, bn s c thm 3 lp thc th c to ra mt cch t ng:
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Dng cc lp m hnh ha d liu trn, bn c th chy tt c cc on lnh mu c mt t trong phn 1 ca lot bi ny. Ti khng cn thm bt k on code no hay cu hnh c th thc hin c cc thao tc query, insert, update, delete v phn trang.
Kh nng t tn cho cc thc th/thuc tnh/quan h khc vi tn trong CSDL rt hu dng trong mt s trng hp, v d:
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Mi quan h trn s lm lp thc th Product c thm mt thuc tnh l Category, bn c th dng truy cp vo thc th Category ca mt Product. N cng lm lp Category c thm thuc tnh Products, y l mt tp hp cho php bn ly ra tt c cc Product c trong Category .
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6. Delay/Lazy Loading
LINQ to SQL cho php ch ra cc thuc tnh ca mt thc th s c ly v trc(prefetch) hay ch c ly khi ngi dng ln u truy cp (gi l delay/lazy loading). Bn c th ty bin cc quy tc prefetch/lazy load cho cc thuc tnh trong thc th bng cch chn thuc tnh hay quan h , v t li gi tr cho thuc tnh Delay Loaded thnh true hoc false. Ti c th cu hnh thuc tnh Picture n ch c np khi dng n bng cch t thuc tnh Delay Loaded thnh true:
Ghi ch: Thay v cu hnh prefetch/delay load trn cc thc th, bn cng c th t li thng qua cc lnh khi bn thc hin cc cu truy vn LINQ trn lp thc th (ti s hng dn cch lm iu ny trong bi vit sau ca lot bi ny).
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Ti c th dng Server Explorer trong VS ko/th th tc SPROC ln trn ca s son tho LINQ to SQL c th thm mt phng thc cho php goi SPROC. Nu ti th SPROC ln trn thc th Product, LINQ to SQL designer s khai bo SPROC tr v mt tp kt qu c kiu IEnumerable<Product>:
Sau ti c th dng c php LINQ to SQL hay gi thng phng thc trn ly v cc thc th t CSDL:
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Mc nhin LINQ to SQL s t ng to ra cc biu thc SQL ph hp cho bn mi khi mun cp nht/xa/thm d liu. V d, nu bn vit m LINQ to SQL nh di y cp nht mt s gi tr trn mt thc th Product:
Mc nhin, LINQ to SQL s to v thc thi pht biu UPDATE tng ng khi bn xc nhn thay i (ti s ni thm v vn ny trong nhng bi vit khc). Bn cng c th nh ngha v dng cc th tc INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE nu mun. cu hnh, click ln mt lp thc th trong ca s LINQ to SQL v trong bng thuc tnh, nhn chut ln trn nt trn cc gi tr Delete/Insert/Update, v chn SPROC m bn nh ngha.
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C mt iu hay l nhng thay i trn hon ton c thc hin lp nh x LINQ to SQL c ngha l tt c nhng on lnh m ti vit trc y u c th tip tc lm vic m khng cn thay i bt k iu g. iu ny gip trnh phi thay i li code ngay c nu sau ny bn mun dng mt hm SPROC ti u hn sau ny.
8. Tng kt
LINQ to SQL cung cp mt cch thc n gin, sng sa m hnh ha lp d liu trong ng dng ca bn. Mt khi bn nh ngha m hnh d liu, bn c th thc hin cc cu truy vn, thm, cp nht v xa d liu mt cch d dng v hiu qu. Dng trnh thit k LINQ to SQL c sn trong Visual Studio v Visual Web Developer Express, bn c th to v qun l m hnh d liu cc k nhanh. Trnh LINQ to SQL designer cng v cng mm do bn c th ty bin cc hnh vi mc nhin v ghi hoc m rng h thng sao cho ph hp vi nhng yu cu c th no . Trong nhng bi tip theo ti s dng m hnh d liu chng ta to ra trong bi ny o sau hn vo vic truy vn, thm, cp nht v xa d liu. Trong cc bi vit v cp nht, thm, xa ti cng s tho lun v cch thm cc on lnh kim tra d liu cng nh cc quy tc vo cc lp thc th chng ta nh ngha trn. Mike Taulty cng c mt s on video rt hay v LINQ to SQL m bn nn xem ti y. Chng cung cp mt cch tuyt vi hc bng cch xem nhng ngi khc tng bc s dng LINQ to SQL.
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2. Ly cc sn phm
Mt khi nh ngha m hnh d liu nh trn, chng ta c th d dng truy vn v ly d liu t CSDL. LINQ to SQL cho php bn lm iu ny bng cch vit cc cu truy vn dng c php LINQ vi lp NorthwindDataContext m chng ta to dng trnh thit k LINQ to SQL designer trn. V d, ly v duyt qua mt tp cc i tng Product, ti c th vit code nh di y:
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Trong cu truy vn trn, ti dng mt mnh where trong c php LINQ ch tr v cc sn phm trong mt category cho trc. Ti hin ang dng CategoryID ca Product thc hin lc ra cc dng mong mun. Mt trong nhng im hay l ti c rt nhiu la chn, rt nhiu cch ty bin cu lnh, v ti c th nm bt u im ca mi quan h gia cc thc th m ti to khi m hnh ha cc lp lm cho cu lnh phong ph v t nhin hn. V d, ti c th sa li cu truy vn lc ra cc dng theo CategoryName thay v CategoryID bng cch vit cu lnh LINQ nh sau:
Ch cch ti dng thuc tnh Category trn mi i tng Product lc theo CategoryName ca Category cha Product . Thuc tnh ny c t ng to ra bi LINQ to SQL v chng ta m hnh ha cc lp Category v Product nh mt mi quan h mt-nhiu. Mt v d khc v cch dng quan h trong m hnh d liu bn trong cc cu truy vn, chng ta c th vit cu lnh LINQ nh di y ly v ch nhng Product c 5 hoc hn n t hng:
Ch cch chng ta dng tp hp OrderDetails m LINQ to SQL to trn mi lp Product (nh vo mi quan h mt-nhiu m chng ta m hnh ha trong trnh thit k LINQ to SQL).
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Mt ca s s hin ln cho php bn xem mt cch chnh xc cu lnh LINQ to SQL m LINQ to SQL s dng ly v cc i tng Product:
Nu bn nhn nt Execute trn ca s ny, n s cho php bn chy cu lnh SQL trc tip trong trnh debugger v xem mt cch chnh xc d liu c tr v:
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iu ny r rng lm cho vic xem nhng g LINQ to SQL lm cho bn tr thnh cc k d dng. Nh rng bn c th d dng thay th cu SQL m LINQ to SQL thc thi nu mun - mc d trong 98% trng hp ti ngh bn s thy rng cu lnh m LINQ to SQL thc thi l thc s, thc s tt.
