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Minimizing the volume of the stud head simplifies its production by forging and reduces the congestion of the reinforcement in the concrete forms. Research at The University of Texas at Austin18-20 has shown that studs with smaller anchor heads and deformed stem can also be used in some applications, considering in their design that the full yield strength is developed at a specified development length away from the head. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE REVIEW OF STATE OF THE ART The ACI 318 Code21 allows the use of mechanical anchorages that are "capable of developing the strength of the reinforcement without damage to concrete." Designers, increasingly using the headed studs, cannot take full advantage of the superiority of anchorage when adhering to code's requirements. This is because the code does not allow the use of smaller amounts of reinforcement or larger spacing when headed bars are used. The present review of extensive research that shows many uses of headed bars and gives design recommendations should be of help to designers and writers of codes or technical reports. ANCHORAGE OF BARS Anchorage of reinforcing bars is often achieved by the use of 90-, 135-, or 180-degree hooks. If the tensile force and the stress developed in the hook are T and ^sub s^, respectively, a radial force T/R per unit length is exerted by the bar on the concrete inside the bend; where R is the inner radius of the bend. The average bearing stress on the concrete is T/(Rd^sub b^); where d^sub b^ is the diameter of the bar. The ACI 318 Code21 requires that R 2d^sub b^ for d^sub b^ 5/8 in. (16 mm). With this radius, the average bearing stress on the concrete is ( ^sub s^ d^sub b^^sup 2^/4)/(2d^sub b^^sup 2^) = 0.4 ^sub s^. When ^sub s^ approaches the yield strength [function of]^sub y^ of the bar, the bearing stress can damage (split or crush) the concrete inside the bend and result in bend slip; thus, the hook cannot develop the stress [function of]^sub y^ in the bar. For this reason, building codes such as ACI 318-0521 require minimum values for the inner radius R and in many applications require that the bend engage a heavier bar, running perpendicular to the plane of the bend (Fig. 1(a)). Even when this requirement is satisfied, the slip that occurs at the hooks causes the full yield strength of the bars to be developed only at some distance away from the bends. Leonhardt and Walther22 measured the slip that occurs at the bends of 90-, 135-, and 180degree hooks, when engaging heavier bars lodged inside the bends. At stress level of ^sub s^ = 400 MPa (60 ksi), with a concrete strength of [function of]'^sub c^ = 25 MPa (3600 psi), the measured slip varied between 0.1 and 0.25 mm (0.004 and 0.010 in.) and increased rapidly with the increase of ^sub s^, reaching between 0.2 and 0.9 mm at ^sub s^ = 500 MPa (0.008 and 0.035 in. at 70 ksi). With the headed studs in Fig. 1(b), Eligehausen17 measured slip varying between 0.013 and 0.033 mm at ^sub s^ = 400 MPa and between 0.023 and 0.045 mm at ^sub s^ = 500 MPa (0.5 10-3 and 1.3 10^sup -3^ in. at 60 ksi and between 0.9 and 1.8 10^sup -3^ in. at ^sub s^ = 70 ksi), with [function of]'^sub c^ = 25 MPa (3600 psi). The lower bearing stress and the smaller slip make studs with a head at each end more effective than conventional stirrups in controlling concrete cracks that intersect the stems at any location between the heads (for example, cracks due to shear or splitting forces). ADVANTAGES OF HEADED STUDS When headed studs are used, the congestion and the time of installation can be reduced by the use of a smaller number of studs of larger diameter. For speedy and accurate
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art | ACI Structural Journal | Find Articles at ...
