IAGTFall2010Course Hamilton,Ontario

Session 6

Gas Turbine Emissions and Regulatory Developments

(Part 1)

AirEmissions (NOx,GHGs,SystemEfficiency)
BalancingObjectives EmissionStandardsandGuidelines CleanEnergyApplications

ManfredKlein
ProgramCoordinator,Energy&Environment GasTurbineLabs, NationalResearchCouncil 6139499686 manfred.klein@nrccnrc.gc.ca

WhatareCleanerEnergyChoices?
LowAirPollution,GHGEmissions,AirToxicsandWaterImpacts AggressiveEnergyConservationandEfficiency SmallRenewableEnergies,BiomassFuels HighEfficiencyNat.GasSystems(GTCHP,GTCC) LargeHydro&NuclearFacilities Coal&BitumenGasification,Polygen w/CCS WasteEnergyRecovery
2030%of theseredns

NewGTsystemscan leadtoCanadianGHG redns of6070Mt/yr

IEAWEOBlueMap

AirEmissions
AirPollution Sulphur DioxideSO2 NitrogenOxidesNO2* VolatileOrganicsVOC FineParticulatesPM GHGs CarbonDioxideCO2 MethaneCH4 NitrousOxideN20* SF6 etal

Mercury&HeavyMetals Ammonia

OzoneDepletion CFCs
Individual..orSystem

Kg/MWh

ComparingEmissionsfrom ThermalEnergySystems
CannotproduceAirPollution withoutmakingCO2

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Coal

Kg/MWh

AirPollution

SO2 NOx PM

Oil

Gas

GTCC

GTCHP

Bio

IGCC

1200

NaturalGas

1000 800

CarbonDioxide

CoalandOil BiomassandSyngas Integratedanalyses

600 400 200 0 Coal Oil Gas GTCC GTCHP Bio IGCC

EmissionsinGasTurbineEngines
FactorsAffectingNOx Emissions

Unitefficiency(PR,massflow, TurbineInletTemp) Enginetype(AeroorFrame) DryLowNOx combustor Full&Partloadoperation,starts Coldandhotweather Typeofaircompressor(spools) N1/N2,OutputSpeeds P/LSystemoperationsequencing
WasteHeatRecovery

Unitsize,CHPdesign,ductburner Concentrationvs MassFlow

NOxReductionMethods
Steam/WaterInjection Prevention,2/3rednto1kg/MWhr SomeCombustionComponentWear PlantEfficiencyPenalty Dependsuponvalueofplantsteam
(Kawasaki)

SelectiveCatalyticReduction(SCR) NH3 injectionintocatalystinHRSG ~80%NOxReduction

BackendControl
Ammoniaemissions&handling(toxic), finePM,N2O? Cyclingduty ammoniaslip EfficiencylossinHRSG

Marginal,low$/tonnebenefitafterDLN
ISTAecon

DryLowEmissionsCombustion
Preventative reductionby6090% MaintainsHighEfficiency Goodexperiencewithlargeindustrialengines SomeReliabilityIssuesforAeroderivedGTs TooLowValuesmayleadtoinoperabilityand combustorproblems AppliedtoSyngascombustion?

SolarSoLoNox

GEFrame7FDLN2

RollsRoyceRB211dle

GELM6000dle

AretherePM2.5particulateemissionsfromgasfiredturbines?
(AP42 0.07lb/MWhr ?)

2milliont/yrAir

AirFilter99.8%

60kT/yrfuel

DoesdryNGcombustionproducefinePMemissions? WhatistheInletExhaustmassbalance? ArethereanyAirToxics?

