100 NGY HC VIT MT BI LUN TING ANH

NGY 1: VIT HOA y l vn n gin nhng nhiu ngi trong chng ta d ch quan v mc li sai. Ngy u tin ti mun hng dn cc bn nhng k thut c bn nht v cc quy tc vit hoa chung v nhng quy tc vit hoa c trng cho danh t ring v tnh t. Phn khi ng Trc tin xem s hiu bit ca bn v cch s dng ch in hoa, bn hy lm th mt bi tp nh di y. on vn di y s c vit li hai ln. Ct u tin l Problem (C vn ) trong hon ton khng c t no c vit hoa. Bn hy gch chn nhng t bn ngh l cn phi vit hoa sau so snh vi p n ct Solution ( gii quyt).

Problem when I first saw the black hills on january 2, 1995, i was shocked by their beauty. we had just spent new year's day in sioux falls, south dakota, and had headed west toward our home in denver, colorado. as we traveled along interstate 90, i could see the black hills rising slightly in the distance. after driving through the badlands and stopping at wall drug in wall, south dakota, the evergreen-covered hills broke the barren monotony of the landscape. my oldest daughter said, "dad, look! there's something that's not all white." we saw mount rushmore and custer state park, the home of the largest herd of buffalo in north america. we also drove the treacherous spearfish canyon road. fortunately, our jeep cherokee had no trouble with the ice and snow on the winding road.

Solution When I first saw the Black Hills on January 2, 1995, I was shocked by their beauty. We had just spent New Year's Day in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and had headed west toward our home in Denver, Colorado. As we traveled along Interstate 90, I could see the Black Hills rising slightly in the distance. After driving through the Badlands and stopping at Wall Drug in Wall, South Dakota, the evergreen-covered hills broke the barren monotony of the landscape. My oldest daughter said, "Dad, look! There's something that's not all white." We saw Mount Rushmore and Custer State Park, the home of the largest herd of buffalo in North America. We also drove the treacherous Spearfish Canyon Road. Fortunately, our Jeep Cherokee had no trouble with the ice and snow on the

we were unable to see needles national winding road. park because the needles highway was We were unable to see Needles snowed shut. winter may not be the best National Park because the Needles time to see these sights, but we enjoyed Highway was snowed shut. Winter may not them nonetheless. be the best time to see these sights, but we enjoyed them nonetheless. Bn lm bi va ri c tt khng? Khi hc ht bi bn hy c gng nhn din nhng quy tc bn qun trong bi kim tra nh va ri. By gi ta hy chuyn qua phn chnh ca bi. Nhng quy tc chung v cch vit hoa Bng di y s a ra nhng quy tc vit hoa chung v v d minh ha. Phn quy tc vit hoa dnh cho danh t ring s c cp phn sau.

Quy tc vit hoa Quy tc 1) Vit hoa t u tin ca cu. Nu t u tin ca cu l s th phi vit s bng ch. 2) Vit hoa i t nhn xng I hoc t rt gn I'm, v ch vit tt B.C. hoc A.D. 3) Vit hoa t u tin ca on trch dn. Khng vit hoa t u ca phn trch dn gin lc. V d This is the first word of the sentence. Three of us worked this morning. The group left when I asked them to go. The manuscript was dated 501 A.D. I said, "What's the name of your dog?" The teacher called her "the best student" he had ever seen.

on hi thoi di y s minh ha nhng quy tc trn: A: "Good morning," said the new supervisor as I entered the door. B: "Good morning!" I answered, somewhat surprised. "You must be Ms. Barnes. I'm Joshua Haines. It's a pleasure to meet you." A: Tell me what you do, Joshua. I'm anxious to learn all about this operation. B: I smiled and said, That doesn't surprise me. I heard you were a 'sieve for information.'

Danh t ring v tnh t ring Tt c cc danh t ring v tnh t ring u phi vit hoa, nhng xc nh u l danh t ring v tnh t ring th li khng d. Bng di y s trnh by nhng dng danh t v tnh t ring ph bin nht. Mi phn s a ra t 5 n 7 quy tc cng vi v d minh ha. cui phn s c bi tp thc hnh.

Danh t ring, phn mt Cc dng danh t ring Ngy trong tun Friday, Saturday Thng Dp l Cc s kin, giai on lch s Cc s kin c bit Tn ngi, a im January, February

V d

Christmas, Halloween Civil War, Dark Ages, Declaration of Independence Renaissance Festival, Labor Day, Father's Day (calendar events) John Doe, Lincoln Center, Sears Tower

Danh t ring, phn hai Cc dng danh t ring V d Washington Memorial, Emprie State Tn cc cng trnh kin trc, xy dng Building Tn ca cc loi xe la, tu thy, my bay Queen Elizabeth, Discovery, Sioux Lines, v cc phng tin giao thng khc TransWorld Airlines Tn ca cc sn phm Corn King hams, Dodge Intrepid Chc v ch huy, qun l cao cp Cc tc phm ngh thut v vn hc Cc tc ngi, chng ngi, ngn ng v quc gia, quc tch Mayor Daley, President Clinton Black Elk Speaks (sch), ''Mending Wall" (bi th), Mona Lisa (bc tranh) Asian-American Caucasian, French, Indian

Danh t ring, phn ba Cc dng danh t ring V d Des Moines, lowa; Barrow, Alaska; Republic Thnh ph, bang, quc gia of South Africa Grand Avenue, Interstate 29, Deadwood ng ph, ng quc l Road im mc, v tr a l Vng cng cng C quan, t chc, doanh nghip Tnh t ring: Tnh t ring l nhng tnh t c hnh thnh t danh t ring, thng l tn a im. V d danh t ring Canada s c chuyn thnh tnh t ring Canadian khi n b ngha cho danh t khc nh trong t Canadian bacon. Mt vi v d khc: English muffin, Polish sausage, Japanese yen Nhng trng hp khng vit hoa + Trnh khng vit hoa nhng t ch hng ca la bn, tuy nhin nhng t ch mt vng c th ca t nc th nn vit hoa. V d: We headed west after the Depression. (hng ty) The future of the country was cultivated in the West. (vng min ty) + Trnh khng vit hoa nhng t ch thnh vin ca gia nh. Ch vit hoa khi chng c dng nh tn. Nu c tnh t s hu nh my, our, your, his, her, their ng trc nhng t ch thnh vin trong gia nh th nhng t y khng c vit hoa. V d: When Uncle Harry visited last winter, none of my other uncles came to see him. After my mother called me for lunch, Father served the entree. Continental Divide, Grand Canyon Superior Forest, Missouri River Dartmouth College, Lions, Club, Dodge Trucks

+ Trnh khng vit hoa nhng ma trong nm hoc cc k ca nm hc V d: If the university offers History of Education 405 in the spring semester, Horace will be able to graduate in May.

+ Trnh vit hoa tn mn hc. Chng ch nn c vit hoa nu chng l tn ca mt kha hc c th. V d: I try to avoid math courses because I'm not very good at them. Betsy is taking Algebra II and Trigonometry I next semester.

+ Trnh vit hoa nhng t c b ngha bi tnh t ring. V d: Polish sausage, khng phi Polish Sausage Mexican restaurant, khng phi Mexican Restaurant *Bi tp nng cao Tm mt bi vit bt k di khong 200 t trn bo v kim tra xem c bao nhiu quy tc vit hoa cc bn c hc hm nay c dng trong bi vit .

NGY 2: DU CHM CU, DU CHM HI, DU CHM THAN

Cc bn u bit du chm cu c dng kt thc mt cu, tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp khc ta cn s dng du chm cu. Chnh v vy bi ging hm nay s gip cc bn nhn

bit tng trng hp c th.

Cc quy tc s dng du chm cu

+) Du chm cu s c dng sau tn, h vit tt hoc sau nhng ch vit tt. Trong trng hp khng c du chm cu theo sau nhng t vit tt y s c coi nh mt t ring v d: ADIS hoc nhng tn gi c cng nhn rng ri nh TV, FBI, NATO, NASA. Ngoi ra, du chm cu cn c dng ng sau nhng t nh Mr., Ms., Dr.,... Nu t vit tt ng cui cu th ch cn dng mt du chm cu l . V d The tour leaves on Mon., Jan. 1, at 3 P.M. The book was written by C. S. Lewis. A. J. Mandelli researched brain function for the FBI. +) S dng du chm cu trc s thp phn v gia n v tin t la v xu (cen). V d A gallon equals 3.875 liters. (vit theo ting Vit l 3,875 lt - nhng ting Anh phi vit 3.875) The new textbook costs $54.75. (54 la v 75 xu) Only 5.6 percent of our consumers spend over $100.00 per month on our products. +) S dng du chm cu cui cu tng thut. V d Henry Kissinger served under two U. S. presidents. Wilson will lecture in the forum after school today. Many consider P. T. Barnum the best salesman ever to have walked the earth. +) S dng du chm cu ng sau cu ngh, hng dn v cu mnh lnh. V d Empty the kitchen trash before you take the garbage out. Turn right at the first stop light, and then go to the second house on the left +) S dng du chm cu cui cu hi gin tip.

V d My neighbor asked if we had seen his cat. (Cu hi trc tip l: "Have you seen my cat?") Quentin wanted to know how we had arrived at that answer. (Cu hi trc tip l: "How did you arrive at that answer?")

Quy tc s dng du chm hi (?) v du chm than (!)

+) Du chm hi c dng sau mt t hoc mt nhm t dng hi. V d What did you do last night? Will you put out the trash? Okay? May we go to the movies after we've finished our homework? Are we? +) Dng du chm than ng sau cu din t cm xc. V d Look out for that car! I just can't stand the smell in here! * Ch : Du chm than ging nh mui trong thc n, ai cng mun n mt cht nhng khng ai mun n qu nhiu. +) Dng du chm than ng sau thn t khi n c vit nh mt cu n. V d Doggone it! Yikes! +) Dng du chm than ng sau cu bt u bng t hi nhng khng nhm mc ch hi m biu t cm xc. V d What a dunce I am! How marvelous of you to come!

Bi tp cng c Bn hy dnh ra vi pht n li nhng g c hc hm nay. Nu bn ang c mt cun sch hoc t bo vit bng ting Anh hy xem qua vi trang cho ti khi bn tm c t nht 3 v d v nhng du cu bn c hc hm nay v xem th chng c c p dng ng theo nhng nguyn tc bn va c gii thiu hay cha. Nu bn khng c g c th cn chn ch g na, hy chp ngay mt quyn trn gi sch v lm th no.

NGY 3: TRNH S DNG NHNG CU SAI

Bi ging hm nay s gip cc bn phn bit c cu ng (cu hon chnh) v cu sai t gip cc bn trnh s dng nhng cu thiu (mnh ph thuc), cu thiu du cu, lin t v nhng cu s dng sai du cu. Phn khi ng Bn hy nhn vo on vn ct Problem (C vn ) v gch chn nhng cu ng, cu hon chnh. Sau bn hy kim tra li bn ct Solution ( gii quyt) xem mnh lm ng hay cha. (Nhng cu c gch chn l cu hon chnh.) Problem Just the other day I came home from work as excited as I had ever been. The night before someone from Publisher's Clearinghouse had called. To tell me that I would be receiving a prize package worth potentially millions of dollars. I was so excited because, unlike other offers, this really sounded legitimate, it sounded to me as though I might really win something this time. I hastily opened the mailbox. Hoping to find the promised envelope. There it was. Between the Life magazine and the Fingerhut catalog. The promised letter. When I finally finished reading the entire mailing. I realized my chances were really no better with this contest than they had been for any other contest I had entered in the past and I was disappointed that I had spent so much time reading all of the material then I threw it all in the recycling basket and went to bed. Dejected. Solution Just the other day I came home from work as excited as I had ever been. The night before someone from Publisher's Clearinghouse had called. To tell me that I would be receiving a prize package worth potentially millions of dollars. I was so excited because, unlike other offers, this really sounded legitimate, it sounded to me as though I might really win something this time. I hastily opened the mailbox. Hoping to find the promised envelope. There it was. Between the Life magazine and the Fingerhut catalog. The promised letter. When I finally finished reading the entire mailing. I realized my chances were really no better with this contest than they had been for any other contest I had entered in the past and I was disappointed that I had spent so much time reading all of the material then I threw it all in the recycling basket and went to bed. Dejected.

* Cu ng (cu hon chnh) +) Cu ng l cu c ng t din t hnh ng nh: want, run, take, give, hoc din t trng thi nh am, is, are, was, were, be. Tuy nhin c rt nhiu cu c hn mt ng t. ng t nhng cu di y c gch chn gip cc bn nhn bit d hn. V d Bob and Alexandra both want a promotion. (ng t ch hnh ng) Yurika drafted a memo and sent it to the sales department. (ng t ch hnh ng) Herbert and Tan are the chief operators in this department. (ng t ch trng thi) +) Cu ng l cu c ch ng (ngi v s vic ch hnh ng hoc ng vai tr l thnh phn chnh trong cu). Cng ging nh ng t, c rt nhiu cu c hn mt ch ng. V d Bob and Alexandra both want a promotion. Yurika drafted a memo and sent it to the sales department. Herbert and Tan are the chief operators in this department. +) Cu ng l cu din t mt kin hon chnh. Ni mt cch khc, nhng cm t mang y ngha. i khi nhng cm t bao gm c ch ng v ng t nhng vn khng th hin c mt kin hon chnh. Cc bn hy nhn nhng v d di y. Ch ng v ng t c bi en gip cc bn d nhn din. V d Cu (Mnh c lp) Cu thiu (Mnh ph thuc) I left an hour earlier than usual. Our team finished its year-end evaluation. Roger tried to explain his position. If I left an hour earlier than usual. When our team finished its year-end evaluation. Whenever Roger tried to explain his position.

+) Phn tip theo s gii thch cho cc bn r hn ti sao nhng cu di y khng c coi l cu hon chnh.

* Cu thiu phn cui ca nhng v d trn bn c th d dng nhn thy cc cu thiu thng di hn cu hon chnh. Nhng cu thiu thng c thm t u, nhng cm t cn li ging ht nhau. Nhng t ny c gi l lin t ph thuc. Nu mt nhm t bnh thng c th l cu nhng li c lin t ph thuc ng ng trc th cn phi b thm sung thnh phn khc c th din t ngha hon chnh. Ni cch khc nhng mnh ph thuc cn thm nhng mnh c lp hnh thnh cu c ngha. Cc bn hy kim tra xem nhng cu thiu trn c sa li nh th no tr thnh cu hon chnh phn di y. If I left an hour earlier than usual, I would be able to avoid rush hour. When our team finished its year-end evaluation, we all took the next day off. Whenever Roger tried to explain his position, he misquoted the facts. +) Nhng t sau y c th c dng nh lin t ph thuc: After Although As Because Before If Once Since Than That Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Wherever While

i khi lin t ph thuc cng l mt cm t ch khng n thun ch l t n. V d As if we didn't already know. As though she had always lived in the town. As long as they can still be heard. As soon as I can finish my work. Even though you aren't quite ready. In order that we may proceed more carefully. So that all of us understand exactly.

Nhng mnh ph thuc chnh l mt dng ca cu thiu. Cc bn hy nhn nhng cu hi di y. Vi mi cu hi, bn hy chn xem cu no l cu v in ch ci tng ng vo trng bn cnh. Word Group A Word Group B 1. We are ready for the next task. Washing the car.

2. Seeing the plane arriving.

Heather's family rushed to the gate. The receptionist finally got a new 3. Broken down after years of use. phone. We saw Andrea sitting all by Imagining what Florida was like in 4. herself. March Nhng cu hon chnh l cu: 1. A 2. B 3. B 4. A Nhng cu thiu l nhng mnh n gin, chng khng c ch ng hoc ng t. Nu cc bn kt hp hai phn li vi nhau chng s to thnh mt cu hon chnh. Hy xem th nhng v d di y h lm nh th no. Vi mt s cu, chng ta ch cn thm du phy. Tuy nhin, vi nhng cu khc chng ta phi thm mt s t mi c th lin kt mnh vi thnh phn cn li ca cu. V d 1. 2. 3. 4. We are ready for the next task, which is washing the car. Seeing the plane arriving, Heather's family rushed to the gate. Since the phone was broken down after years of use, the receptionist finally got a new one. We saw Andrea sitting all by herself, imagining what Florida was like in March.

By gi, cc bn hy nhn bng di y. mi nhm u c mt cu hon chnh v mt cu thiu. Hy chn xem u l cu hon chnh v vit ch ci tng ng vo trng bn cnh. Word Group A About the way he combs his hair. My aunt is a respiratory therapist. Benjamin saw a piece of key lime pie. And tried to sell popcorn and candy. During the rest of the afternoon. Icy roads and hazardous weather. Word Group B I've noticed something very strange. A person who helps people rebuild their lugs and circulatory system. His favorite type of dessert. We went door to door. Everything went smoothly. We couldn't make the deadline.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

In the parking ramp near our I was fortunate to find a parking spot. building. And saw the picture of our 8. We read the morning paper. company's new owner. We traveled through the desert 9. Without seeing a single car or building. all night. We walked all over And applied for part-time jobs at 10. downtown. theaters. 7. Nhng cu hon chnh l: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. B A A B B B B B A A

Hu ht nhng cu thiu u l nhng mnh c th d dng lin kt vi nhng mnh c lp cng cp tr thnh cu hon chnh. Cc bn hy t mnh lm th ri so snh vi bn di y. Hy nhn cu 1, 5, 7 v 9. Nhng cu ny bn ch cn tm mnh c lp ca nhng mnh ph thuc ri ni chng li vi nhau, khng cn phi thm du cu hay bt k t ni no khc l c th to thnh cu hon chnh. 1. 5. 7. 9. I've noticed something very strange about the way he combs his hair. Everything went smoothly during the rest of the afternoon. I was fortunate to find a spot in the parking ramp near our building. We traveled through the desert all night without seeing a single car or building.

Cn by gi chng ta hy kim tra cu 2 v cu 3. Nhng cu thiu ny l mnh dng gii thch v lm r hn ca cu hon chnh. Nhng mnh ny c gi l mnh ng v ng. Tt c nhng g bn cn lm l t du phy ng sau t cn gii thch ri sau thm vo mnh ng v ng. C th: 2. 3. My aunt is a respiratory therapist, a person who helps people rebuild their lungs and respiratory system. Benjamin saw key lime pie, his favorite type of dessert.

Gi th bn hy xem cu 4, 8 v 10. Nhng cu ny, mnh ph thuc l nhng ng t hoc hnh ng tch bit so vi mnh c lp. Tt c yu cu ch l thm mnh ph thuc vo cu hon chnh. 4. We went door to door and tried to sell popcorn and candy. We read the morning paper and saw the picture of our company's new 8. owner. 10. We walked all over downtown and applied for part-time jobs at theaters. Cui cng, bn hy nhn vo cu cn li, cu 6. Cu ny cn phi thm t mi c th ni phn mnh ph thuc vi phn cu hon chnh. 6. We couldn't make the deadline because of the icy roads and hazardous weather. * Cu thiu du cu, lin t Nu nh mnh c lp l mt nhm cc t c th ng vai tr l mt cu hon chnh th cu thiu du cu hoc lin t l cu trong cc mnh c lp i cng vi nhau nhng khng c lin kt bi du cu, lin t. V d Lynn moved from Minneapolis her job was transferred. The concert seemed unending it lasted almost until midnight. We got some gas then we headed off to Omaha. Ba v d trn u c th sa mt cch d dng bng mt trong 3 cch sau: +) Bng cch thm du chm cu v vit hoa ch ci u. V d Lynn moved from Minneapolis. Her job was transferred. The concert seemed unending. It lasted almost until midnight. We got some gas. Then we headed off to Omaha. +) Bng cch thm vo du phy v lin t nh: and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so. i khi cc bn cng phi thay i v tr ca cc t. V d Lynn's job was transferred, and she moved from Minneapolis. The concert seemed unending, for it lasted almost until midnight. We got some gas, and then we headed off to Omaha.

+) Bng cch bin i mnh c lp thnh mnh ph thuc. lm c iu ny cc bn cn thm vo nhng lin t ph hp. Bng cch thay i t ca mnh hoc s dng nhng lin t khc nhau bn s c nhiu cch bin i. Cc bn hy vn dng nhng lin t c gii thiu phn trc. V d Lynn moved from Minneapolis because her job was transferred. When her job was transferred, Lynn moved from Minneapolis. Since the concert lasted almost until midnight, it seemed unending. The concert seemed unending because it lasted until almost midnight. After we got some gas, we headed off to Omaha. We headed off to Omaha after we got some gas. * Cu s dng sai du cu Cu s dng sai du cu l dng cu sai cui cng cc bn c hc trong bui hm nay. Thc ra y chnh l loi c bit ca cu thiu lin t, trong cu ny du phy thng c dng v tr ca du chm phy lin kt hai mnh c lp m khng dng lin t. Dng cu sai ny c th sa bng cch thay du phy bng du chm phy hoc thm lin t ng sau du phy. Cu sai Cu ng Cu sai Cu ng Cu sai Henry lives across the street, he has been there for 25 years. Henry lives across the street; he has been there for 25 years. Henry lives across the street, and he has been there for 25 years. Mary heads the search committee, John is the recorder. Mary heads the search committee; John is the recorder. Mary heads the search committee, and John is the recorder. Sid gave demonstrations all summer long, he returned in the fall. Sid gave demonstrations all summer long; he returned in the fall. Sid gave demonstrations all summer long, but he returned in the fall.

Cu ng

Bi tp thc hnh: y l c hi cc vn dng nhng iu c hc v cu hon chnh, cu thiu, cu thiu du cu, lin t v cu dng sai du cu. mi cu bn hy quyt nh xem l cu (S), cu thiu (F), cu thiu du cu, lin t (ROS) hay cu dng sai du cu (CS). Hy vit loi cu bng ch vit tt bn cnh cu.

NGY 4: DU PHY V THNH PHN CU

Bi ging ny v bi tip theo chng ta s hc v du phy. Bui hm nay hc v cch du phy lin kt vi nhng thnh phn khc ca cu nh mnh v cm t. Phn khi ng c th nm c mi tng quan gia du phy v thnh phn cu, trc tin cc bn hy nh li phn cu hon chnh v cu sai c hc bi 3. Trc khi bt u bi hc, hy xem th bn hiu r v du phy v thnh phn cu hay cha. Bn hy nhn vo ct Problem (C vn ) v thm du phy vo nhng ch cn thit. Sau cc bn hy kim tra li p n ct Solution ( gii quyt). Problem (C vn ) Startled I looked up to see a bird flying around the office. After examining the report carefully Edith printed a final copy and mailed it. Solution ( gii quyt) Startled, I looked up to see a bird flying around the office. After examining the report carefully, Edith printed a final copy and mailed it.

As soon as we finish this last round we can quit As soon as we finish this last round, we can for the day. quit for the day. Thinking carefully about the needs of the customers Randall revised his sales plan. Because production falls during the winter months we will cut one daily shift. Like a confused duckling Richard waddled through the mound of paperwork. She spends a great deal of time listening to the problems of her customers who have come to depend on her advice. Thinking carefully about the needs of the customers, Randall revised his sales plan. Because production falls during the winter months, we will cut one daily shift. Like a confused duckling, Richard waddled through the mound of paperwork. She spend a great deal of time listening to the problems of her customers, who have come to depend on her advice.

Zig Ziglar the last motivational speaker brought Zig Ziglar, the last motivational speaker, the convention crowd to their feet. brought the convention crowd to their feet. The cable car which I am waiting for is already The cable car, which I am waiting for, is twenty minutes late. already twenty minutes late. Du phy ng trc t, cm t v mnh gii thiu Du phy c s dng lm ni bt t, cm t v mnh gii thiu so vi nhng thnh phn khc ca cu. Du phy gip ngi c khng b ln phn gii thiu v phn chnh ca bi.

Ni mt cch khc, du phy ng trc phn gii thiu s tit kim thi gian ca ngi c v gim thiu nguy c hiu sai. Phn v d di y s gip cc bn nhn nh s lin kt ca du phy vi t, cm t v mnh trong cu. Words (T)

Disappointed, we left the movie before it ended. Annoyed, the manager stomped back into the storeroom. Amazed, Captain Holland dismissed the rest of the troops.

Phrases (Cm t) Expecting the worst, we liquidated most of our inventory. Badly injured in the accident, the president was gone for two months. Reluctant to make matters any worse, the doctor called in a specialist. Clauses (Mnh If we plan carefully for the grand opening, we can increase sales. ) While we were eating lunch, an important fax came. Because we left before the meeting ended, we were not eligible to win a door prize. Cc bn c nh phn cu thiu c hc bi 3 khng? Mt phn trong c nhc n mnh ph thuc v phn cui ca v d trn cng cp n. Phn u ca mi cu, mnh ph thuc u ng sau du phy. Hai phn ca cu u c th d dng o ngc v tr v cu vn c ngha. Tuy nhin, nu bn o ngc v tr, a mnh c lp ln u cu th s khng cn dng n du phy na. V d Mnh ph thuc ng sau mnh c lp We can increase sales if we plan carefully for the grand opening. An important fax came while we were eating lunch. We were not eligible to win a door prize because we left before the meeting ended. Ngoi ra du phy cn gip ngi c nhn bit c nhng t i cng nhau. Cc bn hy thm du phy vo nhng cu di y ngha ca cu r rng hn.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Inside the house was clean and tastefully decorated. After running the greyhounds settled back into their boxes. Alone at night time seems endless. As he watched the game slowly came to an end.

