Chapter 5, Solution 1.

(a) R
in
= 1.5 M
(b) R
out
= 60
(c) A = 8x10
4
Therefore A
dB
= 20 log 8x10
4
= 98.0 dB


Chapter 5, Solution 2.

v
0
= Av
d
= A(v
2
- v
1
)
= 10
5
(20-10) x 10
-6
= 0.1V


Chapter 5, Solution 3.

v
0
= Av
d
= A(v
2
- v
1
)
= 2 x 10
5
(30 + 20) x 10
-6
= 10V


Chapter 5, Solution 4.

v
0
= Av
d
= A(v
2
- v
1
)
v
2
- v
1
= V 20
10 x 2
4
A
v
5
0
=

=

If v
1
and v
2
are in mV, then

v
2
- v
1
= -20 mV = 0.02
1 - v
1
= -0.02
v
1
= 1.02 mV


Chapter 5, Solution 5.


+
v
0
-
-

v
d


+
R
0
R
in
I

v
i
-
+
Av
d
+
-













-v
i
+ Av
d
+ (R
i
- R
0
) I = 0 (1)

But v
d
= R
i
I,

-v
i
+ (R
i
+ R
0
+ R
i
A) I = 0

v
d
=
i 0
i i
R ) A 1 ( R
R v
+ +
(2)

-Av
d
- R
0
I + v
0
= 0

v
0
= Av
d
+ R
0
I = (R
0
+ R
i
A)I =
i 0
i i 0
R ) A 1 ( R
v ) A R R (
+ +
+


4
5
5 4
i 0
i 0
i
0
10
) 10 1 ( 100
10 x 10 100
R ) A 1 ( R
A R R
v
v

+ +
+
=
+ +
+
=


( )
=
+
4
5
9
10
10 1
10
=
001 , 100
000 , 100
0.9999990



Chapter 5, Solution 6.


-

v
d


+
+
v
o
-
R
0
R
in
I

v
i
+ -
Av
d
+
-

















(R
0
+ R
i
)R + v
i
+ Av
d
= 0

But v
d
= R
i
I,

v
i
+ (R
0
+ R
i
+ R
i
A)I = 0

I =
i 0
i
R ) A 1 ( R
v
+ +

(1)

-Av
d
- R
0
I + v
o
= 0

v
o
= Av
d
+ R
0
I = (R
0
+ R
i
A)I

Substituting for I in (1),

v
0
=

+ +
+
i 0
i 0
R ) A 1 ( R
A R R

v
i
=
( )
( )
6 5
3 5 6
10 x 2 x 10 x 2 1 50
10 10 x 2 x 10 x 2 50
+ +
+

mV
10 x 2 x 001 , 200
10 x 2 x 000 , 200
6
6

v
0
= -0.999995 mV



Chapter 5, Solution 7.



100 k

1

2 10 k
-
+
+

V
d


-
+
V
out
-
R
out
= 100
R
in
AV
d
+
-






V
S








At node 1, (V
S
V
1
)/10 k = [V
1
/100 k] + [(V
1
V
0
)/100 k]

10 V
S
10 V
1
= V
1
+ V
1
V
0


which leads to V
1
= (10V
S
+ V
0
)/12

At node 2, (V
1
V
0
)/100 k = (V
0
AV
d
)/100

But V
d
= V
1
and A = 100,000,

V
1
V
0
= 1000 (V
0
100,000V
1
)

0= 1001V
0
100,000,001[(10V
S
+ V
0
)/12]

0 = -83,333,334.17 V
S
- 8,332,333.42 V
0


which gives us (V
0
/ V
S
) = -10 (for all practical purposes)

If V
S
= 1 mV, then V
0
= -10 mV

Since V
0
= A V
d
= 100,000 V
d
, then V
d
= (V
0
/10
5
) V = -100 nV


Chapter 5, Solution 8.

(a) If v
a
and v
b
are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op
amp.

v
a
= v
b
= 0

1mA =
k 2
v 0
0

v
0
= -2V
(b)

10 k
2V
+ -
+
v
a

-
10 k
i
a
+
v
o

-
+
v
o

-
v
a
v
b
i
a
2 k
2V

-
+
1V

-
+
-
+











(b)

(a)






Since v
a
= v
b
= 1V and i
a
= 0, no current flows through the 10 k resistor. From Fig. (b),

-v
a
+ 2 + v
0
= 0 v
a
= v
a
- 2 = 1 - 2 = -1V


Chapter 5, Solution 9.

(a) Let v
a
and v
b
be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting
terminals of the op amp

v
a
= v
b
= 4V

At the inverting terminal,

1mA =
k 2
0
v 4
v
0
= 2V








Since v
a
= v
b
= 3V,

-v
b
+ 1 + v
o
= 0 v
o
= v
b
- 1 = 2V
+
v
b

-
+
v
o

-
+ -
(b)

1V


Chapter 5, Solution 10.

Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is v
s
.
Hence

v
s
= v
o

2
v
10 10
10
o
=

+

s
o
v
v
= 2


Chapter 5, Solution 11.

8 k










v
b
= V 2 ) 3 (
5 10
10
=
+

i
o
b
a

+

5 k
2 k
4 k
+
v
o

10 k

+
3 V

At node a,


8
v v
2
v 3
o a a

=

12 = 5v
a
v
o


But v
a
= v
b
= 2V,

12 = 10 v
o
v
o
= -2V

i
o
= mA 1
4
2
8
2 2
4
v 0
8
v v
o o a
= +
+
=

i
o
= -1mA


Chapter 5, Solution 12.


