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PRLPRFG]ARV FJNLRCA]FLJ AJM FJ^GJ]FLJX AERGGCGJ]
]dg nliilufje hljnfrcx ajm cgclrfaif{gx aj aerggcgj} }da}
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) a
Mgiauarg hlrplra}flj $}dg ’Hlcpajv–& ajm F $\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\& da~g dam xfjhg }dg
hlccgjhgcgj} ln cv gcpilvcgj} $udfhd }grc) nlr pwrplxgx ln }dfx aerggcgj}) xdaii bg mggcgm}l fjhiwmg ajv rgia}fljxdfp ln xgr~fhg }l }dg Hlcpajv }da} F cav da~g dam prflr }l ah}waiivbghlcfje aj gcpilvgg& uf}d }dg Hlcpajv fj ajv hapahf}v ajm }da} fx ajm dax bggj a ca}grfaipar} ln }dg hljxfmgra}flj nlr cv gcpilvcgj} bv Hlcpajv;1*
F da~g jl} gj}grgm fj}l) ajm F aergg F ufii jl} gj}gr fj}l) ajv aerggcgj}gf}dgr urf}}gj lr lrai fj hljnifh} uf}d }dfx Aerggcgj} lr cv gcpilvcgj} uf}d Hlcpajv* F ufiijl} ~flia}g ajv aerggcgj} uf}d lr rfed}x ln ajv }dfrm par}v lr) gthgp} ax gtprgxxiv aw}dlrf{gm bv
Hlcpajv fj urf}fje dgrgan}gr) wxg lr mfxhilxg cv luj lr ajv }dfrm par}v‖x hljnfmg
j}faifjnlrca}flj lr fj}giigh}wai prlpgr}v udgj ah}fje uf}dfj }dg xhlpg ln cv gcpilvcgj} lrl}dgrufxg lj bgdain ln Hlcpajv* Nwr}dgr) F da~g jl} rg}afjgm ajv}dfje hlj}afjfje ajvhljnfmgj}fai fjnlrca}flj ln a prflr gcpilvgr lr l}dgr }dfrm par}v) udg}dgr lr jl} hrga}gm bv cg*2*
Hlcpajv xdaii luj aii rfed}) }f}ig ajm fj}grgx} $fjhiwmfje pa}gj} rfed}x)hlpvrfed}x) }ramg xghrg} rfed}x) caxo ulro rfed}x)
xwf egjgrfx
ma}abaxg rfed}x ajm aii l}dgrfj}giigh}wai prlpgr}v rfed}x ln ajv xlr} }drlwedlw} }dg ulrim& rgia}fje }l ajv ajm aii fj~gj}fljx$udg}dgr lr jl} pa}gj}abig&) ulrox ln aw}dlrxdfp) caxo ulrox) mgxfejx) ojlu#dlu) fmgax ajmfjnlrca}flj camg lr hljhgf~gm lr rgmwhgm }l prah}fhg) fj udlig lr fj par}) bv cg mwrfje }dg }grcln cv gcpilvcgj} uf}d Hlcpajv }l ajm ljiv }l }dg nwiigx} gt}gj} aiilugm bv Haifnlrjfa IablrHlmg Xgh}flj 2450 $udfhd fx a}}ahdgm ax
Appgjmft A
& $hliigh}f~giv ’Fj~gj}fljx–& ajm F ufii
prlcp}iv mfxhilxg aii Fj~gj}fljx }l Hlcpajv* Uf}dlw} mfxhilxfje ajv }dfrm par}v hljnfmgj}faifjnlrca}flj) F ufii aixl mfxhilxg ajv}dfje F bgifg~g fx gthiwmgm bv Xgh}flj 2450 xl }da} }dgHlcpajv haj caog aj fjmgpgjmgj} axxgxxcgj}* F dgrgbv caog aii axxfejcgj}x jghgxxarv }l
ahhlcpifxd }dg nlrgelfje* F xdaii nwr}dgr axxfx} Hlcpajv) a} Hlcpajv‖x gtpgjxg) }l nwr}dgr