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5. Data Sharping
Hin ti, mi khi xc nh kt qu truy vn, chng ta ly ton b cc ct d liu cn thit cho cc i tng thuc lp Product: V d, cu truy vn sau ly v cc sn phm:
V ton b kt qu c tr v:
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Thng th chng ta ch mun tr v mt tp con ca d liu v mi sn phm. Chng ta c th dng tnh nng data shaping m LINQ v cc trnh dich C#, VB mi h tr ch ra rng chng ta ch mun mt tp con bng cch chnh sa li cu truy vn nh sau:
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Mt iu thc s th v v LINQ to SQL l ti c th tn dng tt c u im ca cc quan h trong m hnh d liu khi mun gt gia li d liu. N cho php ti biu din y v hiu qu cc cu truy vn. Ly v d, cu truy vn di y ly v ID v Name t thc th Product, tng s n hng c t cho sn phm , v ri ly tng gi tr ca tng n hng:
LINQ to SQL thng minh c th chuyn biu thc LINQ trn thnh cu SQL di y khi n c thc thi:
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Cu SQL trn cho php tnh ton tt c cc gi tr ca NumOrders v Revenue t ngay trn SQL server, v tr v ch nhng d liu nh di y (lm cho vic thc thi c nhanh chng):
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Bn cng c th c h tr y bi tnh nng intellisense bn trong VS 2008 khi vit cc cu truy vn LINQ:
Trong v d trn, ti ang s dng mt kiu v danh (anonymous type) v dng object initialization gt gia v nh ngha cu trc tr v. Mt iu thc s tuyt vi l VS 2008 cung cp intellisense y , kim tra lc dch v c refactoring khi lm vic c vi cc tp kt qu c kiu v danh:
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Ch trn ti khng dng Skip() v Take() trong cu khai bo truy vn cc sn phm m ch dng ti khi gn kt d liu vo GridView. Mi ngi hay hi C phi lm nh vy th cu lnh u tin s ly ton b d liu t CSDL v lp gia, ri sau mi thc hin vic phn trang ?. Cu tr li l Khng. L do l v LINQ ch thc s thc thi cc cu truy vn khi bn ly kt qu t n m thi.
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N s cho chng ta mt trang hin th cc sn phm c nhiu hn 5 n t hng, cng vi doanh thu tng ng, v c phn trang da trn tham s truyn vo qua query string:
Ghi ch: Khi lm vic vi SQL 2005, LINQ to SQL s dng hm ROW_NUMBER() thc hin vic phn trang logic trong CSDL. N m bo rng ch 10 dng d liu c tr v khi chng ta thc hin cc cu lnh trn:
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N lm cho vic phn trang hiu qu v d dng hn, c bit l vi cc tp d liu ln.
7. Tng kt
Hi vng cc bc trn cung cp mt ci nhn y v nhng c tnh m LINQ to SQL cung cp, tm hiu thm v cc biu thc LINQ v c php mi c dng trong C# v VB.NET trong VS 2008, xin hy tham kho thm cc bi vit sau:
Automatic Properties, Object Initializer and Collection Initializers Extension Methods Lambda Expressions Query Syntax Anonymous Types
Trong bi vit tip theo trong lot bi ny, ti s cho thy cch thm cc php kim tra vo m hnh d liu ca chng ta, v biu din cch chng ta c th dng a logic chng trnh vo mi ln thc thi cc cu lnh update, insert, hay delete d liu. Ti cng s cho cc bn thy cc tnh nng cao cp hn ca lazy loading v eager loading, cch dng control mi <asp:LINQDataSource> h tr vic khai bo databinding trong ASP.NET, cch gii quyt xung t
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Khi chng ta nh ngha m hnh d liu dng LINQ to SQL designer nh trn, chng ta nh ngha ra 5 lp m hnh: Product, Category, Customer, Order and OrderDetail. Cc thuc tnh ca mi lp nh x vo cc ct tng ng trong bng d liu. Mi i tng thuc lp thc th s biu din mt dng trong bng CSDL. Khi nh ngha m hnh d liu, LINQ to SQL designer cng to ra mt lp DataContext cung cp cc cch thc truy vn v cp nht li d liu. Trong m hnh mu chng ta nh ngha trn, lp ny c t tn l NorthwindDataContext. Lp NorthwindDataContext c cc thuc tnh biu
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Ti cng c th vit thm mt cu truy vn LINQ di y ly v tt c cc sn phm t CSDL m hin ti cha c n t hng, v gi tin nhiu hn $100:
Ch cch ti ang dng OrderDetails kt hp vi mi sn phm nh mt phn ca cu truy vn ch ly v cc sn phm khng c n t hng.
Change Tracking v DataContext.SubmitChanges()
When we perform queries and retrieve objects like the product instances above, LINQ to SQL will by default keep track of any changes or updates we later make to these objects. We can make any number of queries and changes we want using a LINQ to SQL DataContext, and these changes will all be tracked together. Khi chng ta thc hin cc cu truy vn v ly v cc i tng nh i tng product trn, LINQ to SQL s mc nhin lu li vt ca cc thao tc thay i hay cp nht m chng ta thc hin trn cc i tng (gi l change tracking). Chng ta c th thc hin bao nhiu cu truy vn v thay i m chng ta mun bng cch dng LINQ to SQL DataContext, v tt c cc thay i s c lu vt li.
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Khi ti gi northwind.SubmitChanges() nh trn, LINQ to SQL s xy dng v thc thi mt cu lnh SQL UPDATE m n s cp nht li hai thuc tnh ca sn phm m chng ta sa li nh trn. Ti c th vit on lnh di y duyt qua danh sch cc sn phm t ph bin v gi cao, sau t li thuc tnh ReorderLevel = 0:
Khi ti gi northwind.SubmitChanges() nh trn, LINQ to SQL s tnh ton v thc thi mt tp thch hp cc pht biu UPDATE cp nht cc sn phm c thuc tnh ReorderLevel b thay i. Hy nh l nu gi tr ca cc thuc tnh ca i tng Product khng b thay i bi cu lnh trn, c ngha l bn thn i tng khng b thay i, th LINQ to SQL cng s khng thc thi bt k cu lnh UPDATE no trn i tng . V d, nu n gi ca i tng Chai l 2 v s san phm cn li l 4, th vic gi SubmitChanges() s chng lm thc thi bt k cu SQL no. Cng vy, ch cc sn phm trong v d th hai c ReorderLevel khng bng 0 mi c cp nht khi gi SubmitChanges().
2. Cc v d Insert v Delete
Ngoi vic cp nht cc dng c trong CSDL, LINQ to SQL cn cho php bn thm v xa d liu. Bn c th lm c iu ny bng vic thm/bt cc i tng d liu t cc tp hp bng
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Bn c th thm mt sn phm mi vo CSDL bng vic to ra mt i tng thuc lp Product, gn cc gi tr thuc tnh, v sau thm n vo tp hp Products ca DataContext:
Cng nh ti ni v vic thm mt sn phm mi bng cch i tng Product vo tp hp Products ca DataContext, ti cng c th lm mt cch ngc li khi mun xa mt sn phm t CSDL bng cch xa n khi tp hp ny:
(RemoveAll c thay i bng DeleteOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) Ch cch ti ly mt tp hp cc sn phm khng cn c sn xut v cng khng c n t hng no bng cch dng mt cu truy vn LINQ, ri sau truyn n cho phng thc RemoveAll ca tp hp Products trong DataContext. Khi gi SubmitChanges(), tt c cc sn phm s b xa khi CSDL.
(Add c thay i bng InsertOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) Hy ch cch ti thm mt i tng Product vo tp hp Products ca mt Category. N s ch ra rng c mt mi quan h gia hai i tng, v lm cho LINQ to SQL t ng duy tr mi quan h foreign-key/primary key gia c hai khi ti gi SubmitChanges. Mt v d khc cho thy LINQ to SQL c th gip qun l quan h gia cc bng nh th no v gip cho vic lp trnh sng sa hn, hy xem mt v d di y khi ti to mt Order mi cho mt khch hng c. Sau khi t gi tr cho ngy chuyn hng v chi ph cho vic t hng, ti s to tip 2 mc chi tit trong n t hng ch n cc sn phm m khch hng ang mun mua. Sau , ti s kt hp n t hng vi khch hng, v cp nht cc thay i vo CSDL.
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(Add c thay i bng InsertOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) Nh bn thy, m hnh lp trnh trn cho php thc hin tt c cc cng vic ny mt cch cc k sng sa theo phong cch hng i tng.