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installation, sets of double-headed studs can be fitted at specified spacing in nonstructural sheet metal troughs, as shown in Fig. 1(b). A hook is required to engage a bar of larger diameter (Fig. 1(a)) that can enhance the anchorage. This mechanical participation to the anchorage, however, can be partly lost when, because of imprecise workmanship, the heavier bar is not in contact with the inner face of the hook. With studs, the head provides positive anchorage, without the need for enhancement. A stud is longer than the vertical effective part of a stirrup (compare Fig. 1(a) and (b)) and thus can intersect more shear cracks. A crack approaching a stirrup leg near a bend tends to follow the bend, rather than intersecting the leg and controlling the width of the crack. The cover to the longitudinal bars has to be greater than the specified minimum plus the diameter of the stirrups (Fig. 1(a)); thus, when stirrups are used in lieu of studs, the distance d between the centroid of the tensile reinforcement and the extreme compression fiber will have to be smaller by an amount equal to the diameter of the stirrups. The reduction in flexural and shear strength of the member, caused by the smaller d, has to be compensated for by the provision of a greater amount of flexural and shear reinforcements; the added amount can be significant in thin slabs. APPLICATIONS Punching shear of slabs and footings Figure 2(a) and (b) show two types of stud shear reinforcement (SSR) widely used in slabs and footings in many countries. The studs in Fig. 2(a) have forged heads at one end; at the other end, the studs are welded to a rail (steel strip) that serves for anchorage and holding the studs vertically at the appropriate spacing. The studs in Fig. 2(b) have forged heads at each end; the heads at the lower end snugly fit in a sheet metal trough (or in other nonstructural elements) that serves as a spacer. Typical arrangement of the studs in plan to resist punching shear at an interior column in slabs or footings is shown in Fig. 2(c). The shear-reinforced zone should extend outwards from the column to the vicinity of a critical section at which the shear stress due to the transfer of factored shear force combined with factored unbalanced moment does not exceed [straight phi]v^sub c^; where [straight phi] is the strength reduction factor and v^sub c^ is the nominal shear strength of concrete. (According to ACI 318-05, [straight phi] = 0.7 and
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 2 | ACI Structural Journal
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by strength requirement. For ease in installation of the reinforcement and in casting concrete, the web should be wide enough to accommodate the two legs of closed stirrups, the minimum side covers, and a sufficient space in between for casting and vibrating the concrete. Additional width is required to accommodate draped pretensioned strands or ducts of post-tensioned tendons. The web thickness can be reduced by replacing the legs of conventional stirrups by double-headed studs (Fig. 3(a)). Draped external post-tensioned tendons can be located adjacent to the two sides of the web. Modern precast pretensioned girders,23 widely used in bridge decks, are made continuous by post-tensioned strands inserted in sheet metal ducts located in the midsurface of the web. For ease in construction, the thickness of the web cannot be much less than 175 mm (7 in.). Figure 3(b) shows an alternative design24 using external post-tensioned tendons and double-headed studs in midsurface of a web of thickness 100 mm (4 in.). ACI 318-05 permits shear reinforcement spacing not exceeding d/2 or 3h/4 for nonprestressed or prestressed beams, respectively; h is the overall thickness of the member. Fabrication and accommodation of hooks of bars of diameter 16 mm (5/8 in.) is relatively difficult. For this reason, the spacing between stirrups in bridge I-girders is controlled by the practical bar diameter rather than code requirements. In these cases, one doubleheaded stud of diameter 25 to 30 mm (1 to 1-1/4 in.) can be used to replace several stirrup legs. The advantage is saving in the labor cost of installation of reinforcement. Crossties in columns and walls Double-headed studs are used in Fig. 4 as crossties in columns and walls. Each stud is a substitute for one or more single-leg stirrup(s) (Fig. 1(a)). In columns, the conventional closed stirrup following the perimeter of the cross sections should be maintained, with the studs used only as crossties (Fig. 4(a) and (b)). Unlike the hooks in stirrups, the heads of studs do not need to engage a vertical bar, as shown in Fig. 4(c). For ease in installation of reinforcement, the heads of studs may be placed adjacent to the vertical bars in columns, as shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b); but this is not a requirement to enhance the anchorage of the studs. Experiments on concrete columns under concentric compression loading7 and under simulated-seismic loading8 have shown that placing the vertical bars behind the heads is sufficient to prevent premature buckling of the vertical bars after spalling of concrete cover. Columns with headed studs as crossties have exhibited improved ductility and equal or greater strength than companion columns with conventional tie reinforcement. Shearwalls Reinforced concrete structural diaphragms (shearwalls) resisting lateral forces in buildings are subjected to compressive axial forces due to gravity loads combined with reversible bending moments. This combination causes concentration of normal stresses, often resisted by boundary elements containing high reinforcement ratios of vertical bars and confinement ties. ACI 318-05 specifies the volumetric ratio and the spacing of ties. Accordingly, the boundary elements of structural diaphragms are in many cases, especially in earthquake zones, congested with heavy vertical bars, closed stirrups, and crossties.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 3 | ACI Structural Journal
