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Prepared by V. Aditya vardhan adichemadi(at)gmail.com
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1
Updated on28th Jan, 2011and going to be updated frequently.
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SOLVEDCSIR UGC JRF NETCHEMICAL SCIENCESThis part contains material related to bioinorganic chemistry, catalysis, analytical chemis-try, boranes, molecular orbital theory etc.,41)Complexes of which of the following metals are used in the treatment of rheumatoid ar-thritis:1. Gold2. Ruthenium3. Iron4. CopperExplanation
* Gold salts (containing Au(I)) like Auranofin, Sodium aurothiomalate, aurothioglucose areused to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Additional informationSome applications of metals in medicine
* cis platin and budotitane are used in treatment of cancer.* Iron in the form of ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate are used in treatment of iron deficiencyanemia.* Li
+
, in the form of Li
2
CO
3
, is used in the treatment of depression, hypertension.* Sb(III) salts are used in eczema (inflammatory condition of skin).* Bi(III) salts (as Bismuth subsalicylate ) are used in gastric ulcer.* BaSO
4
is used as contrast agent in radiography.* Gd
3+
is used as contrast agent in NMR.*
99m
Tc (in Cardiolyte) is used in radio diagnostics.
99m
Tc is a metastable isotope of Technetium,an artificially made element. It’s half life is 6hrs only and emits gamma rays.* Silver sulfadiazine is used to treat and prevent bacterial or fungal infections of the skin.* Selenium sulfide used to treat seborrheic dermatitis and Tinea versicolor.* MoS
42-
(tetrathiomolybdate) is used as “anti copper agent” in Wilson’s disease (excess of copper accumulation in liver - a genetic disorder). It is also used as an antitumor agent.
Inorganic elements and their biological functionsBulk metals
- Na, K, Mg, Ca
Trace metals
- Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, V - metals with low conc. are used for biocatalysis.*
Na
+
,K
+
:As electrolytes, maintain the concentration gradient (osmotic balance).
 
Prepared by V. Aditya vardhan adichemadi(at)gmail.com
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2
Helps in active and passive transport.Charge carriers.*
Mg
2+
:Present in chlorophyll.In energy production (ATP --->ADP);Activation of enzymes.Information carrier;Present in endo and exo skeletons.*
Ca
2+
:Charge carrier.In muscle and nerve functions - cell signalling. It acts as second messenger and sen-tinel at synapse.Present in teeth as Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
(OH) (hydroxylapatite), and CaCO
3
,Present in endo and exo skeletons;In activation of enzymes;In blood coagulation.*
V
IV/V
, Mo
IV/VI
, W
IV/VI
, Mn
II/III/IV
, Fe
II/III
, Ni
I/II/III
, Cu
I/II
: electron transfer*
Fe and Cu
: Transport and storage of dioxygen.Fe
3
O
4
is used to store iron, and, as it is magnetic, is used by ‘magnetotactic’ bacteriato sense the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field.*
Co
:Cobalamine, e.g. Vitamin-B
12
*
Mn
:In photosynthesis, generation of dioxygen by splitting water. Mn is part of OEC(Oxygen Evolving Complex) in PS II.*
Mo, Fe & V
: Conversion of N
2
to ammonia (nitrogen fixation).*
Zn
2+
:Enzymes, zincfinger proteins (genetic transcription), stabilization of proteins.*
Si(IV)
Bones.*
P
5+
:Hydroxylapatite, ATP, cell membrane, DNA.*
Se(II)
:Selenocysteine*
F
-
:As fluorapatite (Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
F) in teeth.*
Cl
-
:Most important free anion, besides HCO
3-
*
I
-
:functioning of hormones of the thyroid, in radiation therapy.*
Ni
2+
:
Hydrogenase and hydrolases (urease).
Bioactivity and accompanying metals
* Electron carriersFe : cytochrome, iron-sulfur protein;Cu : blue copper protein.* Metal storage compoundFe : ferritin (related is “transferrin” which transport iron)Zn : metallothionein.* Oxygen transportation agentFe: hemoglobin (related is “myoglobin” which stores O
2
)Cu: hemocyanin.* PhotosynthesisMg: chlorophyll in PSIMn: part of OEC in PSII* HydrolaseZn: carboxypeptidase.Mg: aminopeptidase.* OxidoreductaseFe: oxygenase, hydrogenase.Fe, Mo: nitrogenase.
 
Prepared by V. Aditya vardhan adichemadi(at)gmail.com
WARANGAL
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3
* IsomeraseFe: aconitase.Co: vitamin B
12
coenzyme.
% of Elements in Earth Crust and in Human Body
Element % Element %O 47 O 63Si 28 C 25.5Al 7.9 H 9.5Fe 4.5 N 1.4Ca 3.5 Ca 0.31Na 2.5 P 0.22K 2.5 K 0.08Mg 2.2 S 0.06
Earth crust Human body
More stuff - with brief explanation
* Superoxide dismutase, present in the cytosol, is a Cu-Zn containing enzyme catalyzing thedisproportionation of O
2-
(superoxide) to O
22-
(peroxide) and H
2
O.* Hemocyanins are respiratory metalloproteins containing two copper atoms that reversiblybind a single oxygen molecule (O
2
).* In terms of abundance in the human body, zinc is the most important trace element after iron.Zinc is present ini) carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme, which converts HCO
3-
to CO
2
.ii) zinc finger proteins which recognize specific DNA sequences and are involved in genefunction.iii) Liver Alcohol DeHydrogenase (LADH), which facilitate the inter conversion betweenalcohols and aldehydes (or ketones).* Normal nitrogenase enzymes contain Mo and Fe, but less common forms with vanadium arealso known.Nitrogenase enzyme catalyses conversion of N
2
to ammonia.* Vitamin B-12 contains Co(III). There is a corrin ring system in it. (Can you mention thedifference between heme and corrin ring systems?)* Among the metals present in human body, the most abundant is Calcium.* Be, Cd, Hg, Tl and Pb are toxic elements. These elements have strong complexing ability andan especially strong affinity for sulfur. They may displace essential elements such as Ca and Fe,and may also disrupt protein structure by breaking S-S bridges. Once attached to suitable ligandsthey are hard to displace.Chelation therapy is used in treatment for heavy metal poisoning. It uses chelating ligandslike EDTA that bind very strongly with toxic elements in complexed form and remove them.
Additional questions:41.1) Give the structure, hybridization and magnetic moment of cis-platin? Write its actionon cancer cells.
Ans:- cis-Diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)Note: chlorido is very recent IUPAC usage instead of chloro.* Pt (Z=78). Belongs to Nickel group. with e.c - [Xe] 4f 
14
5d
8
6s
2
* For Pt
2+
-- [Xe] 4f 
14
5d
8
.* Hybridization of Pt
2+
is dsp
2
. It is a square planar and low spin complex with zero magnetic
of 00

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Umendra Khokhar

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Rajan Elody

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Priyanka Nni Si Jan

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reply09 / 07 / 2011
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reply05 / 24 / 2011
Ritu Sharma

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