4 k

b
a

+

2 k
1 k
+
v
o

4 k

+





1.2V





At node b, v
b
=
o o o
v
3
2
v
3
2
v
2 4
4
= =
+


At node a,
4
v v
1
v 2 . 1
o a a

=

, but v
a
= v
b
=
o
v
3
2


4.8 - 4 x
o o o
v v
3
2
v
3
2
= v
o
= V 0570 . 2
7
8 . 4 x 3
=

v
a
= v
b
=
7
6 . 9
v
3
2
o
=

i
s
=
7
2 . 1
1
v 2 .
a

=
1


p = v
s
i
s
= 1.2 =

7
2 . 1

-205.7 mW


Chapter 5, Solution 13.














By voltage division,
i
1
i
2
90 k
10 k
b
a

+

100 k
4 k
50 k
+

i
o
+
v
o

1 V
v
a
= V 9 . 0 ) 1 (
100
=
90

v
b
=
3
v
v
150
o
o
=
50

But v
a
= v
b
9 . 0
3
v
0
= v
o
= 2.7V
i
o
= i
1
+ i
2
= = +
k 150
v
k 10
v
o o
0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 A
Chapter 5, Solution 14.

Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,


10
v v
20
v v
5
v 10
o 1 2 1 1

+

But v
2
= 0. Hence 40 - 4v
1
= v
1
+ 2v
1
- 2v
o
40 = 7v
1
- 2v
o
(1)
20 k
v
o
10 k

+

v
1

+
v
2
5 k
10 k
+
v
o

10V

At node 2, 0 v ,
10
v v
20
v v
2
o 2 2 1
=

or v
1
= -2v
o
(2)

From (1) and (2), 40 = -14v
o
- 2v
o
v
o
= -2.5V

Chapter 5, Solution 15

(a) Let v
1
be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying
KCL at this node gives
3 3 2
1
3
1
2
1
1 1
R
v
R R
v
R
v v
R
v
i
o o
s

+ =

+ = (1)
At the inverting terminal,
1 1
1
1
0
R i v
R
v
i
s s
=

= (2)
Combining (1) and (2) leads to

+ + = =

+ +
2
3 1
3 1
3 3
1
2
1
1
R
R R
R R
i
v
R
v
R
R
R
R
i
s
o o
s

(b) For this case,
=

+ + = k 92 - k
25
40 20
40 20
x
i
v
s
o

Chapter 5, Solution 16
10k


i
x

5k v
a
i
y

-
v
b
+ v
o



+ 2k
0.5V
- 8k






Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k. At node a,
o a
o a a
v v
v v v
=

3 1
10 5
5 . 0
(1)

But

a o o b a
v v v v v
8
10
2 8
8
=
+
= = (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
14
8
8
10
3 1 = =
a a a
v v v
Thus,
A 28 . 14 mA 70 / 1
5
5 . 0
= =

=
a
x
v
i
A 85.71 mA
14
8
4
6 . 0
)
8
10
( 6 . 0 ) ( 6 . 0
10 2
= = = =

= x v v v v
v v v v
i
a a a o
a o b o
y


Chapter 5, Solution 17.

(a) G = = = =
5
12
R
R
v
v
1
2
i
o
-2.4
(b)
5
80
v
v
i
o
= = -16
(c) = =
5
2000
v
v
i
o
-400
Chapter 5, Solution 18.

Converting the voltage source to current source and back to a voltage source, we have the
circuit shown below:

3
20
20 10 = k

1 M














3
v 2
3
20
50
1000
v
i
o

+
= = =
17
200
v
1
o
v
-11.764


Chapter 5, Solution 19.

We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.

3
4
4 2 =
5 k
v
o
0V

(4/3) k 10 k

+
4 k

+

(2/3)V
(20/3) k
+
v
o

+
50 k

+

2v
i
/3














=

=
3
2
k
3
4
x 4
k 10
v
o
-1.25V
=

+ =
k 10
0 v
k 5
v
i
o o
o
-0.375mA


Chapter 5, Solution 20.

8 k

+

v
s

+

4 k
+
v
o

+
2 k
4 k
a b







9 V



At node a,


4
v v
8
v v
4
v 9
b a o a a

+

18 = 5v
a
v
o
- 2v
b
(1)

At node b,


2
v v
4
v v
o b b a

=

v
a
= 3v
b
- 2v
o
(2)

But v
b
= v
s
= 0; (2) becomes v
a
= 2v
o
and (1) becomes

-18 = -10v
o
v
o
v
o
= -18/(11) = -1.6364V





Chapter 5, Solution 21.

Eqs. (1) and (2) remain the same. When v
b
= v
s
= 3V, eq. (2) becomes

v
a
= 3 x 3 - 2v
0
= 9 - 2v
o


Substituting this into (1), 18 = 5 (9-2v
o
) v
o
6 leads to

v
o
= 21/(11) = 1.909V


Chapter 5, Solution 22.

A
v
= -R
f
/R
i
= -15.

If R
i
= 10k, then R
f
= 150 k.