Cc bn nn t du phy nh sau:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Inside, the house was clean and tastefully decorated. After running, the greyhounds settled back into their boxes. Alone at night, time seems endless. As he watched the game slowly came to an end.

Du phy vi b ng: B ng l mt t hoc nhm t theo sau danh t hoc i t. B ng gip cho danh t hoc i t c xc nh r hn bng cch gii thch hoc nhn dang n. Cc bn hy nhn nhng v d di y. B ng v mnh b ng c bi en gip cc bn xc nh r hn. V d Rachel Stein won the first prize, an expense-paid vacation to the Bahamas. New Orleans, home of the Saints, is one of my favorite cities. One of the most inspiring motivators in college basketball is Dr. Tom Davis, coach of the Iowa Hawkeyes. i khi tn ring cng c dng sau danh t hoc i t nhn din, lm r thm. Mc d y cng l mt dng b ng nhng chng ta khng cn thm du phy. V d My sister Deb lives four hours away. The noted novelist Barbara Kingsolver writes about the South and Southwest. The president Manuel Diaz will visit this site tomorrow. By gi cc bn hy t du phy vo ch thch hp nhng cu di y. Megabyte, a word virtually unheard of a decade ago is very common today. 2. Mrs. McCord the investment specialist left a message for you this 1.

3. 4. 5. 6.

afternoon. Jane likes to spend Saturday mornings at the local farmer's market a feast for the senses. Water purity a major concern for campers has steadily worsened over the years. High heels were invented by Louis XIV a very short French king. My aunt Marsha will visit later this month.

Cc bn nn t du phy nh sau: Megabyte, a word virtually unheard of a decade ago, is very common 1. today. Mrs. McCord, the investment specialist, left a message for you this 2. afternoon. Jane likes to spend Saturday mornings at the local farmer's market, a 3. feast for the senses. Water purity, a major concern for campers, has steadily worsened over 4. the years. 5. High heels were invented by Louis XIV, a very short French king. 6. My aunt Marsha will visit later this month. (khng cn thm du phy) Du phy vi nhng mnh khng hn ch phn trc cc bn c gii thiu rng mnh ph thuc khi ng u cu th s c theo sau bi du phy nhng nu mnh ph thuc khi ng nhng v tr khc trong cu th khng cn phi c du phy i km. iu ch ng nu l mnh ct yu. mt s cu, nu b nhng mnh s lm thay i ngha ca cu thm ch lm n tr thnh cu sai. Nhng mnh c gi l mnh ct yu hoc mnh hn ch. V d All drivers who have had a drunk driving conviction should have their licenses revoked. All drivers should have their licenses revoked. Phn mnh c bi m l mnh ct yu v ngha ca cu s thay i nghim trng nu ct b mnh . Mnh hn ch th khng cn i km du phy. Tuy nhin mnh khng thit yu hoc mnh khng hn ch th cn phi i km du phy. Mnh khng hn ch ch n gin l thm thng tin v khng thc s thit yu vi ngha c bn ca cu. Nu mnh khng hn ch b ct b ngha c bn ca cu khng b thay i. V d

My father, who is still farming, is 74 years old. My father is 74 years old. Phn bi m l mnh khng hn ch. Mnh khng hn ch thng bt u bi lin t ph thuc nh: who, whom, whose, which, or that. Bi tp thc hnh Mi cu di y u cha mt mnh ph thuc, chng c bi en cc bn d nhn bit. Cc bn hy xem nu mnh l hn ch hoc ct yu th vit ch R bn phi. Nu mnh l khng hn ch hoc khng ct yu th vit ch N v thm du phy. p n s c a ra cui bi. 11. Matt who loves to play video games is interested in a computer science career. 12. My grandfather who was born in Berlin speaks with a German accent. 13. James who is very shy had a great deal of trouble with his first speech. 14. The hotel pays the parking ramp fees for anyone who is a registered guest. 15. People who are born on February 29 grow old more slowly than the rest of us. 16. Animals that have backbones are called vertebrates. 17. Nicotine which is present in tobacco products is a powerful poison. 18. Many Scandinavian names end with sen or son both of which mean son of. 19. We live on Fleur Drive which is right next to the airport. 20. Mrs. Olson is not a teacher who takes homework lightly. Bi tp kim tra li kin thc Bi tp ny s n li phn bn va hc. on di y s khng c du phy, chm hay vit hoa. Bn hy s dng nhng kin thc hc vit hoa, thm du phy v du chm ct Problem, sau kim tra li p n phn Solution. Problem even though peter liked his job a great deal he always looked forward to his summer vacation it was the highlight of his year usually he spent two weeks in the middle of july at Solution Even though Peter liked his job a great deal, he always looked forward to his summer vacation. It was the highlight of his year. Usually, he spent two weeks in the middle of

camp wi wi ta which was forty miles from his home he was responsible for six physically challenged children for 24 hrs a day for two wks how he loved camp

July at Camp Wi Wi Ta, which was forty miles from his home. He was responsible for six physically challenged children for 24 hrs. a day for two wks. How he loved camp!

peter took the counseling job one he loved dearly very seriously each morning he rose before the first child awoke and never went to bed until the last of his kids went to sleep at night the best part of the job was challenging the kids to do things for themselves peter would insist that they comb their hair or cut their own food even if they begged for help the camp dean and some of the other counselors thought peter was slacking on the job but he didn't see it that way

Peter took the counseling job, one he loved dearly, very seriously. Each morning he rose before the first child awoke and never went to bed until the last of his kids went to sleep at night. The best part of the job was challenging the kids to do things for themselves. Peter would insist that they comb their hair or cut their own food even if they begged for help. The camp dean and some of the other counselors thought Peter was slacking on the job, but he didn't see it that way.

he enjoyed knowing that his kids left camp He enjoyed knowing that his kids left camp more capable and confident than they had been more capable and confident than they had been when they arrived when they arrived.

Bi tp nng cao Bn hy vit vi cu kh c th c c nu thiu du phy. V d nh cu: "As they ate the horse moved closer." Sau sa li bng cch thm du phy.

NGY 5: DU PHY DNG TCH RING THNH PHN CU

Du phy c dng trong rt nhiu tnh hung v bi hc hm nay s gii thiu cho cc bn nhng trng hp bn nn dng du phy tch ring cc thnh phn cu. C th cc bn s c hc cch s dng du phy tch ring mnh ph thuc, tch cc phn ra khi mt chui, ngy hay a ch v tch bit hai hay nhiu tnh t ng trc mt danh t, cc yu t tri ngc nhau hay nhng t lm ngt mch ca cu. Phn cui ca bi s gii thch cho cc bn cch dng du phy m u v kt thc mt bc th thn mt. Bi tp khi ng

Trc tin chng ta hy xem bn bit c nhng g v du phy. Cc bn hy thm du phy vo nhng ch cn thit ct Problem, sau hy kim tra lai p n ct Solution. Problem (C vn ) Dear Aunt Jan I hate to give you my whole life story so I'll start halfway through. When I began my first full-time job I was twenty-one years old a freshly scrubbed college graduate. I worked as an English teacher at Sioux Valley Schools 721 Straight Row Drive Linn Grove Iowa. My first day of teacher workshops was August 28 1976 and I came armed with a nice clean notebook a pen a pencil and a new threering binder. I expected a day of meetings but I got nothing of the sort. The only time the entire staff got together was at noon when the principal announced that the parents group had set up a lunch for us in the cafeteria. What a feast: fresh sweet corn vine-ripened tomatoes new potatoes and grilled hamburgers. The president of the school board cooked the burgers nothing less than prime Iowa beef to perfection. It was a first day as you might imagine that I will never forget. I'm looking forward to your next letter. Solution ( gii quyt) Dear Aunt Jan, I hate to give you my whole life story, so I'll start halfway through. When I began my first full-time job, I was twenty-one years old, a freshly scrubbed college graduate. I worked as an English teacher at Sioux Valley Schools, 721 Straight Row Drive, Linn Grove, Iowa. My first day of teacher workshops was August 28, 1976, and I came armed with a nice, clean notebook, a pen, a pencil and a new threering binder. I expected a day of meetings, but I got nothing of the sort. The only time the entire staff got together was at noon when the principal announced that the parents' group had set up a lunch for us in the cafeteria. What a feast: fresh sweet corn, vine-ripened tomatoes, new potatoes and grilled hamburgers. The president of the school board cooked the burgers, nothing less than prime Iowa beef, to perfection. It was a first day, as you might imagine, that I will never forget. I'm looking forward to your next letter.

Sincerely

Sincerely,

Du phy vi mnh c lp c lin t Cc bn hy nh li bi 3, mnh c lp l mt nhm cc t c th ng mt mnh nh mt cu hon chnh. Lin t l cc t ni nh and, but, or, for, nor, so, hoc yet. i khi ngi vit cng c th kt hp hai hay nhiu mnh c lp hnh thnh cu ghp.

Nu trong cu c lin t th du phy s c sau v th nht. Du phy v lin t s c bi m nhng v d di y cc bn d quan st. Vd I went to bed early last night, so I felt rested this morning. The city's economic situation has improved, but there are still neighborhoods where many people depend on the generosity of others in order to live. Susan worked through lunch, and now she is able to leave the office early. Nu mnh c lp khng c lin t i km, thay v dng du phy chng ta s dng du chm phy. V d I went to bed early last night; I felt rested this morning. The city's economic situation has improved; however, there are still neighborhoods where many people depend on the generosity of others in order to live. Susan worked through lunch; now she is able to leave the office early. Bi tp thc hnh: Hy t du phy v du chm phy vo nhng ch thch hp nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. You can safely view an eclipse through the viewing glass of a welding helmet or you can look through a piece of overexposed film. 2. The prisoner showed no remorse as the guilty verdict was announced nor did the tears of the victim's family arouse any emotion. 3. The young calf put its head over the fence and it licked my hand and sucked on my fingers. 4. Icebergs in the Antarctic are flat and smooth but those in the Arctic are rough. 5. I understand your position on this issue I still believe you are dead wrong. 6. I like Sam he likes me for we are best of friends. 7. The inventory is valued at one million dollars but it's not enough to cover our debt. 8. If you know of anyone with data processing experience encourage him or her to apply for this new position. Du phy tch thnh phn ra khi mt chui

Du phy c dng tch cc phn ra khi mt chui cc t, cm t hoc mnh tng t nhau gip ngi c d hiu hn. Phn cui cng ca chui lun c lin t ng trc. Ni mt cch kht khe th khng cn thit phi c du phy ng trc lin t, tuy nhin rt nhiu ngi thch s dng du phy trc lin t cui cng trong chui trnh s nhm ln. Vd Al, Jane, Herbert, and Willis all applied for the promotion. The old Tempo's engine squealed loudly, shook violently, and ground to a halt. The instructions clearly showed how to assemble the equipment, how to load the software, and how to boot the system. Nu mi phn ca chui u c lin t i km th khng cn thit phi dng du phy. V d Billie and Charles and Cameron performed at the company Christmas party. Du phy tch ring cc phn trong ngy hay a ch Khi c a ra ngy, thng, nm y du phy s c t c hai bn ca nm. Khi ch c thng v nm th khng cn phi c du phy. Du phy cn c dng tch ring cc phn ca a ch nh tn ng, thnh ph, bang v quc gia. Khi du phy s c dng sau tn bang hoc quc gia nu cu vn tip tc sau dng a ch. V d We moved from Fayetteville, North Carolina, on May 16, 1993. Since November 1994, Terry has lived at 654 36th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska. Dwana attended Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa, both fall 1994 and spring 1995. Bi tp thc hnh: Thm du phy v du chm cu vo nhng ch cn thit nhng cu di y. Bn c th s dng nhng g bn c hc bi ny v c bi 4. p n s c a ra cui bi. 9. After he ran into the mayor's car with his truck Adam used his cellular

10.

11. 12.

13.

phone to call the police his doctor his lawyer and his insurance agent. The homegrown philosopher who lives next door at 251 Acorn Street Libertyville Kansas claims to know exactly who invented the wheel sliced bread and kissing. Estelle was born on January 31 1953 and Arun was born on June 30 1960. Looking for a solution to the printing problem Karissa asked an older employee questioned the supervisor and finally consulted the printer manual. Baruch brought a jello salad to the potluck Shannon brought peanuts M & M's mints and pretzels.

Du phy dng tch bit cc tnh t Du phy c dng tch bit hai hay nhiu tnh t c vai tr ngang hng nhau. V d Alex avoided the friendly, talkative, pleasant boy sitting next to him at school. The carpenter repaired the floor with dark, aged, oak flooring. The reporter spoke with several intense, talented high school athletes. Cc bn hy ch n cu cui ca v d trn. Bn s d dng nhn thy nhng t several, high,v school u b ngha cho athletes. Tuy nhin khng phi tt c nhng tnh t b ngha cho cng mt t u c vai tr ngang nhau. Ch c nhng tnh t quan trng nh nhau th mi c tch bit bi du phy. Nu cc bn p dng mt hoc c hai bi kim tra di y bn s d dng nhn bit khi no th cn dng n du phy. Bn hy thay i v tr ca nhng tnh t, nu sau cu c ln vn thun th bn hy dng du phy tch bit cc tnh t . Nu c cu ln thy ngng nghu, khng thun th bn khng nn dng du phy. Hai cu v d u nu ta thay i v tr ca cc tnh t cu vn c ngha nhng cu cui nu ta i ch bt k tnh t no tr 2 tnh t intense v talented cu s khng c ngha. V th ch c 2 tnh t mi c tch bit bi du phy. V d

Alex avoided the talkative, friendly, pleasant boy sitting next to him at school. (Cu ng) The carpenter repaired the floor with aged, dark, oak flooring. (Cu ng) The reporter spoke with intense, several, high, talented, school athletes. (Cu sai) Bi kim tra th hai v rt hiu qu l cc bn hy thm t and vo gia cc tnh t. Nu cu c ln vn n th bn hy thm du phy vo gia cc tnh t. Nu cu c khng xui th bn khng nn dng du phy. Chng ta lm th vi nhng cu v d th thy hai cu u tin c vn thun nhng cu cui cng ch khi thm and vo gia 2 t intense v talented cu mi c ngha. By gi bn hy lm th hai bi kim tra nh trn vi nhng cu sau v xem du phy s t u. We bought an antique wrought iron daybed. The envelope contained three crisp clean brand new hundred dollar bills. Bn nn t du phy nh sau: We bought an antique, wrought iron daybed. The envelope contained three crisp, clean, brand new hundred dollar bills. S dng du phy tch cc thnh phn ca cu Du phy c dng tch nhng phn tri ngc trong cu. Lc ny du phy c chc nng bo trc cho ngi c phn tip theo s l kin ngc li, gip h d dng nm bt. V d We searched the entire house, but found nothing. We need strong intellects, not strong bodies, to resolve this problem. The racers ran slowly at first, quickly at the end. We expected to meet the President, not a White House aide. Du phy c s dng tch ring nhng t lm ngt mch ca cu. V d The deadline, it seemed clear, simply could not be met.

We came to rely, however, on the kindness and generosity of the neighbors. The alternative route, we discovered, was faster than the original route. Khi tn ca ngi c ni ti c trong cu th nn c i km du phy. V d Dave, we wanted you to look at this layout before we sent it to printing. We wanted you to look at this layout, Dave, before we sent it to printing. We wanted you to look at this layout before we sent it to printing, Dave. Nhng cu cm thn nh nhng cng nn i km vi du phy. V d Well, that was certainly a pleasant surprise. Yes, I'll call you as soon as we get the information. Heavens, that was a long-winded speaker. S dng du phy sau li cho v kt thc ca mt l th thn mt. V d Dear Uncle Jon, Sincerely yours, Yours truly, Bi tp thc hnh: Chn p n ng 14. a. b. c. 15. a. No, I haven't received a reply just yet, but I expect one any day. No I haven't received a reply just yet, but I expect one any day. No, I haven't received a reply just yet but I expect one any day. My steak was burned to a crisp, the burger, on the other hand, was dripping with blood. b. My steak was burned to a crisp; the burger, on the other hand, was dripping with blood. c. My steak was burned to a crisp, the burger, on the other hand was dripping with blood. 16. a. Well, Sancha, I wonder if Mindy made it to her interview on time.

b. Well, Sancha I wonder if Mindy made it to her interview on time. c. Well Sancha, I wonder if Mindy made it to her interview on time. 17. a. When we go on vacation, we need to remember our clothing fishing equipment and cameras. b. When we go on vacation we need to remember our clothing, fishing equipment, and cameras. c. When we go on vacation, we need to remember our clothing, fishing equipment, and cameras. 18. a. The correct address I believe is 215 North 34th, Streator, Illinois. b. The correct address, I believe, is 215 North 34th, Streator, Illinois. c. The correct address, I believe, is 215, North 34th, Streator, Illinois. 19. a. Our newest employee, a transfer from the home office, is the strong silent absent type, I think. b. Our newest employee, a transfer from the home office is the strong, silent, absent type, I think. c. Our newest employee, a transfer from the home office, is the strong, silent, absent type, I think. 20. a. I'm afraid, Mr. Dobbs, that you lack the qualifications for this job; but we have another that might interest you. b. I'm afraid Mr. Dobbs, that you lack the qualifications for this job, but we have another that might interest you. c. I'm afraid, Mr. Dobbs, that you lack the qualifications for this job, but we have another that might interest you. 21. a. Usually, at the company picnic we play badminton, frisbee golf, volleyball, and horseshoes. b. Usually, at the company picnic, we play badminton frisbee golf, volleyball and horseshoes. c. Usually, at the company picnic we play badminton, frisbee, golf, volleyball, and horseshoes. 22. a. We will advertise our biggest sale of the decade on June 21, 1997, the 25th anniversary of our Grand Opening sale. b. We will advertise our biggest sale of the decade on June 21 1997, the 25th anniversary of our Grand Opening sale. c. We will advertise our biggest sale of the decade on June 21, 1997 the 25th anniversary of our Grand Opening sale. 23. a. Exhausted by the heat, rather than the exertion, Ming collapsed under a tall shady oak tree. b. Exhausted by the heat rather than the exertion, Ming collapsed under a tall, shady oak tree. c. Exhausted by the heat, rather than the exertion, Ming collapsed under a tall, shady oak tree.

Bi tp nng cao Khi bn c bo hay sch bng ting Anh, bn hy nh ghi ch phn du phy m bn thy. Sau hy c nhn li nhng g hc v xem ti sau li t du phy . Ngoi ra li du phy l li du cu thng gp nht nn bn hy tm xem nhng ch no tc gi qun khng nh du phy. p n 1. You can safely view an eclipse through the viewing glass of a welding helmet, or you can look through a piece of overexposed film. 2. The prisoner showed no remorse as the guilty verdict was announced, nor did the tears of the victim's family arouse any emotion. 3. The young calf put its head over the fence, and it licked my hand and sucked on my fingers. 4. Icebergs in the Antarctic are flat and smooth, but those in the Arctic are rough. 5. I understand your position on this issue; I still believe you are dead wrong. 6. I like Sam; he likes me, for we are best of friends. 7. The inventory is valued at one million dollars, but it's not enough to cover our debt. 8. If you know of anyone with data processing experience, encourage him or her to apply for this new position. 9. After he ran into the mayor's car with his truck, Adam used his cellular phone to call the police, his doctor, his lawyer, and his insurance agent. 10. The homegrown philosopher who lives next door at 251 Acorn Street, Libertyville, Kansas, claims to know exactly who invented the wheel, sliced bread, and kissing. 11. Estelle was born on January 31, 1953, and Arun was born on June 30, 1960. 12. Looking for a solution to the printing problem, Karissa asked an older employee, questioned the supervisor, and finally consulted the printer manual. 13. Baruch brought a jello salad to the potluck. Shannon brought peanuts, M & M's, mints, and pretzels. 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c

18. b 19. c 20. c 21. c 22. a 23. c

NGY 6: DU CHM PHY V DU HAI CHM

Rt nhiu ngi nhm ln khi dng du chm phy v du hai chm, nhng sau bi ging ngy hm nay cc bn s bit c chnh xc cc trng hp dng hai loi du cu trn. bi 3, cc bn c hc cch dng du chm phy tch cc mnh c lp ca cu. Cn bi ging hm nay trc tin cc bn s c n li cch s dng du chm phy cng nh cc du cu khc bn c hc. Sau cc bn s c hc cch s dng du chm phy vi nhng trng t lin kt v cch dng du chm phy tch cc thnh phn ra khi mt chui. Ngoi ra cch s dng du hai chm trong giao tip thng mi v nhng cch sp t khc cng c gii thiu cho cc bn bi ging ny. Bi tp khi ng Chng ta s bt u bi hc bng vic xem cc bn hiu v du chm phy v du hai chm nh th no. Bn hy in du chm phy v du hai chm vo nhng ch thch hp ct Problem (C vn ) di y. Sau cc bn hy kim tra li p n ct Solution ( gii quyt). Problem Dear Mr. Powell Dear Mr. Powell: Solution

This letter is a formal complaint regarding service our company received from your representatives at 130 P.M. on January 26, 1996. These are the procedures for which we were billed a complete scotomy, a procedure to rid the machinery of electrostatic material a comprehensive assessment, a procedure for checking all mechanical and electronic parts in

This letter is a formal complaint regarding service our company received from your representatives at 1:30 P.M. on January 26, 1996. These are the procedures for which we were billed: a complete scotomy, a procedure to rid the machinery of electrostatic material; a comprehensive assessment, a procedure for checking all mechanical and electronic parts in

the machinery a thorough cleaning, a procedure the machinery; a thorough cleaning, a necessary to keep the machine running procedure necessary to keep the machine efficiently. running efficiently.

This may be what the representative reported to have done however, only the first procedure in the list was finished. Only one of the three items was completed therefore, we should be refunded the amount charged for the other two services.

This may be what the representative reported to have done; however, only the first procedure in the list was finished. Only one of the three items was completed; therefore, we should be refunded the amount charged for the other two services.

We are filing this complaint in accordance with your technical manual McDounah New Age Electronics A Complete Manual. This information is found in Volume 2, page 27 ''Customers dissatisfied with our service for any reason have the right to file a full complaint within 10 (ten) days from the date of service. Such a complaint must be addressed in writing to Mr. Douglas Powell, Service Manager McDounah New Age Electronics Demming, Delaware. Mr. Powell will respond within two days to remedy the alleged problem or to refund the amount in question." We appreciate your prompt attention to this matter.

We are filing this complaint in accordance with your technical manual McDounah New Age Electronics: A Complete Manual. This information is found in Volume 2, page 27: "Customers dissatisfied with our service for any reason have the right to file a full complaint within 10 (ten) days from the date of service. Such a complaint must be addressed in writing to Mr. Douglas Powell, Service Manager; McDounah New Age Electronics; Demming, Delaware. Mr. Powell will respond within two days to remedy the alleged problem or to refund the amount in question." We appreciate your prompt attention to this matter.

Sincerely yours,

Sincerely yours,

Du chm phy C ba trng hp ta c th dng du chm phy tch ring cc mnh c lp ca cu. Trng hp u tin l dng du chm phy tch cc mnh c lp c lin t i km, iu ny cng c cp bi trc. V d Three doctors began the research project; only one completed it.

Discard the packaging; save the paperwork for accounting. The hour is over; it's time to stop working. Bn cnh , du chm phy cn c dng tch cc mnh c lp c cha du phy, thm ch ngay c khi mnh c lin t. Nh du chm phy gip ngi c nhn bit ch ngt mch ca cu. V d The team needed new equipment, updated training manuals, and better professional advice; but since none of this was provided, they performed as poorly as they had in the previous competition. Ngoi ra du chm phy cn c dng tch cc mnh c lp c kt ni vi nhau bi trng t lin kt, ng ng trc trng t l du phy. Trng t lin kt l trng t dng gn kt cc mnh c lp li vi nhau. Du cu i km trng t lin kt c t khc vi nhng lin t thng thng. C th, mnh c lp th c theo sau bi du chm phy cn trng t lin kt th c theo sau bi du phy. V d Our copy of the central warehouse catalog arrived after the budget deadline; consequently, our requests are late. In the book An American Childhood, Annie Dillard recounts her experiences as a child; furthermore, she questions and speculates about the meaning of life. y l danh sch nhng lin t kt hp Accordingly Besides Consequently Furthermore Hence However Instead Moreover Nevertheless Otherwise Therefore Thus

Rt nhiu ngi nhm ln nhng lin t ph thuc nh because, though, until, v while, vi nhng lin t kt hp c lit k trn. Tuy nhin, mnh bt u bi nhng lin t ph thuc ch l mnh ph thuc, n khng th ng mt mnh. Cn mnh i km vi trng t ph thuc th l mnh c lp, n c th tch bit vi nhng mnh c lp khc bng cch thm du chm cu v vit hoa hoc dng du chm phy.