4. Transactions
Mt transaction (giao dch) l mt dch v c cung cp bi mt CSDL (hoc mt trnh qun l ti nguyn khc) m bo rng mt tp cc thao tc c lp s c thc thi nh mt n v duy nht c ngha l hoc tt c cng thnh cng, hoc cng tht bi. V trong trng hp tht bi, tt c cc thao tc l lm s b hon tc trc khi bt k thao tc no khc c cho php thc hin. Khi gi SubmitChanges() trn lp DataContext, cc lnh cp nht s lun c thc thi trong cng mt transaction. C ngha l CSDL ca bn s khng bao gi trong mt trng thi khng ton vn nu bn thc thi nhiu cu lnh hoc tt c cc thao tc bn lm s c lu li, hoc khng c bt k thay i no. Nu khng c mt transaction ang din ra, DataContext ca LINQ to SQL s t ng bt u mt transaction bo v cc thao tc cp nht khi gi SubmitChanges(). Thm vo , LINQ to SQL cn cho php bn t nh ngha v dng i tng TransactionScope ca ring bn. iu ny lm cho vic tch hp cc lnh LINQ to SQL vo cc on m truy cp d liu c d dng hn. N cng c ngha l bn c th a c cc ti nguyn khng phi ca CSDL vo trong cng transaction. V d: bn c th gi i mt thng ip MSMQ, cp nht h thng file (s dng kh nng h tr transaction cho h thng file), v nhm tt c cc thao tc vo trong cng mt transaction m bn dng cp nht CSDL dng LINQ to SQL.
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Vn l on code trn c coi l hp l ng t gc kiu d liu SQL, v chui trn vn l mt chui nvarchar mc d c th n khng phi l mt s phone hp l:
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trnh vic thm cc s phone kiu nh trn vo CSDL, chng ta c th thm mt quy tc kim tra tnh hp l vo lp Customer. Thm mt quy tc kim tra thc s n gin. Tt c nhng g chng ta cn lm l thm mt partial class vo v nh ngha phng thc nh di y:
on code trn tn dng u im ca 2 c tnh trong LINQ to SQL: 1) Tt c cc lp c to ra u l partial c ngha l nh pht trin c th d dng thm vo cc phng thc, thuc tnh v thm ch c cc s kin (v t chng trong mt file ring bit). iu ny lm cho vic thm cc quy tc xc thc v cc hm ph tr vo m hnh d liu v lp DataContext rt d dng. Bn khng cn cu hnh hay vit thm cc code no khc lm c iu ny. 2) LINQ to SQL to sn mt lot cc im m rng trong m hnh d liu v lp DataContext m bn c th dng thm vo cc php kim tra d liu trc v sau khi thc hin cc cng vic. Nhiu trong s ng dng mt c tnh ngn ng mi c gi l partial method c trong VB v C# c trong VS 2008 beta 2. Wes Dyer trong nhm C# c mt bi ni v cch cc partial method lm vic ti y. Trong v d v vic kim tra tnh hp l d liu trn, ti dng phng thc OnPhoneChanging, y l mt phng thc s c thc thi bt k lc no ngi dng gn li gi tr cho thuc tnh Phone trn mt i tng Customer. Ti c th dng phng thc ny xc thc gi tr u vo theo bt k cch g ti mun (trong v d ny, ti dng mt biu thc chnh quy). Nu gi tr hp l, ti ch n gin return v khng lm g c, khi LINQ to SQL s cho l cc gi tr ny l gi tr hp l, ngc li ti c th pht ra mt Exception bn trong phng thc kim tra, v php gn khi s khng c thc hin.
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(Add c thay i bng InsertOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) on lnh trn l hp l nu ch n thun xt t gc ngn ng nhng s l khng c ngha khi bn li mun t ngy khch hng yu cu trc ngy t hng. Tin vui l t bn LINQ to SQL beta 2, chng ta c th thm vo cc quy tc kim tra cho tng thc th trnh cc li kiu nh trn bng cch thm mt lp partial cho lp Order v hin thc ha hm OnValidate(), hm ny s c gi trc khi d liu c a vo CSDL. Bn trong phng thc ny, chng ta c th truy cp v kim tra tt c cc thuc tnh ca lp trong m hnh d liu.
Bn trong phng thc ny, bn c th kim tra gi tr bt k thuc tnh no, v thm ch c th truy cp (ch c) vo cc i tng lin quan, v c th pht ra mt exception nu c tn ti cc gi tr khng hp l. Bt k mt exception no c pht ra t phng thc OnValidate() s lm cho vic cp nht b hy b, v hy b cc thay i trong transaction.
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Mt trong nhng iu th v l cc phng thc ph hp s c gi t ng, khng ph thuc vo ng cnh m i tng c to/xa/sa. Hy xem v d sau, y ti mun to mt Order mi v kt hp n vi mt Customer c:
(Add c thay i bng InsertOnSubmit trong phin bn hin ti) Khi ti gi northwind.SubmitChanges() trn, LINQ to SQL s xc nh l n cn lu li mt i tng Order, v phng thc InsertOrder s t ng c gi.
10.
i khi bn mun thm cc quy tc kim tra m khng th ch da trn tng thao tc thm/xa/sa ring l, thay vo bn phi c th duyt qua ton b cc thao tc thc hin trong transaction.
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11.
Mt trong nhng vn m cc nh pht trin phi ngh n trong mi trng a ngi dng l lm th no c th x l cc thao tc cp nht trn cc cng mt tp d liu. V d, cho l c hai ngi dng ang cng ly v mt i tng product bn trong mt ng dng, v mt ngi t li gi tr cho ReorderLevel l 0, trong khi ngi kia t li l 1. Nu c hai ngi dng u lu li cc thay i vo CSDL, nh pht trin cn cn nhc vic x l tranh chp d liu. Mt cch tip cn n gin l let the last writer win (ngi cui cng l ngi chin thng) c ngha l nhng thay i bi ngi u tin s b thay i m khng bit. V iu ny thng c coi l mt tri nghim km ci (v khng ng) c ngha ngi dng s cm thy kh s dng. Mt cch tip cn khc m LINQ to SQL h tr l dng m hnh optimistic concurrency khi LINQ to SQL s t ng xc nh xem gi tr gc trong CSDL b thay i b ngi dng khc hay cha. LINQ to SQL sau s cung cp mt danh sch cc gi tr b xung t ngi pht trin c th chn gii php x l hoc c th yu cu ngi dng chn mt thao tc no h mun. Ti s ni v cch dng optimistic concurrency vi LINQ to SQL trong cc bi vit khc.
12.
Mt trong nhng cu hi m cc nh pht trin (v c bit l cc DBA cc nh qun tr CSDL), nhng ngi tng vit cc th tc (SPROC) vi cc cu SQL ty bin thng hi khi nhn thy LINQ to SQL ln u tin l: lm sao ti c th kim sot hon ton cc cu lnh SQL c thc thi bn di ?
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ng dng web ny s c xy dng vi mt m hnh d liu hng i tng dng LINQ to SQL.
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Khng cn lm thm bt k iu g, ti c th thc thi trang web v c mt danh sch cc Product vi kh nng phn trang cng nh sp xp c tch hp sn. Ti cng c th thm mt nt edit/delete v cho php ngi dng chnh sa d liu. Ti khng cn thm bt k phng thc, nh x cc tham s, hay thm ch vit bt k cu lnh no cho <asp:LinqDataSource> x l cc trng hp hin th v cp nht trn n c th lm vic vi m hnh LINQ to SQL m chng ta ch n v thc hin cc thao tc t ng. Khi cp nht, LINQ to SQL s m bo rng cc quy tc x l v kim tra d liu m ta thm vo m hnh LINQ to SQL (di dng cc phng thc partial) cng s c thc hin trc khi d liu c thc s cp nht vo CSDL.