Chapter 5, Solution 23

At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives

1 2 1
0 0 0
R
R
v
v
R
v
R R
v
f
s
o
f
o s
=

+ =

Chapter 5, Solution 24

v
1
R
f


R
1
R
2


- v
s
+ -
+
+
R
4

R
3
v
o

v
2
-



We notice that v
1
= v
2
. Applying KCL at node 1 gives

f
o s
f f
o s
R
v
R
v
v
R R R R
v v
R
v v
R
v
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

+
2
1
2 1
1
2
1
1
1
1 1 1
0
) (
(1)
Applying KCL at node 2 gives

s
s
v
R R
R
v
R
v v
R
v
4 3
3
1
4
1
3
1
0
+
= =

+ (2)
Substituting (2) into (1) yields

s
f
f o
v
R R R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R v
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 4 3
3
2
4 3
1
3
1

i.e.
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2 4 3
3
2
4 3
1
3
1
R R R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R k
f
f



Chapter 5, Solution 25.

v
o
= 2 V


+

+
v
a
+
v
o





-v
a
+ 3 + v
o
= 0 which leads to v
a
= v
o
+ 3 = 5 V.

Chapter 5, Solution 26
+

v
b
- i
o

+ +
0.4V 5k
- 2k v
o
8k
-


V 5 . 0 8 . 0 / 4 . 0 8 . 0
2 8
8
4 . 0 = = =
+
= =
o o o b
v v v v
Hence,
mA 1 . 0
5
5 . 0
5
= = =
k k
v
o
o
i
Chapter 5, Solution 27.

(a) Let v
a
be the voltage at the noninverting terminal.

v
a
= 2/(8+2) v
i
= 0.2v
i


i a 0
v 2 . 10 v
20
1 = |
.
|
\
+
1000
v
|
=
G = v
0
/(v
i
) = 10.2

(b) v
i
= v
0
/(G) = 15/(10.2) cos 120t = 1.471 cos 120t V


Chapter 5, Solution 28.

+

+













At node 1,
k 50
v v
k 10
v 0
o 1 1

=

But v
1
= 0.4V,

-5v
1
= v
1
v
o
, leads to v
o
= 6v
1
= 2.4V

Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,

v
o
= (1 + (50/10)) (0.4V) = 2.4V

i
o
= v
o
/(20k) = 2.4/(20k) = 120 A


Chapter 5, Solution 29

R
1
v
a
+
v
b
- +

+
v
i
R
2
R
2
v
o

- R
1

-



o b i a
v
R R
R
v v
R R
R
v
2 1
1
2 1
2
,
+
=
+
=

But
o i b a
v
R R
R
v
R R
R
v
2 1
1
2 1
2
+
=
+
= v
Or
1
2
R
R
v
v
i
o
=


Chapter 5, Solution 30.

The output of the voltage becomes

v
o
= v
i
= 12
= k 12 20 30

By voltage division,

V 2 . 0 ) 2 . 1 (
60 12
12
v
x
=
+
=

= = =
k 20
2 . 0
k 20
v
i
x
x
10A

= = =
k 20
04 . 0
R
v
p
2
x
2W



Chapter 5, Solution 31.

After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:

12 k
2
v
o
6 k
+

+

6 k
3 k
1
v
1



v
o


12 V





At node 1,

12
v v
6
v v
3
v
o 1 o 1 1
12
+

48 = 7v
1
- 3v
o
(1)

At node 2,

x
o o 1
i
6
0 v
6
v v
=

v
1
= 2v
o
(2)

From (1) and (2),
11
48
v
o
=
= =
k 6
v
i
o
x
0.7272mA



Chapter 5, Solution 32.


Let v
x
= the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting
amplifier.

=
x
v |
.
|

\
|
+
10
50
1 (4 mV) = 24 mV
= k 20 30 60




By voltage division,

v
o
= mV 12
2
v
v
20 20
o
o
= =
+
20


i
x
=
( )
= =
+ k 40
mV 24
k 20 20
v
x
600nA

p = =

3
6 2
o
10 x 60
10 x
=
144
R
v
204nW

Chapter 5, Solution 33.

After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:

1 k










This is a noninverting amplifier.
3 k
v
i
v
a
+

+

2 k
4 k
v
o
4 V


i i o
v
2
3
v
2
1
1 v = |
.
|

\
|
+ =

Since the current entering the op amp is 0, the source resistor has a OV potential drop.
Hence v
i
= 4V.

V 6 ) 4 (
2
3
v
o
= =

Power dissipated by the 3k resistor is

= =
k 3
36
R
v
2
o
12mW

=

=
k 1
6 4
R
v v
i
o a
x
-2mA
Chapter 5, Solution 34


0
R
v v
R
v v
2
in 1
1
in 1
=

(1)

but
o
4 3
3
a
v
R R
R
v
+
= (2)

Combining (1) and (2),

0 v
R
R
v
R
R
v v
a
2
1
2
2
1
a 1
= +

2
2
1
1
2
1
a
v
R
R
v
R
R
1 v + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
1
1
2
1
4 3
o 3
v
R
R
v
R
R
1
R R
v R
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+


|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
4 3
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
1 R
R R
v

v
O
= ) v R v (
) R R ( R
R R
2 2 1
2 1 3
4 3
+
+
+



Chapter 5, Solution 35.

10
R
R
1
v
v
A
i
f
i
o
v
= + = = R
f
= 9R
i


If R
i
= 10k, R
f
= 90k






Chapter 5, Solution 36

V
ab Th
V =
But
ab s
V
R R
R
2 1
1
+
= v . Thus,
s s ab Th
v
R
R
v
R
R R
V V ) 1 (
1
2
1
2 1
+ =
+
= =
To get R
Th
, apply a current source I
o
at terminals a-b as shown below.

v
1

+
v
2
- a

+


R
2

v
o
i
o
R
1

-
b

Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v
1
= v
2
=0, i.e. no current passes
through R
1
and consequently R
2
. Thus, v
o
=0 and
0 = =
o
o
Th
i
v
R


Chapter 5, Solution 37.


