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Information System for Managers Organizing Data and Information

Content

Objectives Introduction Data Conventional File Vs Database Approach Data Modelling Relational Database and RDBMS Data warehouse and BI Other DB and DBMS

Objectives
Define general data mgmt concepts & terms Highlight advantages of the database approach to data management Describe the relational database model Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems Identify popular user database management systems A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making

Objectives (Cont)
The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits Identify and briefly discuss current database applications Database systems process and organize large amounts of data, e.g.

Marketing manager can access customer data Corporate lawyer can access past cases and opinions

Introduction
Database: an organized collection of data that can be shared Database management system (DBMS): group of programs to manage database

Manipulates database Provides an interface between database and the user of the database and other application programs

Database administrator (DBA): skilled IS professional who directs all activities related to an organizations database

Data Management
Without data and the ability to process it, an organization could not successfully complete most business activities Data consists of raw facts To transform data into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way Data Information Knowledge Wisdom

Data: About various employees that have resigned Information: 25 employee from XYZ institute resigned Knowledge: Attrition 50% more for recruits from XYZ Wisdom: Do not recruit from XYZ

The Hierarchy of Data


Bit (a binary digit): represents a circuit that is either on or off Byte: typically made up of eight bits Character: a byte represents a character; the basic building block of information

Can be an uppercase letter, lowercase letter, numeric digit, or special symbol

Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

The Hierarchy of Data (continued)


Record: collection of related data fields File: collection of related records Database: collection of integrated and related files Hierarchy of data

Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys


Entity: generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained Attribute: characteristic of an entity Data item: specific value of an attribute Key: field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record Primary key: field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)

Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued) In Library Management System, for the entity Book,

what are the attributes? What are the data items? What is the key? How many byte one record occupies? How many bits? If number of records are 50000, what is the total size?

For a bank, for the entity Account work out the same

The Database Approach


Traditional approach to data management: separate data files are created and stored for each application program Database approach to data management: a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs

Offers significant advantages over the traditional filebased approach

Database Processing System

Payroll

Skills Inventory

DBMS

Database

Performance Appraisal

Files versus Database

The Database Approach (continued)

Figure 5.3: The Database Approach to Data Management

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)

The Database Approach (continued)

Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach

Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model


When building a database, an organization must consider:

Content: What data should be collected and at what cost? Access: What data should be provided to which users and when? Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user? Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?

Data Modeling
Building a database requires two types of designs

Logical design: abstract model of how the data should be structured and arranged to meet an organizations information needs Physical design: starts from the logical database design and fine-tunes it for performance and cost considerations

Data Modeling (continued)


Data model: diagram of data entities and their relationships Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data

Data Modeling (continued)

Figure 5.4: An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a Customer Order Database

The Relational Database Model


Relational model: describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files

Each row of a table represents a data entity Columns of the table represent attributes Domain: allowable values for data attributes

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Figure 5.5: A Relational Database Model

The Relational Database Model (continued)

Figure 5.6: A Simplified ER Diagram Showing the Relationship Between the Manager, Department, and Project Tables

The Relational Database Model (continued)


Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria Projecting: eliminates columns in a table Joining: combines two or more tables Linking: manipulating two or more tables that share at least one common data attribute to provide useful information and reports

Overview of Database Types


Flat file

Simple database whose records have no relationship to one another (e.g. spread sheet, word document) Only one person can use the database at a time Examples: Access, FileMaker, and InfoPath Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and DB2 (IBM) Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL

Single user DBMS


Multiple user DBMS

Creating and Modifying the Database


Data Definition Language (DDL):

Language for creating / modifying / deleting objects in Database and relationship between these objects Objects are Tables, Views, Indexes, constraints, etc. E.g. Create Table Project (Project_Number Char(3), Description Varchar(30), Dept_Number Char(3))

Data Dictionary: (DD)

Detailed description of all the data used in the database, e.g. type (Character / Integer / Date / Float / etc), length of each field

Storing and Retrieving Data


When an application program requests data from the DBMS, the application program follows a logical access path When the DBMS goes to a storage device to retrieve the requested data, it follows a path to the physical location (physical access path) where the data is stored

Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)

Figure 5.12: Logical and Physical Access Paths

Manipulating Data and Generating Reports


Data manipulation language (DML):

commands that manipulate the data in a database, i.e. Add / Modify / Delete / View record E.g. Select Project_Number, description From Project

Structured Query Language (SQL)


Adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as the standard query language for relational databases Once a database has been set up and loaded with data, it can produce reports, documents, and other outputs

Database Administration
Role of the database administrator (DBA): plan, design, create, operate, secure, monitor, and maintain databases DBA works with both users and programmers A data administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions; a nontechnical position

Special-Purpose Database Systems


Some specialized database packages are used for specific purposes or in specific industries

Israeli Holocaust Database (www.yadvashem.org) Hazmat database Art and Antique Organizer Deluxe

Special-purpose database by Tableau can be used to store and process visual images

Selecting a Database Management System


Important characteristics of databases to consider

Database size Database cost Concurrent users Performance Integration Vendor

Linking Databases to the Internet


Linking databases to the Internet is important for many organizations and people Semantic Web

Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet

Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and BI


Data warehouse: database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering various aspects of the companys processes, products, and customers Data mart: subset of a data warehouse BI: Business Intelligence Certain Data Analysis Techniques for data based decision, e.g. Report OLAP (On-line Analytic Processing) Data Mining Time Series Forecasting

Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and BI (continued)

Figure 5.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse

Data Mining Applications

Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications

Business Intelligence
Business intelligence (BI):

process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations Turns data into useful information that is then distributed throughout an enterprise

Business Intelligence (continued)


Competitive intelligence:

aspect of business intelligence limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations

Counterintelligence:

steps an organization takes to protect information sought by hostile intelligence gatherers

Distributed Databases
Distributed database

Database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices Gives corporations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used Database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data

Replicated database

Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems Object-oriented database: database that stores both data and its processing instructions

Method: procedure or action Message: request to execute or run a method

Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems (continued) Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS): group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS): DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data

Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems


Databases for storing images Databases for storing sound Virtual database systems: allow different databases to work together as a unified database system Other special-purpose database systems

Spatial data technology: stores and accesses data according to the locations it describes and permits spatial queries and analysis

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