hóa dầu

B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc bch khoa H Ni

Khoa cng ngh ha hc
B mn cng ngh hu c ha du
Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam

c lp t do hnh phc
NHIM V THIT K N TT NGHIP

H v tn
Lp
: Phm nh Thnh
: CHHCHD-K49QN
ti:
Thit k phn xng sn xut Vinyl Axetat (VA) t Axetylen vi Axit
axetic trn xc tc Axetat km trn than hot tnh vi nng sut
80.000 tn/nm.
1.Cc thng s ban u:
- Thi gian lm vic: 340 ngy.
- Axetylen k thut (% th tch).
+ C2H2 : 96%
+ N2: 2,6%
+ O2: 0,4%
+ Vinylaxetylen: 1%.
- Mc chuyn ha: 95% (trong 92% C2H2 to thnh VA, 8% to thnh
Etylendiaxetat).
- Tn tht 2%.
- Axit axetic k thut 98%.
2. Ni dung cc phn l thuyt v tnh ton.
- L thuyt chung ca qua trnh.
- Tnh ton
+ Cn bng vt cht.
+ Cn bng nhit lng.
+ Thit b chnh.
- Tnh ton xy dng.
- Tnh ton kinh t.
- An ton lao ng
-T ng ha.
3. Cc bn v.
- S dy chuyn sn xut ( A0).
- Thit b chnh (A1).
- Mt bng phn xng ( A0).
4.Ngy nhn nhim v thit k: 16/03/2009.
5. Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 05/07/2009.
Ngy.. thng..nm 2006

Ch nhim b mn
Cn b hng dn
LI CM N
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu, nh s n lc ca bn thn v s hng dn
tn tnh ca thy gio GS.TS o Vn Tng, cho n by gi em hon thnh
bn n tt nghip.
Em xin by t lng bit n su sc ca mnh ti GS.TS. o Vn Tng, B
mn cng ngh tng hp hu c - ha du, khoa cng ngh ha cho em nhiu
kin, ng gp qu bu, tn tnh gip em mt lng kin thc hon thnh
n tt nghip ny.
Qua y em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong b mn gip em
hon thnh n tt nghip ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n.
LI M U
Cng ngh du kh v ho du ang v s l ngnh cng nghip rt quan
trng n quyt nh n s ln mnh ca nn kinh t th gii v sn phm ca n
d s dng, d t ng ho, sch v hu nh khng c tro v x. Ngy nay c
khong 70% ngun nng lng trn th gii s dng u l sn phm ca ngnh
cng nghip du kh. Xt v mt gi tr kinh t cng nh gi tri s dng, cc sn
phm phi nng lng t du m c gi tr cao hn do tinh khit cao, gi thnh
thp so vi cc nguyn liu khc. iu ny cng c khng nh khi khong 90%
nguyn liu ca ngnh cng nghip ho hc i t ngun du kh.
Trc khi du m c cng nhn l ngun nguyn liu chnh trong ngnh
cng nghip ha cht, vinylaxetat c phn vt tri trong vic xy dng nn
khi cng nghip hu c. Cn ngy nay vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh ha
du so vi lc du, axetylen tr thnh mt nguyn liu quan trng trong ngnh
cng nghip ha hc, vi cc s liu nh sau: mc sn xut vinylaxetat M 1960
l 500.000 tn gp 2,5 ln so vi nm 1954. Nht nm 1958 l 1004 nghn tn ,
nm 1960 l 1133 nghn tn. Ngoi ra Php, Y, Lin X c, c cng nghip
vinylaxetat cng pht trin mnh. Nm 1957 Ty c sn xut 185 nghn tn
vinylaxetat. nc ta c nhiu than do cng nghip sn xut phi i t con
ng cacbuacanxi, cng nghip vinylaxetat pht trin s m ra trin trin vng to
ln cho ngnh cng nghip nc ta.
Vic to ra cc qu trnh cng ngh mi da trn nguyn liu r hay d kim
thng l nh cc pht minh nhng phn ng mi v gy nn nh hng c tnh
cch mng i vi s pht trin ca cng ngh.
Vinyl ho l mt qu trnh quan trng trong cng ngh tng hp cc cht
trung gian phc v cho vic tng hp ra cc sn phm hu c cui cng. Vinyl
axetat (VA) l mt trong nhng monome quan trng ch to cht do v si
tng hp, lam chat nhu hoa va chat tang o nht cho cac dung dch
nc hay lam vi gia da. Ngoi ra vinyl axetat cn c ng dng trong vic
sn xut sn keo dn c bn cao, bn vi ho cht v cc cht oxi ho.
Ngnh cng nghip tng hp ho du v ch bin kh trn th gii pht trin
mnh m p ng nhu cu i sng x hi ngy cng cao th cng c nhiu
phng php tng hp vinylaxetat c tm ra v ng dng. Sn xut vinyl axetat

ch yu i t cc ngun nguyn liu sau:
- i t axetylen v axit axetic.
- i t etylen.
- i t mt s nguyn liu khc.
(Sn xut i t etylen l c hiu qu kinh t nht)
Vit Nam, t ngun nguyn liu di do nh than , du m, kh t
nhinCc nh my lc ho u, ch bin kh ang c xy dung v pht trin.
N s l ngun nguyn liu di do cho cng nghip tng hp hu c pht trin,
trong c cng nghip sn xut vinyl axetat.
PHN I
TNG QUAN L THUYT CA QU TRNH TNG HP VA
A- TNH CHT HO-L CA NGUYN LIU V SN PHM
I. TNH CHT L HC V HO HC CA AXETYLEN: C2H2
I.1. Tnh cht vt l [1,2,9,11,12]
Axetylen l mt cht kh khng mu, dng tinh khit c mi ete yu,
ngng t - 83,8oC (0,102 MPa), nhit ti hn 35,5oC, p sut ti hn 6,04
MPa, t tan trong nc tan c trong mt s dung mi hu c, c bit axetylen
tan kh nhiu trong axeton. Khi c mt ca nc th axetylen to hydrat rn
C2H2.6H2O hydrat ny b phn hy nhit t -15,40C di p sut kh quyen.
Axetylen tan rt t trong dung dch canxihydroxit, do ngi ta tn dng tnh cht
ny trong vic vn chuyn, cha ng v sn xut axetylen.
Bang 1: Tnh tan ca axetylen trong cc dung mi hu c ( 25oC v p
sut thng)
Dung mi
Cng thc
Th tch C2H2/1 th tch
Hexametyl focmamid
[(CH3)2H]3PO
43
Dimetyl focmanmid
HCOH(CH3)2
33,5
Metyl axetat
CH3COOCH3
19,5
CH3COCH3
18
Axeton
tan ca axetylen c ngha quan trng iu ch v tch n ra khi hn

hp vi kh khc.
Khi phn hu c th xy ra phn ng n, nhit tng ln n 2800oC
C2H2
2C + H2 ,
UHO298 = 226,7 KJ/Mol .
S d n ca axetylen s gim khi n c thm vo kh hoc hi tr nh N2,