g~fmgjhg) rghlrm ajm pgrngh} xwhd axxfejcgj}x) ajm }l pgrngh}) lb}afj) cafj}afj) gjnlrhg) ajmmgngjm ajv rfed}x xpghfnfgm }l bg xl lujgm lr axxfejgm* F dgrgbv frrg~lhabiv mgxfeja}g ajmapplfj} Hlcpajv ax cv aegj} ajm a}}lrjgv#fj#nah}) hlwpigm uf}d aj fj}grgx} ajm uf}d nwii plugrln xwbx}f}w}flj) }l ah} nlr ajm fj cv bgdain }l gtghw}g ajm nfig ajv mlhwcgj} ajm }l ml aii l}dgriaunwiiv pgrcf}}gm ah}x }l nwr}dgr }dg pwrplxgx ln }dg nlrgelfje uf}d }dg xacg igeai nlrhg ajmgnngh} ax fn gtghw}gm bv cg* Fn F ufxd }l hiarfnv }da} xlcg}dfje hrga}gm bv cg prflr }l cv
gcpilvcgj} }da} rgia}gx }l Hlcpajv‖x ah}wai lr prlplxgm bwxfjgxx fx jl} uf}dfj }dg xhlpg ln }dg
nlrgelfje axxfejcgj}) F da~g ifx}gm f} lj
Appgjmft B
fj a cajjgr }da} mlgx jl} ~flia}g ajv }dfrmpar}v rfed
}x lr mfxhilxg ajv hljnfmgj}fai fjnlrca}flj* Uf}dlw} ifcf}fje Xgh}flj 1 lr Hlcpajv‖x
l}dgr rfed}x ajm rgcgmfgx) fn) udgj ah}fje uf}dfj }dg xhlpg ln cv gcpilvcgj} lr l}dgrufxg ljbgdain ln Hlcpajv) F wxg lr $gthgp} pwrxwaj} }l }dfx Xgh}flj 2& mfxhilxg cv luj lr ajv }dfrm
par}v‖x hljnfmgj}fai fjnlrca}flj lr fj}giigh}wai prlpgr}v $lr fn ajv Fj~gj}flj hajjl} bg nwiiv
camg) wxgm) rgprlmwhgm) mfx}rfbw}gm ajm l}dgrufxg gtpilf}gm uf}dlw} wxfje lr ~flia}fje }dgnlrgelfje&) Hlcpajv ufii da~g ajm F dgrgbv eraj} Hlcpajv a pgrpg}wai) frrg~lhabig) ulrimufmgrlvai}v#nrgg) jlj#gthiwxf~g) xwbifhgjxabig rfed} ajm ifhgjxg }l gtpilf} ajm gtgrhfxg aii xwhdhljnfmgj}fai fjnlrca}flj ajm fj}giigh}wai prlpgr}v rfed}x*
28*
]l }dg gt}gj} aiilugm bv iau) paraerapd 2 fjhiwmgx aii rfed}x ln pa}grjf}v)fj}gerf}v) mfxhilxwrg ajm uf}dmrauai ajm ajv l}dgr rfed}x }da} cav bg ojluj ax lr rgngrrgm }l ax
’clrai rfed}x)– ’ar}fx}‖x rfed}x)– ’mrlf} clrai)– lr }dg ifog $hliigh}f~giv ’Clrai Rfed}x–&* ]l }dg
gt}gj} F rg}afj ajv xwhd Clrai Rfed}x wjmgr appifhabig iau) F dgrgbv ra}fnv ajm hljxgj} }l ajvah}flj }da} cav bg }aogj uf}d rgxpgh} }l xwhd Clrai Rfed}x bv lr aw}dlrf{gm bv Hlcpajv ajmaergg jl} }l axxgr} ajv Clrai Rfed}x uf}d rgxpgh} }dgrg}l* F ufii hljnfrc ajv xwhd ra}fnfha}fljx)hljxgj}x ajm aerggcgj}x nrlc }fcg }l }fcg ax rgqwgx}gm bv Hlcpajv*=*
F aergg }da} aii Fj~gj}fljx ajm aii l}dgr bwxfjgxx) }ghdjfhai ajm nfjajhfaifjnlrca}flj $fjhiwmfje) uf}dlw} ifcf}a}flj) }dg fmgj}f}v ln ajm fjnlrca}flj rgia}fje }l hwx}lcgrxlr gcpilvggx& F mg~gilp) igarj lr lb}afj mwrfje }dg }grc ln cv gcpilvcgj} }da} rgia}g }lHlcpajv lr }dg bwxfjgxx lr mgcljx}rabiv aj}fhfpa}gm bwxfjgxx ln Hlcpajv lr }da} arg rghgf~gm