(

+ + =
3
3
f
2
2
f
1
1
f
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v


(

+ + = ) 3 (
30
30
) 2 (
20
30
) 1 (
10
30


v
o
= -3V




Chapter 5, Solution 38.


(

+ + + =
4
4
f
3
3
f
2
2
f
1
1
f
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v

(

+ + + = ) 100 (
50
50
) 50 (
10
50
) 20 (
20
50
) 10 (
25
50


= -120mV


Chapter 5, Solution 39

This is a summing amplifier.

2 2 3
3
2
2
1
1
5 . 2 9 ) 1 (
50
50
20
50
) 2 (
10
50
v v v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
f f f
o
= |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
Thus,
V 3 5 . 2 9 5 . 16
2 2
= = = v v v
o



Chapter 5, Solution 40

R
1

R
2
v
a

+
R
3
v
b -

+ +
v
1
+
- v
2
R
f
v
o

- +
v
3
R -
-


Applying KCL at node a,

)
1 1 1
( 0
3 2 1 3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
R R R
v
R
v
R
v
R
v
R
v v
R
v v
R
v v
a
a a a
+ + = + + =

(1)

But

o
f
b a
v
R R
R
v
+
= = v (2)

Substituting (2) into (1)gives

)
1 1 1
(
3 2 1 3
3
2
2
1
1
R R R R R
Rv
R
v
R
v
R
v
f
o
+ +
+
= + +

or

)
1 1 1
/( ) (
3 2 1 3
3
2
2
1
1
R R R R
v
R
v
R
v
R
R R
v
f
o
+ + + +
+
=


Chapter 5, Solution 41.

R
f
/R
i
= 1/(4) R
i
= 4R
f
= 40k

The averaging amplifier is as shown below:













Chapter 5, Solution 42
v
1

R
2
= 40 k
v
2

R
3
= 40 k
v
3

R
4
= 40 k
v
4

10 k

+
R
1
= 40 k
v
o


= = k 10 R
3
1
R
1 f

Chapter 5, Solution 43.

In order for


|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
4
4
f
3
3
f
2
2
f
1
1
f
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
R
R
v

to become
( )
4 3 2 1 o
v v v v
4
1
v + + + =

4
1
R
R
i
f
= = = =
4
12
4
R
R
i
f
3k


Chapter 5, Solution 44.
R
4










At node b, 0
R
v v
R
v v
2
2 b
1
1 b
=

2 1
2
2
1
1
b
R
1
R
1
R
v
R
v
v
+
+
= (1)
b
a
R
1

v
1

R
2

v
2

R
3


v
o

+


At node a,
4
o a
3
a
R
v v
R
v 0
=

3 4
o
a
R / R 1
v
v
+
= (2)

But v
a
= v
b
. We set (1) and (2) equal.


2 1
1 1 1 2
3 4
o
R R
v R v R
R / R 1
v
+
+
=
+

or
v
o
=
( )
( )
( )
1 1 1 2
2 1 3
4 3
v R v R
R R R
R R
+
+
+

Chapter 5, Solution 45.

This can be achieved as follows:

( )
(

+ =
2 1 o
v
2 / R
R
v
3 / R
R
v

( )
(

+ =
2
2
f
1
1
f
v
R
R
v
R
R


i.e. R
f
= R, R
1
= R/3, and R
2
= R/2

Thus we need an inverter to invert v
1
, and a summer, as shown below (R<100k).



R/3
R/2
v
2
R

+
R
v
1
-v
1

R

+





v
o








Chapter 5, Solution 46.


3
3
f
2
2
x
1
1
f
3 2
1
o
v
R
R
) v (
R
R
v
R
R
v
2
1
) v (
3
1
3
v
v + + = + + =
i.e. R
3
= 2R
f
, R
1
= R
2
= 3R
f
. To get -v
2
, we need an inverter with R
f
= R
i
. If R
f
= 10k,
a solution is given below.


v
1
30 k

20 k
v
3
10 k

+
10 k

v
2
-v
2

10 k

+
30 k





v
o




Chapter 5, Solution 47.

If a is the inverting terminal at the op amp and b is the noninverting terminal,
then,

V 6 v v , V 6 ) 8 (
1 3
3
v
b a b
= = =
+
= and at node a,
4
v v
2
v 10
o a a

=

which leads to v
o
= 2 V and i
o
=
k 4
) v v (
k 5
v
o a o

= 0.4 2 mA = 2.4 mA


Chapter 5, Solution 48.

Since the op amp draws no current from the bridge, the bridge may be treated separately
as follows:
v
1

v
2
i
2
i
1
+
















For loop 1, (10 + 30) i
1
= 5 i
1
= 5/(40) = 0.125A

For loop 2, (40 + 60) i
2
= -5 i
2
= -0.05A

But, 10i + v
1
- 5 = 0 v
1
= 5 - 10i = 3.75mV
60i + v
2
+ 5 = 0 v
2
= -5 - 60i = -2mV

As a difference amplifier,
( ) | |mV ) 2 ( 75 . 3
20
80
v v
R
R
v
1 2
1
2
o
= =

= 23mV
Chapter 5, Solution 49.

R
1
= R
3
= 10k, R
2
/(R
1
) = 2

i.e. R
2
= 2R
1
= 20k = R
4


Verify:
1
1
2
2
4 3
2 1
1
2
o
v
R
R
v
R / R 1
R / R 1
R
R
v
+
+
=

( )
1 2 1 2
v v 2 v 2 v
5 . 0 1
) 5 . 0 1 (
2 =
+
+
=

Thus, R
1
= R
3
= 10k, R
2
= R
4
= 20k


Chapter 5, Solution 50.