GasTurbineEmissionGuidelines&Standards
Objectives PreventionofAirPollution,Toxics MinimizeGHGs EnergyConservation SystemEfficiency SizeandLocation NOVAChemicals,JoffreAB MinimizeWaterImpacts Noise ReduceCFCs Lookforsolutionswith; EnergySecurity MultipleEconomicBenefits, EmissionsTrading
SystemsAnalysis BalancedApproach

ExamplesofInternationalStandards 2005
(forGTUnitsLargerthan~10MWe,gasfuel) UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Germany France Japan Canada Australia EULCPD WorldBank

2 42ppm 60mg/m3 75mg/m3 50mg/m3* 15 70ppm 140g/GJout * 70mg/m3 50 75mg/m3* 125mg/m3

Facility CogenerationIncentives(ValuesSubjecttoChange) NewUSEPArules,2006

SampleEmissionsUnitConversionsforNOx PercentO2 conversionsforppmv from25ppmvat15%O2 to value for16%O2=21ppmv

3%O2 =76ppmv NOxppmvtomg/Nm3 withthesame%O2 basis from50mg/m3 = 24ppmv

25ppmv NOx = 0.099lb/MMBTU(=42.9g/GJ) 1lbNOx/MMBTU=252ppmv

NaturalGasat15%O2 (LHVBasis,fuelinput)

Dieselfuelat15%O2 (LHVBasis,fuelinput)
25ppmvNOx= 0.10lb/MMBTU(=43.5g/GJ)
FromSolarTurbines (mysolar.cat.com) SeeCustomerSupportToolbox

CanadianGTEmissionGuidelines(1992)
GuidelineReflectsNationalConsensus NOx PreventionTechnology OutputBasedStandardforEfficiency (140g/GJout Power+40g/GJHeat) EngineSizingConsiderations PromotesCogenerationandlowCO2 FlexibleEmissionsMonitoring EmissionsTrading ColdWeatherconsiderations

CanadianGasTurbineGuideline,1992
EnergyOutputbasedGuidelineallowshigherNOx forsmaller units,whichtendtohavehighersystemCHPefficiency NOx ppm

60 50 40 30 20 10 20 40
Power 240g/GJ 140g/GJ

Heat 40g/GJ

320MW >20MWe

60

80

100

OverallPlantThermalEfficiency%

NewUSEPARulesforGasTurbines
CanchooseOutputbased,orConcentrationBasedRules(EPAOAR20040490) Size, Heat Input (MMBTU/hr)
(New Units, Natural Gas Fuel) < 50 (electricity, 3.5 MWe) (mechanical, 3.5 MW) 50 to 850 (3 110 MW) Over 850 (> 110 MW)

ppm

lb/MWhr

42 100 25 15

2.3 5.5 1.2 0.43

Units in Arctic, Offshore < 30 MW > 30 MW

150 96

8.7 4.7

MWcouldincludeMWth forwasteheatinCHP Efficiencybased,SCRlikelynotrequired GasificationsystemsinSubPart Da FlexibleEmissionsMonitoring

Subpart (KKKK)

EULargeCombustionPlantDirective(LCPD,2001)
EmissionLimitValuesforSO2,NOx,PMformostindustrialplants withover50MWth HeatInput Combinesplantpermitswithtradingallowancesforexistingand newfacilities(BATRefdocuments) ReferstoGHGtradingforplants>20MWth EUisdiscussingnewpoliciesaroundCACsandGHGs NOx EmissionLimitsforGasTurbines(2001 Naturalgas)
50mg/m3(simple)or75mg/m3(cogenerationw/75%effy) CombinedCycle: 50xeffy /35 Mechanicaldrives: 75mg/m3

Liquidandothergaseousfuels:

120mg/m3

SummaryofAmericanPowerAct,recentUSCleanEnergy Initiatives
AmericanCleanEnergy&Security (ACES) WaxmanMarkeyBill,CapandTradeproposal(17%GHGredn,2030) AmericanCleanEnergyLeadershipAct (ACELA) EnergySecurity,JobCreation,IntlLeadership CarbonLimitsandEnergyforAmericaRenewalAct (CLEAR) CapandDividendbill(75%return 25%reinvest) EPARegulations(CleanAirAct,health?) forfacilities>25000tpy,Trading,BAT,NaturalGas Regional&Stateinitiatives(WesternWCI,NortheastRGGI,Midwest) RenewableElectricityPromotionAct(REPA) Renewableelectricitystandard CleanEnergyActof2010(CEA) RES,plusNuclear,CleanCoal