NH3 Chng tch nhit ca s phn r u tin v ngn cn s phn ho n ca
axetylen. Do trnh chy n ngi ta thng pha trn thm cc kh tr, hydro
amoniac vo thng cha khi vn chuyn. Axetylen khng b phn hy nhit
thng v p sut kh quyn.
Axetylen c kh nng to hn hp n vi khng kh trong gii hn rng t 20
80% th tch. Gii hn p sut nguy him l 0,2 Mpa. Axetylen cng rt d dng
to hn hp n vi flo, clo ... nht l khi c mt nh sng. S d n ca axetylen
cng tng nu c mt nhng kim loi c kh nng to thnh axetylen (cacbua) (v
d: Cu2Cl2) nhng kim loi ny cn phi c khi chn nguyn liu thit k.
Khi chy C2H2 to ra mt lng nhit ln, kh nng sinh nhit ca axetylen
bng 13.387 kcal/m3. Do c th dng axetylen ct v hn kim loi.
*Mt s thng s vt l ca axetylen:
+ Khi lng phn t, M = 26,038.
+ Nhit nng chy 5,585 kj/mol
+ Nhit ha hi 15,21kj/mol
+ Nhit ngng t p sut 0,102 Mpa l 83,30C
+ Nhit phn hy ti hn 135,50C
+ p sut phn hy ti hn l 6,04 Mpa
+ Nhit dung ring: CP = 42,7 J.mol-1.K-1
+ nht ng hc : 9,43 .Pa.S
+ dn in: 0,0187 W/m.K
I.2. Tnh cht ho hc[1,2,9,10,11]
Axetylen l mt hp cht hydrocacbon khng no.
C2H2 c cng thc phn t l CH CH, lin kt 3 trong phn t gm 1 lin
ket v 2 lin kt . Khi tham gia phn ng ho hc lin kt 3 b ph v do
lin kt i v cc hp cht bo ho.
I.2.1. Phn ng th
- Khi tc dng vi kim loi kim Cu, Agtao axetylenit kim loi rt d n:
CHCH + 2Cu
Cu C C- Cu + H2
- Khi cho axetylen i qua Na kim loi un nng 150oC:

HCCH + Na HCC- Na + 1/2 H2
un tip n 220oC ta c :
HCC- Na + Na Na C C Na + 1/2H2
- Khi cho axetylen i qua dung dch ng clorua trong NH3 to hp cht c kh
nng v nh hnh mu gch ca ng axetylua:
CHCH
Cu(NH3)2
Cu-CC-Cu
I.2.2. Phn ng cng hp

- Axetylen cng hp vi H2 cho ta etylen hoac etan:
+ Xc tc paladin, p = 1 at, nhit 250300oC
Pd,to
CH2= CH2 , UH = -41,7 kcal/mol.
CH CH + H2
+ Xc tc l Niken, nhit :
Ni,to
CH CH + 2 H2
CH3- CH3
- Axetylen tc dng vi nc khi c xc tc l Hg, H2SO4 to thnh
axetatdehyt:
CH CH
Hg++
H 2O
CH3 - CHO, UH = -38,8 kcal/mol.
- Khi c oxit km v oxit st 360 450oC, axetylen tc dng vi hi nc to

thnh axeton:
2 CH CH + 3H 2O
75 1000C
CH3- CO- CH3 + CO2 + 2 H2
- Phn ng cng hp vi ru c vinyl ete xc tc la KOH, nhit l

1501600C, p sut l 420 at:
CH CH + ROH
CH2 = CH- O - R
- Tc dng vi mercaptan ta c vinylthioete:

CH CH + RSH
CH2 = CHSR
- Khi kt hp vi clo to thnh tetracloetan :

CH CH + 2Cl2
CHCl2 - CHCl2
- C2H2 tc dng vi Hydro clorua cho ta vinylclorua :

CH CH + HCl
CH2 = CHCl
Qu trnh ny tin hnh trong pha kh c HgCl2 tham gia lm xc tc, thc
hin 150 1800C.
- Cng vi H2SO4 to thnh vinylsunfo:
CH CH + H2SO4
CH2 = CH - OSO3H
- nhit 800C c CuCl2, C2H2 tc dng vi HCN cho ta acrylonitril:

Xt
H2C = CH - C
80oC
- Cng hp ca C2H2 vi Halogen rt d dng:
Br
H
Br2
CHBr2 - CHBr2
CH CH + Br2
C=C
H
Br
- Cng hp vi mui halogen to hp cht ng phn cis - trans:
HC CH + HCN
HgCl
CH CH + HgCl2
C=C
H
H
C=C
HgCl
cis
- Axetylen tc dng vi cc axit hu c c xc tc than tham gia cho ta este:
Cl
CH CH
Cl
+ RCOOH
CH2 = CH OCOR
I.2.3. Phn ng trng hp

- nhit 200 3000C c mt bt ng, axetylen trng hp to thnh
Kypren:
nCH CH (CH)2n
Kypen c dng lm cht cch in rt hiu qu.
- Trong mi trng HCl to thnh vinyl axetylen:
2HC CH
CuCl2
800C
CH2 = CH - C CH
Mc chuyn ho qua mt qu trnh khong 14%, hiu sut tnh theo

axetylen l 80%.Vinyl axetylen l bn thnh phm sn xut cao su tng hp
clopron.
- Trng hp 6000C:
3C2H2
xt
C6H6
than hot
I.3. Sn xut axetylen [1,3,4,9,10,11]

Trong cng nghip axetylen ch yu c sn xut theo 2 phng php sau:
- Tng hp t cacbua canxi.

CaC2 + 2H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2 + Q
- Tng hp t hydro cacbon.
+ i t metan.
4CH4
400 6000C
C2H2 + 3H2
Ni
Hoc oxy ho metan.

4CH4 + O2
15000C
2C2H2 + 2CO2 + 4H2
Nhn xt: Axetylen sn xut theo phng php cacbuacanxi chi ph nng
lng ln v vn u t cao do o phng php iu ch axetylen i t t n
ch yu c dng trong phng th nghim v trong cng nghip trc y, hin
nay phng php ny ch dng trong lnh vc hn ct kim loi. Cn trong cng
nghip hin nay u dng phng php nung nhanh mtan vi mt lng nh oxi
v oxi t chy mt phn metal cung cp nhit cho phn ng v do i t phng
php ny thu c axetylen sch hn phng php i t t n v c ln tp cc
tp cht khc nh H2S, NH3, PH3... ng thi phng php ny xy ra mt giai
on nn vn u t v chi ph nng lng t hn v thi gian hon vn nhanh,
nhng c nhc im l c nng long hn.
II. TNH CHT VT L V HO HC CA AXIT AXETIC:
CH3COOH
II.1. Tnh cht vt l ca CH3COOH [1,2,9,10,11]
Axit axetic l mt cht lng khng mu, c mi xc, v chua, tan nhiu trong
nc, ru, axeton v cc dung mi khc. ng c 160C to thnh tinh th nh
nc , axit axetic khan nng chy 16,60C. c dng lm dm n dung dch
58%. Axit axetic c th ho tan c nhiu cht hu c, v c (ho tan P, S). N
l hp cht rt n nh, hi ca n khng b phn hu nhit 4000C, nhit
lng t nng l 3490 kcal/mol. Axit axetic (CH3COOH) tan v hn trong nc.
Axit axetic c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm, dt v
trong tng hp hu c.
Axit axetic c nhit si cao hn ru c cng khi lng phn t do gia
cc phn t axit c lin kt hydro bn vng. Ngoi ra axit axetic cn c kh nng
ht m t khng kh, vi nng cao c th gy bng da, ngi ta co th nh

gi tinh khit ca axit axetic qua nhit ng c. Nhit ng c ca dung
dch axit axetic c cho bng sau:
Bng 2: Nhit ng c ca dung dch axit axetic
% Khi lng
Nhit ng c,oC
% Khi lng Nhit ng c,oC
100
16,75
96,8
11,48
99,2
15,12
96,4
10,83
98,4
13,86
93,46
7,1
98,0
13,25
80,6
-7,4
97,6
12,66
50,6
-19,8
97,2
12,09
18,11
-6,3
T trng ca dung dch axit axetic t cc i khong nng 7778% trng

lng ti nhit 150C.T trng ca axit axetic tinh khit l mt hm ph thuc
vo nhit v c cho trong bng sn phm.
Bng 3: Hng s phn ly axit axetic
Nhit ,oC
25
50
PKa
4,78
4,76
4,79
Mt s tnh cht vt l ca axit axetic:

Nhit dung ring, Cp
+ Dng kh 250C : 1,110 J/g.K.