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Deep beams and pile caps Figure 11(a) represents a strut-and-tie model for the design of deep beam or a two-pile cap. A free-body diagram of Node A is shown. Often, the size of the node and the dimensions of the cap are not sufficient to anchor the tie by bond. In Fig. 11(a), the tie consists of plain (non-deformed) studs with heads located outside the node. With this arrangement, the anchorage of the stud relies solely on the bearing stress at the head. With head area 9 to 10 times the area of the stem, the three faces of the concrete prism representing node A can be considered subjected to compressive stress (C-C-C node); the anchor heads of the studs create the compression on the vertical face of the prism. ACI 318-05 permits higher stress for a C-C-C node, compared to the C-C-T node that will exist when the tie is anchored by bond within the node. Beam-column joints Two connections of beams to columns are shown in Fig. 11(b) and (c). Single-headed studs are used for anchorage of the longitudinal bars of the beams and the columns to avoid congestion within the joint. Away from the joints, lap splices relying on bond or other types of splices can be used to extend the studs longitudinally in the beams or the columns. Tests13,14 subjecting the connections to the transfer of reversible moments have verified the suitability of single-headed studs for use in seismic zones. Headed studs are widely used in California in the connections of bridge piers to their superstructures. Other applications It is advantageous to use a bar anchored mechanically by a head, as opposed to a hook, when there is demand for the yield strength at a section of the bar close to its end. The previous example applications do not cover all uses of headed bars. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS Results of some experiments that study the behavior of structures reinforced by headed studs are reviewed in the following. Slab punching shear3 The specimen in the inset of Fig. 12(a) (representing the connection of a reinforced concrete slab to an edge column extending above and below the slab) was simply supported on three edges. The column transferred to the slab a constant shearing force V representing gravity load and a reversible unbalanced moment M representing the effect of an earthquake. Shearing force V and unbalanced moment M were gradually increased, with M/V = constant, until a target serviceability shearing force V^sub u^ was reached. Then cyclic displacements of increasing amplitude were imposed at the ends of the columns to produce the unbalanced moment. Cyclic moment transfer was continued after the peak moment M^sub u^ until the loss of 25% of M^sub u^.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 4 | ACI Structural Journal
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 4 | ACI Structural Journal
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shear reinforcement to 413 MPa (60 ksi) and its contribution to the shear strength to (2/3) .... Columns7 Figure 13(a) to (d) show the cross sections of five specimens representing short columns tested in axial compression. The objective was to compare the confinement effect of doubleheaded studs with that of single-leg stirrups with 90- and 180-degree hooks at the ends. Within the test zone, Specimen 1 (not shown) had no reinforcement; Specimens 2 and 3, respectively, had stirrups and studs as confinement reinforcement without vertical bars; Specimens 4 and 5, respectively, had stirrups and studs as confinement reinforcement in addition to vertical bars. Closed stirrups, following the perimeter of the cross section, were provided in Specimens 2, 3, 4, and 5. The concrete strength f ' for the five specimens was 20 MPa (3000 psi). The stirrups and the studs were made from bars of diameter 5.7 mm (0.20 in.) and yield strength of 595 MPa (86 ksi). The diameter of the stud heads was 18 mm (0.7 in.). Graphs for the load versus the axial strain in the five specimens are shown in Fig. 13(e). The failure load varied between 1580 and 2100 kN (356 and 472 kips), corresponding, respectively, to Specimen 1 (unconfined) and Specimen 5 (with vertical bars and studs). At failure of Specimen 3 (with studs but no vertical bars), spalling of the cover and horizontal cracking occurred, while the core remained intact. This is contrary to Specimen 2 (with stirrups but no vertical bars) where diagonal cracks traversed the thickness of the specimen. Spalling of the cover of Specimen 4 (with stirrups and vertical bars) occurred at the 90degree hooks, where their ends popped out of the cover and protruded from the column face. Similar observations were reported by other researchers.27,28 The strain measurements indicated yielding of the studs; the maximum strain in the single-leg stirrups was well below the yield strain.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 5 | ACI Structural Journal