Tip theo y l mt mo gip cc bn pht hin xem liu t bt u mt mnh c phi l trng t lin kt hay khng. Nu bn c th thay i v tr ca trng t m khng lm nh hng n ngha ca cu th l trng t lin kt. Nu khng thay i c th c th l lin t lin kt. V d, y c hai mnh chnh: My paycheck was delayed. I couldn't pay my rent on time. V y c hai cch kt hp hai mnh li vi nhau: My paycheck was delayed; therefore, I couldn't pay my rent on time. I couldn't, pay my rent on time because my paycheck was delayed. Bn hy kim tra xem cu u tin c dng trng t lin kt hay khng. Bn c th di chuyn v tr ca therefore trong cu khng? Cu tr li l c bi bn c th ni rng: "I couldn't, therefore, pay my rent on time." V th therefore l mt trng t lin kt. Bn hy lm mt bi kim tra tng t kim chng xem because c phi l trng t lin kt hay khng. Bn c chuyn v tr ca because trong mnh khng? Chng ta hy lm th nh: "My paycheck because was delayed"? Sau khi i v tr, cu tr thnh cu sai. V th because l lin t kt hp v mnh c gii thiu khng phi mnh chnh. Ngoi ra vn cn mt trng hp ta c th dng du chm phy tch ring cc mnh c lp: Du chm phy c dng tch ring cc phn ca mt chui m cc b phn thnh phn trong c cha du phy. Khng ging nh cc phn c tch bit vi nhau bi du phy, du chm phy c dng ngay c khi thnh phn c lin t i km. V d The dates we are considering for our annual party are Thursday, June 5; Saturday, June 7; Sunday, June 8; or Monday, June 9. When we go to the lake, I am sure to take a pizza pan, a popcorn popper, and pancake griddle; fishing tackle, life jackets, and ski equipment; and puzzles, cards, board games, and my guitar. The expansion committee is considering locations in Columbus, Ohio; Orange, California; Minton, Tennessee; and Jacksonville, Florida. Bi tp thc hnh: Hy ng dng nhng g bn c hc lm bi tp di y. Cc bn hy thm du chm phy vo ch cn thit nhng cu sau. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. I need a break I've been working for five hours straight.

We have branch offices in Paris, France Berlin, Germany Stockholm, Sweden and Budapest, Hungary. We had no problem meeting the deadline however, we were still able to 3. find ways of streamlining production. We ate swiss steak, riced potatoes, steamed broccoli and fresh bread for 4. dinner but we still had room to eat apple pie for dessert. Paige left some of the confidential documents sitting on her desk at work 5. consequently, she worried about their safety all night long. 2. Du hai chm Du hai chm dng gii thiu Du hai chm s c dng gii thiu mt chui cc thnh phn vi iu kin phn ng trc du hai chm l mt cu hon chnh. V d These people were cast in the play: Andrea, Horatio, Thom, Alley and Benito. We packed these items for the trip: cameras, dress clothes, scuba equipment, and beach wear. Du hai chm s khng c dng nu chui b ngha cho ng t. Cc bn hy nhn nhng v d di y, chng c vit li t nhng cu trn v khi du hai chm khng cn cn thit na. V d The people cast in the play were Kristin, Horatio, Thom, Alley, and Benito. For our trip we packed cameras, dress clothes, scuba equipment, and beach wear. Du chm phy c dng gii thiu phn trch dn chnh thc. V d John F. Kennedy ended the speech with these notable words: "Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country." Du hai chm c dng nhn mnh mt t, cm t hoc mnh c vai tr lm r phn chnh ca cu. V phn trc du hai chm cng phi l mt cu c lp.

V d The financial problems our company has been experiencing have been caused by one thing: poor planning. We were missing a vital piece of information: how the basic product design differed from last year's model. Du hai chm c dng ch cc mi quan h ph thuc Du chm c dng ch cc mi quan h ph thuc trong nhng trng hp sau: Dng gia hai cu trong cu th hai gii thch thm cho cu th nht. V d Brenton shouted and threw his fists in the air: He had just set a new world's record. Nicole put the check into her scrapbook rather than cashing it: It was the first check she had ever earned. Scott ignored the phone: He knew it was a salesman for whom he had no time.. Gia phn nhan v phn ti ca mt cun sch. V d Internet Starter Kit: A Complete Guide to Cyberspace. Beyond 2000: A Futuristic View of Time. O Death, Where is Thy Sting: Tales from the Other Side. Gia quyn, tp v s trang hoc gia chng v on. V d World Book Encyclopedia V: 128 New Age Journal of Medicine IX: 23 John 3:16 Genesis 1:1 Psalms 23:2 Gia gi v pht. V d 12:53 A.M. 2:10 P.M.

 Sau li cho ca mt l th thng mi Cc bn c hc rng du phy c dng sau li cho ca mt l th thn mt nhng du hai chm li gip bo hiu cho ngi c bit rng phn tip theo s l mt vn thng mi h c th xem xt vn mt cch nghim tc. iu ny c bit ng trong trng hp bc th ch ghi chc danh ch khng ghi tn ca ngi c nhn. Tuy nhin trong th thng mi phn kt thc ca bc th vn c dng du phy. V d Dear Mr. Strange: Cordially yours, Dear Operations Manager: Respectfully submitted, Bi tp thc hnh: Hy chn p n ng trong s nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 6. a. b. c. 7. a. b. c. 8. a. b. c. 9. a. I found an outline of the procedure in the policy manual, Volume 3:17. I found an outline of the procedure, in the policy manual, Volume 3:17. I found an outline of the procedure in the policy manual Volume 3,17. The tornado destroyed most of the buildings on our farm, however the house was untouched by the violent storm. The tornado destroyed most of the buildings on our farm; however the house was untouched by the violent storm. The tornado destroyed most of the buildings on our farm; however, the house was untouched by the violent storm. After a week in the woods I need: a towel, a washcloth, a toothbrush, and a bar of soap. After a week in the woods I need a towel, a washcloth, a toothbrush, and a bar of soap. After a week in the woods I need; a towel, a washcloth, a toothbrush, and a bar of soap. Dear Subscriber, Please renew your subscription by 12,00 A.M. on January 5, 1996, to receive the special bonus. Dear Subscriber: Please renew your subscription by 12:00 A.M. on January 5, 1996, to receive the special bonus. Dear Subscriber; Please renew your subscription by 12:00 A.M. on January 5, 1996 to receive the special bonus. Each day a new shift begins at 8:00 A.M., 4:00 P.M., and 12:00 A.M.

b.

c.

10. a.

b. Each day a new shift begins at 8:00 A.M.; 4:00 P.M., and 12:00 A.M. c. Each day a new shift begins at 8:00, A.M.; 4:00, P.M.; and 12:00, A.M. 11. a. I like to play football, a physically challenging sport; chess, a game of logic and strategy; Super Mario World, a mindless Super Nintendo game; and the guitar, a relaxing instrument. b. I like to play football, a physically challenging sport: chess, a game of logic and strategy: Super Mario World, a mindless Super Nintendo game: and the guitar, a relaxing instrument. c. I like to play football a physically challenging sport, chess a game of logic and strategy. Super Mario World a mindless Super Nintendo game, and the guitar a relaxing instrument. 12. a. They learned the following information from the interrogation: the suspect's name; the suspect's home address; the suspect's phone number; and the suspect's current employer. b. They learned the following information from the interrogation the suspect's name, the suspect's home address, the suspect's phone number, and the suspect's current employer. c. They learned the following information from the interrogation: the suspect's name, the suspect's home address, the suspect's phone number, and the suspect's current employer. Bi tp nng cao: Cc bn hy xem li mt vi l th trao i bn mi c nhn hoc gi i kim tra phn du cu. C th bn hy d li xem ngi vit s dng du chm cu, du phy, du chm phy v du hai chm ng hay cha. Nu cha ng bn hy sa li. y s l mt bi thc hnh tt gip bn n li phn c hc. p n 1. I need a break; I've been working for five hours straight. 2. We have branch offices in Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; Stockholm, Sweden; and Budapest, Hungary. 3. We had no problem meeting the deadline; however, we were still able to find ways of streamlining production. 4. We ate swiss steak, riced potatoes, steamed broccoli and fresh bread for dinner; but we still had room to eat apple pie for dessert. 5. Paige left some of the confidential documents sitting on her desk at work; consequently, she worried about their safety all night long. 6. a 7. c 8. b 9. b 10. a

11. a 12. c

NGY 7: DU NHY N V DU GCH NGANG

Bi ging ny s gip cc bn kim sot c du nhy n (') Apostroph v du gch ngang (-) Dash , hai loi du cu thng b s dng sai. Du nhy n c dng lin kt nhng thng tin quan trng trong bi vit. Du gch ngang c dng nhn mnh nhng thng tin quan trng. Trc khi bt u bi ging chng ta hy xem cc bn hiu nhng g v phn ny. Cc bn hy thm du nhy n v du gch ngang vo ch thch hp ct Problem (C vn ). Sau hy kim tra li p n ct Solution ( gii quyt). Problem Solution My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories My grandfather is quite fond of telling stories from the late 30s and early 40s. The Great from the late '30s and early '40s. The Great Depressions effect was beginning to diminish in Depression's effect was beginning to diminish in the small South Dakota town where he lived. the small South Dakota town where he lived. He inherited a 160-acre farm after his fatherinlaws death in 1938. Little of the farms cropland had produced anything in the years prior to 38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the droughts end in 40 came the beginning of good crops. Even with the governments market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons help to farm the addl land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out. He purchased a steam engine tractor one of John Deeres first and farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer. Du nhy n ' (Apostrophes) He inherited a 160-acre farm after his fatherinlaw's death in 1938. Little of the farm's cropland had produced anything in the years prior to '38. During his first two years as a landowner, he netted a small profit. With the drought's end in '40 came the beginning of good crops. Even with the government's market quotas, he was able to make enough money to buy another quarter of land. He counted on his sons' help to farm the add'l land, but they went off to Europe when World War II broke out. He purchased a steam engine tractorone of John Deere's firstand farmed the 320 acres by himself. That was the beginning of his most successful years as a farmer.

 ch quyn s hu Du nhy n c dng ch quyn s hu. Nhng t in m v d di y l t s hu. Danh t s t (thm 's) boy's toy ( chi ca cu b ) child's play lady's coat dentist's aide Danh t s nhiu kt thc bng s (thm ') boys' bicycles (nhng chic xe p ca nhng cu b) kids' bedrooms ladies' skirts players' representative Danh t s nhiu khng kt thc bng s (thm 's) men's schedules (thi gian biu ca nhng ngi n ng) children's opinions women's department people's choice

Du nhy n khng c dng to danh t s nhiu. Trc khi bn ang nh t du nhy n vo mt danh t m kt thc bng s, bn hy t xem li mc ch s dng, nu ch nh biu t s nhiu th khng cn phi cho du nhy n. V d There are a lot of potatoes in the refrigerator. Cut out the potatoes' eyes. Bn c th trnh dng du nhy n bng cch s dng cng thc sau: the ______ of the _________, ging nh trong cu the eyes of the potatoes. Nu t khng khp vi cng thc ny, danh t khng th thm du nhy n. V y l mt s trng hp c bit khi s dng du nhy n ch quyn s hu: Khi tnh t s hu c nhiu hn mt t nh danh t ghp, vic kinh doanh hay mt mt c quan, hoc nhng phn c chung s hu, khi du nhy n v s s c t t cui cng ca t ghp. V d someone else's problem mother-in-law's visit board of directors' policy Pope John Paul II's illness Proctor and Gamble's product Wayne and Judy's log cabin Nhng t ch khong thi gian hoc lng tin th cn phi c du nhy n khi chng c dng nh tnh t s hu. V d day's pay, month's vacation, morning's work two cents' worth, dollar's worth

 Khi i t s hu nh my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, their, theirs c dng nh mt tnh t th khng cn phi dng du nhy n. V d This is their idea. The idea is theirs. We filed our flight plan. The flight plan is ours. This manual must be yours. Bi tp thc hnh: Hy chn phng n s dng du nhy n ng cch. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. a. b. 2. a. b. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. 5. a. b. 6. a. b. 7. a. b. 8. a. b. 9. a. b. 10. a. b. An employee's motivation is different from an owner's. An employees' motivation is different from an owners'. Employees reward's differ from an owners'. Employees' rewards differ from an owner's. Elaine has worked three years as a physicians assistant. Elaine has worked three years as a physician's assistant. The Mens' Issue's group meets every Saturday morning. The Men's Issues group meets every Saturday morning. The companies' sales force has doubled in recent years, and the credit is your's. The company's sales force has doubled in recent years, and the credit is yours. The most efficient method is her's. The most efficient method is hers. After five years' experience, we earn four weeks' paid vacation. After five year's experience, we earn four week's paid vacation. Pat and Janice's proposal requires a month's work. Pat's and Janice's proposal requires a months' work. The computer supply store's top-selling printer is Hewlett Packards latest model. The computer supply store's top-selling printer is Hewlett Packard's latest model. Ms. Jones's boutique sells the same products as Mr. Smith's. Ms. Jones' boutique sells the same products as Mr. Smiths'.

ch phn b qua Du nhy n c dng thay th cc ch ci hoc con s b b qua. V d Morton doesn't (does not) live here anymore.

Who's (who is) on first. I just can't (cannot) understand this memo. The task force discussed the nat'l (national) debt. My first car was a '67 (1967) Chevy. Grandpa tells stories about life in the '40s (1940s). Du gch ngang (-) - dash Lu : khi g bi cc bn hy nh phn bit r gia du gch ngang v du ni. Du gch ngang di gp i du ni thng thng. Du gch ngang c dng ch nhng on ngt t ngt trong cu hoc thm phn nhn xt, nh gi. V d Here is your sandwich and your-Look out for that bee! I remember the day-what middle-aged person doesn't-that President Kennedy was shot. John is sorry-we all are-about your unfortunate accident. Du gch ngang c dng nhn mnh phn gii thch thm. Cc bn khng bt buc phi dng du gch ngang nhng cc bn c php dng. V d Knowing yourself-your thoughts, values, and dreams-is the most important knowledge. ''The writer is by nature a dreamer-a conscious dreamer."-Carson McCullers. We spend our summers in Canada-Ontario, to be precise. Du gch ngang cn c dng ch ra cc ch hoc s b b st. V d "Oh, sh-, I can't believe I forgot to mail that package!" "Hello?-Yes, I can hear you just fine.-Of course-I think I can.Good!-I'll see you later. Du gch ngang cn c dng ni cm t u tin vi nhng phn cn li ca cu. V d Honesty, integrity, tenacity-these are marks of motivated salespeople. Nashville, Tennesse; Olympia, Washington; Oceola, Iowa-these are the prospective locations.

Bi tp thc hnh: Hy chn cu c du gch ngang v cc du cu khc c s dng ng cch. p n s c a ra cui bi. 11. a. b. 12. a. b. 13. a. b. 14. a. b. 15. a. b. We have only one choice-to open a new branch office in the suburbs. We have only one choice to open a new branch office-in the suburbs. My suggestion-just in case you're interested, is to apply for a promotion. My suggestion-just in case you're interested-is to apply for a promotion. He is the most unreasonable, I guess I should keep my opinions to myself. He is the most unreasonable-I guess I should keep my opinions to myself. I can't find that d- pocket organizer that I worked-Oh, here it is. I can't find that d- pocket organizer that I worked, Oh, here it is. Brains, brawn, determination-that's what I demand from my people. Brains, brawn, determination: that's what I demand from my people.

Bi tp thc hnh v cng c Cc bn hy xem nhng cu hi di y. Chng bao qut hu ht nhng kin thc cc bn c hc v du cu t trc ti gi. Sau khi c tht k bn hy chn cu c cch dng du cu ng. 16. a. Although it may seem strange, my partners purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders Jr., was to eliminate him as a suspect in the crime. b. Although it may seem strange my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr. was to eliminate him, as a suspect in the crime. c. Although it may seem strange, my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr., was to eliminate him as a suspect in the crime. d. Although it may seem strange, my partner's purpose in interviewing Dr. E. S. Sanders, Jr. was to eliminate him, as a suspect in the crime. 17. a. After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand, and Forest Ms. Anderson saw a dark hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel and run north on Forest. b. After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand, and Forest, Ms. Anderson saw a dark hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel, and run north on Forest. c. After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand and Forest Ms. Anderson saw a dark, hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel and run north on Forest.

d. After colliding with a vehicle at the intersection of Grand and Forest, Ms. Anderson saw a dark, hooded figure reach through the window, grab a small parcel, and run north on Forest. 18. a. When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boy's versions. b. When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boys' versions. c. When we interviewed each of the boys and the fathers, we determined that the mens' stories did not match up with the boys' versions. d. When we interviewed each of the boy's and the father's, we determined that the men's stories did not match up with the boys' versions. 19. a. Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow-Bobbys sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks. b. Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow: Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls' queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water-and my swimming trunks. c. Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow: Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girl's queen-sized air mattress-they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks. d. Bring these items when you drive up here tomorrow. Bobby's sleeping bag, another can of insect repellent, the girls queen-sized air mattress, they want to use it to sunbathe on the water, and my swimming trunks. 20. a. James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter-these authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy, Covey's process for prioritizing, and Hunter's organizational principles. b. James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter. These authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy, Covey's process for prioritizing and Hunter's organizational principles. c. James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter-these authors are responsible for my management style, a combination of Autrys personnel philosophy, Coveys process for prioritizing and Hunters organizational principles. d. James Autry, Steven Covey, Madeline Hunter: these authors are

responsible for my management style; a combination of Autry's personnel philosophy; Covey's process for prioritizing; and Hunter's organizational principles. Bi tp nng cao Rt t ngi hiu trn vn v quy tc s dng du nhy n v du gch ngang. Cn nhng bi qung co th thng xuyn s dng sai c hai loi du ny. Chnh v vy bi tp hm nay ca cc bn l hy quan st cc bng thng bo, tp ch v bo tm nhng ch du nhy n v du gch ngang c dng ng cch. ng thi cc bn cng nn tm nhng ch chng b b qua hoc thm vo khng ng sa li. p n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. a b b b b b a a b a a b b a a c d b b a

NGY 8: DU NGOC KP
Bi ging ny s gii thiu cho cc bn mt s quy tc s dng du ngoc kp. Cc bn u bit du ngoc kp thng c dng nhiu cc on hi thoi, tuy nhin n cng c dng rt ph bin cc th loi khc na.

Bi tp khi ng Chng ta s bt u bi hc bng vic xem bn hiu nhng g v du ngoc kp. Bn hy t du ngoc kp vo nhng ch thch hp ct Problem (C vn ). Mt vi cu s cn thm c du chm v du phy. Sau bn hy kim tra p n ct Solution ( gii quyt). Problem Into the shelter yelled the captain. My first personal essay was called My Life and Death. William Hickock richly deserved the name Wild Bill. I wish that old fussbudget Melanie stopped abruptly as Mr. Harris walked into the room. None of us had heard of halupsi before. If we don't hurry said Jack we'll be late for the show. Why are you still here my supervisor asked. Everyone else went home an hour ago. I read the editorial called Big Boys in Washington. You've said actually twelve times in the past two minutes. David said The customer said No way before I ever had a chance to explain. We matted and framed a print of Woodland Tide and hung it on the office wall. Our Christmas bonus was a bag with a cookie and an orange. With his trady record, I can see why you refer to him as Punctual Paul. Solution "Into the shelter!" yelled the captain. My first personal essay was called "My Life and Death." William Hickock richly deserved the name "Wild Bill." "I wish that old fussbudget" Melanie stopped abruptly as Mr. Harris walked into the room. None of us had heard of "halupsi" before. "If we don't hurry," said Jack, "we'll be late for the show." "Why are you still here?" my supervisor asked. "Everyone else went home an hour ago." I read the editorial called "Big Boys in Washington." You've said "actually" twelve times in the past two minutes. David said, "The customer said, 'No way!' before I ever had a chance to explain." We matted and framed a print of "Woodland Tide" and hung it on the office wall. Our Christmas "bonus" was a bag with a cookie and an orange. With his trady record, I can see why you refer to him as "Punctual Paul."

Du ngoc kp cho nhng on trch dn trc tip Du ngoc kp thng c dng cho nhng on trch dn trc tip trong cng mt cu hoc mt on. V d Mr. Hurley called our prototype "a model of pure genius." I was certain he said, "Campbells will accept delivery on Tuesday." "When will help arrive?" I wondered. The sign clearly read, "No trespassing or hunting."

"Happy and Fulfilled," the headstone read. Cc bn lu khng dng du ngoc kp cho nhng on gii thch hoc trch dn khng trc tip. V d I was sure Campbells wanted a Tuesday delivery. I wondered when help would arrive. The sign said that trespassing and hunting were not allowed. Du ngoc kp n c dng t mt on trch dn trong on trch dn khc. V d "I distinctly heard her say, 'The store opens at 9:00.'" said Gene. The speaker continued, "I am ever mindful of Franklin Roosevelt's famous words, 'We have nothing to fear but fear itself.' But fear is a terrible thing." My speech teacher asked, "Does anyone in this room remember the way Jim Nabors used to say, 'Golly'?" Nhn nh v bi hi thoi Bi hi thoi c t du cu ng l nhng bi s dng du ngoc kp, du phy v du chm ng cch. Cc bn hy nhn k nhng cu phn hi thoi mu di y. Chng bao gm nhng cu trc hi thoi c bn. Nhng t trong du ngoc kp c gi l phn trch dn, cn nhng t dng din gii v ngi a ra phn trch dn th c gi l phn gii thch. phn v d di y, phn gii thch c bi m cc bn d quan st. 1. 2. 3. 4. "I'm really thirsty. Let's grab something to drink," said Horace. Nancy replied, "I'm thirsty, but I don't have any cash. Do you have some?" "I don't get it," Horace answered. "You're the manager with the highpaying job." "Well," Nancy replied, "credit cards are all I ever use."

Nhng t c trch dn lun nm trong du ngoc kp, nhng phn gii thch th c t du cu theo nhng cch khc nhau ph thuc vo v tr chng xut hin trong cu. Khi phn gii thch ng ng sau phn trch dn v phn trch dn c t du chm th ta s i sang dng du phy cui cu trch dn cn du chm s c dng cui phn gii thch.

Tuy nhin, nu phn trch dn l cu c theo sau bi du chm than hoc du hi chm th ta s t du cu cui phn trch dn cn du chm s c t sau phn gii thch. M hnh "," said Rose. "?" asked Rose. "!" exclaimed Rose. V d "I'm really thirsty. Let's grab something to drink," said Alvina. "I'm really thirsty. Do you want to grab something to drink?" asked Alvina. "I'm really thirsty. Hold ita Dairy Queen!" exclaimed Alvina. Trong trng hp phn gii thch ng trc phn trch dn th ta s t du phy ng sau phn gii thch ri t du ngoc kp phn c trch dn, vit hoa ch ci u tin ca phn trch dn v t du cu nh bnh thng. M hnh Iris said, "." Iris asked, "?" Iris exclaimed, "!" Trong trng hp phn gii thch ngt i phn trch dn v hai phn b tch ra u l cu hon chnh th phn trch dn u tin du chm s c t sau phn gii thch. Cn phn trch dn cn li th s c t du cu ging nh trng hp phn gii thch ng trc phn trch dn. M hnh "," said Lily. "." "?" asked Lily. "?" "!" exclaimed Lily. "!" Khi phn gii thch ngt ngang phn trch dn, du ngoc kp c t phn trch dn cn du phy c t sau phn trch dn u tin v phn gii thch. Phn cn li ca on trch dn vn c t trong du ngoc kp nhng khng vit hoa t u tin v t du cu nh bnh thng. M hnh "," said Daisy, "." "," asked Daisy, "?" "," exclaimed Daisy, "!"

Cc cch dng khc ca du ngoc kp Du ngoc kp c dng ch nhng cm t v tn hiu l. V d None of us had heard of "chutney" before we read the article. He was dubbed "Sir Tagalong" by the other members of the staff. Du ngoc kp cn c dng ch nhng th gy ngc nhin hoc ma mai. Nhng cc bn nn trnh lm dng cch dng ny nu khng s phn tc dng. V d When we were camping, our "bathroom" was a thicket behind our tent. Our "guide" never mentioned the presence of poison ivy. The "fun" of surgery begins long before the operation commences. Du ngoc kp cn c dng ch tn ca nhng th c th, chc chn. Nhng tn kiu khc th nn c gch chn hoc bi en. Bn c th xem chi tit bng di y. Dng du ngoc kp Tn ca truyn ngn hoc chng ca mt quyn sch Tn ca mt chng trnh truyn hnh Tn ca mt bi th Gch chn hoc bi en Tn ca mt cun tiu thuyt Tn ca mt b phim Tn ca mt tp th hoc s thi

Tiu ca mt bi bo hoc mt bn tin Tn ca mt cun tp ch hoc mt bi bo Tn ca mt bi ht Tn ca mt bn nhc hoc mt v kch Tn ca mt con tu, my bay, xe la, vv... Cch t du cu trong du ngoc kp y l mt s quy tc i vi vic t cc du cu khc trong du ngoc kp: Du hi chm, du chm than v du gch ngang s c t bn trong du ngoc kp nu chng l mt phn ca cu trch dn. Nu chng khng phi hy cc bn hy t bn ngoi du ngoc kp. V d The doctor asked, "Can you feel any pain in this area?"

