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Electric Load Management in Industry
E n er g y E f f i i c i en c y
January 2009
THIS BROCHURE IS AN INTERNATIONAL UIE REPORT
WHAT IS UIE?
Stemming from the International Union for Electroheat, the abbreviation of which has been retained, the UIEenlarged its scope in 1994 to cover all issues related to the promotion and development of electricity applications.Its efforts are focused on studying electrical technologies and their applications, communicating the relevantinformation and liaising with the organisations concerned with the subject.Most UIE Members are represented by a National Committee but in countries without National Committees, the UIEis open to individual or corporate Members. Member countries include: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Spain,Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States. The UIE Presidents are elected in rotation; traditionally, the job is taken over by a person from the country hostingthe forthcoming quadrennial Congress. The representatives of the National Committees get together in a DirectingCommittee, which defines the policy and strategy of the Union. In particular, the Committee manages three studyorgans :
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The “Techniques and Applications”Committee is the Union’s technical Committee; it organises the choice of working topics and monitors the technical work.
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The “Education and Research”Committee manages training and communication actions aimed at teachersand students.
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The “Information and Communication”Committee organises the Union’s exchange of information andcommunication, with special emphasis on the quadrennial Congresses.
WORKING GROUPS
The choice of working topics is made by using an original method. The field of investigation is selected and adaptedfollowing a quadrennial enquiry with the National Committees. The proposals are assessed according to the criteriaof usefulness and feasibility:
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Usefulness is measured on the basis of the topicality and sustainability of the issue, the number of “taker”countries and the nature of the project (the need to “let know”is better valorised than a technical watch ora synthesis);
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Feasibility is measured on the basis of the availability of ad-hoc experts, the state of development (research,development, industrialisation) and the investment the members are willing to put in. The topics studied by the UIE Working Groups and the 14 technical themes selected for discussion at theBirmingham Congress result mostly from the enquiry conducted in 1992 to outline the field of investigations for theperiod 1992-1996. For example, the “Techniques and Applications”Committee set up six Working Groups in 1993,which produced reports on:
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Waste Treatment and Clean Processes
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Electric Load Management in Industry
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Guide to Quality of Electrical Supply for Industrial Installations
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Electricity in the Food and Drinks Industry
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Energy Savings in Buildings by Efficient Use of Electricity
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Energy Savings in Industry by Efficient Use of Electricity.
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http://www.leonardo-energy.org
“Electric Load Management in Industry”working group:
Chairman: W. GRATTIERI (I).Members: A. DEMOUSELLE (B), T. DUNNE (UK), H.R. HAGMANN (CH),J.M.H. KEVERS (NL) S. LINDSKOUG (S), H. OTTOSSON (S), J.F. REYNAUD (F).Correspondent: H. AOKI (J).All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means.French act of March 11, 1957. The members of the UIE Working Group and the UIE have used their best efforts in researching and preparing thispublication. They do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss or damage caused by errors oromissions whether such errors or omissions result from accident, negligence or any other cause.ISBN 2-950-7878-8-6
Foreword
Energy is a fundamental possession, essential to the functioning of our economies. Even though the EuropeanUnion’s energy dependency has decreased, energy is still a rare commodity. The energy policy plays a determining role in attaining goals of competitiveness, security of supplies, andenvironmental protection. It is an essential element in the economic and social cohesion of the Community’s interiormarket. The choice of the type of energy to use for a given application is relatively limited (there are what are called “captiveuses”: electricity for lighting or motor power, gasoline for automobile transport, etc.) and often depends on a givencountry’s resources. That is why actions that promote better use of each type of energy remain most effective inincreasing “economic efficiency”, guided by the principle of using energy at the most appropriate times.Where electrical energy is concerned, it is important to reach consumers and in particular smaller industries andbusinesses to inform them and help them make intelligent and constructive use of their “load curve”. This is one of the keys to productivity gains. This report’s outline of the specificities of electrical energy use shows that investments and production costs aredirectly dependent on simultaneity of needs. Thus a regular curve at the national or local level, one whose direct orindirect costs are reflected in rates, is essential for the consumer. The authors show that today, industrial users have the technical means to regulate and manage their electrical needsat a reasonable cost. This is a natural consequence of automated management of industrial production.Finally, the most interesting aspect of this study, in our opinion, is that it gives a variety of examples both of industriesconcerned and of nations they are based in. This is how the UIE’s international specialists want to go aboutconvincing us: pragmatically. We should be grateful to them for doing so.Fabrizio CACCIA DOMINIONIDirector for the Directorate XVII IC:Industries and markets IINon-fossil energy
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Electric Load Management in Industry
http://www.leonardo-energy.org
Electric Load Management in Industry
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Sections
« prev | next »- 1.1. Electricity, the Special Product
- 1.2. Electric Load Management
- 1.3. Presentation of this Brochure
- 2.1 The Cost of Electricity Supply
- 2.2 Electricity Rates
- 3.1 Impact of Load Management on the Total Electricity System
- 3.2. The Total Demand System Compared with the Customer Load Profile
- 3.3. Co-ordinating Load Management for Maximum Benefit
- 3.4. Advantages of Practising Load Management
- 3.5. Example of Industrial Load Management
- 4.1 Market Activities
- 4.2. The Different Load Management Contracts
- 4.3 Treatment of Risk
- 4.4 General Remarks on the Interaction between Utilities and Customers
- 5.1 Load Curve Analysis
- 5.2 Controllable Electric Loads
- 5.3 Control Methods
- 5.4. Storage Systems
- 5.5 Stand-by Electricity Generation
- 5.6 Change in Technology
- 5.7. Demand Controllers
- 5.8 Load Management in Selected Industries
- 6.1. EXAMPLES IN FRANCE
- 6.2. EXAMPLES IN ITALY
- 6.3. EXAMPLES IN JAPAN
- 6.4. EXAMPLE IN THE NETHERLANDS
- 6.5. EXAMPLES IN SWEDEN
- 6.6. EXAMPLES IN SWITZERLAND
- 6.7 EXAMPLE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
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