(a) We use a difference amplifier, as shown below:











( ) ( , v v 2 v v
R
R
v
1 2 1 2
1
2
o
= = ) i.e. R
2
/R
1
= 2
R
1

v
2
R
2
v
1
R
2

+
R
1

v
o

If R
1
= 10 k then R
2
= 20k

(b) We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.

2 1 0
v 2 v 2 v =
( )
(

+ =
2 1
v
2 / R
R
v
2 / R
R

( )
(

+ =
2
2
f
1
1
f
v
R
R
v
R
R


i.e. R
f
= R, R
1
= R/2 = R
2


We need an inverter to invert v
1
and a summer, as shown below. We may let R = 10k.


R/2
R/2
v
2
R

+
R
v
1
-v
1

R

+





v
o







Chapter 5, Solution 51.
We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as
shown below:










Verify: v
o
= -v
a
- v
1

But v
a
= -v
2
. Hence
R
R
v
1
R

+
R
v
2
v
a

R

+
v
o

v
o
= v
2
- v
1
.



Chapter 5, Solution 52

A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is inserted to
invert v
2
. Let R = 10 k .
R/2 R
v
1


R/5

v
3
-
+ v
o

v
4
R
R
R
v
2
- R/4

+




Chapter 5, Solution 53.

(a)

v
b
v
a
R
1

v
2
R
2
v
1
R
2

+
R
1



v
o






At node a, v
+
= (1)
At node b,
2
2 1
2
b
v
R R
R
v
+
= (2)

But v
a
= v
b
. Setting (1) and (2) equal gives

2 1
o 1 1 2
2
2 1
2
R R
v R v R
v
R R
R
+
+
=
+


i o
2
1
1 2
v v
R
R
v v = =
=
i
o
v
v
1
2
R
R

(b)













At node A,
2 / R
v v
R
v v
2 / R
v v
1
a A
g
A B
1
A 1

=

v
1
R
2
v
b
v
a
v
B
v
A
R
1
/2
v
2
R
1
/2
R
g
R
2

+
v
o

+
R
1
/2 R
1
/2

v
i

+


or ( )
a A A B
g
1
A 1
v v v v
R 2
R
v v = + (1)

At node B,
g
b B
1
A B
1
B 2
R
v v
2 / R
v v
2 / R
v v
+

or
b B A B
g
1
B 2
v v ) v v (
R 2
R
v v = (2)

Subtracting (1) from (2),

( )
a b A B A B
g
1
A B 1 2
v v v v v v
R 2
R 2
v v v + = + v
Since, v
a
= v
b
,
( )
2
v
v v
R 2
R
1
2
v v
i
A B
g
1 1 2
=

+ =

or
g
1
i
A B
R 2
R
1
1
2
v
v v
+
= (3)

But for the difference amplifier,

( )
A B
1
2
o
v v
2 / R
R
= v
or
o
2
1
A B
v
R 2
R
v v = (4)

Equating (3) and (4),
g
1
i
o
2
1
R 2
R
1
1
2
v
v
R 2
R
+
=

g
1
1
2
i
o
R 2
R
1
1
R
R
v
v
+
=

(c) At node a,
2 / R
v v
R
v v
2
A a
1
a 1

=

A
2
1
a
2
1
a 1
v
R
R 2
v
R
R 2
v = v (1)
At node b,
B
2
1
b
2
1
b 2
v
R
R 2
v
R
R 2
v v = (2)

Since v
a
= v
b
, we subtract (1) from (2),


2
v
) v v (
R
R 2
v
i
A B
2
1
1 2
=

= v
or
i
1
2
A B
v
R 2
R
v v

= (3)

At node A,


2 / R
v v
R
v v
2 / R
v v
o A
g
A B
2
A a

=

( )
o A A B
g
2
A a
v v v v
R 2
R
v v = + (4)

At node B,
2 / R
0 v
R
v v
2 / R
v v
B
g
A B B b

=

( )
B A B
g
2
B b
v v v
R 2
R
v = v (5)
Subtracting (5) from (4),
( )
o B A A B
g
2
A B
v v v v v
R
R
v = + v
( )
o
g
2
A B
v
R 2
R
1 v v 2 =

+ (6)
Combining (3) and (6),
o
g
2
i
1
2
v
R 2
R
1 v
R
R
=

+ =
g
2
1
2
i
o
R 2
R
1
R
R
v
v



Chapter 5, Solution 54.

(a) A
0
= A
1
A
2
A
3
= (-30)(-12.5)(0.8) = 300
(b) A = A
1
A
2
A
3
A
4
= A
0
A
4
= 300A
4

But dB 60 A Log 20
10
= 3 A Log
10
=

A = 10
3
= 1000
A
4
= A/(300) = 3.333


Chapter 5, Solution 55.

Let A
1
= k, A
2
= k, and A
3
= k/(4)
A = A
1
A
2
A
3
= k
3
/(4)
42 A Log 20
10
=
A = 10 1 . 2 A Log
10
=
2 1
= 125.89
k
3
= 4A = 503.57
k = 956 . 57 . 7 503
3
=
Thus A
1
= A
2
= 7.956, A
3
= 1.989


Chapter 5, Solution 56.

