Weather Summary

Weather summary

days in 2011. Only 2 days of 2010 poured rain water that was sufficient for the rice crops daily requirement (>10 mm d-1), whereas 2011 had an 8-day supply of free water. Nevertheless, both years necessitated irrigation during crop growth duration. Annual rainfall for 2011 was 2,437 mm for the IRRI dryland (upland) site and 2,329 mm for the wetland (lowland) site (see table). These values are 357 mm higher than the long-term average rainfall for the dryland site and 323 mm higher for the wetland site. Los Baos experienced above normal rainfall in March, turning the dry season into a wet season. The wettest day at IRRI occurred on 8 Jun with more than 130 mm rainfall per day. The longest recorded continuous wet spell was 12 d (23 Jul3 Aug) at the dryland and wetland sites. The longest continuous dry spell was 20 d at the dryland site (524 Feb) and 15 d in the wetland site (1226 Feb). For both dryland and wetland sites, mean monthly solar radiation pattern reached the peak in April (19 MJ m-2 d-1) (see table). It then gradually declined in December (12 MJ m-2 d-1). The highest recorded daily accumulated solar radiation for 2011 occurred on 11 Apr (24.7 MJ m-2 d-1) at both the dryland and wetland sites. The highest mean monthly duration of bright sunshine was 8.6 h d-1 in April, declining to a low 3.5 h d-1 in August (see table). The longest record of sunshine at Los Baos was on 15 May with 12.2 h. Maximum temperature reached its highest monthly mean value in May (33 oC at the dryland site) and in June (31 oC at the wetland site) (see table). Then, it gradually

weak El Nio episode in the early months of year 2010 reduced the number of rainy days to 28. This value is 16 days less than the number of rainy

IRRI AnnuAl RepoRt 2011

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Weather summary

Rainfall, (mm d-1) 30 2010 20 2011

10

11

21

31

41

51

61

71

81

91

101

Days after transplanting A comparison of rice-growing season in 2010 and 2011, Los Baos dry season.

dropped to its lowest mean value in January (28 oC at both sites). At the dryland site, the recorded averages of maximum temperature were lower than the long-term averages during the dry season. The hottest day of 2011 in Los Baos was 1 Jul: 34.7 oC at the wetland site. The distribution of minimum temperatures was more stable than that of maximum temperatures. Minimum air temperatures were generally similar to the long-term monthly averages throughout the year. The coldest day of 2011 in Los Baos was 20 Feb: 19 C at the dryland site.
o

Daily mean windspeed, measured at 2-m height, was 1.8 m s for the dryland site and 1.5 m s for the wetland
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The relative position of Mount Makiling with reference to the station caused the observed differences in cloudiness. Among the 19 tropical cyclones that passed the Philippines area of responsibility, only eight cyclones made landfall, crossed, and affected the country. Typhoon Kabayan (international name Muifa) and tropical depression Lando jointly brought 12 d of wet spell in Los Baos from 23 Jul to 3 Aug. Tropical storm Sendong (international name Washi) caused the most damage in Mindanao as it increased movement from 15 to 30 m h-1 in a day. The graphs compare current (2011) and long-term (1979-2010) monthly climate trends at the IRRI, Los Baos site: irradiance (MJ m-2 d-1) (Fig. 1); rainfall amount (mm d-1) (Fig. 2); air temperature (oC) (Fig. 3); and evaporation (mm d-1) (Fig. 4). Standard errors (SE) are presented in each graph.

site (see table). Windspeed was generally low (<2.0 m s-1), except during tropical disturbances. The maximum 24-h average windspeed in 2011 was 2.2 m s-1 at the dryland site and 1.8 m s at the wetland site in January.
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Because of slightly higher air temperature, lower amount of rainfall, and higher vapor pressure deficit at midday, free water evaporation at the upland site was slightly higher than that at the wetland site. Open-pan evaporation totals were 1,615 mm at the dryland site (1010 mm higher than the long-term evaporation total) and 1,510 mm at the wetland site (962 mm higher than the long-term total). The wetland agrometeorological site is <1000 m away from the dryland site. Except for isolated rains, the recorded weather conditions were generally very similar.

Mean early morning relative humidity ranged from 81% to 89% (see table). Relative humidity dropped to as low as 40% during a day. Midday vapor pressure deficit was consistent with the long-term trend at the wetland site and stayed minimal at the dryland and wetland sites throughout the year.