Have you read Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Birthmark"? "I wish I'd never heard of" Karen stopped abruptly as Nick walked in the room. "Stage left," "stage right," "upstage, and "downstage"I always confused these terms. Du chm cu v du phy s c t bn trong du ngoc kp. V d "Let's wait a few minutes," suggested Doris, "before we leave." Du hai chm v du chm phy s c t bn ngoi du ngoc kp. V d I can see only one challenge for the speaker of "The Road Less Traveled": ambivalence. The critic called the latest sculpture an "abomination to sensitive eyes"; the artist was hurt. Bi tp thc hnh: Cc bn hy chn cu s dng du cu ng cch. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. a. "Have you ever read the story 'The Open Window' by O. Henry? asked Martha. b. "Have you ever read the story 'The Open Window' by O. Henry?" asked Martha. c. "Have you ever read the story "The Open Window" by O. Henry?" asked Martha. a. Did you know it was Winston Churchill who called Russia "a riddle wrapped up in a mystery inside an enigma"? b. Did you know it was "Winston Churchill" who called Russia "a riddle wrapped up in a mystery inside an enigma?" c. Did you know it was Winston Churchill who called Russia "a riddle wrapped up in a mystery inside an enigma?" a. After reading a review of Toy Story, I wanted to see the movie. b. After reading a review of Toy Story, I wanted to see the movie. c. After reading a review of "Toy Story," I wanted to see the movie. a. Leaving five minutes early on Friday was our "reward." b. Leaving five minutes early on Friday was our "reward". c. Leaving five minutes early on Friday was our 'reward.' a. "Megabyte," "baud speed," "internal RAM"these are all examples of technical terms.

2.

3.

4.

5.

b. "Megabyte," "baud speed," "internal RAM" these are all examples of technical terms. c. "Megabyte", "baud speed", "internal RAM"these are all examples of technical terms. 6. a. If you read my article Budget Play in this morning's Register, you'll understand why I'm so cynical about Washington politicians. b. If you read my article ''Budget Play" in this morning's "Register", you'll understand why I'm so cynical about Washington politicians. c. If you read my article "Budget Play" in this morning's Register, you'll understand why I'm so cynical about Washington politicians. 7. a. "The story 'What Does Anyone Really Understand?' certainly gave me something to think about," remarked Uncle Art. b. 'The story "What Does Anyone Really Understand?" certainly gave me something to think about,' remarked Uncle Art. c. "The story "What Does Anyone Really Understand?" certainly gave me something to think about," remarked Uncle Art. 8. a. "Do you name all your cats Howard," asked my friend Ted. b. "Do you name all your cats Howard"? asked my friend Ted. c. "Do you name all your cats Howard?" asked my friend Ted. 9. a. The officer asked us whether we had seen the accident. b. The officer asked us whether we had seen the accident? c. The officer asked us, "Whether we had seen the accident." 10. a. "You would be better off not to offer any excuses," the personnel director advised, "I'm afraid that will only make matters worse." b. "You would be better off not to offer any excuses." the personnel director advised. "I'm afraid that will only make matters worse." c. "You would be better off not to offer any excuses," the personnel director advised. "I'm afraid that will only make matters worse." Bi tp cng c Cc bn hy nhn bt k v d no v phn du ngoc kp m bn tnh c c c sau hy kim tra li xem chng c dng ng hay khng. p n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. b a b a a

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

c a c a c

NGY 9: CCH DNG DU CU

Bi ging ny s gii thiu cho cc bn mt vi loi du cu t c s dng hn, bao gm du ni, du ngoc trn, du ngoc vung, du nhy v du gch cho. Tuy rng nhng loi du cu ny khng c dng thng xuyn nhng mt khi dng chng ta cn phi dng ng cch. Nhng du cu c cp trong bi thng khng c dng trong bi vit thng thng nhng li c dng cho nhng mc ch rt c bit. Nu ngi vit hiu c r chc nng ca chng th c th lin kt rt d dng. Do hu ht nhng quy tc s dng u mang tnh chuyn mn, t ngi bit n nn chng ta s bt u bi hc ngay m khng xem th cc bn hiu v vn ny nh th no. Phn cui ca bi chng ta s cng tho lun v cch s dng s t trong vn vit. Du ni (-) Mc ch chnh ca du ni l lin kt cc t li hnh thnh danh t ghp hoc tnh t ghp. Du ni ch ra nhng t i km vi nhau bi cng mt mc ch. Danh t ghp c th c vit nh mt t n, hai t n hoc mt t c du ni. V vy khi no bn khng r th hy kim tra li t in, bi ngn ng lun thay i v nhng t ghp ny cng vy. Mt danh t ghp c vit nh hai t n c th bin i thnh mt t c du ni v cui cng tr thnh mt t n. V d nh t semicolon ban u c vit nh hai t ring r: semi colon. Nhng n cui nhng nm 1950, t in bt u a t ny vo danh sch nhng t c du ni: semi-colon. V theo t in mi y, n c a vo danh sch nhng t n: semicolon. Danh t ghp lin Danh t ghp tch ring Danh t ghp c du ni tablecloth horsefly textbook parking lot couch potato floppy disk jack-in-the-box brother-in-law money-maker

catwalk bedroom

city-state well-being merry-go-round

Du ni c dng lin kt hai danh t c vai tr ngang hng nhau thnh mt t. V d Shannon is a teacher-poet. Pete Rose was a player-coach for the Cincinnati Reds. Kevin Costner has joined the ranks of well-known actor-directors. Du ni c dng lin kt nhng cm t ghp gm nhiu t. V d fly-by-night stick-in-the-mud good-for-nothing three-year-old Du ni c dng lin kt hai hay nhiu tnh t c cng chc nng ng trc danh t. V d The hikers saw a run-down cabin in the clearing. Much has been written about the Kennedy-Nixon debates. An ill-trained police officer is more of a menace than protector. The company employed a high-powered consultant. A soft-spoken answer to the angry accusation ended the disagreement. His off-the-wall remarks keep our meetings lively and interesting. The parties finally agreed after three months of hard-nosed negotiations. A French-Canadian bicyclist won the three-week race. Nhng t c chc nng nh tnh t n theo sau danh t th s khng c t du ni. V d The cabin the hikers saw in the clearing was run down. A police officer who is ill trained is more of a menace than a protector. The consultant employed by the company was high powered.

The parties finally agreed after three months of negotiations that were hard nosed. Du ni c s dng lin kt nhng tin t nh self, half, ex, all, great, post, pro, v vice, hoc hu t nh elect vi t. V d Harry Truman unleashed the all-powerful atomic weapon. Abraham Lincoln was a self-made man. Keep your half-baked ideas to yourself. Simone spotted her ex-husband walking into the grocery store. My great-grandfather turns 102 next Wednesday. Many remember the post-WWII years with great fondness. Conservatives consider the front-runner to be a pro-abortion candidate. The secretary-elect picked up all the records from the presiding secretary. Du ni c s dng trnh vic nhm ln khi vit chnh t hoc vit qu rc ri. V d The coach decided to re-pair the debate partners. The neighbors decided to re-cover their old sofa. The sculpture had a bell-like shape. Du ni c dng lin kt ch ci vit hoa vi t. V d The U-joint went out in our second car. The architect worked with nothing more than a T-square. Du ni c dng vit nhng ch s c hai t (t 21 n 99). V d twenty-six thirty-three sixty-four seventy-two ninety-nine Du ni c dng lin kt phn s khi c vit nh hai t n.

V d three-fifths five-sixteenths five thirty-seconds Du ni c dng lin kt nhng con s c chc nng nh tnh t vi t. V d three-yard pass eight-inch steel two-word sentence five-stroke lead LU : Khi mt chui nhng con s c chc nng nh tnh t c vit trong cng mt cu th du ni hoc du phy s c dng vi tt c tr phn cui cng. V d Precut particle board comes in two-, four-, and six-foot squares. Andy scored three touchdowns on eight-, fourteen-, and two-yard runs. Du ni c dng lin kt s t v tnh t. V d fifty-four-year-old woman ten-dollar profit two-thousand-acre ranch twenty-minute wait Du ni c dng vit thi gian trong ngy. V d twelve-thirty four-o'clock appointment six-fifteen A.M. one-fifty-five in the morning Du ni c dng lin kt nhng s ch tui th, im s hoc khong thi gian ca mt s kin. V d

Abraham Lincoln (180965) served as the sixteenth President, 186165. The Cowboys beat the Eagles 21-3. Du ngoc trn ( ) - parentheses Du ngoc trn c dng bao quanh nhng phn gii thch lm ngt mch ca cu. V d Thirty-sixth Street (a party street if there ever was one) is a fun place to live. Our neighbors threw a huge party on New Year's Eve. (Fortunately, we were invited.) Unfortunately, another set of neighbors (they were not invited) called the police to complain about the noise. We party-goers (how were we to know?) were completely surprised by the officers. Cc bn hy ch n 3 cu cui. Mi phn trong du ngoc trn u l mt cu hon chnh. Nu du ngoc trn c t cui cu, du cu s c t nh bnh thng. Mt khc, nu du ngoc trn t gia cu th s khng cn phi vit hoa cng nh t du chm. Tuy nhin nu du ngoc trn c t gia cu thng yu cu phi c du chm hi hoc du chm than th ta s t du trong du ngoc trn. Du ngoc trn c dng bao quanh nhng thng tin i hi s chnh xc cao. V d The two sons of Richard Hannika (Scott and William) are sole heirs to his fortune. We hereby agree to sell the heirloom for sixty-three dollars ($63.00). Du ngoc trn c dng bao quanh nhng ch ci hoc con s ch s tch bit. V d This lesson includes several little-used, often-misused punctuation marks: (a) hyphens, (b) parentheses, (c) brackets, (d) diagonals, and (e) ellipses. Your task consists of three steps: (1) locating information, (2) writing a report, and (3) delivering a presentation about your findings. Du ngoc vung [ ] - square brackets Du ngoc vung c dng bao quanh nhng phn thng tin trong du ngoc trn. V

d Brandi planned to work as an aeronautic engineer (she completed an internship at National Aeronautics and Space Administration [NASA]) as soon as she completed her doctoral work. Du ngoc vung c dng bao quanh nhng t bn trong on trch dn. V d "The next head nurse [Shawna DeWitt] will face the challenge of operating the floor with a reduced staff." Du ngoc vung c dng quanh t sic bo hiu rng phn trch dn nguyn bn ca ngi vit c li. V d "Unless we heel [sic] the nation's economic woes, social problems will continue to mount." Du ba chm (...) - elipses Cc im ca du ba chm nhn ging nh du chm cu nhng chng khng thc hin chc nng kt thc cu m ch nhng phn b b qua hoc tm ngh. Du ba chm c dng ch nhng phn trch dn b b qua, nu phn cui cu th sau du ba chm s c t thm mt du chm. V d "Four-score and seven years ago . . . equal." "We hold these truths to be self-evident . . .." Du ba chm c dng ch nhng phn tm ngh hoc p ng. V d And the winner for "Best Actor" is . . . Dustin Hoffman. I think that adds up to . . . exactly eighty-three dollars. Du gch cho ( / ) - virgule Cng ging nh du ni, du gch cho c dng lin kt cc t hoc cc s. Phn s dng du ni nhiu nht l cm and/or, ch rng cu cp n mt hoc c hai t c lin kt. V d For breakfast we can make bacon and/or French toast. Vinegar and/or egg whites added to plain water will make an excellent hair rinse that leaves hair soft and silky.

 Du gch cho c dng tch cc s trong phn s. V d Normally, it takes us 3 1/2 hours to sort the bulk mail at the end of the week. You'll need a 1 5/8-inch wrench for this nut. Du gch cho c dng ch r s phn chia cc hng trong bi th. V d "Goodnight, goodnight, parting is such sweet sorrow / That I shall say good night 'till it be morrow./ Sleep dwell upon thine eyes and peace in thy breast! / Would I were sleep and peace so sweet to rest!" Du gch cho c dng ch r tng phn hoc on phn chia. V d The cars in the new fleet average over 25 miles/gallon. Shares are calculated in this way: net profit/number of shareholders. S t C rt t quy tc hng dn cch dng s trong khi vit. Cc tc phm bo ch thng thch dng s bi chng d nhn dng v d c. nhng tc phm trang trng hn nhng quy tc v vic dng s s c lit k di y: S dng nhng s rp (1, 2, 3, 4), khng dng s La M ( I, II, III, IV ). Nu s c th vit thnh mt hoc hai t th hy vit bng ch nu khng th gi nguyn s. V d 8, twenty-six, 124, three hundred, 8,549, five million Nu s u cu th phi vit bng ch cho d s nhiu hn hai t. Bi tp thc hnh: Cc bn hy thm du ni vo ch cn thit nhng cu di y. 1. According to your brain X rays, I see little justification for you to act like a know it all.

2. Father Tan, now an ex priest, reevaluated his theology and became a pro life activist. 3. Syheed's well grounded arguments impressed the crowd of forty five. 4. Ned's time in the four hundred meter freestyle was twenty seven hundredths of a second off the world record time. 5. Following a two hour business venture involving a lemonade stand, the ten year old boy had made a five dollar and fifty cent profit Cc bn hy thm du ni, du ngoc trn, du ngoc vung, du ba chm v du gch cho vo ch cn thit nhng cu di y. 6. Muhammad Ali few people remember him as Cassius Clay wrote a poem describing himself as someone who could " . . . float like a butterflie sic, sting like a bee." 7. Year end bonuses will come in the form of dollars and or vacation days for about three fifths 3 5 of our staff. 8. Before leaving today, please 1 collect the latest sales data 2 add up all the figures and 3 leave them in my left hand drawer. Bi tp nng cao Cc bn hy c nhng bi qung co v kim tra xem du ni, du ngoc trn, du ngoc vung, du ba chm v du gch cho c dng ng hay cha. Nu sai bn hy sa li. p n 1. According to your brain X-rays, I see little justification for you to act like a know-it-all. 2. Father Tan, now an ex-priest, re-evaluated his theology and became a pro-life activist. 3. Syheed's well-grounded arguments impressed the crowd of forty-five. 4. Ned's time in the four-hundred-meter freestyle was twenty-sevenhundredths of a second off the world record time. 5. Following a two-hour business venture involving a lemonade stand, the ten-year-old boy had made a five-dollar and fifty-cent profit. 6. Muhammad Ali (few people remember him as Cassius Clay) wrote a poem describing himself as someone who could " . . . float like a butterflie [sic], sting like a bee." 7. Year-end bonuses will come in the form of dollars and/or vacation days for about three-fifths (3/5) of our staff. 8. Before leaving today, please (1) collect the latest sales data, (2) add up all the figures, and (3) leave them in my left-hand drawer.

NGY 10: NHNG NG T V I T D GY NHM LN

Bi ging ny s hng dn cc bn cch s dng cc cp ng t v i t d nhm ln v khuyn cc bn nn dng Sit hay set? Your hay you're? There hay their? Hay they're? trong tng trng hp c th. Ni cch khc, bi ging s cp n nhng cp ng t d nhm ln nh lie/lay, sit/set, rise/raise, v nhng cp i t d nhm nh its/it's, your/you're, whose/who's, who/that/which, v there/they're/their. Khi vit nhng vn bn trang trng, nu bn s dng ng nhng ng t v i t ny bn s c nh gi nh mt tay vit c o to chuyn nghip. Nhng cp ng t d nhm ln Lie/Lay Rt t ngi dng ng cp ng t lie v lay cng nh nhng dng chia ca chng, c l l do h khng nm c r s khc bit gia hai t. ng t lie c ngha l nm, nm ngh cn ng t lay li c ngha l xp, t. Bng di y s ch r s khc bit gia cc dng chia ca hai ng t ny. CC DNG CHIA CA LIE V LAY Hin ti lie, lies lay, lays Tip din lying laying Qu kh lay laid Phn t hai lain laid

c th chia c ng ng t lie hoc lay, ban u bn hy chn t c ngha ph hp nht vi cu ri sau xem ng t nn chia th no th ph hp a ra dng ng ca t. By gi cc bn hy quan st nhng v d di y xem h lm nh th no nh: 1. The garbage cans are _______ in the middle of the street. [Yu cu dng tip din] Ta dng t lie (nm) th s ph hp hn v nu nh dng t lay (t) th phi chia b ng. Chn: lying Tng t nh vy ta c cc cu khc: 2. Keith told Nan to _______ the mail on the dining room table. [Yu cu dng hin ti] Chn lay 3. The sandwiches _______ in the sun for over an hour before we ate them. [Yu cu dng qu kh] Chn lay 4. Yesterday afternoon, I _______ down for an hour. [Yu cu dng qu kh]

Choose lay 5. Barry thought he had _______ the papers near the copy machine. [Yu cu dng phn t] Choose laid Bi tp thc hnh: Bn hy chia ng t lie hoc lay ri in vo nhng ch trng di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. After the alarm sounded, I _____________ in bed for another hour. 2. _____________ the packages on the mailroom floor. 3. The latest edition of the newspaper _____________ on the desk. The paper carrier _____________the latest edition of the newspaper on 4. the desk. No one had any idea how long the sandwiches had _____________ in 5. the sun or who had _____________ them there in the first place. Sit/Set Cp ng t ny tng t nh cp t lie v lay. Sit c ngha l ngi cn Set c ngha l , t. Bng di y s ch r s khc bit gia cc dng chia ca hai ng t ny. CC DNG CHIA CA SIT V SET Hin ti sit, sits set, sets Tip din sitting setting Qu kh sat set Phn t hai sat set

c th chia c ng ng t sit hoc set, ban u bn hy chn t c ngha ph hp nht vi cu ri sau xem ng t nn chia th no th ph hp a ra dng ng ca t. By gi cc bn hy quan st nhng v d di y xem h lm nh th no nh: 1. 2. The speaker ____________ the chair next to the podium. Chn set The speaker ____________ in the chair next to the podium. Chn sat

Bi tp thc hnh: Bn hy chia ng t sit hoc set ri in vo nhng ch trng di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 6. 7. The board of directors _____________ aside additional money for research and development. My desk is the one _____________ closest to the fax machine.

8. 9.

I can't remember where I _____________ the mail down. I _____________ down next to Jill and _____________ my briefcase on the chair next to me. 10. We had _____________ in the waiting room for almost an hour before the doctor saw us. Rise/Raise ng t rise c ngha l ln cao, ni ln cn ng t raise c ngha l a ci g ln cao. Raise l ngoi ng t nn ng ng sau raise bt buc phi c b ng. V d: raise your hand, raise the flag, raise the objection, raise children. Bng di y s ch r s khc bit gia cc dng chia ca hai ng t ny. CC DNG CHIA CA RISE V RAISE Hin ti rises, rise raises, raise Tip din rising raising Qu kh rose raised Phn t hai risen raised

c th chia c ng dng cu ng t rise hoc raise, ban u bn hy chn t c ngha ph hp nht vi cu ri sau chia ng t dng ph hp. By gi cc bn hy quan st nhng v d di y nh: 1. 2. 3. The sun _____________ a little bit earlier each day of the spring. Chn rises Without realizing it, we began to _____________ our voices. Chn raise The river _____________ over two feet in the last hour. Chn rose

Bi tp thc hnh: Bn hy chia ng t rise hoc raise ri in vo nhng ch trng di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 11. 12. 13. The guard _____________ the flag every morning before the sun _____________. The couple _____________ seven of their own children and adopted three more. By late morning the fog had _____________ enough for us to see the neighboring farm.

14.

The stockholders _____________ from their chairs to _____________ an objection.

Nhng cp i t d nhm ln Its/It's Its l tnh t s hu c ngha l ca ci . Cn It's th l phn rt gn ca it is hoc it has. V d A doe will hide its [ca nthe doe] fawn carefully before going out to graze. It's [it is] time we packed up and moved to a new location. The new computer system has proven its [ca n] value. We'll leave the game as soon as it's [it is] over. Your/You're Your l tnh t s hu c ngha l ca bn, anh, ch. Cn You're th l phn rt gn ca you are. V d Is this your [ca bn] idea of a joke? As soon as you're [you are] finished, you may leave. Your [ca bn] friends are the people you most enjoy. You're [you are] friends whom we value. Whose/Who's Whose l tnh t s hu c ngha l ca ai. Cn Who's th l phn rt gn ca who is hoc who has. V d Who's [Who is] in charge of the lighting for the show? Whose [ca ai] car was that? This is the nurse who's [who is] on duty until morning. Here is the man whose [ca ai] car I ran into this morning. Who/That/Which Who ch ngi, That ch vt, cn Which thng c dng ch cc mnh khng gii hn miu t s vt, s kin. Cc bn hy nhn nhng cu di y xem nhng i t ny c dng nh th no. V d There is the woman who helped me fix my flat tire.

The man who invented the polio vaccine died in 1995. This is the house that Jack built. The book that I wanted is no longer in print. Abigail, who rescued my cat from the neighbor's tree, lives across the street. Yassir Arafat, who heads the PLO, met with Israeli leaders. The teacher asked us to read Lord of the Flies, which is my favorite novel. Mt. Massive, which is the tallest peak in the Rocky Mountains, looms above Leadville, Colorado. There/Their/They're There l mt trng t dng ch ni hnh ng din ra hoc s vt c t . Cn Their l tnh t s hu c ngha l ca h, ca chng. V They're l phn rt gn ca they are. Trong tt c cc nhm t thng gy nhm ln, y l nhm t hay b dng sai nht. V sau y cc bn s c gii thiu nhng cch n gin phn bit chng: Nu k t tHERE, bn c th d dng nhn thy t there c bao gm t here trong . V vy khi no bn dng t there bn u c th thay th bng t here m cu vn c ngha. Their c ngha l ca h, ca chng. V their c th d dng chuyn thnh them. Bn ch cn ni i vi r v v thm nt thnh m, nh vy l c th chuyn their thnh them. Nm r iu ny s gip bn trnh c vic s dng sai tnh t s hu their. Cui cng bn hy tng tng rng du ni t they're thc ra l mt ch a rt nh. Khi they're s tr thnh they are v bn s khng bao gi dng nhm. By gi bn hy xem nhng v d di y. V d There [here] is my paycheck. The new chairs are in there [here]. Their [belonging to them] time has almost run out. This is their [belonging to them] problem, not mine. They're [they are] planning to finish early in the morning. I wonder how they're [they are] going to work this out. Bi tp thc hnh: Bn hy chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 15. Finally, the dog stopped (its, it's) barking. 16. Alert me when (its, it's) time to go.

17. (Its, It's) time to get a new clock when the old one stops (its, it's) chiming. 18. Take (your, you're) time with this decision. 19. Take (your, you're) samples with you if (your, you're) leaving. 20. (Your, You're) scheduled to work late this evening. 21. (Your, You're) schedule for this evening has changed. 22. My aunt Sophie is the one (who, which, that) travels for a living. 23. This is the book (who, which, that) I lost earlier this year. 24. Kirk Douglas, (who, which, that) is my favorite actor, finally received an Oscar nomination. 25. Redbird Creek, (who, which, that) runs through my back yard, floods every spring. 26. There's the person (who, which, that) gave me directions to the museum. 27. (Your, You're) likely to find the tapes in (there, their, they're). 28. (There, Their, They're) scheduled to begin construction next week. 29. (Its, It's) been over an hour since (there, their, they're) food arrived. 30. The clerk (who, which, that) gave me the estimate is over (there, their, they're). 31. (Who's, Whose) been opening the store in the morning? 32. (Who's, Whose) responsibility is it to open the store in the morning? 33. Hilda spoke to the person (who's, whose) in charge of electronics. 34. (Who's, Whose) birthday is it? Bi tp nng cao Bn hy n li nhng ng t hoc i t d nhm ln. Sau hy gii thch cho bn b hoc ngi thn cch dng ng nhng t . Ngoi ra, trong ngy hm nay bn hy c gng dng ng t nht 3 ln. p n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. lay lay lay laid lain, laid set sitting set sat, set

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

sat raised, rose hoc raises, rises raised risen rose, raise its its It's, its your your, you're You're Your who that who which who You're, there They're It's, their who, there Who's Whose who Whose

NGY 11: NHNG CP T D GY NHM LN

Cc bn c l tng bn khon xem nn dng Threw hay through? To, two, hay too? Brake hay break? Vy th bi ging ny s gip cc bn n li mt lot nhng t d gy nhm ln v hng dn bn trng hp no th s dng chng. Nhng t c cp trong bi ny u l nhng t ph bin v hay b dng sai. Chng c chia ra lm ba phn ring bit v mi phn u c bi tp thc hnh cui. Nhng b ba d b nhm ln Lead/Led/Lead Lead l ng t, c ngha l ch dn. ng thi n cng l danh t c ngha l v tr ng u. N c cng m c vi seed.

 Led l ng t dng qu kh ca lead, c ngha l ch dn. N c cng m c vi red. Lead l danh t c ngha l ch. N c cng m c vi red. V d Geronimo led (ch dn ) the small band to safety. We hope the next elected officials will lead (ch dn) us to economic recovery. A pound of styrofoam weighs as much as a pound of lead (ch). Jake took the lead (v tr ng u ) as the group headed out of town. Quite/Quit/Quiet Quite l trng t c ngha l hon ton, rt, kh. N c cng m c vi fight. Quit l trng t c ngha l b, ngh, dng li. N c cng m c vi sit. Quiet l tnh t c ngha l trm tnh, yn lng, nhng ng thi n cng l ng t vi ngha lm du, lng xung. N c cng m c vi riot. V d The firm was quite (rt) surprised when its most productive investment specialist quit (b) work and opted for the quiet (trm tnh ) life of a monk.