There is a cascading system of two inverting amplifiers.


s s o
v 6 v
6
12
4
12
v =

=
mA v 3
k 2
v
i
s
s
o
= =

(a) When v
s
= 12V, i
o
= 36mA
(b) When v
s
= 10 cos 377t V, i
o
= 30 cos 377t mA


Chapter 5, Solution 57

The first stage is a difference amplifier. Since R
1
/R
2
= R
3
/R
4
,

mA 10 ) 4 1 (
50
100
) v v (
R
R
v
1 2
1
2
o
= + = =

The second stage is a non-inverter.

) given ( mV 40 mA 10
40
R
1 v
40
R
1 v
o o
=

+ =

+ =

Which leads to,

R = 120 k


Chapter 5, Solution 58.

By voltage division, the input to the voltage follower is:

V 45 . 0 ) 6 . 0 (
1 3
3
v
1
=
+
=

Thus
15 . 3 v 7 v
5
10
v
2
10
v
1 1 1 o
= =

=

=

=
k 4
v 0
i
o
o
0.7875mA

Chapter 5, Solution 59.

Let a be the node between the two op amps.

v
a
= v
o


The first stage is a summer


o o s a
v v
20
10
v
5
10
v =

=
1.5v
s
= -2v
s

or
=

=
2 v

5 . 1 v
s
o
-1.333


Chapter 5, Solution 60.

Transform the current source as shown below:
4 k



















Assume all currents are in mA. The first stage is a summer
v
1

3
5 k



3 k
+

10 k

+

+

i
o

5i
s

2 k

( )
o s o s 1
v 5 . 2 i 10 v
4
10
i 5
5
10
=

= v (1)
By voltage division,


o o 1
v
2
1
v
3 3
3
=
+
= v (2)

Alternatively, we notice that the second stage is a non-inverter.


1 1 o
v 2 v
3 3
1
=

+
= v

From (1) and (2),

0 3v
o s o
v 5 . 2 i 10 v 5 . =
o
= 10i
s



3
i 10
i 2
s
o o
= = v = =
3
5
i
i
s
o
1.667


Chapter 5, Solution 61.

Let v
01
be the voltage at the left end of R
5
. The first stage is an inverter, while the
second stage is a summer.


1
1
2
01
v
R
R
v =

01
5
4
0
v
R
R
v =
2
3
4
v
R
R


v
1
=
1
5 1
R R
4 2
v
R R
2
3
4
v
R
R



Chapter 5, Solution 62.

Let v
1
= output of the first op amp
v
2
= output of the second op amp

The first stage is a summer


i
1
2
1
v
R
R
v =
o
f
2
v
R
R
(1)

The second stage is a follower. By voltage division


1
4 3
4
2 o
v
R R
R
v v
+
= =
o
4
4 3
1
v
R
R R
v
+
= (2)

From (1) and (2),


i
1
2
o
4
3
v
R
R
v
R
R
1 =

+
o
f
2
v
R
R


i
1
2
o
f
2
4
3
v
R
R
v
R
R
R
R
1 =

+ +

4
2
4
3
1
2
i
o
R
R
R
R
1
1
R
R
v
v
+ +
=

( )
4 3 2 1
4 2
R R R R
R R
+ +

=


Chapter 5, Solution 63.

The two op amps are summer. Let v
1
be the output of the first op amp. For the first
stage,


o
3
2
i
1
2
1
v
R
R
v
R
R
v = (1)

For the second stage,


i
o
4
1
5
4
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
v = (2)

Combining (1) and (2),


i
6
4
o
3
2
5
4
i
1
2
5
4
o
v
R
R
v
R
R
R
R
v
R
R
R
R
v

=

i
6
4
5 1
4 2
5 3
4 2
o
v
R
R
R R
R R
R R
R R
1 v

5 3
4 2
6
4
3 1
4 2
i
o
R R
R R
1
R
R
R R
R R
v
v

=
Chapter 5, Solution 64

G
4


G G
3


G
1

1 G 2
- -
+ 0V + v 0V + +
v
s
G
2
v
o
-

-



At node 1, v
1
=0 so that KCL gives

Gv v G v G
o s
= +
4 1
(1)

At node 2,

Gv v G v G
o s
= +
3 2
(2)
From (1) and (2),
o s o s o s
v G G v G G v G v G v G v G ) ( ) (
4 3 2 1 3 2 4 1
= + = +
or

4 3
2 1
G G
G G
v
v
s
o

=


Chapter 5, Solution 65

The output of the first op amp (to the left) is 6 mV. The second op amp is an
inverter so that its output is

mV -18 mV) 6 (
10
30
' = =
o
v
The third op amp is a noninverter so that

mV 6 . 21 '
40
48
8 40
40
' = =
+
=
o o o o
v v v v


Chapter 5, Solution 66.

) 2 (
10
100
) 4 (
20
40
20
100
) 6 (
25
110
v
o

=
= + = 20 40 24 -4V


Chapter 5, Solution 67.

v
o
= ) 2 . 0 (
20
80
) 5 . 0 (
20 40

80 80

= = 8 . 0 2 . 3 2.4V


Chapter 5, Solution 68.

If R
q
= , the first stage is an inverter.

mV 30 ) 10 (
5
15
V
a
= =

when V
a
is the output of the first op amp.

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier.

= + =

+ = ) 30 )( 3 1 ( v
2
6
1 v
a o
-120mV


Chapter 5, Solution 69.

In this case, the first stage is a summer


o o a
v 5 . 1 30 v
10
15
) 10 (
5
15
v = =

For the second stage,

( )
o a a o
v 5 . 1 30 4 v 4 v
2
6
1 v = =

+ =
120 v 7
o
= = =
7
120
o
v -17.143mV


Chapter 5, Solution 70.