+ Dng lng 19,40C
: 2,043 J/g.K.
+ Dng tinh th 1,50C
: 1,470 J/g.K.
Nhit chy, Hc (lng) : -874,8 KJ/mol.

im t bc chy : 4650C.
T trng 1,049 g/cm3 ( 200C).
Nhit si t0s=118,60C.
Nhit kt tinh 16,630C
II.2. Tnh cht ho hc [1,2,3,4,10,11]
Axit axetic c cng thc phn t CH3COOH l axit mt ln axit. Cc tnh cht
ho hc ca n c quyt nh bi nhm chc cacboxyl trong phn t. Axit
axetic l mt axit yu, hng s in ly 180C l 1,82 mol/lit. Cng nh cc axit
khc axitaxetic c kh nng trung ho cc baz, cc oxit baz.
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2

CH3COOH CH3CHO + H2O
- Tc dng vi kim loi:
2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COONa + H2
- Phn ng este ho:
CH3COOH + ROH H2SO4 CH3COOR + H2O
- S to thnh anhydrit axetic:
xt P2O5
2CH3COOH
(CH3CO)2O + H2O
- Phn ng th halogen vo gc hydrocacbon:

901000C
CH3COOH + Cl2
- Phn ng vi hp cht halogen
CH3COOH + PCl5
ClCH2COOH + HCl
CH3 - C = O + POCl3 + HCl

Cl
- Phn ng decaboxyl ho:

2CH3COOH
MnO2, t0
CH3 - CO - CH3 + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH c nhiu phn ng quan trng trong tng hp hu c to thnh

cc monome: axetatxenlulo, vinylaxetat
CH3COOH + CH CH CH2 = CHOCOCH3
- Anhyric axetic l cht lng linh ng c mi c trng ca axit axetic. Hi
ca n c tc dng mnh ln c nim mc v ng h hp. N phn ng vi nc
to thnh axit axetic.
(CH3CO)2O + H2O 2 CH3COOH
- Khi cho hn hp hi axit axetic v hyro ln Fe, Ni, Cu hoc hi axit axetic
trn Zn nghin mn to thnh axetatdehyt:
CH3COOH + H2
CH3CHO + H2O
CH3COOH + Zn
CH3CHO + ZnO
- S kh n axetaldehyl cng xy ra khi nung nng mui ca n vi mui

ca axit formic:
CH3COONa + HCOONa CH3CHO + CO2 + H2O
- Hi axit axetic chy trong khng kh vi ngn la mu xanh:

CH3COOH
3O2
2CO2 + 2 H2O + Q
- Di tc dng ca dng in, axit axetic b phn hu thnh cacbonic, hyro,

etan:
2 CH3COOH C2H6 + 2 CO2 + H2
Axit axetic to vi cc mui v c cc phc cht:
+ Vi AlCl3 to thnh CH3COOH.4AlCl3
+ Vi MgCl2 to thnh CH3COO.MgCl2 (hp cht ny c tnh axit mnh,
c ng dng axetat ho xenluloza).
+ Vi SnCl4 to thnh 2CH3COO.SnCl4 hay H2[SnCl4(CH3COO)2]. Axit
axetic c th c gii phng khi phc cht ny bng pyridin.
H2[SnCl4(CH3COO)2] + pyridin 2 CH3COOH + SnCl4.pyridin
- Axit axetic to vi cc axit mnh cc hp cht kp dng CH3COOHX vi X
l cation axit vi axit sunfuric to thnh axit sunfoaxetic:
- Axit axetic phn ng vi peaxithydro to thnh peaxetic hay hyropeaxetyl:
CH3COOH + H2O2
CH3- C - O OH + H2O
||
O
II.3. ng dng
Axit axetic c rt nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip tng hp hu c. T axit
axetic em tng hp to ra cc polyme c gi tr kinh t cao trong cng nghip:
thuc tr c, lm dung mi, axetatxelulo, este, si tng hp, cht kt dnh,
nhum...
II.4. Phng php sn xut axit axetic [1,3,4,10,11]
- iu ch t C 2H2 hoc C 2H4:
CH CH + H 2O +1/2O2 CH 3CHO + 1/2O2 CH3COOH
- Oxy ho n-butan trong pha lng:
CH3- CH2- CH2- CH3 + 1/2O2 2CH3COOH + H 2O
(Do phc tp vic phn tch hn hp a cu t nn t nc s dng c
phng php ny)
- Tng hp t metanol v oxit cacbon:
CO + 2H2
CH3OH CH3COOH
- i t than :
t, xt
2C + 4H2O 2CH3OH
CH3OH + O2 CH3COOH
- Ln men ru etylic:
Men
CH3 - CH2 - OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O
III. TNH CHT VT L - HO HC CA VINYL AXETAT
III.1. Tnh cht vt l [1,2,3,4,9,10,11]
Vinyl axetat c cng thc CH2 = CHCOOCH3, gi tt l VA, M = 86,09. L
cht lng khng mau, c mi ete, rt linh ng v d dng bt chy. t ho tan

trong nc ( 200C tan c 2,5g VA trong 100g nc, cn 500C th c th ho
tan 2,1g VA trong 100g nc). Ho tan tt trong ru etylic v dietyl ete. nhit
thng vinyl axetat km n nh v d b trng hp to thnh polivinyl axetat
y l mt sn phm c gi tr trong nhiu lnh vc. Hi ca VA c th tn thng
n mt bi s thy phn ca n to thnh axit axetic v axetaldehyt.
nCH2 = CH
OCOCH3
- CH2 - CH2
OCOCH3
Mt s tnh cht vt l ca VA:

Nhit si 760mmHg
: 72,70C
Ap sut hi 200C
: 92mmHg
T trng: + d2020 = 0,9338.

+ d204 = 0,9312.
Nhit nng chy : -92,80C
Nhit ng c : -100,20C
Nhit dung ring:
+ 200C
0,46cal/g
+ 600C
0,48cal/g
im chp chy:
Cc kn :
180F
Cc h :
300F
Nhit ti hn :
p sut ti hn
140,80C
: 45,67atm
Nhit t bc chy
Nhit ha hi
: 4270C
7,8Kcal/mol
Ap sut hi ca VA ph thuc vo nhit c xc nh theo cng thc:
log Pm =
0,05223 34433
8,091
T
VA c th ha tan trong nhiu cht hu c nhng vi nc n ha tan rt hn

ch. 200C dung dch bo ha VA trong nc chim 2 2,5% v khi lng
nhng cng ti nhit dung dch bo ha ca nc trong VA chim 0,9 1%
nc. Ti 500C kh nng ha tan ca VA trong nc tng ln 0,1% so vi kh
nng ha tan ti nhit 200C nhng ngc li kh nng ha tan ca nc trong
VA li tng ln gp i khong 2%.
VA cn c kh nng to hn hp ng ph vi mt s cht nh: nc,
metanol, 2- propanol, xyclohexan, heptan.
Bng 4: Hn hp ng ph ca VA vi mt s cht
Cu t ng ph
im ng ph, 0C
Thnh phn VA, % (k.lng)
Nc
66,0
92,7
Metanol
58,9
63,4
2-Propanol
70,8
77,6
Xyclohexan
67,4
61,3
Heptan
72,0
83,5
III.2. Tnh cht ho hc [1,2,3,4,10,11]
Trong phn t vinyl axetat, CH3COOCH = CH2 c ni i nn c y tnh

cht ho hc ca hp cht khng no.
- Tham gia phn ng thu phn:
V l mt este nn n b thy phn trong mi trng H+. Thy phn vinyl
axetat c axit tham gia ta c ru polyvinylic v polycinyloxetat.
Tu vo mc thu phn sn phm m c th lm vt liu gi da hay thy
phn hon ton ta c polivinylic dng lm cht si vinylon.
H+
- CH2 - CH - CH2 - CH - + nCH3COOH
+ nH2O
OCOCH3 n
OH n
- Khi ng trng hp vinylaxetat vi vinylclorua ta c loi cht do vinylic

