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"cultural objects, (...) public representations of mental objects of a particula
r type that are produced in the brains of mathematicians and are propagated from
one brain to another" (p. 35)Are posteriori results of evolution" (P. 36)The exis
tence of mathematics has as much to do with the evolution of our knowledge acqui
sition apparatus our brain as it does with the evolution of mathematical objects
themselves" (p. 40).
"Mental representations memory objects are coded in the brain as forms in the Ge
stalt sense, and stored in the neurons and synapses, despite significant variab
ility in synaptic efficacy" (p. 128).

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A complete molecule can be duplicated in three ways. If it is solid and
three dimensional only a supernatural agency, a divine copyist, can, entering
its inner complexity, reproduce it in detail. If we prefer a natural
solution, we must imagine the molecule stretched out either in a plane
or along a line. In either case the simpler constituent molecules have
only to arrange themselves one by one on their identical partners in the
original molecule, and then become linked to each other by the absorption
of suitable quanta from radiation or from second order collisions. That such aut
ocatalysis is possible is indicated by recent work in Russia
and America, where the regular atomic arrays of metallic catalysts
are shown to operate like laceworkers frames on which simple organic
molecules settle to be joined into larger aggregates. A two-dimensional
reproduction of this kind is impossible, owing to the fact that the constituent
amino acids in nature are not symmetrical, but exist in right
or left hand forms. Two-dimensional reproduction would lead to mirror
image molecules, which are not found in nature. There remains then
only one dimensional reproduction. At the moment of reproduction, but
not necessarily at any other time, the molecule of the protein must be
imagined as a pseudo-linear, associating itself, element by element, with
identical groups, related by an axis instead of a plane of symmetry, and
thus preserving only right or only left handed symmetry." Bernal 1931 in Cartwri
ght 2012 P 9-10
the latest estimates indicate that there are some 23 000 genes in the human
genome, is suffcient to construct a human being. How does so little information
control so much behaviour? It is clear that genes must often act as choreographe
rs, coding the big picture while leaving the detailed steps to be self-organized
and self-assembled by physical and chemical processes. Cartwright 2012 P 10

"" ,
With the advent of inexpensive simple humanoid robots,
new classes of robotic questions can be considered experimentally. One
of these is collective behavior of groups of humanoid robots, and in
particular robot synchronization and swarming. The goal of this work is
to robustly synchronize a group of humanoid robots, and to demonstrate
the approach experimentally on a choreography of 8 robots. We aim to be
robust to network latencies, and to allow robots to join or leave the group
at any time (for example a fallen robot should be able to stand up to
rejoin the choreography). Contraction theory is used to allow each robot
in the group to synchronize to a common virtual oscillator, and quorum
sensing strategies are exploited to fit within the available bandwidth. Patrick
B 2012 P1

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"If general conditions are satisfied, the accumulation of adaptations in chemica
l reaction networks can occur. These conditions are the existence of rare reacti
ons producing viable cores (analogous to a genotype), that sustains a molecular
periphery (analogous to a phenotype).
We conclude that only when a chemical reaction network consists of many such via
ble cores, can it be evolvable. When many cores are enclosed in a compartment th
ere is competition between cores within the same compartment, and when there are
many compartments, there is between-compartment competition due to the phenotyp
ic effects of cores and their periphery at the compartment level. Acquisition of
cores by rare chemical events, and loss of cores at division, allows macromutat
ion, limited heredity and selectability, thus explaining how a poor mans natural
selection could have operated prior to genetic templates. This is the only demon
stration to date of a mechanism by which pre-template accumulation of adaptation
could occur." (Vasas 2012 P 1)
"This process of combining, splitting, and recombining di
erent subRAFs (presumed to be compartmentalized replicating entities) can give r
ise to inheritance, mutation, and competition, i.e., indeed evolvability It is in
this context that a possibly exponential number of irrRAFs that can exist withi
n a given maxRAF has an important (and positive, in terms of evolvability) conse
quence. Furthermore, next to evolvability, the example from the previous section
also illustrates how RAF (sub)sets can enable their own growth or even each oth
er s coming into existence.
Taking this one step further, one could imagine a collection of mutually depende
nt RAF sets forming a meta-RAF set: one set enabling (catalyzing) the existence
of another, in mutually beneficial ways. In other words, self-sustaining, functi
onally closed structures can arise at a higher level (an autocatalytic set of au
tocatalytic sets), i.e., true emergence. And this, in turn, opens up the possibi
lity of open-ended evolution." Hordijk 2012, P 8-9