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nine times the cross-sectional area of the stem. It was concluded that the double-headed studs increased both the strength and the ductility of the wall elements. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model was developed to predict the compressive strength of wall elements confined with headed studs. Repair and rehabilitation29,30 A series of circular columns29 representing bridge piers were severely damaged under simulated-earthquake loading, and then repaired and tested again. One of the repair techniques involved placement of a strong jacket along the damaged region so future flexural hinging would be forced to occur just above the jacket. To ensure that flexural yielding of longitudinal reinforcement would not occur at the column base, the jacketed region was reinforced with headed studs to avoid congestion of reinforcement. Subsequent testing of the repaired columns showed that their stiffness and strength were comparable to those of the original ones. Six pier walls were loaded in the weak direction under cyclic loading to near failure.30 Five of the damaged pier walls were repaired with conventional crossties with 90- and 135degree hooks; one wall was repaired with double-headed studs as crossties. The area of the heads was 13 times the area of the stem. The six repaired pier walls were retested under the same loading conditions to compare their performance. Due to the additional confinement provided by the heads, the wall repaired with studs performed better than similar walls repaired with conventional crossties. It was also found that the heads provided sufficient anchorage without the need to engage the longitudinal bars of the walls.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 6 | ACI Structural Journal
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the anchors of a band of six strands. The ultimate loads in the tests in Calgary were higher than those of the Texas tests. Several studs reached yielding before failure, indicating the effectiveness of the anchors. Due to the confinement of concrete by the stud heads, the bearing stress under the anchor plates in the tests in Calgary could reach more than two times the compressive strength of the concrete. The conclusion was that headed studs are effective in the control of splitting cracks in the anchor zones of prestressed slabs. In addition, the studs provide confinement of the concrete in the anchor zone. Equation (1) is suggested to give the cross-sectional area of headed studs A^sub sv^ required to control the splitting crack due to prestressing. ... (1) where a is the vertical dimension of the anchor(s) of the prestressing tendon(s) (in Fig. 10 (b)); h is the slab thickness; [function of]^sub y^ is the yield strength of the studs; and [function of]^sub pu^ and A^sub ps^ are the ultimate strength and cross-sectional area of the tendon. The maximum prestressing force applied to the anchor is assumed equal to 0.7 [function of]^sub pu^A^sub ps^ according to the Post-Tensioning Manual.34 The studs should be arranged at a distance 0.40h 0.55h from the anchor plate. Beam-column joints13,14 Four interior bridge beam-column joints with either conventional or headed reinforcement were tested under seismic loading13 to evaluate the current design requirements of the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans35). Headed studs were used within the joints to resist shear stresses and to confine the concrete and were also used for longitudinal bars of the column. The head had a diameter equal to 3.2 times the diameter of the stem. It was concluded that headed studs produced comparable behavior to that of the conventionally reinforced joints; but the constructability of the joints was improved due to the use of fewer bars with larger diameters and the elimination of the hooks. Similar tests were conducted at the University of California at San Diego on bridge column-beam knee joints36 and pile-foundation connections37 with almost all the reinforcement consisting of headed studs. Again, the results demonstrated the effectiveness of headed studs in bridge joints under seismic loads.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 7 | ACI Structural Journal
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 7 | ACI Structural Journal
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spalling) of the cover and c needs to be greater than the required minimum for protection. Alternatively, spalling can be prevented by the use of closed stirrups in the plane perpendicular to the stud. The stirrups can be designed to resist a resultant splitting force of 0.3T^sub y^, where T^sub y^ is the yield force of the stud. This empirical recommendation is based partly on analysis of the results of tests12 and partly on Eq. (1), assuming that the head diameter is 3d^sub b^, c = 3d^sub b^, ae = 0.75(3d^sub b^) and the yield strength of the stud is developed by bearing at the head; Eq. (1) can be used, although it was not developed for this application. The stirrups are to be arranged so that the resultant of their forces4 is approximately at a distance c from the stud head, as shown in Fig. 14. For a stud having a head of area equal to 9 or 10 times the area of the stem, splitting of the cover need not be of a concern when c 3.5d^sub b^; where d^sub b^ = stud diameter. Furthermore, the bar stress developed by the head can be assumed equal to [function of] ^sub y^, provided that ([function of]^sub y^/[function of]'^sub c^) and the stud is close to no more than one exterior surface. This empirical recommendation is supported by an equation resulting from extensive testing by Thompson;20 the equation, given below, will show that when (A^sub nh^/A^sub b^) 9 and c 3.5d^sub b^, the bar stress [function of]^sub s head^ developed by the head can be equal to the yield strength [function of]^sub y^ when ([function of]^sub y^/[function of]'^sub c^) 29; where A^sub nh^ = the net area of the head (head area minus bar area A^sub b^). For the steel and concrete used in most countries, ([function of]^sub y^/[function of]'^sub c^) is normally less than 29.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 8 | ACI Structural Journal