dng lm mng mng, sn, vt liu tm
- Phn ng quan trng nht ca VA l phn ng trng hp theo c ch gc t
do. VA nguyn cht nhit thng thng trng hp rt chm nhng nu c tc
dng ca nh sng hay cc peroxit th phn ng trng hp xy ra nhanh. VA trng
hp cho ta poly vinylaxetat (PVA) l mt cht do c gi tr.
[-CH2 - CH-]n
[-CH2 - CH-]n
OCOCH3
OCOCH3
Qu trnh trng hp c th theo phng php huyn ph, nh tng, dung

dch. T PVA ta iu ch ra ru polyvinylic bng cch cho PVA tc dng vi
kim hay axit trong mi trng ru.
+ROH
[-CH2 - CH-]n
nCH3COOR
+ [-CH - CH -]n
H+ hoc OH-
OCOCH3
Ru polyvinylic
OH
Ru polyvinylic l bn sn phm dng sn xut si vinyl lng, keo dn, cht

do polyvinyl axetat...
- VA cn c kh nng ng trng hp vi nhiu monome khc cho ta nhng
loi polyme c gi tr.
+
CH2 = CH
nCH2=CH
OCOCH3
T.H
[-CH2-CH -CH2 - CH -]n

Cl
Cl
OCOCH3
V d: Khi ng trng hp VA vi vinyl clorua ta thu c loi cht do

vinylit loi cht do ny dng lm mng mng, sn, vt liu tm.
VA tc dng vi CH3COOH vi s c mt ca xc tc l PdCl2 v mui axetat
CH3COONa:
CH2 = CH
PdCl2
+ CH3COOH
OCOCH3
CH3COONa
CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 + 6,2kcal
VA tc dng vi nhiu axit, xc tc l mui Hg2+

CH3OCO - CH= CH2
Hg2+, H+
+ RCOOH RCOO CH= CH2 + CH3COOH
- Tham gia phn ng cng hp vi:

+ Halogen.
+ HX (X: halogen).
+ Axit axetic.
+ Hydro xianua.
+ Hydro peroxit.
- Vinyl axetat b phn hy nhit cao. nhit cao th vinyl axetat phn
hy to thnh axetaldehyt v keten (C2H2O).
CH3COOH = CH2
t0
CH3CHO + CH2 = C
O
- Mt s phn ng khc:
+ Trong mi trng axit mnh:
OR
CH3OCO-CH=CH2 + ROH
H2SO4
ROOC - CH3 + CH3 - CH + CH3 - CH OR

OR
OCO-CH3
+Trong mi trng axit mnh v xc tc l mui thy ngn.

CH3OCO - CH= CH2 + ROH
HgOBH, BF2
- Vi Mercaptan.
CH2=CH-OCOCH3 + C4H9
BF3
CH3 - CH
|
OR
+ CH3 - CH - OR
|
OOC - CH3
C4H9SCH2CH2-OCH3
- Vi NH3 phn ng xy ra nhit phng.

CH2=CH- OCOCH3 + NH3
CH3CH(OH)NH2 + CH3CONH2
- Nhng nu tin hnh 1300C th sn phm to thnh theo phn ng.
III.3. Phn loi, tiu chun v bo qun VA

III.3.1. Phn loi
VA c phn lm ba loi ty theo lng cht c ch a vo. Cht c ch

thng dng l hyroquinon hoc diphenylamin.
- Loi 1: Nu VA c em s dng ngay m khng tn cha th lng
hyroquinon a vo t 3 7ppm.
- Loi 2: Nu VA c s dng sau 4 thng th lng cht c ch a
vo t 1217ppm hyroquinon.
- Loi 3: ng vi cht c ch s dng l diphenylamin th hm lng 200
300ppm. Loi ny c th tn cha trong thi gian di m VA khng b bin cht.

Trc khi s dng loi VA ny trng hp cn phi loi b cht c c ch
diphenyl anim, vi loi 1 v 2 iu ny khng cn thit.
III.3.2. Tiu chun
VA thng phm c nhng tiu chun sau:

Vinylaxetat, %
: 99,8 , min.
Nhit si, 0C
: 72,373,0.
Hm lng axit axetic, %
: 0,007, max
Hm lng axetalehit, %: 0,013, max.

Hm lng nc, % : 0,04, max.
Mu sn phm, h APHA
: 0 5.
Hm lng cht l lng
: khng.
III.3.3. Bo qun
VA thng tn cha v bo qun trong cc b cha lm bng thp cacbon,
nhm, thp trng men, thp khng g. Ngi ta khng dng vt liu ng lm b
cha v ng d lm nhim mu VA v lm bin cht chat c ch. Trong qu
trnh tn cha v bo qun cn ch gii hn chy n ca VA vi khng kh. Gii
hn chy n ca hi VA vi khng kh l 2,613,4% th tch. Ti nhit thng
VA c th d dng to hn hp n vi khng kh trong khong khng gian b

cha. ngn chn kh nng ny ngi ta cho thm Nit vo b cha.
Khi bo qun tt c cc ng ng v b cha c ni t v c thit b
phng chng chy n.
Cc nghin cu ch ra rng s c ch kh nng bin cht ca VA to cc
phn ng ph trong khi bo qun ca cht c ch hot ng tt nht ti nhit
thng (< 1000F).Vi cc b cha VA ni trn mt t cn phi lm lnh bng
nc hoc c sn trng bn ngoi gim nhit b mt b trong ma h
trnh hin tng chy n v s bin cht ca VA.
III.4. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng VA [9,10,11]
III.4.1. Tnh hnh sn xut VA.
VA c pht hin vo nm 1912 bi nh bc hc Klatte (c), vi vic tng

hp c VA t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha lng. n nm 1925 qu trnh
sn xut VA v PVA c pht trin mnh m, sn lng VA trn th gii tng
nhanh vo nm1965 trn th gii c 106 tn/nm VA c sn xut ra, cn vo
nm 1984 t 2,7.106 tn/nm. Vo nm 1990 co 800000 tan VA c sn xut
M, Nhat la 550000 tan va Tay Au la 660000 tan. Phng php
sn xut VA t axetylen dn c thay th v axetylen rt t tin. Ngy nay trong
cng nghip axetylen c thay th bng etylen. Khong 80% VA trn th gii
c sn xut t etylen, cn li 20% VA c sn xut t axetylen trong pha kh.
Do tnh kinh t ca ngun nguyn liu m ngy nay trong cng nghip sn
xut VA i t metyl axetat hay dimetyl ete vi CO v H2 ang c nghin cu v
hon thin.
Sn lng VA nm 1986 mt s nc trn th gii nh sau:
Bng 5: Sn lng VA sn xut c nm 1986 mt s nc
Nc
Sn lng, tn/nm
1,15.106
Canada
0,05.106
Chu M Latinh
0,09.106
Ty u
0,56.106
ng u
>0,16.106
Chu Phi
Trung ng
Nht Bn
0,58.106
Chu A v ng A
0,15.106
Bng 6 Tnh hnh s dng cc ngun nguyn liu sn xut VA vo 1984
cc nc.
Sn xut,%
Ty u
Nht Bn
Axetylen
43
19
Etylen
57
100
81
III.4.2. Tnh hnh s dng VA.
VA l mt monomer cho qu trnh trng hp, ng trng hp. VA c s

