The Wireless Communication System

Xihan Lu

Wireless Communication

Cellular phone system Cordless telephone system Bluetooth Infrared communication Microwave communication IEEE Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi) Satellite communication

Why Cellular?

Three Generations

AMPS NMT TACS HCMTS

GSM GPRS

WCDMA CDMA2000 TD SCDMA

1G

2G

3G

1G

Start early 80s Analogue technique AMPT (Advanced Mobile Phone System): North America NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony): North Europe TACS (Total Access Communication Service): Europe, China HCMTS (High Capacity Mobile Telephone System): Japan

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access Different carrier frequencies are assigned to different traffic channels(speech) One carrier frequency can only carry one single speech channel at one time

FDMA

Shortage

Voice information only Unsafe eavesdropping Waste of frequency resource

2G
Start early 90s Digital technique GSM : Global System of Mobilephone GPRS : General Packet Radio Service D-AMPS : Digital AMPS

GSM

TD/FDMA: A mix of FDMA and TDMA The whole useable spectrum was divided to many 200k Hz carrier frequencies FD Each carrier was divided into 8 timeslots (burst) TD Each burst is assigned to a user(a logical traffic channel) One carrier frequency can carry up to 8 logical traffic channels (voice or data) at the same time The maximum data communication rate is 14.4 kbps

FD / TDMA

Network Structure

BTS,BSC and MSC

BTS & BSC: Base Transceiver System and Base Station Controller. Radio signal transceiver, a connection between handset and MSC MSC: Mobile services Switching Center, switching center of the GSM network, and connect to other networks

Databases
HLR : Home Location Register, contains static information of subscribers and location update data VLR : Visitor Location Register, embedded in MSC to avoid delay, contains current location information of handsets AUC : Authentication Center, stores secret keys for authentication and encryption of the radio channel EIR : Equipment Identity Register, contains a list of all valid mobile equipment in the network, by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

GPRS

Upgrade of existed GSM network Improves the data communication ability

GPRS

Network nodes
GGSN: Gateway GSM Support Node, Protocol transferring, data encapsulation, a connection to external networks SGSN: Service GSM Support Node, Communicate with HLR and mobile handsets, authorization and admission control, charging, mobility management

Data communications

In GSM, one user occupies one traffic channel to exchange voice/data information In GPRS, up to 8 traffic channels(a whole carrier) can be dynamically combined together for one data communication application The theoretically maximum data transmission rate: 14.4k bps * 8 = 115.2k bps

Advantages of GPRS

Higher data rate Seamless connection to internet Packet switching rather than circuit switch, bandwidth is only used when the data is actually used, even though it is always connected A primary step to 3G

shortage

Not fast enough for the multimedia service The data rate falls when the network is busy Upgrade of handset

3G

3G-Standards

Three CDMA standards approved by ITU: Direct Spread CDMA(WCDMA) : Europe, Japan Multi-Carrier CDMA(CDMA 2000) : North America TD-Synchronous CDMA(CDMA TDD) : Europe, China

3G-CDMA

Code Division Multi Address Spread spectrum technology Each single traffic channel occupies the whole spectrum, but distinguished by a unique digital code Walsh code: an orthogonal 64 bit pattern, unique in the network

CDMA

Features

Better voice quality Up to 2 Mbps data communication rate Increase battery life Soft hand-off Excellent data safety More effective spectrum usage than 2G

Conclusion

Conclusion
1G
Voice Quality Data communication Spectrum usage

2G
OK ~115K 5~6X

3G
Good ~2M 10~20X

OK N/A X

Communication safety

Weak

OK

Good

References

www.gsmworld.com/technology/gprs/index.html www.3gsmamericas.com/pdfs/EOF_Cannes_2003/Nortel_David_Smit h.pdf http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Wireless/Reports/fcc98091.pdf www.rogers.com http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/publications/wtdr_99/material/glossary.html www.itu.int/home/imt.html http://www.boeschatt.at/Mobil/mobilfunk_html.php?gsm_netzarchitekt ur.php http://www.pt.com/products/gsmintro.html