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Chng ta s bt u vic to ra ng dng bng cch nh ngha m hnh d liu biu din CSDL. Ti ni v cch to mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL dng trnh son tho c trong VS 2008 trong bi 2. Di y l nh chp mn hnh cc lp d liu m ti c th nhanh chng to ra dng LINQ to SQl designer m hnh ha CSDL Northwind:
Ti s duyt li m hnh ny trong bc 5 khi ti thm mt s quy tc kim tra, nhng trong giai on u, ti s vn dng n (cha chnh sa) to giao din.
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Chng ta s bt u phn giao din bng cch to mt trang ASP.NET vi mt control <asp:gridview> v dng CSS nh dng:
Chng ta c th vit code gn ni m hnh d liu vo gridview ny (ging nh ti lm trong phn 3), hoc ti c th lm cch khc l dng control mi <asp:linqdatasource> gn ni gidview ny vi m hnh d liu. VS 2008 includes build-in designer support to make it easy to connect up our GridView (or any other ASP.NET server control) to LINQ data. To bind our grid above to the data model we created earlier, we can switch into design-view, select the GridView, and then select the New Data Source option within the Choose Data Source: drop-down: Trnh thit k trong VS 2008 c sn kh nng h tr lm iu ny mt cch d dng vi GridView (hay bt k control ASP.NET no khc) vo d liu LINQ. gn ni, chng ta c th chuyn sang ch thit k, chn GridView, v sau chn New Data Source bn trong dang sch Choose Data Source::
Mt hp thoi s hin ln, trong c danh sch cc loi datasource, chn LINQ trong hp thoi ny v t trn cho control <asp:linqdatasource> m bn mun to:
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Trnh thit k <asp:linqdatasource> s hin th tip cc lp DataContext ca LINQ to SQL m ng dng ca bn c th dng c bao gm c trong cc th vin m bn ang tham chiu ti):
Chng ta mun chn m hnh d liu c to trc y vi trnh thit k LINQ to SQL. Chng ta cng s mun chn bng d liu bn trong m hnh d liu m chng ta s coi nh thc th chnh
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Khi nhn vo nt Finish trn, VS 2008 s khai bo mt <asp:linqdatasource> trong trang .aspx, v cp nht <asp:gridview> tr n n (thng qua thuc tnh DataSourceID).N cng s t ng to ra cc ct trong Grid d trn cu trc ca thc th Products m chng ta chn:
Chng ta cng c th nhp vo hnh tam gic nh bt ln smart task ca GridView v ch ra chng ta mun cho php vic phn trang, sp xp, chnh sa v xa d liu:
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Chng ta c th nhn F5 thc thi, v c mt trang hin th danh sch sn phm vi y kh nng phn trang cng nh sp xp cc ct:
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Nu nhn vo m ngun ca trang, chng ta s thy cc th ca trang cha ni dung ging nh di y. Th <asp:linqdatasource> ch n lp DataContext ca LINQ to SQL m ta to trc y, cng nh bng d liu m chng ta mun dng. GridView sau ch n <asp:linqdatasource> (thng qua DataSourceID) v ch ra nhng ct no s c hin th, tiu ct, cng nh cch sp xp s c dng khi tiu ct c chn.
Gi chng ta c mt trang web c bn lm vic vi m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL, chng ta c th tip tc ty bin giao din v hnh vi.
Bc 3: B cc ct khng cn thit
GridView ca chng ta trn c rt nhiu ct c nh ngha sn, 2 trong s (SupplierID v CategoryID) l cc ct kha ngoi, v vic hin th cc ct ny c v nh khng phi l mt tng hay. Xa bt cc ct khng cn thit Chng ta c th bt u vic dn dp giao din bng cch xa i mt s ct khng cn thit. Ti c th lm iu ny bng cch sa m ngun, hay trong ch thit k (nhp chut ln ct mun xa v chn Remove). V d, bn c th b ct Quantity Per Unit di y v chy li ng dng ca chng ta c mt giao din sng sa hn:
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Nu bn tng dng control <asp:ObjectDataSource> trc y v truyn cc tham s cho cc phng thc cp nht, mt trong nhng th khn kh bn bit c l l vic thay i tham s ca cc phng thc cp nht trong TableAdapter khi cc thng s c nhn t lp giao din b thay i. V d: nu chng ta xa mt ct trong bng trn, chng ta li phi chnh sa li TableAdapter n h tr cc phng thc cp nht khng cn ti tham s b xa . Mt iu hay l vi <asp:LinqDataSource> bn khng cn thc hin cc thay i kiu nh vy. Ch n gin l thm hoc xa mt ct v chy li chng trnh khng cn lm thm bt c iu g khc. iu ny lm cho vic thay i giao din web dng<asp:LinqDataSource> d hn nhiu. Xa cc ct SupplierID v CategoryID Hin ti, chng ta hin th cc gi tr kha ngoi n cc bng Supplier v Category trong GridView:
iu ny tuy cn thit ng t gc m hnh d liu, nhng li khng mang li gi tr g cho ngi dng. Th m chng ta lm l hin th CategoryName v SupplierName, v cung cp mt dang sch x xung trong ch Edit cho php ngi dng d dng chn cc gi tr cho SupplierID v CategoryID. Ti c th thay i GridView hin th Supplier Name v Category Name thay v ID bng vic thay th <asp:BoundField> vi mt <asp:TemplateField>. Trong TemplateField ny, ti c th thm bt k ni dung no ti mun ty bin li cch hin th ca ct d liu.
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to ra danh sch cho php ngi dng chn cc gi tr ca cc ct Supplier v Category trong ch Edit, u tin ti s thm hai control <asp:LinqDataSource> na vo trang. Ti s cu hnh chng gn ni vi Categories v Suppliers bn trong m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL m ta to trc y:
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Ti c th quay tr li cc ct <asp:TemplateField> m chng ta to v ty bin giao din Edit ca chng (bng cch ch ra EditItemTemplate). Chng ta cng s ty bin mi ct c mt danh sch trong ch Edit, v cc gi tr s c ly t cc datasource CategoryDataSource v SupplierDataSource trn, v cc mt lin h ny s l 2 chiu:
V gi, khi ngi dng nhp chut ln Edit trn GridView, chng s c hin th nh mt danh sch Supplier m sn phm ang chn kt hp:
V khi bn bm nt Save, sn phm s c cp nht mt cch ph hp (GridView s dng gi tr ca dng c chn hin ti trong DropDownList a vo SupplierID).
Bc 4: Lc danh sch sn phm
Thay v hin th tt c cc sn phm trong CSDL, bn c th cp nht phn giao din n thm mt danh sch cho php ngi dng lc li cc sn phm theo mt phn loi no .
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Khi ti chy trang web ny, ti s c trn u trang mt danh sch cho tt c cc mc phn loi:
Bc cui cng l cu hnh GridView n ch hin th cc sn phm trong phn loi c chn, cch d nht l chn Configure DataSource trong smart task ca GridView:
N s a ti quay tr li ca s thit k <asp:LinqDataSource> m ti dng trong phn u bi vit ny. Ti c th chn nt Where trong ca s ny thm mt b lc vo control datasource. Ti c th to ra nhiu b lc nu cn, v ko cc gi tr lc t mt vi ch khc nhau (v d: t querystring (trn web), t cc gi tr trn form, t cc control khc trn trang):
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trn, ti s to b lc cc Products theo CategoryID, v sau ly gi tr ca CategoryID mun lc t danh sch m chng ta to trn trang:
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V by gi nu thc thi trang web, ngi dng s c th chn mt trong cc phn loi c sn v sau phn trang, sp xp, chnh sa hay xa cc sn phm trong phn loi :
Control <asp:LinqDataSource> s t ng p dng cc b lc LINQ cn thit khi lm vic vi cc lp LINQ to SQL ca chng ta m bo rng ch c cc d liu cn thit c ly v t CSDL (v d: trong Grid trn, ch c 3 dng sn phm t trang th hai trong nhm cc sn phm Confection c ly v). Bn c th s dng s kin Selecting trn <asp:LinqDataSource> nu mun ty bin cu truy vn LINQ trong on code.