bv lr nlr Hlcpajv fj hljnfmgjhg) hljx}f}w}g ’Prlprfg}arv Fjnlrca}flj*– F ufii dlim fj hljnfmgjhg
ajm jl} mfxhilxg lr) gthgp} uf}dfj }dg xhlpg ln cv gcpilvcgj}) wxg ajv Prlprfg}arv Fjnlrca}flj*Dlug~gr) F xdaii jl} bg lbifea}gm wjmgr }dfx paraerapd uf}d rgxpgh} }l fjnlrca}flj F hajmlhwcgj} fx lr bghlcgx rgamfiv pwbifhiv a~afiabig uf}dlw} rgx}rfh}flj }drlwed jl nawi} ln cfjg*Wplj }grcfja}flj ln cv gcpilvcgj}) F ufii prlcp}iv rg}wrj }l Hlcpajv aii f}gcx hlj}afjfje lrgcblmvfje Prlprfg}arv Fjnlrca}flj $fjhiwmfje aii hlpfgx&) gthgp} }da} F cav oggp cv pgrxljaihlpfgx ln $f& cv hlcpgjxa}flj rghlrmx) $ff& ca}grfaix mfx}rfbw}gm }l xdargdlimgrx egjgraiiv ajm$fff& }dfx Aerggcgj}* F aixl rghlejf{g ajm aergg }da} F da~g jl gtpgh}a}flj ln prf~ahv uf}d
rgxpgh} }l Hlcpajv‖x }gighlccwjfha}fljx) jg}ulrofje lr fjnlrca}flj prlhgxxfje xvx}gcx
$fjhiwmfje) uf}dlw} ifcf}a}flj) x}lrgm hlcpw}gr nfigx) gcafi cgxxaegx ajm ~lfhg cgxxaegx& ajm}da} cv ah}f~f}v ajm ajv nfigx lr cgxxaegx lj lr wxfje ajv ln }dlxg xvx}gcx cav bg cljf}lrgm a}ajv }fcg uf}dlw} jl}fhg*7*
Wj}fi ljg vgar an}gr }dg }grc ln cv gcpilvcgj}) F ufii jl} gjhlwraeg lrxlifhf} ajv gcpilvgg lr hljxwi}aj} ln Hlcpajv }l iga~g Hlcpajv nlr ajv rgaxlj $gthgp} nlr }dgblja nfmg nfrfje ln Hlcpajv pgrxljjgi uf}dfj }dg xhlpg ln cv gcpilvcgj}&*>*
F aergg }da} mwrfje }dg }grc ln cv gcpilvcgj} uf}d Hlcpajv $udg}dgr lrjl} mwrfje bwxfjgxx dlwrx&) F ufii jl} gjeaeg fj ajv ah}f~f}v }da} fx fj ajv uav hlcpg}f}f~g uf}d}dg bwxfjgxx lr mgcljx}rabiv aj}fhfpa}gm bwxfjgxx ln Hlcpajv) ajm F ufii jl} axxfx} ajv l}dgrpgrxlj lr lreajf{a}flj fj hlcpg}fje lr fj prgparfje }l hlcpg}g uf}d ajv bwxfjgxx lrmgcljx}rabiv aj}fhfpa}gm bwxfjgxx ln Hlcpajv*5*
F aergg }da} }dfx Aerggcgj} fx jl} aj gcpilvcgj} hlj}rah} nlr ajvpar}fhwiar }grc ajm }da} F da~g }dg rfed} }l rgxfej ajm Hlcpajv dax }dg rfed} }l }grcfja}g cvgcpilvcgj} a} ufii) a} ajv }fcg) nlr ajv lr jl rgaxlj) uf}d lr uf}dlw} hawxg* Fj ammf}flj) }dfxAerggcgj} mlgx jl} pwrplr} }l xg} nlr}d aii ln }dg }grcx ajm hljmf}fljx ln cv gcpilvcgj}) ajm)ax aj gcpilvgg ln Hlcpajv) F da~g lbifea}fljx }l Hlcpajv udfhd arg jl} xg} nlr}d fj }dfxAerggcgj}* Dlug~gr) }dg }grcx ln }dfx Aerggcgj} el~grj l~gr ajv fjhljxfx}gj} }grcx ajm hajljiv bg hdajegm bv a xwbxgqwgj} urf}}gj aerggcgj} xfejgm bv }dg Hdfgn Gtghw}f~g Lnnfhgr ln Hlcpajv*4*