IRRI AnnuAl RepoRt 2011

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Weather summary

Solar radiation (MJ m2 d-1) 25 23 21 19 17

2011 1979-2010 *SE

Rainfall (m s-1) 16 14 12 10 8
2011 1979-2010 *SE

15 13 11 9 7 J F M A M J J A S O N D 6 4 2 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D

Fig. 1. Mean monthly solar radiation (2011) and longterm averages (1979-2010) with standard error of the means.
Air temperature (C) 40
2011 1979-2010 *SE

Fig. 2. Monthly total rainfall (2011) and long-term totals (1979-2010).

Evaporation (m s-1) 10 9 8 7
2011 1979-2010 *SE

35

Maximum

30

6 5

25
Minimum

4 3 2 1

20

15

0 J F M A M J J A S O N D

Fig. 3. Monthly maximum and minimum air temperature in 2011 and long-term averages (19792010). Standard errors are included.

Fig. 4. Monthly total evaporation in the wetland site in 2011.

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Weather summary

Monthly weather data for the IRRI dryland (14 08' N, 121 15' E) and wetland sites (14 11' N, 121 15' E) in 2011 and long-term averages for dryland and wetland sites from 1979 to 2010. Site Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual total or average Sum (mm yr-1) 208.6 146.9 150.8 135.8 32.9 24.8 34.1 24.4 31.2 24.1 33.0 24.6 86.0 80.0 85.2 79.0 1.9 1.5 1.7 1.4 18.1 19.6 16.6 19.7 7.0 7.6 477.8 238.4 423.6 228.0 31.8 24.4 32.9 24.2 31.4 24.6 32.3 24.6 87.6 83.0 87.1 82.0 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 15.2 17.6 14.6 17.6 5.4 6.1 327.1 331.9 299.6 313.3 31.1 24.0 31.9 23.8 30.9 24.2 31.4 24.3 88.9 86.0 87.6 85.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.3 15.1 16.4 14.4 16.4 5.1 5.2 257.7 245.3 297.8 230.7 30.9 24.6 31.7 23.8 30.7 24.7 31.2 24.3 88.3 86.0 87.7 85.0 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.3 13.1 15.8 13.4 15.7 3.5 4.8 258.8 248.7 222.5 240.4 31.6 24.1 31.7 23.7 31.3 24.2 31.2 24.1 88.6 87.0 87.3 86.0 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.1 14.6 15.9 14.1 15.8 4.8 4.8 268.8 291.5 281.4 299.6 31.0 24.1 31.2 23.7 30.7 24.0 30.7 24.0 88.5 86.0 87.0 86.0 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 13.5 15.0 13.6 14.9 4.9 5.1 259.9 237.3 278.6 230.7 30.7 24.0 30.4 23.6 30.2 24.0 29.9 23.6 89.4 86.0 88.0 85.0 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 13.3 13.8 12.7 13.5 5.3 5.3 244.1 171.8 245.1 163.3 29.2 23.8 29.1 22.7 29.0 23.9 28.4 22.7 89.6 85.0 88.4 85.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.8 11.9 12.6 11.1 12.2 4.0 4.5 2437 2080 2329 2006 Av (C) 30.6 23.7 31.6 23.4 30.2 23.7 30.7 23.6 Av (%) 88 84 87 84 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.5 Daily av (MJ m-2) 14.8 16.6 14.3 16.5 Daily av (h) 5.3 6.1

Rainfall (mm mo-1) IRRI, dryland site (1408'N, 12115'E) Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, wetland site (1411'N, 12115'E) Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, dryland site Long-term average IRRI, wetland site Long-term average Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min IRRI, dryland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, wetland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, dryland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, wetland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, dryland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, wetland site Long-term average (1979-2010) IRRI, wetland site Long-term average (1979-2010) 51.7 45.4 48.3 47.4 28.3 22.6 29.4 22.1 28.0 22.6 28.4 22.1 87.5 85.0 87.2 84.0 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 12.9 14.2 12.6 13.9 4.7 5.4 3.6 27.5 5.6 27.4 29.3 22.3 30.5 22.0 28.7 22.1 29.2 22.0 87.2 84.0 86.7 84.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.7 16.4 17.3 15.9 17.2 6.3 7.2 68.3 42.9 68.0 40.6 29.1 23.3 32.1 22.6 28.7 23.1 30.4 22.6 86.4 81.0 86.4 81.0 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 13.8 19.8 13.4 19.9 4.3 8.1 10.3 52.7 7.6 48.8 31.6 22.9 33.9 23.9 31.2 22.6 32.3 23.9 82.0 79.0 81.6 80.0 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.5 19.5 21.3 19.1 21.6 8.6 9.0

Temperature (C)

Relative humidity ( %)

Windspeed (m s-1)

Solar radiation (MJ m-2 d-1)

Sunshine (h d-1)

IRRI AnnuAl RepoRt 2011

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