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 8 | ACI Structural Journal
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upper limit is set because the development length of a headed stud la cannot exceed its development length in the absence of the head. Substitution of the upper limit l^sub a^ = l^sub d^ in Eq. (4) gives ([function of]^sub s head^/[function of]^sub y^) = 0.7. This means that when ([function of]^sub s head^/[function of]^sub y^) 0.7, the development length l^sub a^ should be taken equal to l^sub d^. As an example of the results that Eq. (4) gives, calculate (l^sub a^/l^sub d^) by varying ([function of]^sub s head^/[function of]^sub y^). The results in Table 1 indicate that with a head that develops 85% of the yield strength, the development length can be taken equal to half that of a nonheaded bar. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Several practical applications of headed studs in concrete structures have been proposed and some results of supporting experimental research have been presented. For these applications, the studs are made of plain or deformed bars, and have head areas equal to nine or 10 times the cross-sectional area of the stem. With this head area, the anchorage by bearing is sufficient to develop the yield strength of the stud, with negligible slip. In design, nominal yield strength [function of]^sub y^ 25[function of]'^sub c^ can be considered available at the stem section adjacent to the head. The thickness of the anchor head must be sufficient so that the bearing pressure does not cause yielding by bending or shear of the head before the tensile stress in the stem reaches yield. The anchor heads are produced by forging or by welding a plate to the bar end. Forged heads are commonly tapered; the maximum thickness of the head at the perimeter of the stem needs not be more than approximately 0.6d^sub b^; where d^sub b^ is the diameter of the stud. Experimental research has also shown that, in some applications, deformed studs can be used with heads of areas smaller than nine to 10 times the cross-sectional area of the stem. In this case, anchorage relies on the bearing stress at the head combined with the bond stress over a development length l^sub a^ shorter than that the development length l^sub d^ for a deformed bar in tension required by ACI 318-05 having no bend or hook.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 9 | ACI Structural Journal
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11. Mobeen, S.; Elwi, A.; and Ghali, A., "Double-Head Studs in Shear-walls," Concrete International, V. 27, No. 3, Mar. 2005, pp. 59-63. 12. Birkle, G.; Ghali, A.; and Schfer, K., "Double-Head Studs Improve Corbel Reinforcement," Concrete International, V. 24, No. 9, Sept. 2002, pp. 77-84. 13. Naito, C. J.; Moehle, J. P.; and Mosalam, K. M., "Evaluation of Bridge Beam-Column Joints under Simulated Seismic Loading," ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 62-71. 14. Wallace, J. W.; McConnell, S. W.; Gupta, P.; and Cote, P. A., "Use of Headed Reinforcement in Beam-Column Joints Subjected to Earthquake Loads," ACI Structural Journal, V. 95, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1998, pp. 590-606. 15. Herzinger, R. M., and Elbadry, M. M., "Stud Reinforcement in Dapped Ends of Precast Beams," PCI Journal. (in press) 16. Herzinger, R. M. and Elbadry, M. M., "Stud Reinforcement in Dapped Ends of Bridge Girders," Proceedings of the 2004 Bridge Conference, 2004CBC, Prestressed Concrete Institute, Charlotte, N.C., May 17-18, 2004, 18 pp. (CD-ROM). 17. Eligehausen, R., "Report on Pull Tests on Deha Anchor Bolts," Report No. DE003/0196/32, Institut fur Werkstoffe in Bauwesen, University of Stuttgart, Sept. 1996 (Research carried out on behalf of Deha Ankersysteme GMBH &Co. KG, Gross-Gerau). 18. DeVries, R. A., "Anchorage of Headed Reinforcement in Concrete," PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex., 1996, 294 pp. 19. Bashandy, T. R., "Application of Headed Bars in Concrete Members," PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex., 1996, 303 pp. 20. Thompson, M. K., "The Anchorage Behavior of Headed Reinforcement in CCT Nodes and Lap Splices," PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Tex., 2002, 503 pp. 21. ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary (318R-05)," American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 2005, 430 pp. 22. Leonhardt, F., and Walther, R., "Welded Wire Mesh as Stirrup Reinforcements-Shear Tests on T-Beams and Anchorage Tests," Bautechnik, V. 42, Oct. 1965. (in German). 23. Green, K. L., and Tadros, M. K., "The NU Precast/Prestressed Concrete Bridge I-Girder Series," PCI Structural Journal, V. 39, No. 3, May-June 1994, pp. 26-39. 24. Ariyawardena, N., and Ghali, A., "Design of Precast Prestressed Concrete Members Using External Prestressing," PCI Structural Journal, V. 47, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2002, pp. 8494. 25. Loov, R. E., "Review of A23.3-94 Simplified Method of Shear Design and Comparison with Results Using Shear Friction," Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 25, No. 3, June 1998, pp. 437-450.