dng cho cc qu trnh sau:
- Trong qu trnh trng hp to polyvinyl axetat, lng VA tiu tn cho qu
trnh ny chim t 55 60% tng lng VA sn xut ra.
- Sn xut polyvinylalcol, lng ny chim 13 15%.
- Qu trnh ng trng hp gia VA v etylen chim 8%.
- Trng hp to polyvinyl butyrat, lng ny chim 15%.
- Dng trong ph gia du nhn, trong ng trng hp, vi acrylonitryl to si
acylic.
- Dng trong cc qu trnh khc.
VA c th ha tan trong ru etylic v dietyl ete. nhit thng VA km
n nh v d b trng hp cho sn phm polyvinyl axetat. y l mt sn phm c
gi tr kinh t cao trong nhiu lnh vc.
Polyvinyl axetat c tnh bm dnh cao, c ng dng trong sn xut keo dn
v vecni, cc dn xut ca n nh: polyninyl alcol, polyvinyl butyrat. Khi thy
phn polyvinyl axetat s thu c mt polymer rt thng dng l polyvinyl

alcol, polymer ny c s dng lm cht nh ha v lm cht tng nht cho
dung dch nc.Thy phn mt phn polyvinyl axetat s thu c mt polymer d
to mng, cht ny c th dng lm vi gi da. Ngoi ra cc copolyme ca vinyl
axetat, vinyl clorua v cc monomer khc cng c ng dng rng rai trong k
thut.
Bng 7 Tnh hnh s dng VA mt s nc:
S dng, %
Ty u
Nht Bn
Etylen-Vinyl axetat
11
Polyvinyl Axetat
60
58
16
Polyvinyl Alcol
17
21
71
Polyvinyl Butarat
Copolymevinyl clorua
11
Cc loi khc
III.5. Cc phng php sn xut vinyl axetat [3,9,10,11]

C cc phng php sau:
+ T axit axetic v axetylen (trong pha lng v pha kh).

+ T diaxetyl ete v axetaldehyt.
+ T etylen v axit axetic v O2.
- T metyl axetat hoc dimetyl ete vi CO v H2 trong pha lng c mt ca xc
tc ng th nh mui Rh hoc kim loi qu nh Pt cho ta etylen diaxetat sau
thu phn cho ta vinylaxetat v CH 3COOH.
Nm 1912 vinylaxetat c tng hp u tin c do nh bc hc Klatte
tin hnh theo phn ng sau:
CH CH + CH 3COOH
CH2= CH- OCOCH3 + 28.3 kcal.
Phn ng c tin hnh trong pha lng, ng thi lun xy ra nphn ng ph

to etylen diaxetat (EDA)
CH2=CH-OCOCH3 + CH3COOH
OCOCH3
CH3 CH
OCOCH3
+ 6,2Kcal
Pht minh ca Klate l da trn c s ca phn ng hydro ha C2H2 bng

H2SO4 long c xc tc l mui Hg2+. Phn ng qua giai on trung gian to thnh
ru vinylic km bn d b ng phn ha thnh Axetaldehyl.
CHCH + HOH
CH2=CH-OH
CH3CHO
Trong phn ng tng hp VA, Klate thay (-OH) linh ng bng nhm (OCOCH3) nn VA to thnh tng i bn vng khng xy ra phn ng ng
phn ha.
Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu phng php sn xut VA nhng c 3
phng php chnh c nhiu nc s dng l:
+ Phng php c in nht l i t Axetylen (C2H2) v Axit axetic
(CH3COOH) c tin hnh trong pha lng hoc pha hi.
CH3COOH + CHCH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 , UHo298 =-118 KJ/mol
+ Phng php mi nht l oxy ha cng hp Axit axetic (CH3COOH) vo
etylen (C2H4) trong cng nghip c thc hin trong c pha lng v hi.
CH3COOH + 1/2O2
CH3OCOCH=CH2 + H2O
+ Phng php i t Axetaldehyl (CH3CHO) v Anhydrit axetic (CH3CO)2O

ban u Anhydrit axetic cng vo axetaldehyl to thnh etylideniaxetat sau
EDA thy phn cho VA v axit axetic. Do qu trnh ny cn gi l qu trnh 2
giai an:
CH3CHO + (CH3CO)2O2
CH3CH(OCOCH3)2
CH3CH(OCOCH3)2
CH2=CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH
Trong cc phng php trn th phng php sn xut VA i t Etylen, axit

axetic v oxy c s dng rng ri vng Bc M cn Ty Au v c bit
l Chu A th phng php sn xut VA i t Axetylen v Axit axetic li c
s dng nhiu hn.
Ngy nay cc phng php sn xut VA trong pha lng t c s dng v dn
c thay th bng cc phng php sn xut trong pha kh, bi v cc phng
php tin hnh trong pha lng thng c hiu sut thp, gy hao mn xc tc, xc
tc i khi rt c gy n mn ph hng thit b phn ng
B- QU TRNH TNG HP VINYL AXETAT

I. Khi nim chung [3,4,9,10,11]
Phn ng tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH vi xc tc l mui ca cc

kim loi chuyn tip (Hg, Zn, Cd) trn cht mang l than hot tnh, c tin
hnh trong pha kh. Phn ng to ra sn phm l mt mononme quan trng phn
ng xy ra nh sau:
C2H2 + CH 3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 28,3 Kcal /mol.
Phn ng c tin hnh nhit 1702200C v p sut kh quyn trong
thit b dng ng chm v lm lnh bng nc. Hi nc sinh ra c s dng
nang nhit phn ng do phn ng ta nhit ln nn cn tch nhit tt m
bo cho qu trnh, trnh to nhiu sn phm ph v s phn hu ca xc tc. Hiu
sut sn phm VA rt cao t 95 99% tnh theo chuyn ho ca CH3COOH v
92 95% tnh theo C2H2.
u im ca qu trnh ny l khc phc c nhng nhc im ca tng
hp vinyl axetat trong pha lng nh:
+ Chng c s n mn thit b.
+ To t sn phm ph.
+ Hiu sut phan ng cao.
II. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh trng hp VA [1,2,3,4,9,10,11]
- Phn ng trng hp VA :
CH CH + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3
- Phn ng to thnh Etyliden diaxetat (EDA):
CH2 CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH CH2 = CH (OCOCH3)2
- Phn ng phn hy CH3COOH to thnh axeton:
2CH3COOH CH3 - CO - CH3 + CO2 + H2O
- Phn ng thu phn VA (Phn ng ny tng khi c mt ca H2O v H+). V
vy cn lm kh nguyn liu.
CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O CH3COOH + CH3CHO
- Cc phn ng to nha :
nCH CH [- HC = CH -]n
nCH2 = CHOCOCH3 [- CH2 - CH ]n

OCOCH3
Nguyn nhn gy ra nhng phn ng ph ny c th l do lng xc tc dng

cho 1 lt C2H2 nm ngoi khong khng ch cho php hoc do t l tc nhn v
nhit khng thch hp. Khi lng xc tc (g/lit C2H2 trong 1 gi) tng hay gim
qu gii hn cho php s gy nn phn ng ph trng hp C2H2 v VA to thnh
cc polymer bm vo b mt xc tc gy phn hy xc tc v dn ti hot tnh xc
tc b gim. hn ch cc phn ng ph ta phi ch n cc yu t nh hng
n qu trnh tng hp v nng cao cht lng ca nguyn liu vo.
III. ng hc ca qu trnh tng hp VA
C2H2 + CH3COOH CH2 = CHOCOCH3

(xc tc axetat Zn/ than hot tnh).
Khi nghin cu cc phn ng trong ng c xc tc tng t nhit t 165
2100C:
= k.PC 2 H 2 .PCH 3COOH

So snh cc kt qu tnh ton ng hc trong iu kin tnh p sut 120
mmHg v nhit 1600C vi kt qu tnh ton s hp ph C2H2 v CH3COOH trn
xc tc axetat Zn/than hot tnh cc tc gi a ra phng trnh tc phn
ng.
k PC 2 H 2 PCH 3 COOH
K p CH 3 COOH
Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy nn s khc nhau ca cc kt qu tnh

ton ng hc rt c th l tnh ng nhit ca lp xc tc khng c m bo.
Nhng s khc nhau c th xc nh trong cc iu kin khc nhau nh thay i
nhit , nng cu t.
0
= 22,18kcal / mol
Hiu ng nhiet ca phn ng c gi tr H 298
IV. Xc tc ca qu trnh tng hp VA [3,4,10,11]
Ngi ta nghin cu xc tc cho cc trnh tng hp vinyl axetat t C2H2 v