Right/Write/Rite Right l tnh t c ngha l ng, thch ng, bn phi. Write l ng t c ngha l vit, ghi chp. Rite l danh t c ngha l nghi thc, l nghi. V d I will write (vit) the exact procedures so you will be able to perform the rite (nghi thc ) in the right (ng) way. Sent/Cent/Scent Sent l ng t dng qu kh ca send. N c ngha l gi, chuyn. Cent l danh t c ngha l xu (n v tin t), c gi tr bng .01 la. Scent l danh t c ngha l mi hng.

V d For a mere cent (xu) I bought an envelope perfumed with the scent (mi) of jasmine. I sent (gi) it to my grandmother. Sight/Site/Cite Sight l danh t c ngha l s nhn, th lc. Vi vai tr l ng t th c ngha l nhn. Site l danh t c ngha l v tr, ch. Cite l ng t c ngha l trch dn. V d At ninety-five my grandmother's sight (th lc) was acute enough to sight (nhn) even the smallest error in a crocheted doily. This is the proposed site (v tr ) for the new building. You must cite (trch dn ) the source of your information. To/Too/Two To l gii t c dng gii thiu mt cm gii t, thng tr li cho cu hi " u?". V d: to the store, to the top, to my home, to our garden, to his laboratory, to his castle, to our advantage, to an open door, to a song, to the science room,vv... Ngoi ra, to cng l li v nh c dng trc ng t (cng c khi c tch bit vi ng t bi trng t). V d: to run, to jump, to want badly, to seek, to propose, to write, to explode, to sorely need, to badly botch, to carefully examine,vv... Too l trng t c ngha l rt, qu. Two l s t, c ngha l s 2. V d The couple went to (gii t) the deli to (li v nh ) pick up two (hai) plate dinners because both of them were too (rt) tired to (li v nh ) cook dinner. Where/Wear/Were Where l trng t ch a im, ni chn. Wear l ng t c ngha l mc. Khi l danh t n c ngha l s h hng. Were l ng t to be th qu kh, dng s nhiu. V d

The slacks were (to be th qu kh ) too tight. The tires showed excessive wear (s h hng). They will wear (lm mn ) out these shoes if they wear (i) them too much. Where (a im ) are the clothes you were (to be th qu kh) planning to wear (mc) tomorrow. Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. The package will be (sent, cent, scent) if you add another (sent, cent, scent) of postage. 2. We noticed the distinct (sent, cent, scent) of cat litter when we entered the door. 3. Was I (right, write, rite) in assuming I was to (right, write, rite) you a memo about this matter? 4. Who will be performing the (right, write, rite) of baptism at tomorrow's service? 5. If you will simply be (quite, quit, quiet), I will be (quite, quit, quiet) happy to (quite, quit, quiet) annoying you with my constant request for a (quite, quit, quiet) atmosphere in which to work. 6. Our marching band (lead, led) the parade. 7. The drum major, carrying a baton made of (lead, led), will (lead, led) the band. 8. Over the next ridge we will be able to (sight, site, cite) the (sight, site, cite) we've chosen for our new home. 9. I would be honored to have you (sight, site, cite) me in your research. 10. Even though these trousers (where, wear, were) expensive, they are showing (where, wear, were) along the seams. 11. (Where, wear, were) did you buy those earrings? Nhng t d b b qua Brake/Break Brake l ng t c ngha l hm li, dng li. Khi l danh t n c ngha l ci hm, ci phanh. Break l ng t c ngha l tch ra, lm v, hon li. Khi l danh t n c ngha l s tch bit, s ngt, s ngh. V d During our break (gi ngh ) we spotted a break (ch gy, nt ) in the pipeline.

Brake (hm li ) gently when driving on glare ice by applying slight pressure to the brake (ci phanh ). Passed/Past Passed l ng t th qu kh ca pass, c ngha l truyn, i qua, mt i, . Past l danh t c ngha l qu kh. Khi l tnh t n c ngha l xa, trc, c. V d The first runner passed (truyn) the baton to the second just as she passed (i qua) the stands. Three seconds passed (tri qua) before the next runner came by. Harriet passed (qua, ) her bar exam on the first try. I must have been a whale in a past (xa) life. Avoid digging up the past (qu kh) if you can. Peace/piece Peace l danh t c ngha l ha bnh. Piece l danh t c ngha l mu, s phn chia, sng tc. Khi l ng t n c ngha l ni, sa. V d If you can piece (ni) together the pieces (mu) of this story, perhaps we can have some peace (ha bnh) around here. Plain/Plane Plain l tnh t c ngha l bnh thng, r rng, n gin. Khi l danh t n c ngha l ng bng, i khi n cng c vit thnh plains. Plane l danh t c ngha l my bay hoc mt phng. Thnh thong n cng c dng nh l ng t hoc tnh t vi ngha l san phng, bng bng. V d They wore plain (bnh thng) clothes. It was plain (r rng) to see. The meal we ate on the plains (ng bng ) was quite plain (n gin). It was plain (r rng ) to us that the enemy did not see our plane (my bay ) sitting on the open plain (ng bng). Scene/Seen Scene l danh t c ngha l cnh, v tr, s hn n.

 Seen l ng t dng phn t hai ca see, c ngha l xem, quan st, ch . V d We caused quite a scene (s hn n) at the scene (v tr) of the accident. It was the worst we had ever seen (xem). Threw/Through Threw l ng t th qu kh ca throw, c ngha l nm, qung. Through l trng t hoc gii t c ngha l qua, xuyn sut. Ngoi ra through cn c dng gii thiu nhng cm gii t nh: through the door, through the lobby, though the mist. V d Fred threw (nm) the ball through (qua) the hoop. Weak/Week Weak l tnh t c ngha l yu, non, km. Week l danh t c ngha l tun. V d The patient's heartbeat was so weak (yu) that the doctor was certain he would be dead within a week (tun). Which/Witch Which l i t nghi vn c ngha l g, ci no, ngi no, ai (ng chn la). Khi l trng t n c chc nng gii thiu mnh ph thuc. Witch l danh t c ngha l ph thy. V d Which (ng chn la) one do you want? This car, which (gii thiu mnh ph thuc) I have never driven, is the one I'm thinking about buying. I don't know which (ng chn la) witch (ph thy) I should consult about my future. Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 12. (Which, Witch) (which, witch) scares you the most?

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Gerald (threw, through) away his opportunity when he walked (threw, through) the door. Sally slammed on the (brake, break) when she saw the car ahead (brake, break) to avoid the (brake, break) in the concrete road. Have you (scene, seen) that pathetic (scene, seen) in the movie? The confused (which, witch) couldn't decide (which, witch) broomstick to use on Halloween. The sales department has (passed, past) the record it had established in the (passed, past) year. We'll need at least a (weak, week) to repair the (weak, week) linkage in this machine. This (peace, piece) of news should give you some (peace, piece) of mind. The (plain, plane) brown packages were loaded on the (plain, plane).

Vit tch hay vit lin Already/All Ready Already l trng t c ngha l , ri. All ready c ngha l sn sng tuyt i. V d At age four, Brigitta is reading already (ri). We had already () finished Are we all ready (sn sng tuyt i ) to go? Altogether/All Together Altogether l trng t c ngha l hon ton, ht thy. All together c ngha l lm cng lc. V d These claims are altogether (hon ton) false. The audience responded all together (lm cng lc). Everyday/Every Day Everyday l tnh t c ngha l hng ngy, thng thng. Every day c ngha l mi ngy. V d These are our everyday (thng thng) low prices.

The associates sort the merchandise everyday (mi ngy). Maybe/May be Maybe l trng t c ngha l c th, c l. May be l cm ng t c ngha l c th l. V d Maybe (c th) the next batch will be better than this one. On the other hand, it maybe (c th l) worse. Lun lun vit tch All right. S khng c t alright mc d i khi bn c th vit nhm nh vy. A lot. S khng c t alot, m ch c t allot, nhng t li c ngha l phn phi, chia phn. V d I thought it was all right that we allotted tickets to a lot of our best customers. Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 21. I (where, wear, were) my (everyday, every day) clothes almost (everyday, every day). 22. (Maybe, may be) we should design a new model. It (maybe, may be) just the thing to brighten our financial picture. 23. If you had been (already, all ready), we could have (already, all ready) begun. 24. You'll be (alright, all right) if you follow the instructions. 25. When the staff is (altogether, all together), we should have (altogether, all together) enough brainpower for this project. p n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. sent, cent scent right, write rite quiet, quite, quit, quiet led lead, lead

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

sight, site cite were, wear Where Which, witch threw, through brake, brake, break seen, scene witch, which passed, past week, weak piece, peace plain, plane wear, everyday, every day Maybe, may be all ready, already all right all together, altogether

NGY 12: CU: NH NGHA V THNH PHN CU

Cc bn c l tng bn khon xem nn dng Threw hay through? To, two, hay too? Brake hay break? Vy th bi ging ny s gip cc bn n li mt lot nhng t d gy nhm ln v hng dn bn trng hp no th s dng chng. Nhng t c cp trong bi ny u l nhng t ph bin v hay b dng sai. Chng c chia ra lm ba phn ring bit v mi phn u c bi tp thc hnh cui. Nhng b ba d b nhm ln Lead/Led/Lead Lead l ng t, c ngha l ch dn. ng thi n cng l danh t c ngha l v tr ng u. N c cng m c vi seed. Led l ng t dng qu kh ca lead, c ngha l ch dn. N c cng m c vi red. Lead l danh t c ngha l ch. N c cng m c vi red. V d Geronimo led (ch dn ) the small band to safety. We hope the next elected officials will lead (ch dn) us to economic recovery.

A pound of styrofoam weighs as much as a pound of lead (ch). Jake took the lead (v tr ng u ) as the group headed out of town. Quite/Quit/Quiet Quite l trng t c ngha l hon ton, rt, kh. N c cng m c vi fight. Quit l trng t c ngha l b, ngh, dng li. N c cng m c vi sit. Quiet l tnh t c ngha l trm tnh, yn lng, nhng ng thi n cng l ng t vi ngha lm du, lng xung. N c cng m c vi riot. V d The firm was quite (rt) surprised when its most productive investment specialist quit (b) work and opted for the quiet (trm tnh ) life of a monk.

Right/Write/Rite Right l tnh t c ngha l ng, thch ng, bn phi. Write l ng t c ngha l vit, ghi chp. Rite l danh t c ngha l nghi thc, l nghi. V d I will write (vit) the exact procedures so you will be able to perform the rite (nghi thc ) in the right (ng) way. Sent/Cent/Scent Sent l ng t dng qu kh ca send. N c ngha l gi, chuyn. Cent l danh t c ngha l xu (n v tin t), c gi tr bng .01 la. Scent l danh t c ngha l mi hng. V d For a mere cent (xu) I bought an envelope perfumed with the scent (mi) of jasmine. I sent (gi) it to my grandmother. Sight/Site/Cite Sight l danh t c ngha l s nhn, th lc. Vi vai tr l ng t th c ngha l nhn. Site l danh t c ngha l v tr, ch.

 Cite l ng t c ngha l trch dn. V d At ninety-five my grandmother's sight (th lc) was acute enough to sight (nhn) even the smallest error in a crocheted doily. This is the proposed site (v tr ) for the new building. You must cite (trch dn ) the source of your information. To/Too/Two To l gii t c dng gii thiu mt cm gii t, thng tr li cho cu hi " u?". V d: to the store, to the top, to my home, to our garden, to his laboratory, to his castle, to our advantage, to an open door, to a song, to the science room,vv... Ngoi ra, to cng l li v nh c dng trc ng t (cng c khi c tch bit vi ng t bi trng t). V d: to run, to jump, to want badly, to seek, to propose, to write, to explode, to sorely need, to badly botch, to carefully examine,vv... Too l trng t c ngha l rt, qu. Two l s t, c ngha l s 2. V d The couple went to (gii t) the deli to (li v nh ) pick up two (hai) plate dinners because both of them were too (rt) tired to (li v nh ) cook dinner. Where/Wear/Were Where l trng t ch a im, ni chn. Wear l ng t c ngha l mc. Khi l danh t n c ngha l s h hng. Were l ng t to be th qu kh, dng s nhiu. V d The slacks were (to be th qu kh ) too tight. The tires showed excessive wear (s h hng). They will wear (lm mn ) out these shoes if they wear (i) them too much. Where (a im ) are the clothes you were (to be th qu kh) planning to wear (mc) tomorrow.

Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. The package will be (sent, cent, scent) if you add another (sent, cent, scent) of postage. 2. We noticed the distinct (sent, cent, scent) of cat litter when we entered the door. 3. Was I (right, write, rite) in assuming I was to (right, write, rite) you a memo about this matter? 4. Who will be performing the (right, write, rite) of baptism at tomorrow's service? 5. If you will simply be (quite, quit, quiet), I will be (quite, quit, quiet) happy to (quite, quit, quiet) annoying you with my constant request for a (quite, quit, quiet) atmosphere in which to work. 6. Our marching band (lead, led) the parade. 7. The drum major, carrying a baton made of (lead, led), will (lead, led) the band. 8. Over the next ridge we will be able to (sight, site, cite) the (sight, site, cite) we've chosen for our new home. 9. I would be honored to have you (sight, site, cite) me in your research. 10. Even though these trousers (where, wear, were) expensive, they are showing (where, wear, were) along the seams. 11. (Where, wear, were) did you buy those earrings? Nhng t d b b qua Brake/Break Brake l ng t c ngha l hm li, dng li. Khi l danh t n c ngha l ci hm, ci phanh. Break l ng t c ngha l tch ra, lm v, hon li. Khi l danh t n c ngha l s tch bit, s ngt, s ngh. V d During our break (gi ngh ) we spotted a break (ch gy, nt ) in the pipeline. Brake (hm li ) gently when driving on glare ice by applying slight pressure to the brake (ci phanh ). Passed/Past Passed l ng t th qu kh ca pass, c ngha l truyn, i qua, mt i, .

 Past l danh t c ngha l qu kh. Khi l tnh t n c ngha l xa, trc, c. V d The first runner passed (truyn) the baton to the second just as she passed (i qua) the stands. Three seconds passed (tri qua) before the next runner came by. Harriet passed (qua, ) her bar exam on the first try. I must have been a whale in a past (xa) life. Avoid digging up the past (qu kh) if you can. Peace/piece Peace l danh t c ngha l ha bnh. Piece l danh t c ngha l mu, s phn chia, sng tc. Khi l ng t n c ngha l ni, sa. V d If you can piece (ni) together the pieces (mu) of this story, perhaps we can have some peace (ha bnh) around here. Plain/Plane Plain l tnh t c ngha l bnh thng, r rng, n gin. Khi l danh t n c ngha l ng bng, i khi n cng c vit thnh plains. Plane l danh t c ngha l my bay hoc mt phng. Thnh thong n cng c dng nh l ng t hoc tnh t vi ngha l san phng, bng bng. V d They wore plain (bnh thng) clothes. It was plain (r rng) to see. The meal we ate on the plains (ng bng ) was quite plain (n gin). It was plain (r rng ) to us that the enemy did not see our plane (my bay ) sitting on the open plain (ng bng). Scene/Seen Scene l danh t c ngha l cnh, v tr, s hn n. Seen l ng t dng phn t hai ca see, c ngha l xem, quan st, ch . V d We caused quite a scene (s hn n) at the scene (v tr) of the

accident. It was the worst we had ever seen (xem). Threw/Through Threw l ng t th qu kh ca throw, c ngha l nm, qung. Through l trng t hoc gii t c ngha l qua, xuyn sut. Ngoi ra through cn c dng gii thiu nhng cm gii t nh: through the door, through the lobby, though the mist. V d Fred threw (nm) the ball through (qua) the hoop. Weak/Week Weak l tnh t c ngha l yu, non, km. Week l danh t c ngha l tun. V d The patient's heartbeat was so weak (yu) that the doctor was certain he would be dead within a week (tun). Which/Witch Which l i t nghi vn c ngha l g, ci no, ngi no, ai (ng chn la). Khi l trng t n c chc nng gii thiu mnh ph thuc. Witch l danh t c ngha l ph thy. V d Which (ng chn la) one do you want? This car, which (gii thiu mnh ph thuc) I have never driven, is the one I'm thinking about buying. I don't know which (ng chn la) witch (ph thy) I should consult about my future. Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 12. (Which, Witch) (which, witch) scares you the most? Gerald (threw, through) away his opportunity when he walked (threw, 13. through) the door. Sally slammed on the (brake, break) when she saw the car ahead 14. (brake, break) to avoid the (brake, break) in the concrete road. 15. Have you (scene, seen) that pathetic (scene, seen) in the movie? 16. The confused (which, witch) couldn't decide (which, witch) broomstick

17. 18. 19. 20.

to use on Halloween. The sales department has (passed, past) the record it had established in the (passed, past) year. We'll need at least a (weak, week) to repair the (weak, week) linkage in this machine. This (peace, piece) of news should give you some (peace, piece) of mind. The (plain, plane) brown packages were loaded on the (plain, plane).

Vit tch hay vit lin Already/All Ready Already l trng t c ngha l , ri. All ready c ngha l sn sng tuyt i. V d At age four, Brigitta is reading already (ri). We had already () finished Are we all ready (sn sng tuyt i ) to go? Altogether/All Together Altogether l trng t c ngha l hon ton, ht thy. All together c ngha l lm cng lc. V d These claims are altogether (hon ton) false. The audience responded all together (lm cng lc). Everyday/Every Day Everyday l tnh t c ngha l hng ngy, thng thng. Every day c ngha l mi ngy. V d These are our everyday (thng thng) low prices. The associates sort the merchandise everyday (mi ngy). Maybe/May be Maybe l trng t c ngha l c th, c l. May be l cm ng t c ngha l c th l.

V d Maybe (c th) the next batch will be better than this one. On the other hand, it maybe (c th l) worse. Lun lun vit tch All right. S khng c t alright mc d i khi bn c th vit nhm nh vy. A lot. S khng c t alot, m ch c t allot, nhng t li c ngha l phn phi, chia phn. V d I thought it was all right that we allotted tickets to a lot of our best customers. Bi tp thc hnh: Chn phng n ng nhng cu di y. p n s c a ra cui bi. 21. I (where, wear, were) my (everyday, every day) clothes almost (everyday, every day). 22. (Maybe, may be) we should design a new model. It (maybe, may be) just the thing to brighten our financial picture. 23. If you had been (already, all ready), we could have (already, all ready) begun. 24. You'll be (alright, all right) if you follow the instructions. 25. When the staff is (altogether, all together), we should have (altogether, all together) enough brainpower for this project. p n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. sent, cent scent right, write rite quiet, quite, quit, quiet led lead, lead sight, site cite were, wear Where Which, witch threw, through

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

brake, brake, break seen, scene witch, which passed, past week, weak piece, peace plain, plane wear, everyday, every day Maybe, may be all ready, already all right all together, altogether

NGY 13: CC KIU V LOI CU

SENTENCE TYPES (CC KIU CU) Trong ting Anh cu c chia ra lm bn kiu cu: Declarative Sentence (Cu tng thut) Interrogative Sentence (Cu nghi vn) Exclamatory Sentence (Cu cm thn) Imperative Sentence (Cu mnh lnh) Trong kiu cu u tin l thng gp nht. DECLARATIVE SENTENCE (CU TNG THUT) KHI NIM Cu tng thut l cu dng tuyn b mt s vic, s sp t hoc mt kin no . Cu tng thut c hai dng l khng nh v ph nh. Cu tng thut c kt thc bi du chm cu (.). Cu trc ca cu tng thut thng l: subject (ch ng) + predicate (v ng) Trong ch ng c th l ch ng n hoc ch ng kp. Trong cu tng thut di y "His name is John." Ch ng l "his name" cn v ng l "is John".

V D I'll meet you at the train station. The sun rises in the East. He doesn't get up early. "A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining, but wants it back the minute it begins to rain." (Mark Twain) "I celebrated Thanksgiving in an old-fashioned way. I invited everyone in my neighborhood to my house, we had an enormous feast, and then I killed them and took their land." (Jon Stewart)

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (CU NGHI VN) KHI NIM Cu nghi vn l cu c dng hi. Loi cu ny thng c bt u bng nhng t hi nh what, who, hoc how. Trong trng hp khng c t hi th tr ng t nh do/does, can hoc would s c t u cu v c theo sau bi ng t chnh. Cu nghi vn c kt thc cu bi du chm hi (?). V D How long have you lived in France? When does the bus leave? Do you enjoy listening to classical music? "What is the use of a house if you haven't got a tolerable planet to put it on?" (Henry David Thoreau) "If winning isn't everything, why do they keep score?" (Vince Lombardi) "What is . . . the essence of coffee?" (Slogan qung co cho c ph Yuban)

Cu nghi vn c chia ra thnh 4 loi: 1. 2. 3. 4. Yes/No Interrogatives Alternative Interrogatives Wh- Interrogative Tag Questions Cu nghi vn c cu tr li l Yes/No Cu hi chn la Cu hi bt u bng W, H Cu hi ui

Yes/No Interrogatives (Cu nghi vn c cu tr li l Yes/No) Loi cu hi ny thng khng c t hi m o tr ng t ln u cu v mang ngha l "c phi l...". Chnh v vy, cu tr li cho loi cu ny thng bt u bng Yes hoc No. V d Will you bring your book? => Answer: Yes or No Did she pass the test? Answer: Yes or No Alternative Interrogatives (Cu hi chn la) Cu hi la chn l loi cu a sn ra nhiu phng n ngi c hi chn mt hoc vi p n trong s . Loi cu ny cng thng c tr ng t ng u cu ng vai tr l t hi nh kiu cu nghi vn c cu tr li l Yes/No. V d Should I telephone you or send an email? Do you want bear, wine, or wisky? Wh- Interrogatives (Cu hi bt u bng W, H) Cu hi bt u bng W, H l cu thng c nhng t hi bt u bng W, H. y l loi cu hi cho php ngi c hc a ra phn tr li m theo kin ca h. y l im khc bit r rt so vi hai loi cu trn. V d What happened? Where do you work? Who won the Cup Final in 1997? Tag Questions (Cu hi ui ) Cu hi ui l loi cu hi c hnh thnh bng cch thm t mang ngha ph nh cui cu tng thut xc minh xem thng tin a ra c ng khng. V d

David plays the piano, doesn't he? We've forgotten the milk, haven't we? There's a big match tonight, isn't there? Ch Cc bn hy nh gi cn thn, k cng khi phn bit cu hi trc tip v cu hi gin tip. c im ni bt d nhn thy nht l cu hi trc tip thng o v tr ca t trong cu v kt thc cu bi du chm hi. Cn trong cu hi gin tip, trt t t vn c gi nguyn v cu c kt thc bi du chm. V d When was Lester Pearson prime minister? => Cu hi trc tip I wonder when Lester Pearson was prime minister. => Cu hi gin tip EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE (CU CM THN) KHI NIM Cu cm thn l cu c dng nhn mnh mt li tuyn b hoc din t cm xc. Cu cm thn c kt thc bi du chm than (du chm cm) (!). Cu cm thn thng c bt u bi "what" hoc "how" bc l s bin i v cm xc nh ngc nhin hoc ngng m, thch th cao . Trong nhng trng hp y b ng thng c ng trc ch ng hoc ng t nhn mnh cm xc. V d What a naughty dog he is! What an amazing game that was! "What other dungeon is so dark as one's own heart! What jailer so inexorable as one's self!" (Nathaniel Hawthorne) "What a grand thing, to be loved! What a grander thing still, to love!" (Victor Hugo) How well everyone played!

How wonderful you look! "How important it is for us to recognize and celebrate our heroes and she-roes!" (Maya Angelou)

Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp, cu cm thn khng tri qua qu trnh bin i cm xc m vn th hin c cm xc mnh m tc gi mun lt t. V D Have you ever seen a mountain that huge! Is my leg ever going to heal! Hurry up! That sounds fantastic! I can't believe you said that! "I can't believe it! Reading and writing actually paid off!" (The Simpsons) "Go confidently in the direction of your dreams!" (Henry David Thoreau) "Calgon! Take me away!" (Slogan qung co) IMPERATIVE SENTENCE (CU MNH LNH) KHI NIM Cu mnh lnh l cu dng ngh, yu cu hoc ra lnh cho ngi khc. Cu mnh lnh khng c ch ng m c ngm hiu rng ch ng l i t ngi th hai ch ngi nghe trc tip (you). Cu mnh lnh c kt thc cu bi du chm (.) hoc du chm than (!). Cu mnh lnh thng bao gm nhng ng t nguyn th ng vai tr l v ng. Cm ng t khng c php s dng trong dng cu ny. Cu trc ca mt cu mnh lnh thng l: <Imperative Sentence> = <predicate> = <verb> <complement> <Cu mnh lnh > = <v ng> = <ng t> <b ng> V D Go to your room! Open the door.

Finish your homework. Pick up that mess. "Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest." (Mark Twain) "Seek simplicity, and distrust it." (Alfred North Whitehead) "Leave the gun. [pause] Take the cannolis." (Clemenza in The Godfather, 1972) "Bring me the head of Alfredo Garcia!" (El Jefe, Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia, 1974) Take this quarter, go downtown, and have a rat gnaw that thing off your face!" (John Candy as Buck Russell in Uncle Buck, 1989) "Think Small." (Slogan qung co ca Volkswagen) Bi tp thc hnh 1: Cc bn hy xc nh kiu cu ca nhng cu sau y ri in TT (cu tng thut), NV (cu nghi vn), CT (cu cm thn) v ML (cu mnh lnh) vo trng bn cnh. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Why do you believe that? I want to know why you believe that. Please accept my apology. Your face is frightening the baby! My shoe is on fire! When did you first notice that your shoe was on fire? My doctor told me to take these vitamins. Ask Doris for the recipe. Did you solve the puzzle yet?