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"Genetic information storage and processing rely on just two polymers, DNA and R
NA, yet whether their role reflects evolutionary history or fundamental function
al constraints is currently unknown. With the use of polymerase evolution and de
sign, we show that genetic information can be stored in and recovered from six a
lternative genetic polymers based on simple nucleic acid architectures not found
in nature [xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs)]. We also select XNA aptamers, which bind
their targets with high affinity and specificity, demonstrating that beyond here
dity, specific XNAs have the capacity for Darwinian evolution and folding into d
efined structures. Thus, heredity and evolution, two hallmarks of life, are not
limited to DNA and RNA but are likely to be emergent properties of polymers capa
ble of information storage." P 1

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We have discovered that Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium cell motion is not a s
imple random walk. Unlike a Lvy walk, no intrinsic scale invariance in cell traje
ctory is apparent. Unlike an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, cell velocity distribut
ions deviate from a Gaussian velocity distribution. Unlike a worm-like-chain mod
el, the observed oscillations in angles indicate a well-developed and organized
cellular mechanism driving the observed behavior. With respect to searching stra
tegy, a left turn tends to be followed by a right turn. Cells move forward in a
zig-zag manner and maintain a long directional persistence. In this way, time wa
sted on exhaustive back and forth searching is greatly reduced, thereby enlargin
g the search area and improving search efficiency.

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"It has been hypothesized that the processing of visual information in primates
is accomplished by two parallel visual pathways with different spatial
and temporal characteristics. In general, the magnocellular system is most sensi

tive to low spatial frequencies, has high temporal resolution and responds quick
ly and transiently to moving targets. This system is thought to be involved in s
uch things as brightness discrimination, the perception of motion and depth, the
localization of visual stimuli in space and in the global analysis of visual sc
enes". P492

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Barabasi A. L. 2003 "Scale-Free Networks", Scientific American, May
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Changeux J. Connes A. 1995, Conversations on Mind, Matter, and Mathemati
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Hellige J. B. 1996 "Hemispheric asymmetry for visual information process
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PLoS One. 2008 May 7;3(5):e2093.
Persistent cell motion in the absence of external signals: a search strategy for
eukaryotic cells.
Li L, Nrrelykke SF, Cox EC.
"Cheater-resistance is not futile" 2009 Nature September, Anupama Khare1, Loren
zo A. Santorelli1,2, Joan E. Strassmann2, David C. Queller2, Adam Kuspa1,2,3 & G
ad Shaulsky1,2
The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds
John Tyler Bonner, 2008
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjRPla0BONA
Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostelium
Discoideum, Joan E. Strassmann, Yong Zhu & David C. Queller
http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/Bio_complexity/11.%20Swarming%20Intelligence/Dcty-C
heaters.pdf
"Site-specific chromosomal integration of large synthetic constructs"
Thomas E. Kuhlman* and Edward C. Cox , 2010 , http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar
ticles/PMC2847246/?tool=pubmed
Pinheiro, et al. 2012 "Synthetic Genetic Polymers Capable of Heredity and Evolut
ion", Science 20
Hordijk W. 2010 "Autocatalytic Sets and the Origin of Life", Entropy, 12
Hordijk W. 2012 "The Structure of Autocatalytic Sets: Evolvability, Enablement a
nd Emergence", http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.0584.pdf
Vasas V. 2012 "Evolution Before Genes" Biology Direct, 7
"The evolutionary origins of modularity"
Jeff Clune, , Jean-Baptiste Mouret, Hod Lipson, 2012
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.2743v1.pdf
"Graphene re-knits its holes", Recep Zan, Quentin M. Ramasse, Ursel Bangert
and Konstantin S. Novoselov
Synchronization and quorum sensing in a swarm of
humanoid robots, Patrick B. 2012