CH3COOH trong pha kh l cc mui axetat ca Zn, Cd, Bi, Hg hay Fe, Co, Ni,
Be, Ca, Ag trn cht mang l than hot tnh. Vn tc phn ng ca cc axetat kim
loi trn c o bng phng php dng tun hon. Cc xc tc c dng
trong qu trnh tng hp vinyl axetat trong cng nghip pha kh l: sunfat thy
ngn, axetat km nhng tt hn c l axetat km. Xc tc c chun b bng
cch ngm tm axetat km ln than hot tnh c kch thc t 35 mm. C 100
phn trng lng than ngm 15 phn trng lng kim loi km. Sau sy kh
160 1700C v em s dng. Sau mt thi gian hot ng, hot tnh ca n s
gim dn do mt lng nha bm trn b mt, v vy cn phi nng nhit ln
210 2200C. Nhng nu tng nhit qu 2300C th xc tc gn nh b mt hot
tnh hon ton.
V. C ch phn ng

Do C2H2 tc dng vi Zn thnh phc cht trung gian, v sau phc
trung gian ny chuyn ho thnh VA v hon nguyn xc tc.
Zn+OCOCH3+ C2H2
2+
Zn (OCOCH3)2
HC CH
[CH = CHOCOCH3]
Zn2+(OCOCH3)2 Zn2+(OCOCH3)2- + CH2 = CHOCOCH3
y l qu trnh xc tc d th, sn phm cui cng l vinyl axetat, vinyl

axetat c kh nng kt hp tip tc vi axit axetic to thnh etylen diaxetan, do vy
s xut hin mt h phn ng song song ni tip.
CH CH
+ HOOCH3
+ CH3COOH
CH2 = CHOCOCH3
CH3- CH(OCOCH3)
Giai on u xy ra vi vn tc ln hn nhiu so vi giai on th hai

VI. Phng php tch sn phm
Trong qu trnh tng hp vinyl axetat t C2H2 v CH3COOH ngoi sn phm

chnh l VA ra cn c nhng sn phm ph v cc tc nhn phn ng (C2H2 v
CH3COOH) cha chuyn ho ht. Do vy cn phi tin hnh tch cc sn phm
ph v cc tc nhn phn ng. Ngi ta dng phng php hp th hay ngng t
tng bc tch ring C2H2 ra khi hn hp ri cho tun hon tr li phn ng.
Cn phn lng thu c s chuyn qua h thng chng ct, ti y ta s thu c
phn on nh, VA, CH3COOH d (c tun hon li phn ng).
Etylendiaxetat v cn khng bay hi c em i x l. trnh c s trng

hp ca vinyl axetat cn cho thm vo hydroquinol-trans khi em tinh luyn.
VII. Thit b chnh (thit b phn ng)
Thit b phn ng c chc nng thc hin phn ng vinyl ho, a nhm
vinyl vo phn t axit axetic trn xc tc l km axetat mang trn than hot tnh,
lp xc tc c t trong ng c m vi kch thc cc ht nh sn. Hn hp
C2H2 v CH3COOH c a vo thit b bc hi axetic. Sau a vo thit b
trao i nhit un nng n nhit cn thit trc khi a vo thit b phn
ng.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Hn hp phn ng i t trn xung c nhit vo t 180 2000C, nc

lam mat co Tvao = 20250C v Tra = 40450C. Chn thit b phn ng dng
ng chm ch to bng thp X18H10T (hnh v). Loi ny tch nhit phn ng
tt, trnh hin tng qu nhit cuc bo, hiu sut sn phm cao, d khng ch cc
iu kin nhit ng, cu to n gin, gi thnh u t r.
Hnh 3: thit b phn ng
C- PHNG PHP TNG HP VINYL AXETAT

I. CNG NGH TNG HP VA T AXETYLEN V AXIT AXETIC [1,9]
I.1. Cng ngh tng hp VA t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha lng
a.Phn ng chnh
CH3COOH + HC CH CH3COO - CH =CH2 + 28,3kcal

Xc tc cho phn ng l: Axetat km mang trn cht mang l than hot tnh
b.Phn ng ph
CH2=COO-CH=CH2 + CH3COOH
CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 + 6,2Kcal
Do c phn ng ph xy ra lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm nn

trong qu trnh phi tm cc bin php tng tc phn ng chnh, gim tc
phn ng ph.
C th dng cc bin php sau
+ Tch nhanh VA ra khi dung dch phn ng.

+ Pha long dung dch phn ng bng nhng cht c th tc dng vi
CH3COOH d gim bt s tc dng ca VA vi CH3COOH.
+ Khng ch nhit nh hn nhit to thnh Etylen diaxetal.
c. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut qu trnh
+ Thnh phn xc tc.

+ Nhit qu trnh.
+ Vn tc kh C2H2 thi vo.
+ sch ca C2H2 v CH3COOH.
Qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH trong pha lng c u im l
vn u t cho dy chuyn thit b thp. Tuy nhin c nhc im l tiu tn nhiu
xc tc HgO (lng VA to thnh bng lng HgO tiu tn) xc tc rt c c tnh
axit gy n mn thit b, lng VA to thnh thp, lng Etyliden diaxetat to
thnh tng i nhiu do VA ngng t trong thit b phn ng v tc dng vi
CH3COOH, khng nhng th khi VA b ngng t s to ra polyme trong thit b
phn ng. khc phc nhng nhc im ca phng php tng hp VA trong
pha lng, ngi ta tin hnh tng hp VA trong pha kh.
I.2. Cng ngh tng hp VA t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha kh [1,9]
Qu trnh tng hp VA trong pha kh c pht trin nm 1921 bi hng

Consortium v c s dng trong cng nghip nm 1928 bi hng Wacker Cheme, ri sau c hng Farb-Wacker Hoechst ci tin thm. Trong chin
tranh th gii th 2 cng ngh ca Hoechst sn xut c 25 triu pound/nm.
CH3COOH + CH CH
0
CH2 = CHOCOCH3 298 = 118Kj/mol
- Phn ng phn hy CH3COOH to thnh Axeton:
2CH3COOH
CH3COCH3 + CO2 + H2O
- Phn ng phn hy VA to thnh axit axetic v etanal:

CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + H2O
CH3COOH + CH3CHO
- Phn ng phn hy axetylen to thnh etanal:

HC CH + H2O
CH3CHO
- Cc phn ng to thnh polymer:

nCH CH
[- HC = CH -]n , PA
nCH2 = CHOCOCH3
[- CH2 - CH -]n , PVA

OCOCH3
Tuy nhin cc phn ng ny c tc chm v lng sn phm ph to thnh

khng nhiu.
I.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng
- Xc tc: Xc tc dng cho qu trnh l axetat km trn cht mang l than hot
tnh. Trong qu trnh lm vic hot tnh ca xc tc gim dn. Nguyn nhn l do
C2H2 v VA trng hp to nn cc polymer bao ph ln b mt xc tc, axetylen b
trng hp to ra nhiu nhit gy nong cuc bo lm cho xc tc b phn hy,
axetat km b bay hi trong qu trnh phn ng. Ngoi ra do C2H2 nguyn liu c
ln mt lng nh cc cht nh H2S, PH3, AsH3 ...y l nhng cht c gy ng
c xc tc. V vy phi khng ch bng cch nng dn nhit ln 2102200C v
lm sch nguyn liu C2H2.
- Nhit : Nhit thch hp vi loi xc tc axetat Zn l 1802100C. Nhit
thp hn th hiu sut thu c VA nh v nhit cao qu th lm cho xc
tc gim hot tnh.
- Vn tc th tch: Vn tc th tch cng nh (ngha l thi gian tip xc gia hn

hp kh v xc tc cng ln) th mc chuyn ho cng tng. Nhng nu vn tc
th tch qu nh th hiu sut VA li gim v trong khi sn phm c nhiu sn
phm ph. Vi vn tc th tch thng thng mc chuyn ho t 6070%.
- T l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH: T l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH tt nht cho hiu
sut chuyn ho thnh VA cao nht l 810/1. Nhng trong thc t sn xut ngi
ta ch cho d t 45 ln, tc l t l s mol C2H2/CH3COOH tt nht l 4:15:1, v
tng lng C2H2 d nhiu hn na th hiu sut chuyn ho tng m li phi tun
hon mt lng ln C2H2.
Axetylen v axit axetic phi kh trnh phn ng hydrat ho. ng thi cn
phi lm sch C2H2 ht nhng cht gy ng c xc tc, nht l C2H2 c sn
xut t cacbua canxi thng c nhiu H2S, NH3, PH3, AsH3...
Sn xut VA theo phng php pha hi nu khng ch c cc iu kin k
thut nghim ngt th c c hiu sut VA s t 9598% tnh theo axit axetic v
9295% tnh theo axetylen.
I.2.2. Cng ngh ca hng Petroleum Raifiner
I.2.2.1. S cng ngh
Thai ra ngoai
H2O
Nc lanh
CH3COOH
11
11
11
C2H2
10
10
11
2
Hi
10
5
12
10
12
12
Chat c che
CH3COOH tuan hoan
CH3COOH
1_ May quat gio
2_ Thiet b boc hi
4_ Thap lam lanh kh khong ngng bang CH3COOH

5_ Thung cha VA tho
3_ Thiet b phan ng 6_ Thap cat phan nhe
10
Phan nang
12
7_ Thap tach VA 11_ Thiet b lam lanh
8_ Thap tach VA va san pham nang

9,10_ Thiet b trao oi nhiet
12_ Bm
Hnh 1: QUA TRNH TONG HP VA T AXETYLEN VA AXIT AXETIC TRONG PHA KH( Petroleum Refiner)
I.2.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Axetylen mi c trn vi axetylen tun hon t kh thi v cng vi

CH3COOH mi, CH3COOH tun hon c a vo thp bc hi (2) vi t l theo
yu cu. Ti hn hp CH3COOH v C2H2 c un bc hi v c trn ln
vo nhau. Nhit trong thp bc hi (2) c duy tr t 60800C vi p sut
45 psi v c khng ch nghim ngt c t l hn hp theo yu cu. Nu
khng ch nhit 600C s nhn c hn hp kh c 23% trng lng axit axetic.
c th iu chnh nhit mt cch d dng ngi ta un nng bng hi nc.
Hn hp kh c a sang thit b trao i nhit (9), ti y hn hp kh c

un nng nh khi phn ng, ri tip tc c a sang thit b trao i nhit (10)
hn hp t nhit 1802100C trc khi a vao lm vic trong thit b
phn ng. Trong thit b trao i nhit c th dng hi p sut cao hoc du un
nng. Hn hp kh sau khi c un nng ti nhit yu cu a vo thit b
phn ng (3). Thit b dng ng chm, trong cc ng cha y xc tc, bn ngoi
c un nng bng du hoc hi nc (trong khi vn hnh trnh s qu nhit
cuc bo ngi ta c th cho hn hp kh t di i ln trn, sau cho i ngc
li t trn xung). Sau khi phn ng to sn phm, kh phn ng c lm ngui
ti thit b trao i nhit (9) v c lm lnh ti thit b (11) ti nhit 0100C.
Ton b sn phm c a vo thng cha VA th (5).Ti thng cha (5) VA v
axit axetic ngng t, kh khng ngng c a vo thp lm lnh kh khng
ngng bng CH3COOH (4) thu hi cc cu t kh d cha phn ng. Kh sau
khi thu hi tun hon li thit b phn ng (3). Hn hp axit axetic cha kh tr li
thng (5). Hn hp ngng t trong thng cha VA th (5) cha cc cht nh: VA,
etyliden diaxetat, axit axetic, axetaldehit, axeton v mt t kh axetylen ho tan
c a vo thp tch kh v cc sn phm nh (6). Ti nh thp (6) thu c kh
v cc phn nh, phn nh c ngng t v hi lu li, kh C2H2 c tun hon
li lm nguyn liu, mt phn c thi ra khng kh.
Trong qu trnh sn xut m bo an ton khi vn hnh ta phi thi mt
phn kh v trong kh thi cha mt lng nht nh cc kh tr v cc kh tr ny
se pha loang axetylen tranh hien tng to hn hp n.
Sn phm phn y thp (6) c a vo thp tch VA (7). Trc khi a
vo thp tch (7) ngi ta phi b sung thm mt lng nh cht c ch. Cht c
ch thng dng trong cng nghip l hydroquinon hoc diphenylamin, chng c
tc dng ngn cn cc phn ng ph ca VA trong qu trnh tch cng nh bo
qun. San pham nh thp (7) sau khi lm lnh ta thu c VA tinh khit. Cn
y thp (7) la sn phm nng, CH3COOH tho c a ti thp (8) e tch
phn nng v CH3COOH. Ti nh thp (8) ta thu c axit axetic, CH3COOH
c lm lnh ngng t v tun hon tr li lm nguyn liu. Cn phn y thp l
phn nng bao gm etyliden diaxetat, mt phn axit axetic v cc hp cht cao
phn t khc.
I.2.3. S ca hng WACKER

I.2.3.1. S cng ngh
CH3COOH Tuan hoan
C2H2 Tuan hoan

6
Divinyl axetylen
Crotonaldehyt
14
15
SP nhe
9
13
Chat c che
Chat c che
CH3COOH
13
16
13
17
13
VA
10
11
12
C2H2
Sp nang
1_ Thiet b boc hi
5_ Thiet b un nong
2_ Thiet b phan ng
6_ Thiet b nen kh
3_ Thiet b trao oi nhiet 7_ Thiet b lam lanh ngng tu

4_ Thiet b lam lanh
8_ Thap tinh che C2H2
9_ Thap tach san pham nhe
13_ Bm
10_ Thap tach VA
14_ Thung cha san pham nhe
11_ Thap tach san pham trung gian 15_ Thung cha VA
12_ Thap tach CH3COOH
16_ Thung cha cac SP trung gian
Hnh 2: S O CONG NGHE TONG HP VA T C2H2 VA CH3COOH TRONG PHA KH (Wacker)
I.2.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng
Lng axetylen tinh khit v axetylen tun hon c trn ln vi nhau,

cng vi axit axetic tinh khit v axit axetic tun hon trn ln vi nhau c a
vo thit b bc hi (1). Thit b bc hi c khng ch nhit 70800C, p
sut 0,3.106 Pa, ra khi thit b ny y thp, mt phn c un nng v a tr
li y thp bi thit b un nng (5), mt phn sn phm a ra ngoi nh bm
(13). Hn hp kh ra khi nh thp (1) c gia nhit bi thit b trao i nhit
ngc chiu (3), sau c un nng bi thit b un nng (5), hn hp kh ra
khi (5) c nhit 1701900C v c a vo thit b phn ng (2). Qu trnh
ny din ra vi lp xc tc rn hay lng, xc tc gm than hot tnh c tm
2030% axetac kim. Thit b phn ng c dng ngn, chiu cao mi ngn 3,54m.
Do phn ng to ra VA l phn ng to nhit nn lm cho nhit trong thit b
tng ln. Do vy, ngi ta ly nhit ra ngoi bng cch b tr thit b lm lnh hi
lu ngoi thit b phn ng gi nhit 2000C.
Qu trnh xy ra lin tc trong thit b ti sinh xc tc. Hn hp sn phm