10. Ann, hand me your coat. 11. Its hard to believe that this paper is made from wood. 12. There are more apples in the refrigerator. 13. Were on the wrong planet! 14. Will Patricia pause to place poached pickles on Paulas pretty plate?

15. Send her a nice gift. SENTENCE CLASSES (CC LOI CU)

Trong ting Anh, cu c chia ra lm bn loi cu: Simple Sentence (Cu n) Compound Sentence (Cu ghp) Complex Sentence (Cu phc) Compound - Complex Sentence (Cu hn hp) SIMPLE SENTENCES (CU N) KHI NIM Loi cu c bn trong ting Anh l cu n. Cu n l cu ch bao gm mt mnh c lp, khng c lin t nh and, but, or, vv..., c dng miu t mt s vt, hin tng, tng hoc a ra nghi vn, thc mc. y l loi cu u tin tr em c dy v loi cu c dng ph bin nht trong vn ni thuc mi la tui. Trong vn vit cu n c dng tp trung s ch v a ra kt lun cui cng ca mt cuc tranh ci. Nhng cc bn hy lu khng nn dng qu nhiu cu n trong vn vit, bi iu s lm phong cch vit ca cc bn ging tr con. Cu n c th ch l mt t. Tuy nhin, thng thng mt cu n s gm c ch ng v v ng, trong v ng thng c b ng i km. Cc bn hy quan st nhng cu di y, tuy rng ngn di v thnh phn khc nhau nhng chng u l cu n bi cc cu u c cu thnh bi mt mnh c lp: Melt! Ice melts. The ice melts quickly. The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun. Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, the ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun. Mt cu c ch ng hoc v ng kp vn c xp vo loi cu n. Cc bn hy quan st nhng v d di y thy r iu : V D The brown dog with the red collar always barks loudly. The dog barked and growled loudly. You and your friends can see the mountain on your next trip. You can see the mountain and climb to the top. Peter and Sue visited the museum last Saturday. "Early to rise and early to bed makes a male healthy and wealthy and dead."

(James Thurber) COMPOUND SENTENCES (CU GHP) KHI NIM Cu ghp l cu c t nht hai mnh c lp. Chng c to bi nhiu cu n v ni vi nhau bi lin t nh and, but, or, vv... Quan st cu sau y: "The sun was setting in the west and the moon was just rising." Cc bn c th d dng nhn thy mi v c th tn ti c lp m vn c ngha v ng v mt ng php. y l c im ni bt v d nhn dng nht cu ghp thi phn bit vi nhng loi cu khc. V D I wanted to come, but it was late. The company had an excellent year, so they gave everyone a bonus. I went shopping, and my wife went to her classes. "Feasts must be solemn and rare, or else they cease to be feasts." (Aldous Huxley) "I used to be snow white, but I drifted." (Mae West) "A man may die, nations may rise and fall, but an idea lives on." (John F. Kennedy) "Tell the truth, work hard, and come to dinner on time." (Gerald R. Ford) "You can put wings on a pig, but you don't make it an eagle." (Bill Clinton) "I have opinions of my own, strong opinions, but I don't always agree with them." (George H. W. Bush) "I have often wanted to drown my troubles, but I can't get my wife to go swimming." (Jimmy Carter) C ba cch lin kt cc mnh c lp to thnh cu ghp. l: - S dng lin t gia cc mnh c lp - S dng du chm phy gia cc mnh c lp - S dng du hai chm trong mt s trng hp c bit (rt hn ch)

COMPLEX SENTENCES (CU PHC) KHI NIM Cu phc l cu c dng miu t mt hay nhiu s vt, hin tng v thng gm c nhiu hn mt ng t trong cu. Chnh v vy cu phc thng cha mt mnh ph thuc v t nht mt mnh c lp. Trong cc mnh c ni vi nhau bi cc lin t ph thuc nh which, who, although, despite, if, since, vv... Hu ht nhng cu chng ta dng trong nhng bi vit hoc bi pht biu di l cu phc. V D My daughter, who was late for class, arrived shortly after the bell rang. That's the man who bought our house. Although it was difficult, the class passed the test with excellent marks. "He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow." (George Eliot, Adam Bede) "When we remember we are all mad, the mysteries disappear and life stands explained." (Mark Twain) "Courage is rightly esteemed the first of human qualities because it is the quality which guarantees all others." (Winston Churchill) "Although volume upon volume is written to prove slavery a very good thing, we never hear of the man who wishes to take the good of it by being a slave himself." (Abraham Lincoln) "Maturity is a bitter disappointment for which no remedy exists, unless laughter can be said to remedy anything." (Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.) "I think we ought to have as great a regard for religion as we can, so as to keep it out of as many things as possible." (Sean O'Casey, The Plough and the Stars) Cu phc l loi cu khc bit hn so vi nhng loi cu cn li bi chng gip ngi c nhn r trong cu no l quan trng nht. Khi cc bn vit: "My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go." (2 cu n) hoc mt cu ghp: "My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go." bn s khin ngi c gp rc ri trong vic nhn bit phn thng tin no l quan trng i vi bn.

Tuy nhin nu bn thm lin t "although" vo v u tin bin cu thnh cu phc: "Although my friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go." ngi c c th d dng nhn bit rng vic bn c mi khng quan trng bng vic bn khng mun i. Bi tp thc hnh 2: Trong s nhng cu di y, cc bn hy cho bit cu no l cu ghp, cu no l cu phc. Nu l cu ghp bn hy in ch CG vo bn phi cn nu l cu phc bn hy in ch CP. 1. 2. 3. Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense; for the inmost in due time becomes the outmost. I no longer wish to meet a good I do not earn, for example, to find a pot of buried gold. Man does not stand in awe of man, nor is his genius admonished to stay at home, but it goes abroad to beg a cup of water of the urns of other men. In your metaphysics you have denied personality to the Deity, yet when the devout motions of the soul come, yield to them heart and life. I thought that it was a Sunday morning in May; that it was Easter Sunday, and as yet very early in the morning. We denote the primary wisdom as intuition, whilst all later teachings are tuitions. Whilst the world is thus dual, so is every one of its parts. For everything you have missed, you have gained something else; and for everything you gain, you lose something. However some may think him wanting in zeal, the most fanatical can find no taint of apostasy in any measure of his.

4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. In this manner, from a happy yet often pensive child, he grew up to be a mild, quiet, unobtrusive boy, and sun-browned with labor in the fields, but with more intelligence than is seen in many lads from the schools.

COMPOUND - COMPLEX SENTENCE (CU HN HP) KHI NIM Cu hn hp l mt dng c bit ca cu ghp. Bi, thay v lin kt hai cu n li vi nhau, dng cu ny thng lin kt hai cu phc hoc mt cu n, mt cu phc li vi nhau to thnh cu hn hp. Chnh v vy, thng thng cu hn hp c t nht mt mnh ph thuc v nhiu hn mt

mnh c lp. Nhng mnh ny c lin kt vi nhau bi cc lin t c lp nh but, so, and, vv... v lin t ph thuc nh who, because, although, vv... V D John, who briefly visited last month, won the prize, and he took a short vacation. Jack forgot his friend's birthday, so he sent him a card when he finally remembered. The report which Tom complied was presented to the board, but it was rejected because it was too complex. "Those are my principles, and if you don't like them . . . well, I have others." (Groucho Marx) "Hatred, which could destroy so much, never failed to destroy the man who hated, and this was an immutable law." (James Baldwin) "The Druids used mistletoe in ceremonies of human sacrifice, but most of all the evergreen became a symbol of fertility because it flourished in winter when other plants withered." (Sian Ellis, "England's Ancient 'Special Twig,'" British Heritage, January 2001) "I believe entertainment can aspire to be art, and can become art, but if you set out to make art you're an idiot." (Steve Martin) "For in the end, freedom is a personal and lonely battle; and one faces down fears of today so that those of tomorrow might be engaged." (Alice Walker) Bi tp thc hnh 3: Nhng cu sau y l loi cu g? Bn hy khoanh trn vo phng n ng. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. a. b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. We took a taxi home after the theatre. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The policeman was not impressed by your alibi. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp

3. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c. d. 7. a. b. c. d. 8. a. b. c. d. 9. a. b. c. d.

As soon as I heard the news, I rushed straight to the police. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp Amy watches football on television, but she never goes to a game. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp If you give your details to our secretary, we will contact you when we have a vacancy. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The most popular sport in the world is soccer. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp People in ancient China and Japan had a form of soccer, and even Rome had a game that resembled soccer. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The game as it is played today got its start in England. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp In the Middle Ages, whole towns played soccer on Shrove Tuesday. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp

10. a. b. c. d. 11. a. b. c. d. 12. a. b. c. d. 13. a. b. c. d. 14. a. b. c. d. 15. a. b. c. d. 16. a. b.

Goals were built at opposite ends of town, and hundreds of people who lived in those towns would play on each side. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp Such games resembled full-scale brawls. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The first side to score a goal won was declared village champion. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp Then both sides tended to the wounded, and they didnt play again for a whole year. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The rules of the game were written in the late 1800s at British boarding schools. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp Now, nearly every European country has a national soccer team, and the teams participate in international tournaments. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp For both rich and poor in Rome, public baths were a daily pleasure. Cu n Cu ghp

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp The baths were somewhat similar to modern health clubs, although they had little equipment for exercising. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp Rome alone had 856 baths; most of them were private. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp Citizens who became rich were expected to build baths for their fellow citizens, and many generously built huge marble facilities. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp For the equivalent of about a quarter-penny, any Roman could be massaged, scrubbed, and soaked in a public bath. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp First, bathers might exercise, and then they went to a hot, dry room to sweat. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp Next, they visited a hot, steamy room, and the final stage was a plunge into ice-cold water. a. Cu n b. Cu ghp c. Cu phc d. Cu tng hp After the citizens finished their baths, they would wrap

a. b. c. d. 24. a. b. c. d. 25. a. b. c. d.

themselves in towels and visit with friends or walk about the grounds. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp The serious-minded could browse through the baths library. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp They also sat around and played chess and checkers in game rooms. Cu n Cu ghp Cu phc Cu tng hp

P N Bi tp thc hnh 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. NV TT ML CT CT NV TT ML NV ML TT TT CT NV ML

Bi tp thc hnh 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

CG CP CP CP CG CP CP CG CP CP

Bi tp thc hnh 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. a a b c b a c c a d a a b a b a c c d a b b d a a

NGY 14: CCH VIT CU

c th vit c cu ng trc tin cc bn phi xc nh c mc ch vit cu. Sau cc bn cn lu n vic t du cu ng v vit cu cu theo ng cu trc. Ngoi ra bi ging cn a ra mt s lu cc bn c th ci thin k nng vit cu. MC CH VIT CU Trc khi t bt vit cu cc bn hy ngh n mc ch bn vit cu . Thng thng cc bn thng vit tuyn b mt s vic, phng on hoc tm tt mt vn . Nhng cng c lc bn cn vit yu cu hoc hi thng tin. Qua vic xc nh c mc ch vit cu cc bn c th nhn bit c nn s dng kiu cu no: cu tng thut, cu nghi vn, cu cm thn hay cu mnh lnh. Thng thng cu tng thut c s dng nhiu nht v cc bn cng nn dng kiu cu ny nhiu hn hn so vi ba kiu cu cn li. Bn hon ton c th vit c mt bi tiu lun hoc bo co m ch dng kiu cu tng thut. V D Learning to Teach In 1987, as a new teacher, I taught adult night school rather badly at first, but learned from my early experiences. My teaching methods at the time were much different than now. Before the beginning of every class, I copied many pages of notes from various grammar and reading texts onto the blackboard. My students were required to spend a lot of time transcribing these notes. This activity took much of my class time every evening. Then, with the little time left, I would go around to see individual students and look at their work. One evening, it became clear to me that a some of my students were frustrated by my approach to teaching. Not too long after, they had quit my class. At the time, I felt a little upset, but wasnt too clear on why this had happened. It seemed to me then that the material I had presented was well chosen and important. The grammar came from a good and humourously written text, the reading from an approved GED textbook. And some of my students had stayed, dutifully transcribing my notes night after night. They were happy enough, it seemed to me then. Although I knew that there was something wrong in my approach, I wasnt quite sure exactly what it was.

A teachers lessons come with experience, and I now know of what limited value my classroom teaching had been in those early days. The technology of the classroom has changed, but that wasnt the real problem. My real worry had been about how to fill up the time, how to make sure the students were busy. Little did I know how much fun my interaction with students in group discussion would be, and how essential to their progress and enjoyment. Now I only wish I could go back in time, knowing what I know today, and meet them again, and really teach them well. A teachers job features never-ending revelations of human nature and of how people learn. Certainly, I will never be bored as long as I continue in this work. Cc bn c th d dng nhn ra bi tiu lun trn ch dng kiu cu tng thut nhng khng nh hng g n kt cu v ng ngha cng nh ni dung biu t ca bi. Cu nghi vn thng c dng trong nhng on hi thoi. Cn bi tiu lun hoc bo co s khng s dng cu nghi vn. Tuy nhin mt dng c bit ca cu nghi vn l cu hi tu t (cu hi a ra khng nhm mc ch hi, khng yu cu ngi c phi tr li) li l mt cng c rt hu hiu gii thiu ti hoc vn mi ca bi lun. Nhng bn cng ng nn lm dng kiu cu ny v nu s dng qu nhiu s phn tc dng. V D "How can people have hope when we tell them that they have no recourse, if they run afoul of the state justice system?" Edward Kennedy Senate debate on the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act 1968 "Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?" William Shakespeare Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2. Cu cm thn c dng ph bin trong nhng bi din vn v i khi tiu thuyt cng s dng loi cu ny. Nhng hn 200 nm nay loi cu ny gn nh bin mt trong nhng bi vit hc thut. Trong nhng bi vit hc thut bn khng nn s dng cu cm thn tr khi bn mun

trch dn trc tip cu ni . Trong trng hp y bn hy lu rng cui cu cm thn hy t du chm than kt thc cu. V D What a piece of work is a man! how noble in reason! how infinite in faculty! in form and moving how express and admirable! in action how like an angel! in apprehension how like a god!" (William Shakespeare, Hamlet) Ngoi ra cc bn cng khng nn s dng cu mnh lnh trong bi vit hc thut. Trong trng hp bn dng loi cu ny th cng ch nn l nhng cu lnh nh nhng, chnh v vy n s c kt thc bi du chm cu bnh thng ch khng phi l du chm than. V D "Take me out to the ball game, Take me out with the crowd. Buy me some peanuts and Cracker Jack, I don't care if I never get back." (Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer, "Take Me Out to the Ball Game") Westley: Give us the gate key. Yellin: I have no gate key. Inigo Montoya: Fezzik, tear his arms off. Yellin: Oh, you mean this gate key. (The Princess Bride, 1987)

DNG DU CU c th vit c mt cu ng bn phi nm chc cch s dng du cu. Cc bn hy nh du chm cu c dng kt thc mt cu tng thut. Cu nghi vn th c dng du chm hi cui cu. Cu cm thn c th c kt thc bng du chm than cn cu mnh lnh th c th dng du chm than hoc du chm. Ngoi phn du dng cho cc kiu cu ra cc bn cng phi phn bit r rng tng loi du cu dng cho tng trng hp c th. Phn ny c gii thiu c th cho cc bn Lesson 1. Bi tp thc hnh 1: Hy chn cu dng du cu ng. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. a. Dr Harrison will speak at a hotel in Chicago, Ill, on Thurs at 3:00

b. c. d. 2. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. 4. a. b. c. d. 5. a. b. c. d. 6. a. b. c.

3.

P.M. Dr. Harrison will speak at a hotel in Chicago, Ill, on Thurs at 3:00 PM. Dr Harrison will speak at a hotel in Chicago, Ill, on Thurs. at 3:00 P.M. Dr. Harrison will speak at a hotel in Chicago, Ill., on Thurs. at 3:00 P.M. Watch out. The road is icy? Watch out! The road is icy. Watch out? The road is icy! Watch out, the road is icy? Charlotte, who ran in the Boston Marathon last year will compete in this year's New York Marathon. Charlotte who ran in the Boston Marathon, last year, will compete in this year's New York Marathon. Charlotte who ran in the Boston Marathon last year, will compete in this year's New York Marathon. Charlotte, who ran in the Boston Marathon last year, will compete in this year's New York Marathon. The park service will not allow anyone, who does not have a camping permit, to use this campground. The park service will not allow anyone who does not have a camping permit to use this campground. The park service will not allow anyone, who does not have a camping permit to use this campground. The park service will not allow anyone who does not have a camping permit, to use this campground. As soon as he finished his homework, Rod, who is a member of the baseball team, went to batting practice. As soon as he finished his homework Rod, who is a member of the baseball team went to batting practice. As soon as he finished, his homework, Rod who is a member of the baseball team, went to batting practice. As soon as he finished his homework, Rod who is a member of the baseball team went to batting practice. Yes I would like to see a copy of the report and please send it today by priority mail. Yes, I would like to see a copy of the report and please send it, today by priority mail. Yes, I would like to see a copy of the report and, please send it today by priority mail.

d. 7. a. b. c. d. 8. a. b. c. d. 9. a. b. c. d. 10. a. b. c. d.

Yes, I would like to see a copy of the report, and please send it today by priority mail. I'm sorry, Bart, that you cannot meet us for dinner tonight. We'll phone you again next Friday. I'm sorry, Bart that you cannot meet us for dinner tonight. We'll phone you again next Friday. I'm sorry Bart that you cannot meet us for dinner tonight. We'll phone you again next Friday. I'm sorry, Bart, that you cannot meet us for dinner tonight, we'll phone you again next Friday. One of my concernsif you really want to know is that the city council will vote against the new plan. One of my concernsif you really want to knowis that the city council will vote against the new plan. One of my concerns, if you really want to knowis that the city council will vote against the new plan. One of my concerns if you really want to know is that the city council will vote against the new plan. You will find boys' shirts in the childrens' department. You will find boy's shirts in the children's department. You will find boys' shirts in the children's department. You will find boy's shirts in the childrens' department. "May I ride with you?" asked Del. "I can't get my car started." May I ride with you? asked Del. "I can't get my car started." "May I ride with you? asked Del. I can't get my car started.'' "May I ride with you"? asked Del, "I can't get my car started."

VIT NG CU TRC CU Thng thng, mt cu n trong ting Anh gm c ba yu t c bn: ch ng, ng t v b ng. V D Ch ng The cat My friend Some sheep

ng t eats is are

B ng the goldfish tall black

Chnh v vy khi vit cu cc bn hy lu n m hnh ny. Cu vit sai thng l cu thiu mt trong ba yu t trn hoc t sai v tr ca chng. Sau y cc bn s c gii thiu nhng l do d dn n vic vit cu sai cu trc.

Vit cu qu di. Ni thm mnh vo mnh khc nhng khng kim sot c vai tr ng php ca mnh . Cu c bt u bng ng t hoc tn ng. Cu c lin t ph thuc nh although hoc because ng u.

c th vit ng c cu trc ca cu cc bn hy lu rng tt c cc cu ng u phi tr li c cu hi "Ai?" v "Ci g?". V d: Johnny is walking to the store. Cu v d trn c 3 thnh t. Johnmy l ch ng, is walking l ng t v to the store l b ng. Bn cnh cu cng tr li c hai cu hi "Ai?" (Johnny) v "Ci g?" (is walking to the store) MT S LU VIT CU NG 1. Nhng cu ngn, r rng v n gin thng hiu qu hn so vi nhng cu di v phc tp. Cc bn hy trnh vic xp chng ng cc mnh li vi nhau. V lu tun th quy tc sau: Keep it short. Keep it simple. (Vit ngn v n gin) 2. Cc bn nn trnh m u cu bng nhng t nh 'Again', 'Although', 'But', 'And', 'Also', v 'With'. Nhng lin t thng ng gia cu ch khng phi u cu. Nhng cu bt u bng lin t k trn thng l cu c ng php cha hon chnh. 3. Cc bn hy nh rng bi pht biu v bi vit l hai phng thc truyn t khc nhau. Chnh v vy, cc bn nn trnh dng vn phong ni khi vit cu. Khng nn lin kt nhng mnh khng c lin quan v mt ng php li vi nhau. Trong vn ni iu kh ph bin v c th chm trc c nhng cc bn nn trnh s dng trong vn vit. V D: Less smoking would undoubtedly lead to redundancies in the tobacco industry, a consequent rise in the number of unemployed, more people dependent upon State benefits to be supported by a government with subsequently reduced income. V d trn s dng cu c qu nhiu mnh khng lin quan n nhau. Cu qu di v hu qu l khng kim sot c phn ng php ca cu. Sau y cc bn s c gii thiu mt cu c cng ni dung vi cu trn nhng c din t r rng v hiu qu hn nh vic tch chng ra thnh hai cu ngn hn. Ch hai thay i nh thi cng lm cu hay v hiu qu hn rt nhiu. Less smoking would undoubtedly lead to redundancies in the tobacco

industry and a consequent rise in the number of unemployed. More people would then become dependent upon State benefits, which would have to be paid out by a government with a reduced income. Bi tp thc hnh 2: Bn hy vit li nhng cu sau y. Lc b nhng t khng cn thit hoc thay i cu ngn gn hn. 1. The motor vehicle propelled itself up the cliff and landed in nature's watery bosom. 2. He found his neighbor who lived next door to be attractive in appearance. 3. Joe found that the fictional novel by Alcott conveyed a sense of emotion and feeling. 4. He was really late to his English class due to the fact that he had to finish his math test. 5. In hopes of rejuvenating their romantic liaison, the couple went on a pilgrimage to become one with nature. 6. Sometimes a particular part of one musical piece affects the listener more than another piece in its entirety. 7. Although they were several in number, the street gang feared the police. 8. Bob provided an explanation of the computer to his grandmother. 9. During the time when I lived in South Carolina, it was my intention to go to college in Florida. 10. After extensive nightly labors on an academic assignment, Sally needed a lengthy period of somnolence. P N Bi tp thc hnh 1 1. 2. d b

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

d b a d a b c a

Bi tp thc hnh 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The car sped up the cliff and plummeted into the ocean. He found his neighbor attractive. Joe found Alcott's book, Little Women, both delightful and tragic. He was late for English because he had to finish his math test. In hopes of rekindling their romance, the couple went camping. The perfectly placed notes at the climax of a Mozart symphony can put most modern music to shame. Although they were a large group, the street gang feared the police. Bob explained the computer to his grandmother. When I lived in South Carolina, I planned to attend college in Florida. After staying up all night finishing a paper, Sally needed a long nap.

NGY 15: CCH VIT CU NGN GN SC TCH

Bt k li chm bim ch c 2 t hay mt cu c 200 t u cn phi ngn gn, sc tch. Chnh v vy bi ging ngy hm nay s gii thiu cho cc bn mt s phng php c th vit cu t tiu chun nh vy. 1. PRUNING THE REDUNDANT: GIM BT PHN THA Cc bn nn trnh lp li , iu s lm cho cu tr nn rm r. V d Many uneducated citizens who have never attended school continue to vote for better schools.

 cu trn uneducated citizens c cng ngha vi cm who have never attended school v vy l mt cu tha. Cu ng v sc tch ch cn nh sau: Many uneducated citizens continue to vote for better schools.

Mt hin tng cng thng gp khi vit cu c gi l pleonasm (hin tng tha t). V d: "true fact," "twelve noon," "I saw it with my own eyes" . Nhng cm t trn u l cm t lp, true cng ngha vi fact, twelve cng c ngha l noon v saw v with own eyes u c nh nhau . S dng nhng cm t lp l thi quen xu khi vit v vy hy lu n bng sau y. Chng s gip cc bn kim sot c cu vit ca mnh. Cm t lp, tha 12 midnight 12 noon 3 am in the morning absolutely spectacular/phenomenal a person who is honest a total of 14 birds biography of her life circle around close proximity completely unanimous consensus of opinion cooperate together each and every enclosed herewith end result exactly the same final completion frank and honest exchange free gift T, cm t ng midnight noon 3 am spectacular/phenomenal an honest person 14 birds biography circle proximity unanimous consensus cooperate each enclosed result the same completion frank exchange or honest exchange gift

he/she is a person who . . . important/basic essentials in spite of the fact that in the field of economics/law enforcement in the event that job functions new innovations one and the same particular interest period of four days personally, I think/feel personal opinion puzzling in nature refer back repeat again return again revert back shorter/longer in length small/large in size square/round/rectangular in shape summarize briefly surrounded on all sides surrounding circumstances the future to come there is no doubt but that usual/habitual custom we are in receipt of S dng lp nhng t rt gn

he/she essentials although in economics/law enforcement if job or functions innovations the same interest four days I think/feel opinion puzzling refer repeat return revert shorter/longer small/large square/round/rectangular summarize surrounded circumstances the future no doubt custom we have received

Trong x hi hin i, chng ta ngy cng s dng nhiu nhng t vit tt v nhng t ch u (V d: NATO, radar...) Tuy nhin mi ngi thng dng lp nhng t rt gn m khng kim sot c. V d h thng ni "ATM machine" (my ATM) nhng ATM l t vit tt ca Automated Teller Machine. Ngoi ra mt s t cng thng c dng sai nh "HIV virus" (virut HIV) trong khi HIV li c ngha l Human Immunodeficiency Virus, hay "AIDS syndrome" (hi chng AIDS) nhng AIDS li l t vit tt ca Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome, hoc "CPU unit" (n v CPU) tuy nhin CPU l phn vit tt ca Central Processing Unit. Chnh v vy s tht ng ngn nu chng ta dng cm t "CPU units" bi nh vy s c ngha l Central Processing Unit units. Chnh v vy trc khi dng t rt gn cc bn hy nh li xem l t vit tt ca cm t no trch s dng sai. 2. CHUYN MNH THNH CM T, CM T THNH T c th vit c mt cu sc tch vic chuyn mnh thnh cm t, cm t thnh t m khng lm nh hng n ngha ca cu l iu ht sc quan trng. Chnh v vy khi vit cu cc bn hy lu n nhng mnh hoc cm t c th lc bt cho ngn gn v n gin hn. Mnh "which" thng c th rt gn thnh mt tnh t. Tuy nhin cc bn hy xem xt cn thn trc khi ct bt trnh lc b phn nhn mnh cn thit ca cu. Trong mt s trng hp i t quan h "which" khng c php lc b nu khng s nh hng n ng php v ng ngha ca cu. Sau y l mt s v d gip cc bn d hnh dung. Trc tin cc bn s c gii thiu nhng cu di, rm r sau di mi cu l cu chuyn i mnh thnh cm t cu ngn gn hn. V D Smith College, which was founded in 1871, is the premier allwomen's college in the United States. Founded in 1871, Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the United States. Citizens who knew what was going on voted him out of office. Knowledgeable citizens voted him out of office. Recommending that a student copy from another student's paper is not something he would recommend.