CompressorStationGHGEmissionsManagement
Efficient,ReliableGTs DLN

WasteHeatRecovery MinimizingStopsandStarts DryGasSealsreducemethaneleakage Air,ElectricorHydraulicGTStarters AirGasDischargeCoolers PlanStationESDstominimizeblowdowns Recip Retirements

AerialAftercoolers GasTransferCompressor

AxialInletConversions CompressorDrySeals

CleanEnergyBalancingAct
EnergySupplyChoices EnergySecurity
GlobalAtmosphere Climate&OzoneLayer

Conservation&Efficiency EmissionsTrading
Policy, Regulations Technology Research

Demand&Consumption SystemReliability

EconomicPerformance

GasTurbineEmissionPrevention&Control(NOx,GHGs)
CEMorPEM

ProperThermalSizing

HRSGHeat DuctFiring

HEPAfilter

SteamorN2 injection Selective Catalytic Reduction? CH4 LeakagePrevention MaximizingSystemOutputCHPEfficiency DryLowNOx Combustion H2,Syngas Fuels

SystemReliability
GEPowerSystems

ComparisonofCO2EmissionsfromPowerGenerationPlants
Kg/MWhr

(HeatRatexFuelCO2 =kg/MWhr)
FuelCO2 inkg/GJ; Coal8090Oil74NatGas50

1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Coal

Imported fossilpower avoidance

AverageEnergy Mix?

InternalCHP credit

CCS

Oil

Gas

GTCC GTCHP

Bio

IGCC

SomeExamplesofAirEmissionTradeoffs
Too Low Combustor NOx Levels;

- power generation
- pipeline compression

IncreasedGTPlantsize, MoreCO2,CH4 andN2O,UHCandsometoxics Combustionunreliability,Unittrips, Starts/stops,blowdowns,CH4venting,noise H2 flashback,unittrips,SafetyrisksinHRSG NoheatloadsforCogenopportunities(location) Highthermaldischarge,condenserenergylosses MoreGHGs,vapourplumes,gaspricerise UsedonLargerPlants, AmmoniaTransportandHandlingrisks Ammoniaslip,fineparticulates LessHRSGefficiency,fouling,moreGHGs Energyintensive,landuse,highairpollution(?)

- IGCC Gas turbine Very Large Combined Cycles

Ammonia-based SCR Controls

CO2 Capture and Storage

HowToDealWithEmissionTradeoffs
Manytypesofemissionsriseasotherdecrease,ie; DLNvs SCR,FiringTemp.vs NOx,LowNOx vs Methane Forplanningpurposes,wecanusesimple,conservative EmissionsValuation,addedtogether($/tonne)

Examples:

NOx,SO2 PM,NH3 CO2 CH4,N20

$2000 $5000 $20 $400,$6000 $1million

HeavyMetals

EnvironmentalAssessmentofMackenzieGasPipeline
95%ofGHG&NOx emissionsarefromgas turbineunitsandsmallgensets 20gasturbines(270MW) 10smallrecip engines(13MW) NOx combustionlevelswhicharetoolow willcauseengineinstability. CCMEGuidelinebalancesNOx preventiontomoderatelevel,withlow GHGemissions. BAT= DryLowNOx,WasteHeatRecovery BMPsforfugitive,ventedmethane Maintainsystemreliability
(ImperialOil)

Solid Fuel Gasification System

Air Air separation
O2 Coal Petcoke CO H2 Slag N2 steam

CO2

ToCCS pipeline
NOx

Gasifier

Water Shift Reaction

Gas Cleanup
H2

GTCombined Cycle

MWe

Sulphur

Process Heat

DifficultDryLowNOx solution needdilutionw/N2 Isverylowppm NOx necessary,orevenpossible? Isthisagasplant,oracoalplant? WhatistheoverallObjective,Businesscase?

N2 Injection

GasificationforPowerandOilsands
IntegratedGasificationCombinedCycle (IGCC)convertingcoal,bitumen, petcoke orbiomassintosyntheticgas MajorbenefitispressurizedpureCO2, easilycapturedandgeologicallystored Polygeneration ofEnergyandH2 in oilsands,toavoiduseofnaturalgas CombustionR&DforhighH2 fuelinGTs

OPTINexen, LongLake,AB Asphaltene Gasification,AlbertaOilsands