The output of amplifier A is

9 ) 2 (
10
30
) 10 (
10
30
v
A
= =

The output of amplifier B is

14 ) 4 (
10
20
) 3 (
10
20
v
B
= =

40 k












V 2 ) 14 (
10 60
60
v
b
=
+
=
v
A

v
B

a
b
60 k
20 k

+
10 k
v
o

At node a,
40
v v
20
v v
o a a A

=

But v
a
= v
b
= -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-v
o

Therefore, v
o
= 12V



Chapter 5, Solution 71

20k
5k 100k

- 40k
+
+ v
2

2V 80k -
- 10k + +

v
o
20k
-

- 10k
+ v
1
+
- v
3


+
3V 50k
- 30k



8 )
30
50
1 ( , 8 ) 2 (
5
20
, 3
1 3 2 1
= + = = = = v v v v
V 10 ) 10 20 (
80
100
40
100
3 2
= + =

+ = v v v
o










Chapter 5, Solution 72.

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage
drop across the 20 k resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op
amp is
v
01
= 0.4

The second stage is an inverter


01 2
v
100
150
v =
= = ) 4 . 0 ( 5 . 2 -1V


Chapter 5, Solution 73.

The first stage is an inverter. The output is
V 9 ) 8 . 1 (
10
50
v
01
= =
The second stage is
= =
01 2
v v -9V


Chapter 5, Solution 74.

Let v
1
= output of the first op amp
v
2
= input of the second op amp.

The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers

V 6 ) 6 . 0 (
10
100
1
= = v
V 8 ) 4 . 0 (
6 . 1
32
2
= = v
=
+
=

=
k 20
8 6
k 20
v v
2 1
o
i 100 A




Chapter 5, Solution 75.

The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are
involved as shown to measure v
o
and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click
Analysis | Simulate. The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
i = 200 A

(v
o
/v
s
) = -4/2 = -2

The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.

Chapter 5, Solution 76.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure i
o
. Upon simulation, the
value of i
o
is displayed on IPROBE as

i
o
= -374.78 A


Chapter 5, Solution 77.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure i
o
. Upon simulation, the
value of i
o
is displayed on IPROBE as

i
o
= -374.78 A




Chapter 5, Solution 78.

The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display v
o
.
Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain,

v
o
= 667.75 mV

Chapter 5, Solution 79.

The schematic is shown below. A pseudo-component VIEWPOINT is inserted to display
v
o
. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,

v
o
= -14.61 V




Chapter 5, Solution 80.

The schematic is shown below. VIEWPOINT is inserted to display v
o
. After simulation,
we obtain,

v
o
= 12 V



Chapter 5, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to
measure v
o
and i
o
respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
v
o
= 343.37 mV

i
o
= 24.51 A


Chapter 5, Solution 82.

The maximum voltage level corresponds to

11111 = 2
5
1 = 31

Hence, each bit is worth (7.75/31) = 250 mV


Chapter 5, Solution 83.

The result depends on your design. Hence, let R
G
= 10 k ohms, R
1
= 10 k ohms, R
2
=
20 k ohms, R
3
= 40 k ohms, R
4
= 80 k ohms, R
5
= 160 k ohms, R
6
= 320 k ohms,
then,

-v
o
= (R
f
/R
1
)v
1
+ --------- + (R
f
/R
6
)v
6


= v
1
+ 0.5v
2
+ 0.25v
3
+ 0.125v
4
+ 0.0625v
5
+ 0.03125v
6


(a) |v
o
| = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,

[v
1
v
2
v
3
v
4
v
5
v
6
] = [100110]

(b) |v
o
| = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV


(c) This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|v
o
| = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V

Chapter 5, Solution 84.

For (a), the process of the proof is time consuming and the results are only approximate,
but close enough for the applications where this device is used.

(a) The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve
for each term letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero.
Also, starting with each current contribution (i
k
) equal to one amp and
working backwards is easiest.


2R R R R


+
i
k

2R
v
2
v
4

+

v
3

+


+

2R 2R

v
1


R







For the first case, let v
2
= v
3
= v
4
= 0, and i
1
= 1A.

Therefore, v
1
= 2R volts or i
1
= v
1
/(2R).

Second case, let v
1
= v
3
= v
4
= 0, and i
2
= 1A.

Therefore, v
2
= 85R/21 volts or i
2
= 21v
2
/(85R). Clearly this is not
(1/4
th
), so where is the difference? (21/85) = 0.247 which is a really
good approximation for 0.25. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.



Now for the third case, let v
1
= v
2
= v
4
= 0, and i
3
= 1A.

Therefore, v
3
= 8.5R volts or i
3
= v
3
/(8.5R). Clearly this is not
(1/8
th
), so where is the difference? (1/8.5) = 0.11765 which is a really
good approximation for 0.125. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Finally, for the fourth case, let v
1
= v
2
= v
4
= 0, and i
3
= 1A.

Therefore, v
4
= 16.25R volts or i
4
= v
4
/(16.25R). Clearly this is not
(1/16
th
), so where is the difference? (1/16.25) = 0.06154 which is a
really good approximation for 0.0625. Since this is a practical electronic
circuit, the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Please note that a goal of a lot of electronic design is to come up with
practical circuits that are economical to design and build yet give the
desired results.