He wouldn't recommend that a student copy from another student's paper. Hoc: He would never tell a student to copy from another student's paper. Ngoi ra mnh i khi cng c th ct bt tr thnh t n. V D Unencumbered by a sense of responsibility, Jasion left his wife with forty-nine kids and a can of beans. Jasion irresponsibly left his wife with forty-nine kids and a can of beans. Lc b nhng t tng cng khng cn thit Cc bn hy trnh s dng nhng t nh l really, very, quite, extremely, severely khi chng khng thc s cn thit. V d, khi bn yu cu c tng lng bn ch cn ni l mc lng ca bn inadequate (khng tha ng), khng nn dng cm t severely inadequate (cc k khng tha ng). iu khng gip lm r thm ngha cho cu m ch th hin s kch ng ca bn. Tuy nhin nhng t nay khng hn l phi bin mt hon ton trong vn t ca bn m bn hy dng chng ng lc ng cch th s gip lm tng tnh hiu qu ca n. 3. TRNH T THM CU TRC PH iu ny nghe c v ging nh mt chnh tr gia c dy cch phi trnh lm iu cm k khng nh hng n s nghip. Nhng qu tht cu trc ph trong cu thng lm cho ngi vit v ngi c thy mt mi trc khi bt u vo cu chnh. V vy cc bn nn trnh t thm cu trc ph. Thng thng chng c bt u bng nhng t nh there is/are hoc it is. V D There are twenty-five students who have already expressed a desire to attend the program next summer. It is they and their parents who stand to gain the most by the government grant. Twenty-five students have already expressed a desire to attend the program next summer. They and their parents stand to gain the most by the government grant.

4. LC B NHNG CM T KHNG CN THIT Cc bn hy lu n nhng cm t khng lm tng thm ng ngha ca cu. chnh l phn khin ngi c phng ngi vit cho rng h ang ni pht hoc t hn c th khin ngi c thy bun ng. Sau y bi ging s a ra mt s v d gip cc bn hiu r hn. Cu trn l nhng cu c cha cm t khng cn thit cn cu lin di l cu c lc b phn tha . all things considered All things considered, Connecticut's woodlands are in better shape now than ever before. Connecticut's woodlands are in better shape now than ever before. as a matter of fact As a matter of fact, there are more woodlands in Connecticut now than there were in 1898. There are more woodlands in Connecticut now than there were in 1898. as far as I'm concerned As far as I'm concerned, there is no need for further protection of woodlands. Further protection of woodlands is not needed. at the present time This is because there are fewer farmers at the present time. This is because there are fewer farmers now. because of the fact that Woodlands have grown in area because of the fact that farmers have abandoned their fields. Woodlands have grown in area because farmers have abandoned their fields. by means of Major forest areas are coming back by means of natural processes. Major forest areas are coming back through natural processes. (hoc naturally) by virtue of the fact that Our woodlands are coming back by virtue of the fact that our economy has shifted its emphasis. Our woodlands are coming back because our

economy has shifted its emphasis. due to the fact that Due to the fact that their habitats are being restored, forest creatures are also re-establishing their population bases. Because their habitats are being restored, forest creatures are also re-establishing their population bases. exists The fear that exists among many people that we are losing our woodlands is uncalled for. The fear among many people that we are losing our woodlands is uncalled for. for all intents and purposes The era in which we must aggressively defend our woodlands has, for all intents and purposes, passed. The era in which we must aggressively defend our woodlands has passed. for the most part For the most part, people's suspicions are based on a misunderstanding of the facts. People's suspicions are based on a misunderstanding of the facts. for the purpose of Many woodlands, in fact, have been purchased for the purpose of creating public parks. Many woodlands, in fact, have been purchased as public parks. have a tendency to This policy has a tendency to isolate some communities. This policy tends to isolate some communities. in a manner of speaking The policy has, in a manner of speaking, begun to Balkanize the more rural parts of our state. The policy has begun to Balkanize the more rural parts of our state. in a very real sense In a very real sense, this policy works to the detriment of those it is supposed to help.

This policy works to the detriment of those it is supposed to help. in my opinion In my opinion, this wasteful policy ought to be revoked. This wasteful policy ought to be revoked. in the case of In the case of this particular policy, citizens of northeast Connecticut became very upset. Citizens of northeast Connecticut became very upset about his policy. in the final analysis In the final analysis, the state would have been better off without such a policy. The state would have been better off without such a policy. in the event that In the event that enough people protest, it will probably be revoked. If enough people protest, it will probably be revoked. in the nature of Something in the nature of a repeal may soon take place. Something like a repeal may soon take place. in the process of Legislators are already in the process of reviewing the statutes. Legislators are already reviewing the statutes. it seems that It seems that they can't wait to get rid of this one. They can't wait to get rid of this one. manner They have monitored the activities of conservationists in a cautious manner. They have cautiously monitored the activities of conservationists. the point I am trying to make The point I am trying to make is that sometimes public policy doesn't accomplish what it set out to achieve.

Sometimes public policy doesn't accomplish what it set out to achieve. type of Legislators need to be more careful of the type of policy they propose. Legislators need to be more careful of the policy they propose. what I mean to say is What I mean to say is that well intentioned lawmakers sometimes make fools of themselves. Well intentioned lawmakers sometimes make fools of themselves. 5. GIM DNG NHNG LI NI SO V T CHM Bn hy tng tng nu bn l ngi u tin ni nhng cu rt thng minh nh "She fell head over heels in love" hoc "She's cool as a cucumber." th tht s s rt tuyt. Nhng tht ng bun nhng cu ni y s dn dn mt i v ho nhong ban u m tr nn c rch v thm ch khin ngi khc bc mnh. Chnh v vy cc bn hy hn ch s dng nhng li ni so v t chm. Bi ngi c s cm thy thc s bc bi nu ngi vit s dng vn phong t nht cng vi m h ln nhng li ni so v t chm . V d, ngi th trng ca Austin, Texas, tng thng bo trc s bi ri ca mi ngi nh sau: "I wanted all my ducks in a row, so if we did get into a posture, we could pretty much slamdunk this thing and put it to bed." Nhng li ni thc s lm cho ngi dn cm thy khng thoi mi. Chnh v vy khi vit cu cc bn hy lu n iu ny. Sau y danh sch nhng t gy bc bi cho ngi c s c gii thiu cc bn trnh dng. acid test at loose ends babe in the woods better late than never brought back to reality black as pitch blind as a bat bolt from the blue busy as a bee/beaver meaningful dialogue moving experience needle in a haystack open-and-shut case pain in the _____ point with pride pretty as a picture put it in a nutshell quick as a flash/wink

cat's meow cool as a cucumber cool, calm, and collected crack of dawn crushing blow cry over spilt milk dead as a doornail dog-eat-dog world don't count your chickens dyed in the wool easier said than done easy as pie feathered friends face the music flash in the pan flat as a pancake gentle as a lamb go at it tooth and nail good time was had by all greased lightning happy as a lark head over heels heavy as lead horns of a dilemma hour of need keep a stiff upper lip ladder of success last but not least looking a gift horse in the mouth

rat race ripe old age ruled the roost sad but true sadder but wiser set the world on fire sick as a dog sigh of relief slow as molasses smart as a whip sneaking suspicion spread like wildfire straight as an arrow straw that broke the camel's back strong as an ox take the bull by the horns thin as a rail through thick and thin tired but happy to coin a phrase to make a long story short trial and error tried and true under the weather white as a sheet wise as an owl work like a dog worth its weight in gold

Bi tp thc hnh: Cc bn hy vit li cc cu sau thnh cu ngn gn, sc tch. p n s c a ra cui bi. 1. At this point in time we can't ascertain the reason as to why the screen door was left open. 2. My sister, who is employed as a nutritionist at the University of Michigan, recommends the daily intake of megadoses of Vitamin C.

3. Basically, in light of the fact that Congressman Fuenches was totally exhausted by his last campaign, there was an expectation on the part of the voters that he would not reduplicate his effort to achieve office in government again. 4. It is to be hoped that we discover a means to create an absolutely proper and fitting tribute to Professor Espinoza. 5. There is a desire on the part of many of us to maintain a spring recess for the purpose of getting away from the demands of our studies. 6. Joe was an honest and hard working man. Basically, he never gave much consideration to sitting idly about, doing nothing constructive. (Vit li bng mt cu) 7. What is your basic understanding of predestination? 8. At what point in time will a downturn in the stock market have a really serious effect on the social life of people as a whole? 9. I would call your attention to the fact that our President, who was formerly the Governor of Arkansas, is basically a Southerner. 10. There are millions of fans who desperately want the Hartford Whalers to stay in the city. 11. Bothered by allergies, a condition that made them sneeze, some of the preschool children had sinus troubles that caused them to miss several days in nursery school this spring. 12. The nursery school teacher education training sessions involve active interfacing with preschool children of the appropriate age as well as intensive peer interaction in the form of role playing 13. In order to prove that he could hold his own on the track team, Gordo had to train hard like the old runners. 14. If you go to the store, you will see that the store is closed on Sundays because the storeowner likes to go to church.

15. Due to the fact that Jim liked chocolate, he was very upset when the candy company canceled production of his favorite chocolate bar.

p n 1. We don't know why the screen door was left open. 2. My sister, a nutritionist at the University of Michigan, recommends daily megadoses of Vitamin C. 3. Because Congressman Fuenches was exhausted by his last campaign, voters expected he would not seek re-election. Hoc: Voters thought that Congressman Fuenches was so exhausted by his last campaign that he wouldn't seek re-election. 4. We hope for an appropriate tribute to Professor Espinoza. 5. We want a spring recess so we can get away from our studies. OR We want a spring recess to escape our studies. 6. Honest and hard working, Joe was never idle. 7. Explain predestination. 8. When will a downturn in the stock market affect society? 9. Our President, formerly the Governor of Arkansas, is a Southerner. 10. Millions of fans desperately want the Hartford Whalers to stay in the city. 11. Bothered by allergies, some children missed several days in nursery school this spring. 12. Training for nursery school teachers involves interacting with preschoolers and role playing with peers. 13. To prove that he could hold his own on the track team, Gordo had to

train hard like the older runners. 14. If you go to the store, you will see that it is closed on Sunday because the owner likes to go to church. Hoc: The store is closed on Sundays because the owner attends church. 15. Because Jim liked chocolate, he was very upset when the candy company canceled his favorite chocolate bar. Hoc: Jim was upset when the candy company canceled production of his favorite chocolate bar

NGY 16: KT CU CA ON VN on vn l s kt hp ca mt vi cu cng bn lun v mt ti chung. on vn c chia thnh ba phn c bn: cu ch , phn b tr v cu kt. Bi ging hm nay s gii thiu chi tit cho cc bn v kt cu ca on vn. CU CH Khi nim Cu ch l cu dng gii thiu khi qut ca c on vn. N nh hng cho ngi c v phn tip theo ca on vn v gip ngi vit kim sot c , khng b vit lch hng. Cu ch thng l cu ng u on, c bit trong cc on vn hc thut. Cng c nhng trng hp cu ch khng ng u cu m gia cu hoc cui cu nhng s t gp hn. i khi mt s on vn cng khng cn thit phi c cu ch nh l on vn dng miu t, tng thut hay a ra cc bc lm th khng cn n cu ch . c th vit c cu ch cc bn ch cn tm tt li chnh ca on vn, trnh by ngn gn cho ngi c bit on vn ca bn s ni v iu g. Nu cm thy kh bn hy da vo cng thc sau vit cu ch : An interesting subject + your specific feeling about it = a good topic sentence Mt ch hay + cm xc, thi c th ca bn v vn = mt cu ch tt

V D Many outdoor enthusiasts (vn hay) are looking for more adventure in their sports (cm xc, thi c th).

Mr. Brown (vn hay) must have been a drill sergeant before he became our gym teacher (cm xc, thi c th). Phn hng dn: Gi s bn ang mun vit mt on vn v ranh gii t nhin ca qu hng bn. Phn u ca on s s ging nh on sau: My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. (Lu : Cc bn hy quan st on vn trn. Cu u tin ca on vn c li vo trong mt on nh khong 7 ln cch tnh t l bn tri. l nguyn tc c bn khi vit on. V vy khi bt tay vo vit on cc bn hy nh vit cu ch li vo bn trong.) Bn hy k cu ch " My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing geographical features." y chnh l cu dng khi qut ca c on. Cc bn c th d dng nhn thy cu u tin ny khc hn vi hai cu cn li. Cu th hai v cu th ba cp n nhng iu chi tit, c th v a l ca qu hng khng khi qut vn nh cu ch . Sau y bi ging s a ra mt vi v d v nhng cu khng th lm cu ch . Cc bn hy th phn tch xem ti sao nhng cu li khng ph hp. 1. My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River, which is very wide, and because it is built near an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill. 2. There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission and two reasons why others like cars with manual transmission. 3. Clouds are white. Vn ca cu th nht l cu qu chi tit. Cu ti ch nn gii thiu khi qut cn phn din gii chi tit c th th nn vit phn sau ca on vn. Mt ch tt th nn vit ging cu cp trn, My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical features. Cu th hai cng khng phi l mt cu thch hp lm cu ch bi n cp n hai ti. Trong khi , mt on vn thng ch trnh by v mt s vic do s hn ch v s cu trong mt on. Chnh v vy cu ch cng ch nn a ra mt ti.

Trng hp ca cu th ba khc vi hai cu trn bi cu ny qu chung chung v t nht. Nu bn l ngi c bn c mun c mt on vn c cu ch nh vy khng? a s mi ngi u s khng c tip. Bi vi mt cu ch nh vy on vn kh c th l mt on hay, ng c. Chng ta c th vit li cu 2 v cu 3 nh sau gip chng ph hp hn: There are two reasons why some people like to buy cars with automatic transmission. Hoc: ( mt on vn khc) There are two reasons why some people like cars with manual transmission. The shapes of clouds are determined by various factors. PHN THN ON Cc bn hy nhn li on vn ngn c cp n trn: My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. (Mt ln na cc bn hy nh li vo trong mt on nh khong 7 ln cch tnh t l bn tri khi bt tay vo vit on vn.) Khi ngi c c cu ch nh My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing natural features, c mt cu hi thng xut hin trong u h. trng hp ny s l cu: "What are the natural features that make Wheaton famous?" ( c im t nhin no lm cho Wheaton ni ting?) Sau ngi c s mong i tm thy cu tr li phn tip theo ca on vn. By gi cc bn hy quan st nhng cu ng sau cu ch on vn trn. Chng ta c th d dng nhn thy cu th hai ca on vn First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful, chnh l cu tr li cho cu hi trn. C th hn, cu tip theo cu ch gii thch cho ngi c nhng c im gip cho Wheaton tr thnh mt th trn ni ting. Tng t nh vy cu th ba cng l cu gii thch cho s ni ting ca Wheaton bng cch a nhng v d v "amazing natural feature," (c im t nhin ng kinh ngc) v trong trng hp ny chnh l Wheaton Hill (i Wheaton). Cu th hai v cu th ba s c gi l cu b tr. S d chng c gi l cu b tr l v nhng cu ny thng b sung ngha hoc gii thch ti c a ra cu ch . on vn trong ting Anh thng c nhiu hn hai cu b tr. on vn mu trn thc s l mt on

vn rt ngn. Thng thng mt on vn s gm t nm n by cu. Di y l on vn trn sau khi c b sung thm vi cu b tr. Nhng cu c bi en cc bn d quan st. My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. Trong bi ging ny chng ta s cn cp n cu b tr phn "Ni k hn v on vn" bn di. CU KT Trong nhng on vn trang trng bn s d dng tm thy mt cu cui on tm tt li ton b thng tin c a ra trong on. chnh l cu kt. Ni mt cch khc, cc bn c th ngh n gin rng cu kt chnh l cu ch b o ngc chiu hoc cu kt l cu ch c din t bng t ng khc. Cc bn s hiu r hn v cu kt sau khi tm hiu phn v d minh ha sau. Cc bn hy tng mnh ang mua mt chic bnh hamburger ca hng n nhanh. Bnh hamburger c mt phn v bnh (ming bnh sa nh, mt loi bnh m) pha trn sau trong phn nhn gia c tht, phomt, rau dip v mt vi t khc cui cng bn di li l mt phn v bnh. Bn c th d dng nhn thy hai phn v bnh rt ging nhau, ni chnh xc v bn cht l nh nhau. Hnh dung mt cht cc bn s thy cu ch ging nh phn v bnh trn cn cu kt ging nh phn v bnh di. Hai ming bnh kp tht, hnh, vv... gia. Tng t nh vy gia cu ch v cu kt l nhng cu b tr. Nu tng tng nh vy cc bn s thy cu trc ca on vn khng kh hiu cht no. Cn by gi cc bn hy xem cu kt s nhn nh th no trong on vn v d v Wheaton nh. Cu kt c bi m cc bn d quan st. My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place.

Bn hy quan st xem cu kt, These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place, tm tt ni dung ca on vn nh th no nh. Cc bn hy lu xem cu kt ch tng t nh cu ch ch khng phi ging ht cu ch . Khng phi tt c cc on vn hc thut u cn c cu kt, bit l nhng on vn qu ngn. Tuy nhin nu on vn kh di th nn c cu kt. NI K HN V ON VN on vn ngn trn l mt on vn kh hon thin tuy nhin n vn cn thiu cu b tr. Nu nh c th cc bn nn a ra chi tit thng tin cn thit trong phn thn on ngi c c th hiu chnh xc bn ang vit v iu g. Trong on vn v Wheaton, ba c im t nhin c cp n nhng chng ta tht s cha hiu r v chng. V d chng ta c th thm mt hoc hai cu vit v sng Wheaton gii thch r n rng nh th no hoc ti sao n li p nh vy. Cc bn hy xem on vn sau. Phn b sung c bi en cc bn d quan st hn. My hometown is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. On either side of this river, which is 175 feet wide, are many willow trees which have long branches that can move gracefully in the wind. In autumn the leaves of these trees fall and cover the riverbanks like golden snow. Also, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. Even though it is steep, climbing this hill is not dangerous, because there are some firm rocks along the sides that can be used as stairs. There are no trees around this hill, so it stands clearly against the sky and can be seen from many miles away. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place. Nu mun chng ta cng c th thm mt s cu vo on vn miu t c im t nhin th ba ca vng, l Big Old Tree (cy c th ln). Ti sao phn b tr ny li quan trng? Cc bn hy nh li v d v chic bnh hamburger, c cp n bn trn. Nu nh phn v bnh hamburger l cu ti v cu kt v tht, pho mt v rau dip cng nhiu th khc l nhng cu b tr th cc bn s d dng nhn thy phn cu b tr rt phong ph.

Nu khng c phn nhn bn trong v bnh, chic bnh hamburger ca bn s khng ngon. Tng t nh vy nu thiu cu b tr on vn ca cc bn khng hay. Chnh v vy phn cu b tr ny rt quan trng trong on vn. BI TP THC HNH PHN MT Bi tp 1: Cc bn hy c nhng on vn sau. Hy xc nh ti, cu ch ca bi v xem nhng cu khc ca bi c lin quan n ti khng. on vn A (1) Of the many types of energy, one major category is kinetic energy or the energy of motion. (2) An example of energy in motion is when a bat hits a baseball. (3) The bat exerts a kinetic force that causes the ball to fly in the air. (4) Mechanical energy is a type of kinetic energy applied to objects. (5) Thermal energy is the energy of molecules in motion. (6) More and more students are doing research on energy these days. ti _____ Cu no l cu ch ? _____ C phi tt c cc cu u lin quan n ti hay khng? C _____ Khng _____ Nu khng, l cu no? ____ on vn B (1) Medical scientists are finding a significant difference in how men and women develop heart problems. (2) Statistics show that women on average develop heart disease later in life than men. (3) One theory is that younger women who give birth to children develop wider coronary arteries, and this helps women to avoid heart attacks as they get older. (4) Most men do not believe this, however. ti _____ Cu no l cu ch ? _____ C phi tt c cc cu u lin quan n ti hay khng? C _____ Khng _____ Nu khng, l cu no? ____ Bi tp 2: Hai on vn di y u l on cha hon chnh, thiu cu ch . Cc bn hy c v cn nhc xem trong nhng cu bn di cu no ph hp nht lm cu ch . on vn A Solar-powered cars are very expensive because of the high development cost of solar batteries.

In addition, the cells of the solar batteries can store only limited amounts of energy. So solar cars are not practical for driving on long trips. The biggest problem is the constant need to recharge the cells. This is especially difficult when one drives on cloudy days and at nighttime. Chn mt trong s nhng cu sau lm cu ch : __(1) Solar-powered cars are expensive. __(2) There are many advantages and disadvantages to solar energy. __(3) The future practicality of solar cars depends on overcoming problems with solar batteries. __(4) Solar batteries are the key to understanding how solar energy can be used to drive cars. on vn B Mercury is the hottest planet in the solar system because it is nearest the sun. Mercury's surface is totally dry and it is so hot that there is no atmosphere. Venus is the second closest planet to the sun. The hot atmosphere of Venus is similar to that of Earth, but because Venus is so near the sun there are no bodies of water on its surface. Earth, the third closest planet to the sun, has a cooler atmosphere that sustains animals, plants and several bodies of water on its surface. Chn mt trong s nhng cu sau lm cu ch : __ (1) The three planets closest to the sun are Mercury, Venus and Earth. __ (2) Surface and atmospheric conditions vary widely among the three planets nearest the sun. __ (3) The closer a planet is to the sun, the hotter it is. __ (4) The surface and atmosphere of Earth are different from those of Mars and Venus. Bi tp 3: Cc bn hy c nhng on vn di y ri vit cu ch cho on. Cc bn hy m bo rng cu ch ca bn: 1) Bao qut c tt c cc ca on vn 2) Ch lin quan n ti ca on vn, khng ni n nhng phn bn ngoi. A. Bn hy vit mt cu ti gii thiu v chim v lng v. (Gi : Cu ch cng c th l mt cu hi.) Feathers provide good insulation for birds. They can be hard or soft depending on weather conditions and water temperature. For example, some ducks have a thick layer of soft feathers called "down" that protects these birds from extremely cold air and icy water.

B. Bn hy vit mt cu ti v rng nhit i. Tropical rain forests are found in 70 different countries worldwide, including Brazil in South America, Indonesia in the South Pacific and Zaire in Africa. Plants that grow in these forests provide us with chocolate, fruit, coffee, rubber and wood. Recently, medical products have been developed from rain forest plants; these include medicines for high blood pressure and cancer. PHN HAI Cc bn hy vit cu ch cho nhng ti di y. (mi ti mt cu)

Your hometown (qu hng ca bn) A place you would like to travel to (ni bn mun n) Another topic of your own choosing (Mt ti do bn t chn)

Sau cc bn hy chn mt trong nhng ti trn y vit thnh mt on vn hon chnh. on vn ca bn nn c cu ch v vi cu b tr. Ngoi ra on s hay hn nu c thm c cu kt, tuy nhin nu bn khng mun th khng bt buc phi vit cu kt. P N PHN MT Bi tp 1 on vn A ti _____energy Cu no l cu ch ? _____cu 1 C phi tt c cc cu u lin quan n ti hay khng? Khng. Cu no? ____Cu 6 on vn B ti _____the significant difference in the way men and women develop heart disease Cu no l cu ch ? _____cu 1 C phi tt c cc cu u lin quan n ti hay khng? Khng. Cu no? ____Cu 4 Bi tp 2 on vn A: cu 3 on vn B: cu 2

Nhng phn cn li c nhiu cch lm, ty theo kin c nhn ca mi ngi, ch cn tun th nghim ngt nhng qui tc nu trn l c th vit c.