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 10 | ACI Structural Journal
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California, San Diego, Structural Systems Project, La Jolla, Calif., Aug. 1998. 38. Marques, J. L. G., and Jirsa, J. O., "A Study of Hooked Bar Anchorages in Beam-Column Joints," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 72, No. 5, May 1975, pp. 198-209. 39. Minor, J., and Jirsa, J. O., "Behavior of Bent Bar Anchorages," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 72, No. 4, Apr. 1975, pp. 141-149. Amin Ghali, FACI, is Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He is a member of ACI Committee 435, Deflection of Concrete Building Structures; and Joint ACI-ASCE Committees 343, Concrete Bridge Design; and 421, Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs; and is a consulting member of ACI 318-E, Shear and Torsion (Structural Concrete Building Code). ACI member Samer A. Youakim is an assistant project scientist at the University of California, San Diego, San Diego, Calif. He received his PhD from the University of Calgary in 2002. His research interests include behavior of concrete structures under earthquake loading, finite element analysis, and serviceability of concrete structures. Copyright American Concrete Institute Sep/Oct 2005 Provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights Reserved Advanced Search Find Articles in free and premium articles
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Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art - page 11 | ACI Structural Journal
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Behavior of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars Under Concentrated Loads by El-Gamal, Sherif; El-Salakawy, Ehab; Benmokrane, Brahim Seismic Retrofit of Octagonal Columns with Pedestal and One-Way Hinge at Base by Johnson, Nathan; Saiidi, M Saiid; Itani, Ahmad; Ladkany, Samaan Performance of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcing Bars in Tropical Environments-Part I: Structural Scale Tests by Mukherjee, Abhijit; Arwikar, S J
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ACI Structural Journal Articles in Sep/Oct 2005 issue of ACI Structural Journal
Long-Term Performance of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams by Maaddawy, Tamer El; Soudki, Khaled; Topper, Timothy Corrosion-Induced Cracking: Experimental Data and Predictive Models by Vu, Kim; Stewart, Mark G; Mullard, John Repair of Bridge Girders with Composites: Experimental and Analytical Validation by Di Ludovico, Marco; Nanni, Antonio; Prota, Andrea; Cosenza, Edoardo Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Variable Axial Loads: Analysis by Esmaeily, Asad; Xiao, Yan Headed Studs in Concrete: State of the Art by Ghali, Amin; Youakim, Samer A Time-Dependent Risk Assessment of Structural Deterioration Caused by Reinforcement Corrosion by Li, Chun Qing; Melchers, Robert E Reliability Analysis for Eccentrically Loaded Columns by Szerszen, Maria M; Szwed, Aleksander; Nowak, Andrzej S Dynamic Responses of Flat Plate Systems with Shear Reinforcement by Kang, Thomas H -K; Wallace, John W High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composites: An Alternative for Seismic Design of Structures by Parra-Montesinos, Gustavo J Analytical Model to Evaluate Failure Behavior of Plated Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened for Shear by Colotti, Vincenzo; Spadea, Giuseppe; Swamy, R Narayan; de Souza Snchez Filho, Emil; Et al Longitudinal Steel Stresses in Beams Due to Shear and Torsion in AASHTO-LRFD Specifications by Rahal, Khaldoun N Seismic Resistance of Square Concrete Columns Retrofitted with Glass FiberReinforced Polymer by Memon, Muhammad S; Sheikh, Shamim A Steel-Free Composite Slabs Made of Reactive Powder Materials and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete by Hassan, Ammar; Kawakami, Makoto
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5310/is_200509/ai_n21383574/pg_11/?tag=man... 8/12/2011
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5310/is_200509/ai_n21383574/pg_11/?tag=man... 8/12/2011