(b) If R
f
= 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

-v
o
= (12/20)[v
1
+ (v
2
/2) + (v
3
/4) + (v
4
/8)]

= 0.6[v
1
+ 0.5v
2
+ 0.25v
3
+ 0.125v
4
]

For [v
1
v
2
v
3
v
4
] = [1 0 11],

|v
o
| = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV

For [v
1
v
2
v
3
v
4
] = [0 1 0 1],

|v
o
| = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV



Chapter 5, Solution 85.

A
v
= 1 + (2R/R
g
) = 1 + 20,000/100 = 201


Chapter 5, Solution 86.

v
o
= A(v
2
v
1
) = 200(v
2
v
1
)

(a) v
o
= 200(0.386 0.402) = -3.2 V
(b) v
o
= 200(1.011 1.002) = 1.8 V


Chapter 5, Solution 87.

The output, v
a
, of the first op amp is,

v
a
= (1 + (R
2
/R
1
))v
1
(1)

Also, v
o
= (-R
4
/R
3
)v
a
+ (1 + (R
4
/R
3
))v
2
(2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

v
o
= (-R
4
/R
3
) (1 + (R
2
/R
1
))v
1
+ (1 + (R
4
/R
3
))v
2


Or, v
o
= (1 + (R
4
/R
3
))v
2
(R
4
/R
3
+ (R
2
R
4
/R
1
R
3
))v
1


If R
4
= R
1
and R
3
= R
2
, then,

v
o
= (1 + (R
4
/R
3
))(v
2
v
1
)

which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R
4
/R
3
)).


Chapter 5, Solution 88.

We need to find V
Th
at terminals a b, from this,

v
o
= (R
2
/R
1
)(1 + 2(R
3
/R
4
))V
Th
= (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))V
Th


= 220V
Th


Now we use Fig. (b) to find V
Th
in terms of v
i
.

30 k
80 k
20 k
40 k
30 k
b
a
v
i

+
b
a
v
i

20 k
40 k 80 k














(a) (b)
v
a
= (3/5)v
i
, v
b
= (2/3)v
i

V
Th
= v
b
v
a
(1/15)v
i

(v
o
/v
i
) = A
v
= -220/15 = -14.667


Chapter 5, Solution 89.

If we use an inverter, R = 2 k ohms,

(v
o
/v
i
) = -R
2
/R
1
= -6

R = 6R = 12 k ohms

Hence the op amp circuit is as shown below.

12 k

2 k

+
+




+
v
o

v
i






Chapter 5, Solution 90.

Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,
At node b, v
b
= (2/(2 + 4))v
o
= v
o
/3

20 k

i
o
b

a

2 k
5 k

+
+
v
o

+

4 k



5i
s









At node a, (5i
s
v
a
)/5 = (v
a
v
o
)/20
But v
a
= v
b
= v
o
/3. 20i
s
(4/3)v
o
= (1/3)v
o
v
o
, or i
s
= v
o
/30
i
o
= [(2/(2 + 4))/2]v
o
= v
o
/6

i
o
/i
s
= (v
o
/6)/(v
o
/30) = 5
Chapter 5, Solution 91.


i
o
i
2
i
1
i
s

+
v
o
R
1
R
2









i
o
= i
1
+ i
2
(1)

But i
1
= i
s
(2)

R
1
and R
2
have the same voltage, v
o
, across them.

R
1
i
1
= R
2
i
2
, which leads to i
2
= (R
1
/R
2
)i
1
(3)

Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,

i
o
= i
s
(1 + R
1
/R
2
)

i
o
/i
s
= 1 + (R
1
/R
2
) = 1 + 8/1 = 9


Chapter 5, Solution 92

The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The
output at the top op amp is

v
1
= (1 + 60/30)v
i
= 3v
i

while the output of the lower op amp is

v
2
= -(50/20)v
i
= -2.5v
i

Hence, v
o
= v
1
v
2
= 3v
i
+ 2.5v
i
= 5.5v
i

v
o
/v
i
= 5.5


Chapter 5, Solution 93.


R
3

+
v
i

+
v
L

v
b
R
4
R
L
i
o
i
L

+
v
a
R
1
R
2
+
v
o

At node a, (v
i
v
a
)/R
1
= (v
a
v
o
)/R
3

v
i
v
a
= (R
1
/R
2
)(v
a
v
o
)

v
i
+ (R
1
/R
3
)v
o
= (1 + R
1
/R
3
)v
a
(1)

But v
a
= v
b
= v
L
. Hence, (1) becomes

v
i
= (1 + R
1
/R
3
)v
L
(R
1
/R
3
)v
o
(2)

i
o
= v
o
/(R
4
+ R
2
||R
L
), i
L
= (R
L
/(R
2
+ R
L
))i
o
= (R
2
/(R
2
+ R
L
))(v
o
/( R
4
+ R
2
||R
L
))

Or, v
o
= i
L
[(R
2
+ R
L
)( R
4
+ R
2
||R
L
)/R
2
(3)

But, v
L
= i
L
R
L
(4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

v
i
= (1 + R
1
/R
3
) i
L
R
L
R
1
[(R
2
+ R
L
)/(R
2
R
3
)]( R
4
+ R
2
||R
L
)i
L

= [((R
3
+ R
1
)/R
3
)R
L
R
1
((R
2
+ R
L
)/(R
2
R
3
)(R
4
+ (R
2
R
L
/(R
2
+ R
L
))]i
L

= (1/A)i
L





Thus,

A =

+
+

+
L 2
L 2
4
3 2
L 2
1 L
3
1
R R
R R
R
R R
R R
R R
R
R
1
1