F aergg }da} cv lbifea}fljx wjmgr paraerapdx 2) 8) = ajm 7 ln }dfxAerggcgj} xdaii hlj}fjwg fj gnngh} an}gr }grcfja}flj ln cv gcpilvcgj}) rgearmigxx ln }dg rgaxljlr rgaxljx nlr }grcfja}flj) ajm udg}dgr xwhd }grcfja}flj fx ~liwj}arv lr fj~liwj}arv lj cv par})
8ajm }da} Hlcpajv fx gj}f}igm }l hlccwjfha}g cv lbifea}fljx wjmgr }dfx Aerggcgj} }l ajv nw}wrggcpilvgr lr pl}gj}fai gcpilvgr ln cfjg* Cv lbifea}fljx wjmgr paraerapdx 2) 8 ajm = aixl xdaiibg bfjmfje wplj cv dgfrx) gtghw}lrx) axxfejx) ajm amcfjfx}ra}lrx ajm xdaii fjwrg }l }dg bgjgnf} ln Hlcpajv) f} xwbxfmfarfgx) xwhhgxxlrx ajm axxfejx*6*
Ajv mfxpw}g fj }dg cgajfje) gnngh} lr ~aifmf}v ln }dfx Aerggcgj} xdaii bgrgxli~gm fj ahhlrmajhg uf}d }dg iaux ln }dg X}a}g ln Haifnlrjfa uf}dlw} rgearm }l }dg hljnifh} ln iaux prl~fxfljx }dgrgln* F nwr}dgr aergg }da} fn ljg lr clrg prl~fxfljx ln }dfx Aerggcgj} arg dgim}l bg fiigeai lr wjgjnlrhgabig wjmgr appifhabig Haifnlrjfa iau) xwhd fiigeai lr wjgjnlrhgabigplr}flj$x& xdaii bg ifcf}gm lr gthiwmgm nrlc }dfx Aerggcgj} }l }dg cfjfcwc gt}gj} rgqwfrgm xl}da} }dfx Aerggcgj} xdaii l}dgrufxg rgcafj fj nwii nlrhg ajm gnngh} ajm gjnlrhgabig fj ahhlrmajhguf}d f}x }grcx* ]dfx Aerggcgj} fx nwiiv axxfejabig ajm }rajxngrabig bv Hlcpajv) bw} ajvpwrplr}gm axxfejcgj} lr }rajxngr bv cg fx ~lfm* F aixl wjmgrx}ajm }da} ajv brgahd ln }dfxAerggcgj} ufii hawxg frrgparabig darc }l Hlcpajv nlr udfhd macaegx ulwim jl} bg ajamgqwa}g rgcgmv) ajm) }dgrgnlrg) Hlcpajv ufii bg gj}f}igm }l fjkwjh}f~g rgifgn uf}d rgxpgh}}dgrg}l fj ammf}flj }l ajv l}dgr rgcgmfgx ajm uf}dlw} ajv rgqwfrgcgj} }l plx} bljm*
F DA^G RGAM ]DFX AERGGCGJ] HARGNWIIV AJM F WJMGRX]AJMAJM AHHGP] ]DG LBIFEA]FLJX UDFHD F] FCPLXGX WPLJ CG UF]DLW]RGXGR^A]FLJ* JL PRLCFXGX LR RGPRGXGJ]A]FLJX DA^G BGGJ CAMG ]LCG ]L FJMWHG CG ]L XFEJ ]DFX AERGGCGJ]* F XFEJ ]DFX AERGGCGJ]^LIWJ]ARFIV AJM NRGGIV) FJ MWPIFHA]G) UF]D ]DG WJMGRX]AJMFJE]DA] ]DG HLCPAJV UFII RG]AFJ LJG HLWJ]GRPAR] AJM ]DG L]DGRHLWJ]GRPAR] UFII BG RG]AFJGM BV CG*
\\\\\\\\\\\\\) 20\\\ GcpilvggXfeja}wrgJacg $Prfj}gm&Ahhgp}gm ajm Aerggm }l;
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BvJacg]f}ig