Bc 5: Thm cc quy tc kim tra logic
Nh ti ni n trong phn 4 ca lot bi LINQ to SQL ny, khi chng ta nh ngha m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL, mc nhin chng ta s t ng c mt tp hp cc rng buc trong cc lp m hnh d liu, cc rng buc ny c sinh ra da trn nh ngha trong CSDL. iu ny c ngha l nu bn th nhp mt gi tr null vo cho mt ct mandatory, gn mt string vo cho mt ct s nguyn, hay t gi tr cho kha ngoi cho mt dng khng tn ti, m hnh LINQ to SQL ca chng ta s pht ra mt li v nh vy CSDL c ton vn. Vic kim tra theo cch ny ch nhm m bo s ton vn mc c bn, d vy, n vn cho hu ht cc ng dng trong thc t. Chng ta cng c th mong mun thm vo cc quy tc logic mt mc cao hn, cho php kim tra cc quy tc business vo trong cc lp m hnh d liu. Xin cm n LINQ to SQL cho php lm iu ny tht d dng ( xem chi tit, xin c li phn 4). Mt v d v cc quy tc logic Ly v d, ngoi nhng quy tc logic c bn, chng ta cn mun m bo rng ngi dng s khng th ngng bn mt loi sn phm nu vn cn sn phm loi trong kho hng.
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Nu mt ngi dng nhn nt Save dng trn, chng ta s khng cho php vic thay i c lu li v pht ra mt li bo cho ngi dng. Thm mt quy tc kim tra m hnh d liu Nu kim tra cc quy tc ny lp giao din th s l khng ph hp, v khi quy tc ny s ch c p dng cho chnh ni , v s khng t ng c p dng nu chng ta thm mt trang khc cng cho php cp nht Product vo ng dng. Vic phn tn cc quy tc kim tra logic/business vo lp giao din s lm cho vic bo tr tr nn kh khn khi ng dng tr nn ln v phc tp, v cc thay i/cp nht u cn p dng cc thao tc cn thit nhiu ch khc nhau. Ni c coi l ph hp t cc quy tc kim tra ny l trong cc lp m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL m chng ta nh ngha trc y. Nh cp n trong phn 4, tt c cc lp c sinh ra bi LINQ to SQL designer u c nh ngha nh cc lp partial n cho php chng ta c th d dng thm vo cc phng thc/s kin/thuc tnh. Cc lp m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL s t ng gi cc phng thc kim tra m chng ta c th vit ra thc hin vic kim tra theo mong mun ring. V d, ti c th thm mt lp partial vo ng dng hin thc phng thc OnValidate() m LINQ to SQL s gi trc khi lu mt i tng Product vo CSDL. Bn trong phng thc ny ti c th thm quy tc sau m bo rng cc sn phm khng th c mt ReOrder Level nu sn phm ngng bn:
Mt khi thm lp trn vo d n, quy tc business trn s c p dng bt k lc no ngi dng dng n m hnh d liu v chnh sa li CSDL. iu ny c p dng cho c vic thm mt sn phm mi, cng nh cp nht li mt sn phm c. V <asp:LinqDataSource> m chng ta nh ngha trn lm vic vi cc lp m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL, do vy cc thao tc cp nht/xa/thm u phi qua c php kim tra trn trc khi c p dng vo CSDL. Chng ta khng cn lm thm bt k iu gi lp UI php kim tra
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rng trn ti khng h thm bt k hm kim tra no vo lp giao din. Thay v vy, ti s ly v chui thng bo li ca exception pht ra t phn business logic v hin th n cho ngi dng. Ch l ti cng ch ra trn l ti mun GridView vn trong ch Edit khi li xy ra bng cch ngi dng s khng b mt i nhng thay i m h to ra, v c th chnh sa cc gi tr h nhp vo v click nt update mt ln na lu li. Chng ta cng c th thm mt control <asp:literal> vi ID ErrorMessage bt k ch no m ta mun thng bo li hin ra:
V by gi chng ta s th cp nht Product vi cc gi tr kt hp khng hp l, chng ta s thy mt thng bo li, nh ngi dng s bit cch sa li cho ph hp:
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Mt trong nhng u im khi lm theo cch trn l ti c th thm hay thay i cc quy tc trong m hnh d liu m khng cn chnh sa li code trong lp giao din c th hin th thng bo ph hp. Cc quy tc xc thc, v thng bo li tng ng, c th c vit mt ch trong lp m hnh d liu v s c p dng ph hp bt k khi no bn dng n.
3. Tng kt
Control <asp:LinqDataSource> cung cp mt cch d dng gn ni bt k control ASP.NET vo mt m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL. N cho php cc control dng hin th giao din c th va ly d liu v t LINQ to SQL, cng nh p dng cc thay i thm/xa/sa vo m hnh d liu. Trong ng dng trn, chng ta dng LINQ to SQL designer to ra mt m hnh d liu r rng v hng i tng. Chng ta sau thm ba control ASP.NET vo trang (GridView, DropDownList, ErrorMessage Literal), v thm ba control <asp:LinqDataSource> gn ni d liu cho Product, Category, v Supplier.
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Chng ta sau vit thm 5 dng kim tra d liu trong lp m hnh d liu, v 11 dng trong lp giao din x l li. Kt qu cui cng l mt ng dng web n gin vi giao din c ty bin cho php ngi dng lc d liu ng theo phn loi, sp xp v phn trang mt cch hiu qu trn danh sch sn phm, chnh sa trc tip thng tin sn phm v cho php lu li cc thay i, v xa cc sn phm t h thng. Trong bi vit tip theo ca lot bi ny, chng ta s khm ph thm LINQ to SQL bao gm kim sot truy xut ng thi, lazy loading, tha k cc nh x bng, cng nh cch dng cc th tc SQL ty bin.
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Khi bn vit cc biu thc LINQ kiu nh vy, LINQ to SQL s thc thi cc cu lnh SQL ng bn c th ly v cc i tng khp vi cu truy vn ca bn. Nh bn c hc trong bi vit ny, bn cng c th dng cc SPROCs trong CSDL trong lp DataContext, n cung cp mt cch khc ly v cc i tng Products bng cch gi th tc tng ng:
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Kh nng ny cho php bn dng c cc cu SQL ng v cc SPROCs vi mt m hnh d liu r rng, mnh m cng nh cung cp s mm do khi lm vic vi cc d n.
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nh x vo SPROC trn vo DataContext, bn c th ko/th n t ca s Server Explorer ln trn ca s LINQ to SQL designer. Vic ny s lm t ng sinh ra mt th tc trong lp DataContext ca LINQ to SQL nh di y:
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Mc nhin tn ca phng thc c to trong lp DataContext s chnh l tn ca SPROC, v kiu tr v ca phng thc s l mt kiu c to t ng vi cch t tn theo dng [SprocName]Result. V d: SPROC trn s tr vef mt dy cc i tng c kiu CustOrderHistResult. Chng ta c th i tn ca phng thc nu mun bng cch chn n ri dng Property Grid t li tn khc.