NGY 17: CCH VIT ON VN

TRC KHI VIT ON nh ngha y l giai on cc bn suy ngh cn thn v t chc cho on vn m bn nh vit. Cc bc thc hin 1. Suy ngh cn thn v nhng iu bn nh vit. Hy t hi mnh: Mnh nn tr li cu hi ca bi nh th no? Phn quan trng nht ca cu hi l g? Mnh nn vit cu ch nh th no? Mnh nn dng nhng s vic, kin no b tr cho cu ti? Mnh phi vit nh th no on vn hay v li cun? Mnh c cn phi b sung thm cc s kin thuc ti hay khng? Phi tm cc s kin u? 2. Cc bn hy m cun s tay ca bn hoc n gin ch l mt t giy nhp ri vit cu tr li ca nhng cu hi trn vo . Tuy nhin cc bn cng khng cn phi dnh qu nhiu thi gian cho bc ny; ng vit qu chi tit, ch cn vit ngn gn gip bn nh c mc ch v phng thc vit on vn. 3. Cc bn hy thu thp cc s vic, s kin lin quan n ti ca on vn. Sau bn hy tm trong s nhng s vic, s kin phn c th tr li cu hi ca bn ri vit ra giy. Gi tit kim thi gian: Cc bn hy m bo rng nhng s vic, s kin bn vit u lin quan n cu hi bn ang tr li trong on vn. Nu vit v qu nhiu s vic, s kin m khng chn lc k s lm mt rt nhiu thi gian ca bn cng nh lm gim cht lng ca on vn. 4. Bn cnh nhng s vic, s kin bn thu thp c, cc bn hy t hi mnh: Mnh cn mun ni thm iu g v ti ny na? Ti sao mi ngi li thch ti ny? Ti sao ti ny quan trng? 5. Sau cc bn hy tm chnh ca on vn ri chn phn quan trng nht m bn nh trnh by. Nu bn khng th chn c phn quan trng nht hy chn bt k mt phn bt u on vn.

6. Cc bn hy t chc cc s vic v cc ca bn theo hng b tr, pht trin chnh. Khi cc bn chn c phn quan trng nht ca on vn bn phi tm ra phng thc ph hp nht truyn t cho ngi c. Cc bn hy nhn li phn s vic, s kin m bn vit ra cng nh cc ca bn v ti quyt nh xem phn no s ph hp nht b tr chnh cho on vn. Khi bn chn c s vic, s kin v kin bn nh dng th hy t hi mnh xem nn t chng ch no trong on vn. KHI VIT ON nh ngha y l giai on cc bn vn dng nhng kin ca mnh vit cu. Cc bc thc hin 1. Cc bn hy m s tay hoc file word trn my tnh 2. Sau cc bn hy vit cu ch , nhng cu b tr v cu kt. 3. Cc bn hy ch vit nhng cu n gin v r rng by t kin ca mnh. 4. Hy c gng tp trung vo chnh ca on vn, trnh i lch hng. 5. Cc bn nn s dng t in tm thm t c th gip bn bc l kin ring. CHNH SA LI ON VN nh ngha y l giai on cc bn kim tra on vn tm li v sa li chng. Cc bc thc hin V ng php v chnh t 1. Cc bn hy kim tra li phn chnh t trong bi ca bn. 2. Cc bn hy kim tra li phn ng php trong bi ca bn. 3. c li on vn ca bn mt ln na. 4. Cc bn hy chc rng mi cu u c ch ng v v ng. 5. Cc bn hy kim tra li xem ch ng v v ng c tng ng vi nhau hay khng.

6. Cc bn hy kim tra li th ca mi cu. 7. Cc bn hy m bo rng mi cu u l cu c ngha. Vn phong v cch t chc on vn 1. Cc bn hy m bo rng on vn ca bn c cu ch . 2. Cc bn hy m bo rng nhng cu b tr u tp trung vo chnh. 3. Cc bn hy m bo rng on vn ca mnh c cu kt tt. 4. Mt ln na cc bn hy m bo tt c cc cu trong bi u ni ng ch , tp trung vo chnh. 5. Cui cng cc bn hy kim tra li xem on vn ca bn c th v khng. MT S LU 1. S lin kt mt cch tri chy gia cc cu l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng gip ngi c c th d dng hiu c nhng m bn mun biu t trong on vn. Cc bn hy xem li on vn c gii thiu bi 1: My hometown, Wheaton, is famous for several amazing natural features. First, it is noted for the Wheaton River, which is very wide and beautiful. On either side of this river, which is 175 feet wide, are many willow trees which have long branches that can move gracefully in the wind. In autumn the leaves of these trees fall and cover the riverbanks like golden snow. Second, on the other side of the town is Wheaton Hill, which is unusual because it is very steep. Even though it is steep, climbing this hill is not dangerous, because there are some firm rocks along the sides that can be used as stairs. There are no trees around this hill, so it stands clearly against the sky and can be seen from many miles away. The third amazing feature is the Big Old Tree. This tree stands two hundred feet tall and is probably about six hundred years old. These three landmarks are truly amazing and make my hometown a famous place. Cc bn hy nhn nhng t bi m, cc bn c nhn thy chng gip ch nhiu cho ngi c khng? Nhng t c gi l t ni nhm h thng li cc phn chnh ca on vn. S dng nhng t ni l phng thc quan trng gip lin kt cc phn chnh ca on vn. Cn by gi cc bn thn on vn sau. Cc bn c th d dng nhn bit nhng chnh khng?

Each of the U.S. manned space exploration projects had specific major goals. The Mercury project was designed to test whether or not human beings could survive and function in outer space. The Mercury project tested rockets with the new Mercury space capsule, which could hold one person. The Gemini project was intended to find out whether two people could work in the weightless environment of space. Gemini astronauts took "spacewalks." They floated outside their spacecraft in a spacesuit, connected to it by a tether. Gemini astronauts tried out new flying skills. Some astronauts flew two spacecraft extremely close together; this procedure was called "rendezvous." On some Gemini flights, astronauts physically linked two spacecraft together. Linking, or "space docking," was a major goal of the Gemini program. The Apollo project, with three astronauts, was intended to test spacecraft and skills so that people could actually fly to the Moon and land on it. Performing scientific experiments on the lunar surface and collecting rocks for study on Earth were goals. C phi cc bn thy mt cht ln xn v nhm ln khi c khng? Cn by gi cc bn hy quan st on on vn sau khi c chnh sa mt cht. Each of the U.S. manned space exploration projects had specific major goals. For example, the Mercury project was designed to test whether or not human beings could survive and function in outer space. In addition, the Mercury project tested rockets with the new Mercury space capsule, which could hold one person. As another example, the Gemini project was intended to find out whether two people could work in the weightless environment of space. One way of doing this was by having Gemini astronauts take "spacewalks." That is, they floated outside their spacecraft in a spacesuit, connected to it by a tether. Gemini astronauts also tried out new flying skills. For example, some astronauts flew two spacecraft extremely close together; this procedure was called "rendezvous." On some Gemini flights, astronauts physically linked two spacecraft together. This linking, or "space docking," was a major goal of the Gemini program. Finally, the Apollo project, with three astronauts, had the goal of testing spacecraft and skills so that people could actually fly to the Moon and land on it. Other goals included performing scientific experiments on the lunar surface and collecting rocks for study on Earth. Nh c nhng t ni m on vn d hiu hn rt nhiu. Sau y bi ging s gii thiu cho cc bn mt s t ni: For example, For instance,

One example of (this) is First, Second, Third, etc. As another example, Another example of [xxx] is (that) Finally, In conclusion, To summarize, On the one hand, On the other hand, However, ..., but... also 2. S thng nht l mt c tnh quan trng nh gi on vn c tt hay khng. S thng nht y c ngha l on vn ch ni v mt ti. Tt c cc cu trong on u phi cp n ti , khng c i lch hng. Cc bn hy nhn on vn di y, n tng t nh on vn chng ta tm hiu trn. on vn c thng nht hay khng? Cc bn hy tm th cu lc trong on nh. Each of the Russian manned space exploration projects had specific major goals. For example, the Vostok project was designed to test whether or not human beings could survive and function in outer space. For another example, the Voshkhod project was intended to find out whether people could work in the weightless environment of space. One Voshkhod cosmonaut experimented with weightlessness by taking a "spacewalk." That is, he floated in a spacesuit outside his Voshkhod spacecraft, connected to it by a tether. The cosmonaut to do this was Alexei Leonov. Several weeks later, Leonov's spacewalk was followed by that of U.S. astronaut Ed White. Finally, the Soyuz project, with three cosmonauts, had goals of testing spacecraft and spaceflight skills so that people could fly long missions in Earth orbit. Nhn chung, on vn kh thng nht nhng cu, Several weeks later, Leonov's spacewalk was followed by that of U.S. astronaut Ed White, khng c cht lin quan no n ti ca bi. chnh l cu lc , khin cho on vn thiu tnh thng nht. V vy trong trng hp ny ta nn b cu i. BI TP THC HNH Bi tp 1: Cc bn hy nhn on vn sau:

I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes very crowded sometimes but I like it. Trong mt on vn thng nht tt c cc cu u phi cp n ti ca on vn. ti ca on vn ny l "the description of your house". Nu kim tra k on vn trn cc bn c th d dng nhn thy mt vi cu khng miu t ngi nh. Chng hn nh cu: In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. V vy cc bn hy vit li ti ca on vn c th bao qut ht tt c cc cu m tc gi vit.

Bi tp 2: Cc bn hy nhn on vn sau: I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Turkish house. We can say it is near the sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room. We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. I live with my parents. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend their time there to grow vegetables and fruit. Trc tin cc bn hy xem cch sp xp ca on vn 1. Where the house is 2. Type of the house 3. The location 4. The rooms in the house 5. The fact that he lives with his parents 6. The garden

Cu trc ca on vn kh n cho ti khi cp n vn he lives with his parents. ct ngang mch miu t ngi nh v vy n nn c t ch khc. Cc bn hy vit li on vn trn vo trng di y sa li li .

Bi tp 3: Cc bn hy quan st v d sau: I want to talk about friendship. Friends can change your life. So, you must know who is a real friend. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I think, another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. If you have a friend like this, you don't break up with her because a real friend is not found easily. on vn trn c mt cu rt v ngha, nu chng ta b cu i s khng lm nh hng n ni dung cng nh ngha ca on vn. Cc bn hy tm cu ri vit vo trng di y.

Bi tp 4: Cc bn hy vit cu ti cho on vn sau. I hate lie. I always try not to tell lies and I want that from my friends, too. I think it is the most important behavior. I can believe everything my friends say. In addition, a good friend must say his ideas to me firstly. I mean, he shouldn't talk about me with other people. Especially about the bad thing, he doesn't have to talk because it might be wrong. Secondly, a good friend must help me. He must do his best. He should ask help from me too. If we solve problems together, our friendship will be better and it will become stronger. Thirdly, the talking time is important. I can talk with my friends for a long time, and during that time I must be happy. That's why we should like the same things. In conclusion, trust is the basics of a friendship.

Bi tp 5: Cc bn hy chn nhng t ni trong bng sau in vo ch trng on vn di y. Second However

Also Another reason is that For example Moreover

On the other hand First One reason is that The best choice

There are three major airports near Washington, D.C., but the traveller to Washington should be careful about which one he or she chooses.(1)_________ Baltimore-Washington International Airport, which is located near the city of Baltimore, is a good international airport. (2)_________ it is not the best choice for a traveller who wants to visit Washington.(3) _________ it is relatively far from the city of Washington itself. (4)_________ a passenger bus trip between Baltimore and Washington is somewhat expensive. Dulles International Airport is a slightly better choice, since it is located closer to the city.(5) _________ if a traveller arrives in the early evening, he or she will encounter rush-hour traffic, which is not a good way to begin a trip to the city.(6) _________ may be Washington-Reagan National Airport. There are two reasons for this.(7) _________ this airport is the closest to the city.(8) _________ it is located on the Metro train system, which is a convenient method of transportation, allowing a traveller to travel almost anywhere he or she likes in the city of Washington. P N Bi tp 1: My life at home Bi tp 2: I live in a house in Izmit. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Turkish house. We can say it is near the sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room. We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend their time there to grow vegetables and fruit. I also live with them there. Bi tp 3: I want to talk about friendship Bi tp 4: A good friend is a person who doesn't tell me lies, who helps me and let me help him, and who I can talk to in trust. Bi tp 5:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

For example However One reason is that Also However The best choice First Also

NGY 19: CC DNG ON VN

1. ON VN NH NGHA nh ngha on vn nh ngha l on vn c dng gii thch ng ngha, chc nng v ngun gc ca s vt, hin tng. Loi on vn ny c dng c trong vn hc thut v trong tiu thuyt. vit on vn nh ngha ngi vit nn tp trung vo vai tr ca ch trong vn cnh ri a ra kin ca mnh sau gii thch. V d: Mt on vn vit nh ngha v mt loi th nui. Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn nh ngha t yu cu. 1. "is defined as" V d: A pest is defined as any animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property. 2. "is a kind of" V d: A pest is a kind of animal or plant that damages crops, forests, or property. 2. ON VN PHN LOI nh ngha on vn phn loi l on vn c dng phn chia vn ca on vn theo nhng vn cnh c th. S phn loi y c th din ra nhiu mc . Th nht l ng ngha (so snh s khc nhau v ngha ca cc vt) sau l v mt ngn ng v ngoi ra cn nhiu mt khc na. Khi vit on vn phn loi bn nn nhm nhng s vic hoc kin theo nhng phm tr c th. iu s gip on vn ca bn logic v khoa hc hn. V d: on vn vit tranh lun v hai ngun nng lng khc nhau.

Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn phn loi tt. Nhng t hu dng is a kind of can be divided into is a type of falls under belongs to is a part of fits into is grouped with is related to is associated with V D Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource. Energy resources can be divided into two types. Coal is a type of non-renewable resource. Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources. Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources. Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources. Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources. Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources. Coal is related to other non-renewable resources. Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources. 3. ON VN MIU T nh ngha on vn miu t l on vn c dng t ngi, a im hoc s vt, gip bn mng tng trong u mt s hnh nh v nhng g ang din ra. Thng thng nhng on vn miu t c xu hng tp trung vo hnh ng (c th hin bng ng t) hn l cm gic (c biu t bng trng t v tnh t). Ngoi ra on vn miu t nn c vit mt cch r rng, chi tit v c a ra theo trnh t thi gian.

V d: on vn vit miu t gu Bc cc hay mt on vn vit tiu t v tr a l ca Canada. Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn miu t tt: c tnh size colour purpose Kch thc length width speed S tng t is like resembles V tr in above below beside near north/east/south/west V D Polar bears are big in size. c tnh Polar bears are usually white in colour. Polar bears have a special shape. The purpose of the polar bear's fur is to keep it warm. The length of a polar bear's claws is 20 cm. Kch thc The width of a polar bear's head is about 50 cm. Polar bears weigh up to 650 kg. Polar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour. S tng t A polar bear is like other bears in shape. A polar bear resembles other bears in shape. Most of Canada's manufacturing is located in Ontario and Quebec. The ceiling is above us. V tr Most of Ontario is below Hudson Bay. Quebec is located beside Ontario. Many companies are located near Toronto. Ontario is west of Quebec.

shape mass/weight

4. ON VN SO SNH nh ngha

on vn so snh l on vn c dng a ra nhng im tng ng v khc bit gia ngi, a im, s vt v kin. V d: on vn vit so snh thi tit Vancouver v Halifax. Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn so snh tt: Nhng t hu ch ch im tng ng Nhng lin t ngn is similar to Similarly, Likewise, ...the same... ...the same as... both also too as well Cch biu t di hn In the same way, X is similar to Y in that X and Y are similar in that (they)... Like X, Y ... In like manner, One way in which X is similar to Nhng lin t ph thuc On the other hand, even though although differs from unlike while im khc bit Nhng lin t ngn however ..., but ..., yet in contrast By contrast,

Another way in which X is similar to Y is whereas (that)... nevertheless,

V D im tng ng Spring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax. Both Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring. Halifax also has a rainy spring season.

Halifax has a rainy spring season, too. As well, Halifax has rainy spring season. On the other hand, winter is much colder in Halifax. However, winter is much colder in Halifax. im khc bit Vancouver has a mild winter, but Halifax has a cold one. In contrast to Vancouver, Halifax has a cold winter. Halifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter. While Vancouver has a mild winter, Halifax has a cold winter. 5. ON VN TNG THUT nh ngha on vn tng thut l on vn c dng k cho ngi c nhng iu din ra trong cu chuyn. on vn tng thut c dng ph bin nht trong tiu thuyt. Chng thng bao gm tt c cc yu t cn thit cho s pht trin ca hnh ng nh: ngi gi vai tr chnh, s b tr, s sp t, mc ch, mc tiu, s tr ngi, nh im v s gii quyt. Chnh v vy on vn tng thut thng yu cu ngi vit sp xp s kin theo th t lin tc hoc theo trnh t thi gian. Phn thn ca on vn tng thut thng gm nhiu yu t nhng nu vit ng cch, nt ni bt ca on vn s l hnh ng ch khng phi l miu t. V d: Mt on vn a ra qu trnh mt ngi tr thnh th tng. Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn tng thut tt: Nhng t hu dng Theo th t first, second, third, etc. in the beginning before then after finally at last Theo thi gian recently previously afterwards when after

subsequently V D First, you need to become a leader of a political party. Second, you need to win a seat in the House of Commons. Third, your party must have a majority of seats. In the beginning, you need to become a leader of a political party. Before becoming the prime minister, you need to become the leader of a political party. Theo th t Then, you must win a seat in the House of Commons. After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats. Finally, after all these steps, you can call yourself the prime minister. At last, you can call yourself the prime minister. Subsequently, you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons. She was recently elected prime minister. She is the new prime minister. Previously, she worked as a lawyer in Toronto. She won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won Theo thi the election. gian When she won the party leadership, she was still working as a lawyer. After winning a seat in the House of Commons, you must make sure you have a majority of seats.

6. ON VN LA CHN nh ngha on vn la chn l on vn m bn cn phi quyt nh s la chn i tng, tng hoc hnh ng no m bn thch. Thng thng bn s cn a ra kin ca bn v s la chn ca mnh (hnh ng hoc hin tng). V d: Mt on vn vit ni xem bn s thch chi khc cn cu hay lacrosse (mn th thao dng vt bt v nm bng). Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn tng thut tt:

< tr> Nhng t hu dng Quan im in my opinion belief idea understanding I think that I consider I believe it seems to me I prefer kin c nhn like/dislike hope feel

V D In my opinion, hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My belief is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My idea is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. My understanding is that hockey is more fun than lacrosse. I think that I would prefer to play hockey and not lacrosse. I consider hockey to be more exciting than lacrosse. I believe hockey is more exciting than lacrosse. It seems to me that hockey is more exciting than lacrosse. I prefer hockey over lacrosse. kin c nhn I like the sport of hockey because it is fast and exciting. I hope that I can play hockey in the future. I feel that hockey is my favorite sport.

Quan im

7. ON VN GII THCH nh ngha on vn gii thch l on vn m trong bn cn phi gii thch hoc a ra l do xy ra s vic no . Thng thng trong cc chuyn ngnh nghin cu v x hi bn s cu phi tm hiu nguyn nhn v kt qu ca mt s kin no . V d: Mt on vn vit gii thch ti sao c rt nhiu ngi Chu u di c n Canada trong khong th k 19.

Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn gii thch tt: Nhng t hu dng Nguyn nhn because since as a result of is due to Kt qu therefore thus consequently hence it follows that if . . . then V D People moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe. Nguyn nhn Since living conditions in Europe were terrible, many people moved to Canada. People moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe. The large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe. Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Therefore, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Living conditions in Europe were terrible. Thus, many people moved to Canada for a better life. Kt qu Living conditions were terrible in Europe. Consequently, many people moved to Canada. Living conditions were terrible in Europe. Hence, many people moved to Canada. Living conditions were terrible in Europe. It follows that many people moved to Canada. If living conditions were better in Europe, then fewer people would have moved to Canada.

8. ON VN NH GI nh ngha on vn nh gi l on vn m trong bn s a ra li nhn xt, nh gi ca bn v ngi, kin hoc nhng hnh ng c th xy ra. Bn cn phi nh gi da trn nhng tiu chun nht nh. Khi vit dng on vn ny bn c th a ra li nh gi v gi trc ri cng c nhng kin bng cch a ra h tiu chun ca bn. V d: Mt on vn vit nh gi xem c nn s dng thuc tr su vo vic trng trt hay khng. Nhng t sau c th gip bn vit mt on vn gii thch tt: Nhng t hu dng Tiu chun nh gi S gi good / bad suggest correct / incorrect recommend moral / immral advise right / wrong argue important / trivial V D The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment. The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect. Tiu chun The use of pesticides to control pests is immoral because it harms the environment. It is wrong to use pesticides because they harm the environment. The issue of pesticides is an important one because it affects the environment. I suggest that pesticides should not be used to control pests. S gi I recommend that pesticides should not be used because they are harmful to the environment. I would advise farmers not to use pesticides if possible. I would argue that pesticides should not be used because they harm the environment. BI TP THC HNH: Cc bn hy xc nh dng ca nhng on vn di y. 1. The WikiAnswers site is a colorful place. Bright oranges, blues, and greens entice the eye and make you want to look around and see what is

there. Little cartoon aliens decorate the site and point to interesting things. Clicking on the buttons and arrows make new pages pop up, or make things change around. 2. The writer pauses to consider what the students need to know, then writes another sentence. These sentences all lead the reader toward the idea that a paragraph is just a way of communicating. After the writer finishes this paragraph, there will be another that needs to be written. The writer glances at the clock on the wall. Will there be enough time? 3. "Americans can be divided into three groups--smokers, nonsmokers and that expanding pack of us who have quit. Those who have never smoked don't know what they're missing, but former smokers, ex-smokers, reformed smokers can never forget. We are veterans of a personal war, linked by that watershed experience of ceasing to smoke and by the temptation to have just one more cigarette. For almost all of us exsmokers, smoking continues to play an important role in our lives. And now that it is being restricted in restaurants around the country and will be banned in almost all indoor public places in New York State starting next month, it is vital that everyone understand the different emotional states cessation of smoking can cause. I have observed four of them; and in the interest of science I have classified them as those of the zealot, the evangelist, the elect and the serene. Each day, each category gains new recruits." (Franklin Zimring, "Confessions on an Ex-Smoker," Newsweek 4. Paragraphs are like conversations. Each conversation is a series of statements, questions, or explanations that pass along information. Each paragraph is also a series of sentences that pass along information. A paragraph is different from a conversation because a paragraph can be edited and changed after you write it down, and a conversation can't be taken back once you have spoken the words. 5. In order to write a paragraph, first you think about what you want to say. Pretend that you are explaining things to your friends, or to a younger person. Try to explain in simple terms that are easy to follow. Once you have thought about it, start writing down what you would say out loud. That's all you need to do to write a paragraph. 6. A definition tells you what a word or term means. This paragraph tells you what a defining paragraph is, so this paragraph is a defining paragraph about defining paragraphs! When you define something, you want to use simple words so that your reader will understand what you are saying.

7. My most valuable possession is an old, slightly warped blond guitar--the first instrument I taught myself how to play. It's nothing fancy, just a Madeira folk guitar, all scuffed and scratched and finger-printed. At the top is a bramble of copper-wound strings, each one hooked through the eye of a silver tuning key. The strings are stretched down a long, slim neck, its frets tarnished, the wood worn by years of fingers pressing chords and picking notes. The body of the Madeira is shaped like an enormous yellow pear, one that was slightly damaged in shipping. The blond wood has been chipped and gouged to gray, particularly where the pick guard fell off years ago. No, it's not a beautiful instrument, but it still lets me make music, and for that I will always treasure it. 8. Paraphrasing is used for different purposes. Some paraphrases will be designated to support already existing evidence. Others will reinforce argumentation against evidence. Still others will help to develop existing arguments and provide back-up for any conclusion drawn in the course of writing. Depending on the function, paraphrases will be introduced in accordance with their unique context. Quotations require yet another approach. They are not self-expressive because every quotation can signify a number of different things in various contexts. It is both the introduction and the commentary that follows it which decides about its context and the ultimate meaning of a given citation in an essay. Paraphrasing quotations - changing the original words or sense is not allowed. 9. Even though Arizona and Rhode Island are both states of the U.S., they are strikingly different in many ways. For example, the physical size of each state is different. Arizona is large, having an area of 114,000 square miles, whereas Rhode Island is only about a tenth the size, having an area of only 1,214 square miles. Another difference is in the size of the population of each state. Arizona has about four million people living in it, but Rhode Island has less than one million. The two states also differ in the kinds of natural environments that each has. For example, Arizona is a very dry state, consisting of large desert areas that do not receive much rainfall every year. However, Rhode Island is located in a temperate zone and receives an average of 44 inches of rain per year. In addition, while Arizona is a landlocked state and thus has no seashore, Rhode Island lies on the Atlantic Ocean and does have a significant coastline. 10. A definition tells you what a word or term means. This paragraph tells you what a defining paragraph is, so this paragraph is a defining paragraph about defining paragraphs! When you define something, you want to use simple words so that your reader will understand what you

are saying. P N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. on vn miu t on vn tng thut on vn phn loi on vn so snh on vn gii thch on vn nh ngha on vn miu t on vn phn loi on vn so snh on vn so snh