4. Cch gi SPROC mi c to
Khi hon thnh cc bc trn nh x mt SPROC vo lp DataContext ca chng ta, bn c th gi n mt cch d dng ly d liu v. Tt c nhng g chng ta cn lm l gi phng thc m chng ta nh x trong DataContext ly v mt chui cc i tng v t SPROC: VB:
C#:
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Thm na, thay v lp qua tp kt qu nh trn, ti cng c th gn ni n vo cho mt control hin th ra mn hnh, v d nh ti c th dng <asp:gridview>:
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Cng nh trc y, ta c th to mt phng thc GetProductsByCategory bn trong lp DataContext m n s gi th tc ny bng cch ko n vo ca s LINQ to SQL designer. Thay v th n vo mt v tr bt k, chng ta s th n ln trn lp Product m ta to ra sn trn sa s ny:
Vic ko mt SPROC v th ln trn mt lp Product s lm cho LINQ to SQL Designer to ra phng thc GetProductsByCategory tr v mt danh sch cc i tng c kiu Product:
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Mt u im ca vic s dng lp Product nh kiu tr v l LINQ to SQL s t ng qun l cc thay i c to ra trn i tng c tr v ny, ging nh c lm vi cc i tng c tr v thng qua cc cu truy vn LINQ. Khi gi SubmitChanges() trn DataContext, nhng thay i ny cng s c cp nht tr li CSDL. V d, bn c th vit on code ging nh di y (dng mt SPROC) v thay i gi ca cc sn phm bn trong mt Category no thnh 90% gi tr c:
Khi gi SubmitChanges, n s cp nht li gi ca tt c cc sn phm. hiu thm v cch qun l cc thay i v cch phng thc SubmitChanges() lm vic, cng nh cc thm cc phng thc xc thc logic d liu, xin mi c li bi 4 trong cng lot bi ny. Trong bi vit tip theo ca lot bi v LINQ to SQL, ti s hng dn cc bn cch thay th cc cu lnh SQL ng cho vic INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE bng cc th tc SPROC. V khi thay th nh vy, bn hon ton khng phi thay i g trn cc on lnh trn vic thay i ny hon ton xy ra trn m hnh d liu v hon ton trong sut vi cc chng trnh dng n.
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Nu bn ko th tc trn th vo lp Order trong LINQ to SQL designer, chng ta c th vit lnh nh sau gi n: VB:
C#:
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LINQ to SQL h tr vic to cc phng thc tr gip cho php tr v Product hay Order bng cch thm mt lp partial NorthwindDataContext vo d n v nh ngha mt phng thc trong lp ny (trong v d ny chng ta gi l VariablesShapeSample) gi th tc v tr v mt i tng c kiu IMultipleResult nh trong v d sau: VB:
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C#:
Mt khi thm phng thc ny vo d n, bn c th gi v chuyn v kiu thch hp l Product hoc Order: VB:
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C#:
Thm vo vic h tr cc cc th tc, LINQ to SQL cn h tr cc hm tr v cc gi tr v hng hoc cc bng kt qu. Mt khi c thm vo lp DataContext nh mt phng thc, bn c th dng cc hm UDF ny trong cu trong cc cu lnh LINQ. V d, hy xem cc hm UDF n gin c tn MyUpperFunction sau y:
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Chng ta c th ko v th n t ca s Server Explorer ln ca s LINQ to SQL Designer thm n vo lp DataContext nh mt phng thc. Chng ta sau c th dng hm UDF ny ngay bn trong cc biu thc LINQ khi vit cc cu truy vn (ging nh chng ta ang dng trong biu thc Where nh di y): VB:
C#:
Nu bn dng LINQ to SQL Debug Visualizer m ti vit ti y, bn c th thy cc LINQ to SQL chuyn i cu truy vn trn thnh cu lnh SQL thc thi hm UDF khi chy:
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Sau khi nh ngha cc lp trong m hnh d liu v cc quan h gia chng, chng ta s tip tc thm vo cc quy tc kim tra tnh hp l ca d liu. Chng ta c th lm iu ny bng cch thm cc lp partial vo trong d n v thm cc quy tc kim tra vo cc lp m hnh d liu (ti ni n vn ny kh k trong bi 4).
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C#:
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Hin ti chng ta to cc lp m hnh d liu, v p dng cc phng thc kim tra trn chng, chng ta c th truy vn v tng tc vi d liu. Chng ta c th lm c iu ny bng cch vit cc cu lnh LINQ vi cc lp m hnh d liu truy vn v cp nht CSDL (ti c ni v iu ny trong bi 3). Thm na ti cng c th nh x cc SPROC vo lp DataContext v dng chng a d liu vo CSDL (bi 6). Khi xy dng cc lp d liu LINQ to SQL, bn s thng c nhu cu a cc cu lnh LINQ thng dng vo cc phng thc tin ch trong lp DataContext. Bn c th lm c iu ny bng cch thm mt lp partial vo project. V d, banks c th thm mt phng thc c tn "GetCustomer()" cho php chng ta tm kim v ly v cc i tng Customer t CSDL da trn da tr ca CustomerID: VB:
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10.
Hin ti chng ta c mt lp truy cp d liu (data access layer) biu din m hinh d liu, tch hp cc quy tc v cho php chng ta c th thc hin truy vn, cp nht, thm v xa d liu. Hy xem mt trng hp n gin l khi chng ta ly v mt i tng khch hng c, cp nht li gi tr ca trng ContactName v PhoneNumber, sau to mi mt i tng Order v kt hp chng vi nhau. CHng ta c th vit on lnh di y lm tt c iu ny trong mt transaction. LINQ to SQL s m bo cc th tc kim tra s c thc thi v cho php trc khi d liu c th c cp nht mt cch thc s: VB:
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C#:
LINQ to SQL theo di cc thay i m chng ta to trn cc i tng c ly v t DataContext, v cng theo di c cc i tng m chng ta thm vo. Khi gi SubmitChanges(), LINQ to SQL s kim tra xem d liu c hp l hay khng, v c ng vi cc quy tc logic hay khng, nu ng th cc cu SQL ng s c sinh ra cp nht bn ghi Customer trn, v thm mt bn ghi mi vo bng Orders.
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Nu vn ang c bi ny, bn c l s cm thy kh hiu v khng thy ni g v SPROC. Ti sao ti hng dn bn cch vit lnh lm vic vi cc i tng trong m hnh d liu, ri cho php cc cu lnh SQL ng c thc thi? Sao ti vn cha cho cc bn thy cch gi cc SPROC thc hin vic chm/sa/xa d liu ?
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12.
Chng ta c th sa li lp truy cp d liu c xy dng trc y x l cc thao tc cp nht, thay v dng cc cu SQL ng, theo mt trong 2 cch sau: 1) Dng LINQ to SQL designer cu hnh cc SPROC thc thi khi gp thao tc thm/xa/sa d liu trn cc lp m hnh d liu. hoc: 2) Thm mt lp partial NorthwindDataContext vo d n, ri vit cc phng thc partial tng ng vi cc thao tc Insert/Update/Delete (v d: InsertOrder, UpdateOrder, DeleteOrder) m n s c gi khi chng ta thc hin Insert/Update/Delete trn cc i tng m hnh d liu. Cc phng thc partial s c truyn vo cc i tng d liu m ta mun cp nht, v chng ta c th thc thi cc th tc hay cu lnh SQL m chng ta mun dng lu i tng vo CSDL. Khi dng cch 1) (dng LINQ to SQL designer) cu hnh cc SPROC gi, th thc ra n cng s to ra cch lnh tng t nh chng ta dng trong cch 2). Ni chng ti khuyn cc bn dng LINQ to SQL designer cu hnh cc SPROC trong 90% trng hp - v ch trong cc trng hp no bn cn ty bin li cch gi mt mc cao, bn mi nn vit cc lnh mt cch trc tip.
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Chng ta s bt u chuyn m hnh d liu sang dng SPROC, bt u t i tng Object. u tin, chng ta n ca s "Server Explorer" m rng nhnh Stored Procedures trong CSDL ca chng ta, v sau nhn phi chut v chn "Add New Stored Procedure":
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Hy ch cch SPROC nh ngha tham s OrderID nh mt tham s dng OUTPUT. l v ct OrderID trong CSDL l ct t tng mi khi thm mt bn ghi mi vo. Ngi gi s truyn gi tr NULL khi gi n - v th tucjnafy s tr v gi tr ca OrderID mi c to ra (bng cch gi hm SCOPE_IDENTITY() cui th tc). Sau khi to ra SPROC, chng ta s m LINQ to SQL designer ca lp truy cp d liu. Nh ti ni trong bi 6, chng ta c th ko/th cc SPROC t Server Explorer ln trn mn hnh chnh ca trnh thit k. Chng ta cng s lm iu tng t vi th tc InsertOrder va c to:
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Bc cui cng l cu hnh li lp truy cp d liu dng th tc SPROC khi chn cc i tng Order mi vo trong CSDL. Chng ta c th l iu ny bng cch chn lp Order trong ca sooe LINQ to SQL designer, v sau chuyn n bng thuc tnh v nhn nt 3 chm (...) mc Insert chn thao tc tng ng:
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trn, nu bn chn ch mc nhin ("Use Runtime") th LINQ to SQL s tnh ton v sinh ra cu lnh SQL ng thc hin cc thao tc tng ng. Chng ta c th thay i bng cch nhn chut vo Customize v chn th tc InsertOrder t danh sch cc SPROC:
LINQ to SQL s hin th cc tham s ca th tc m ta chn, v cho php nh x cc thuc tnh ca lp Order v cc tham s ca InsertOrder. Mc nhin, LINQ to cng t ng xc nh cc tham s tng ng theo tn, tuy nhin bn vn c th sa li nu mun.
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14.
Gi chng ta s sa li i tng Customer cho php cp nht bng cch dng SPROC. Chng ta s bt u bng cch to mt SPROC tn "UpdateCustomer" nh di y:
Ch trn, ngoi vic truyn gi tr cho tham s CustomerID, ti cng truyn mt tham s khc c tn @Original_CustomerID. Ct CustomerID trong bng Customers khng phi l mt ct t tng, v n c th c chnh sa nh mt phn ca thao tc cp nht. Do vy chng ta s phi truyn c gi tr ca CustomerID c v CustomerID mi c th cp nht. Chng ta s xem cch nh x cc ct ngay sau y. Bn s thy trn ti truyn mt tham s c tn @Version (c kiu timestamp) vo cho SPROC. y l mt ct ti thm vo bng Customers c th x l vic tranh chp khi cc thao tc cp nht c din ra ng thi (optimistic concurrency). Ti s ni chi tit hn v vic x l tranh chp ny trong bi vit sau ca lot bi LINQ to SQL, nhng ti cng ni lun l LINQ to SQL h tr y optimistic concurrency, v cho php bn c th chn dng version timestamp hay bng cch cung cp c gi tr c/mi cho SPROC c th xc nh c cc thay i c to ra bi ngi khc k t ln cui bn c d liu. Trong v d ny ti dng timestamp v n gip vit lnh r rng hn. Mt khi to xong SPROC, bn c th ko/th n vo ca s LINQ to SQL designer thm n nh mt phng thc trong lp DataContext. Chng ta c th chn lp Customer trong ca s thit
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Khi nh x cc thuc tnh ca i tng Customer vo cc tham s ca SPROC, bn s c nhc rng bn ang mun gn cc gi tr mi(Current) hay cc gi tr gc (Original) - l cc gi tr m bn ly v ln u t CSDL. V d, bn s cn gn gi tr thuc tnh Customer.CustomerID "mi" vo
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Khi nhn "Ok" trn a s ny, bn hon thnh vic nh x cc tham s vo cc thuc tnh. T gi tr i, mi khi cp nht li gi tr cho i tng Customer v gi SubmitChanges(), th tc UpdateCustomer s c gi thay cho cu lnh SQL ng. Quan trng: D rng hin ti bn dng SPROC cp nht, phng thc "OnPhoneChanging()" m chng ta to trc (trong bc 1 ca bi ny) xc thc s in thoi vn c thc thi trc khi bt k thay i no c lu li hay "UpdateCustomer" c gi. Chng ta c mt cch r rng, sng sa hin thc ha c quy tc x l cng nh xc thc d liu, v c th dng chng m khng ph thuc v vic chng ta ang dng cu lnh SQL ng hay SPROC.
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Bc 5: Dng lp DAL ln na
Mt khi cp nht lp truy cp d liu (DAL) dng SPROC thay v cu lnh SQL ng, bn c th chy li cc cu lnh tng t cc cu lnh ta lm bc 2 lm vic vi cc lp m hnh d liu:
Gi y vic cp nht i tng Customer, v vic thm cc i tng Order s c thc thi thng qua th tc to thay v dng cc cu SQL ng. Cc quy tc kim tra cng c thc thi ht nh trc y, v cc cu lnh chng ta dng s dng cc lp m hnh d liu cng hon ton tng t.
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Trong phn 3 trn, ti biu din cch chng ta c th tr v gi tr OrderID mi c to (y l mt ct t tng trong CSDL) bng cch dng mt tham s dng output. Bn s khng b gii hn trong vic tr v ch cc ct t tng - m tht s bn c th trarveef cc gi tr cho bt k tham s no
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Nu mt SPROC pht ra mt li khi thc hin vic Insert/Update/Delete, LINQ to SQL s t ng hy v rollback ton b cc thay i to ra trong transaction kt hp vi li gi SubmitChanges(). iu ny m bo rng d liu ca bn s lun trong trng thi ng n.
Ti c th vit code thay v dung ORM designer gi SPROC?
Nh ni trong phn u bi vit ny, bn c th dng LINQ to SQL designer nh x cc thao tc thm/sa/xa vo cc SPROC, hoc bn cng c th thm cc phng thc partial vo lp DataContext v vit lnh gi chng. y l mt v d v cch vit cc phng thc trong lp partial ca NorthwindDataContext dng UpdateCustomer gi mt th tc:
on lnh trn thc ra chnh l ci c to ra khi bn dng LINQ to SQL designer nh x SPROC v kt hp n vi thao tc cp nht i tng Customer. Bn c th xem n nh im khi u v sau tip tc thm bt k lnh x l no bn mun (v d: dng gi tr tr v ca SPROC pht ra cc exception tng ng vi m li nhn c, optimistic concurrency...).
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Tng kt
LINQ to SQL l mt trnh nh x i tng (ORM) cc k mm do. N cho php bn vit cc on code theo kiu hng i tng mt cch r rng, sang sa ly, cp nht hay thm d liu. Hn ht, n cho php bn thit k cc lp m hnh d liu m cch d dng, khng ph thuc vo cch n c lu hay np li t CSDL. Bn c tht dng trnh ORM xy dng sn ly v hay cp nht d liu mt cch hiu qu bng cch dng cc cu SQL ng. Hoc bn cng c th cu hnh lp d liu dng SPROC. iu hay l cc on lnh ca bn dng lp d liu ny, cng nh cc th tc kim tra logic u khng ph thuc vo cch lu/np d liu thc s c dng. Trong bi tip theo ca lot bi ny, ti s ni v mt s khi nim cn li trong LINQ to SQL, bao gm: Single Table Inheritance, Deferred/Eager Loading, Optimistic Concurrency, v x l trong cc ng cnh Multi-Tier.
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Trong phn 3, ti cho cc bn thy cch dng ngn ng LINQ mi c a vo VB v C# truy vn m hnh d liu trn v tr v mt tp i tng biu din cc dng/ct trong CSDL. V d, bn c th thm mt phng thc tr gip GetProductsByCategory vo lp DataContext trong m hnh d liu ca chng ta m n s dng cch truy vn LINQ tr v cc i tng Product t CSDL:
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Mt khi bn nh ngha phng thc LINQ nh trn, bn c th vit lnh ging nh di y dng n ly v cc sn phm, v duyt qua tp kt qu tr v: VB:
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2. Dng ExecuteQuery
Phng thc ExecuteQuery nhn vo mt cu SQL, cng vi mt tp cc tham s m ta c th dng to nn cu SQL. Bng cch dng n, bn c th thc thi bt k cu lnh SQL bn mun vi CSDL (k cc cu lnh JOIN nhiu bng). iu lm cho ExecuteQuery thc s hu dng l n cho php bn ch ra cch n tr v d liu. Bn c th lm c iu ny bng cch truyn mt i tng c kiu mong mun nh mt tham s ca phng thc, hay dng kiu generic. V d, bn c th thay i phng thc GetProductsByCategory() c to ra trc y phin bn dng mt biu thc LINQ dng phng thc ExecuteQuery thc thi mt cu SQL vi CSDL v tr v mt tp i tng Product nh kt qu: VB:
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Nhng khng nh trc y, trong trng hp ny cu SQL ty bin s c gi thay cho cu SQL ng c to bi biu thc LINQ.
Bi v chng ta ch ra r kiu tr v ca cu lnh ExecuteQuery trong phng thc GetProductsByCategory, do vy LINQ to SQL s bit cch d ra cc thay i trn cc i tng Product m chng ta tr v, v khi gi SubmitChanges() trn i tng , chng s c lu li trong SCDL.
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Chng ta c th sau to ra mt phng thc tn l GetProductSummariesByCategory() trong lp NorthwindDataContext, n s tr v cc kt qu da trn kiu ProductSummary. l cu SQL di y ch yu cu cc thuc tnh ca Product n cn ExecuteQuery s t bit cch a cc gi tr vo cc i tng ProductSummary m n s tr v.
V by gi, nu bn vit a code di y xa mt Product no khi CSDL, LINQ to SQL s gi phng thc DeleteProduct v khi cc cu SQL ty bin s c thc thi thay th cho cu SQL c sinh ra t ng bi LINQ to SQL:
6. Tng kt
Trnh qun l LINQ to SQL t ng to ra v thc thi cc cu SQL ng thc hin cc cu truy vn, cp nht, thm v xa d liu trong CSDL. i vi mt s trng hp, khi bn mun kim sot hon ton cu lnh SQL c thc thi, bn c th dng cc th tc SPROC, hay cng c th vit cc cu SQL ca ring bn. iu ny cung cp kh nng ty bin mnh m
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Chng ta c th tr mt control <asp:gridview> n datasource to v cho php phn trang, chnh sa v sp xp:
Khi chy trang trn, chng ta s c mt GridView vi kh nng t ng sp xp, phn trang cng nh chnh sa d liu d trn d liu c trong m hnh d liu ca chng ta:
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Dng cch khai bo cc tham s cho where ging nh trn c th lm vic tt trong hu ht trng hp. Nhng s th no nu bn mun cu lnh lc phc tp hn? V d, s th no nu chng ta ch mun hin th cc sn phm c to bi cc nh cung cp da trn mt tp ng cc quc gia?
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Ghi ch: Bn khng cn vit cu truy vn ngay bn trong hm x l s kin. Mt cch tip cn sng sa hn l a cc cu lnh truy vn vo trong cc hm tr gip, v sau gi li chng t cc hm x l s kin. Ti dng cch tip cn ny trong phn u ca bi 8 (dng hm tr gip GetProductsByCategor). By gi, bng cch dng hm x l Selecting, mi khi chy bn s ch thy cc sn phm c cung cp bi cc nh cung cp n t cc quc gia m chng ta cho trc.
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Mt trong nhng iu tht s th v l cc chc nng phn trang v sp xp vn lm vic vi GridView ca chng ta d rng chng ta chuyn sang dng s kin Selecting. V quan trng l vic phn trang cng nh sp xp ny c thc hin bn trong CSDL c ngha l chng ta ch ly v 10 sn phm t CSDL m chng ta cn hin th cho trang hin ti trn GridView, iu ny gip vic thc thi hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Bn c l s t hi lm sao n c th h tr vic sp xp v phn trang hiu qu nh vy ngay c khi ta dng s kin Selecting? L do l v cu truy vn LINQ s khng c thc thi ti chng no bn cn cha ly kt qu tr v ca n (deferred execution model). u im ca m hnh ny l n cho php bn d dng son cu truy vn trc khi thc thi n, cng nh d dng a thm cc tnh nng add-on v. Bn c th tm hiu k hn trong phn 3 ca lot bi ny. Trong hm x l s kin Selecting trn chng ta khai bo cu truy vn LINQ chng ta mun thc thi v sau gn n vo thuc tnh e.Query. Mc d vy, cu lnh LINQ khng c thc thi v chng ta khng ly kt qu ca n (bng cch dng nhng hm nh ToArray() hay ToList()). LINQDataSource sau s c th thm mnh order by, v ni thm cc hm m rng Take() v Skip(), nh vy m tp kt qu s c phn trang v sp xp. Ch khi LINQDataSource mi thc hin cu lnh LINQ v ly d liu v, v LINQ to SQL s m bo rng vic sp xp v phn trang ny c thc hin bn trong CSDL v ch c ng 10 dng c tr v. Ch di y chng ta vn dng GridView chnh sa v xa d liu, ngay c khi dng s kin Selecting ca LinqDataSource:
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Kh nng h tr vic xa/sa d liu s cn lm vic chng no thuc tnh Query ca s kin Selecting cn c gn mt tp cc thc th cng loi (v du: mt dy cc i tng kiu Product, Supplier, Category, Order). LINQDataSource khi s c th t ng x l cc trng hp UI control thc hin vic cp nht i vi n. hc thm v cch cp nht trong LINQ to SQL, xin c li bi 4 ca lot bi ny. V sau c tip bi 5 xem cch cp nht vi LINQDataSource.
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Ghi ch: hm Sum c dng tnh ton Revenue trn l mt v d v Phng thc m rng (Extension Method). Tham s c truyn cho hm ny l mt v d v biu thc Lambda. Kiu tr v c to bi biu thc LINQ l mt kiu v danh (anonymous type) v n c hnh thnh t biu thc truy vn. Extension Methods, Lambda Expressions, v Anonymous Types l cc c tnh mi ca VB v C# trong VS 2008. Kt qu ca biu thc LINQ trn khi gn ni vo GridView s tng t nh sau:
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Ghi ch rng vic phn trang v sp xp s vn lm vic bnh thng vi GridView ca chng ta d rng chng ta chuyn sang dng cu lnh LINQ ty bin. D vy, vn c mt tnh nng s khng lm vic khi dng php chiu d liu, l vic h tr cp nht d liu ngay trong GridView. l v LINQDataSource khng bit cch no cp nht d liu mt cch an ton. Nu chng ta mun thm kh nng cp nht vo cho GridView h tr cc kiu tr v ty bin nh vy, chng ta hoc s phi chuyn sang dng mt control ObjectDataSource (ta phi cung cp thm phng thc Update x l vic cp nht), hoc phi cung cp thm mt trang ngi dng cp nht v hin th mt DetailsView hay FormViewgn ni v thc th Product chnh sa.
4. Tng kt
Bn c th d dng thc hin cc thao tc truy vn thng dng vi m hnh d liu LINQ to SQL dng kh nng khai bo cc b lc ca LINQDataSource. thc hin biu thc lc phc tp hn, bn c th tn dng u im ca s kin Selecting c trong LINQDataSource. iu ny cho php bn thc hin bt k logic no bn mun ly v cc dng d liu ph hp. Bn c th nhiu cch ly d liu ny, chng hn dng Query Expressions, gi Stored Procedures, hay thc hin mt cu truy vn ty bin.
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