sau khi ra khi thit b phn ng gm c VA, DVA, C2H2 d, CH3COOH d,
nc,... c nhit khong 2000C v c a ti thit b lm lnh (4) lm lnh
sn phm bng nhit ca nguyn liu vo thp phn ng. Sau hn hp i qua
thit b ct phn nh (7). thit b (7), nh thp ch yu l phn nh axetylen
cha phn ng v mt t sn phm khc c a sang thit b (8) tinh ch
C2H2, phn nh axetylen tch ra nh thp (8) c qua my nn (6) tun hon
tr li cng vi axetylen ban u vo thit b phn ng (1), khng kh c lm
sch ngn s to nguyn t tr trong qu trnh tng hp, phn nng y gm
VA v cc sn phm khc trn vi sn phm ly ra ti y thit b (7) qua bm
(13) vo thit b tch ra sn phm nh (9). Thp (8) gm 35 a c kh axetylen,
axetaldehit, axeton, propinolandehyt, acrolin...Thp (9) gm 50 en 60 a.
trnh hin tng to ra polymer ho vinyl axetat trong qu trnh chng ct,
phi thm cht c ch, thng dng l diphenylamin hoc hydroquinon. Ti thit
b tch phn nhe (9), san pham nh la phan nhe c tch ra, sn phm
ay mt phn qua thit b un nng (5) a tr li (9), mt phn qua bm (13)
vo thit b tch VA (10). nh thp (10) thu c VA thng phm, cn c cc
sn phm khc nhau gm DVA, CH3COOH, crofonandehyt v cc sn phm nng
khc c a vo thit b tch sn phm trung gian (11). nh thp (11) thu c
DVA, crofonandehit, cn sn phm y c a vo thit b tch axit axetic
(12), axit axetic c tch ra ay thp tun hon tr li (1), mt phn i qua
thit b lm lnh (4) vo thp (8). y thp (12) nhn c cc sn phm nng.
Thit b phn ng c lm bng thp khng r c thnh phn Ni khong
1015 %, Crm khong 1520%.
II. Cng ngh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic [1,3,9,10,11]
Ngy nay gi thnh ca axetylen t hn so vi etylen nn trn th gii ang c

xu hng tm ra nhng phng php sn xut VA cho hiu sut cao tng ng vi
phng php sn xut VA t axetylen v axit axetic nhng s nguyn liu u vo
c gi thnh r hn, d sn xut hn. Mt trong nhng phng php mi c s
dng gn y l tng hp VA i t etylen v axit axetic.Theo tnh ton ca cc nh
sn xut th vic thay th axetylen bng etylen trong cng nghip tng hp VA s
tit kim c hn 20% gi thnh sn xut.
CH2=CH2 CH3COOH + 0,5O2 CH2=CHOCOCH3 + H2O, 0298 = 180Kj/mol
Xc tc ca phn ng l Paladi. D tin hnh tng hp VA t etylen theo cng
ngh no (lng hay kh) th trong xc tc ngi ta cng phi cho thm vo h phn
ng mt lng mui ng vi nng [Cu2+] >> [Pd2+]. Lng mui ng ny cho
vo l thc hin chc nng cht mang thc y s oxy ho Pd0 Pd2+.
O
CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH + PdCl2 CH3- C - O - CH = CH2 + Pd + 2HCl
Pd0 + 2CuCl2 PdCl2 + CuCl

2CuCl + 0,5O2 + 2HCl 2CuCl2 + H2O
CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH + 0,5O2 CH2 = CH - OCOCH3 + H2O
Khi thit lp c h oxy ho - kh th trong Pd rt nhanh chng b oxy
ho, tc l Pd c ti sinh tr v dng hot ng, nu thm vo h phn ng mt
lng mui Cu2+, n s ha Pd tr v Cu2+. Ni cch khc mui ng ng vai tr
cht mang oxy
Pd + 2Cu2+ Pd2+ + 2Cu2+
2Cu+ + 0,5O2 + 2H+ 2Cu2+ + H2O
C hai phn ng ny xy ra tng i mnh lit trong mi trng axit, trong
clorua paladi nm dng H2PdCl4.
Phn ng:
CH2=CH2 + CH 3COOH + PdCl2 CH 3OCOCH=CH2 + Pd + HCl
Trong qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH ngoi sn phm chnh cn
c nhng sn phm ph: CO2
C 2 cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH.
- Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha lng.
- Cong nghe tong hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha kh.
30
II.1. Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha lng [1,9,10]
Cng ngh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha lng c pht minh
bi hng Hoechst (c); ICI (Anh); Nippon Gosei (Nht Bn) v c ICI p dng
vo sn xut vi quy m ln ti Anh v ti M trong mt vi nm gn y vi sn
lng l 100.000 pound/nm.
Cc phn ng chnh xy ra trong qu trnh:
CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH + PdCl2 CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + Pd + 2HCl
CH2 = CH2 + H2O + PdCl2
Pd + 2CuCl2
CH3CHO + Pd + 2HCl
PdCl2 + 2CuCl
2CuCl + 2HCl + 0,5O2
2CuCl2
H2O
Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh:

Qu trnh tin hnh nhit 1001300C, p sut 30atm, thnh phn oxy v kh
C2H4 nm ngoi gii hn n: 94,5% i vi etylen v 5,5% i vi oxy.
T l sn phm theo phn mol ca axetalehyt trn VA theo t l: 1:14. Xc tc
PdCl2.CuCl2 trong mi trng axit axetic c thm mui axetat Natri hoc mui
Clorua tng hot ng ca xc tc. Dung dch xc tc cha cc mui Pd de
tan vi nng 3050mg Pd 2+/l v mui dung dch ng de tan nng 36g Cu
2+
/l.
Tng hiu sut ca qu trnh t 90% tnh theo C2H4 v 95% tnh theo
CH3COOH. Cc thit b dng cho qu trnh lm bng vt liu Titan... trnh s n

mn do trong sn xut phn ng c axit HCl.
Tuy nhin y l nhng vt liu t tin v do n lm cho tng chi ph ton b
qu trnh cao hn khong 50% so vi qu trnh tng hp VA t C2H2 v axit axetic
trong pha hi.
Qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen v CH3COOH trong pha lng ngoi sinh ra sn
phm chnh VA cn c cc sn phm ph: etyliden diaxetat, axetalehyt (do sinh ra
nc nn tch t ca nc to thnh axetalehyt), n-C4H8, CO2, axit fomic, axit
oxalic (C2H2O4)...
II.1.1. S cng ngh v nguyn l hot ng
II.1.1.1. S cng ngh
31
Tuan hoan tai sinh
13
2
1
Kh thai
CO2
15
Oxy
Etylen
Axit Axetic
CH3COOH tuan hoan
San pham nhe
3
9
Nc
10
Vinyl
Axetat
11
San pham nang
12
Axetaldehyt
Nc
4. Thap hap thu CO2
7. Thap tach CH3COOH
10. Thap tach VA
13. Thiet b nen kh
2. Thiet b ngng tu
5. Thap nha hap thu CO2
8. Thiet b phan ly CH3CHO
11. Thiet b hap thu CH3CHO
14. Thiet b un soi ay thap
3. Thiet b phan ly
6. Bm
9. Thiet b tach nc
12. Thiet b chng cat CH3CHO 15. Thiet b tai sinh
1. Thiet b phan ng
Hnh 3:S O CONG NGHE TONG HP VA T ETYLEN VA AXIT AXETIC TRONG PHA LONG
II.1.1.2. Nguyn l hot ng:
Hn hp kh gm 30% th tch etylen v 70% th tch oxy cng vi axit axetic

(lng mi trn vi lng hi lu) c a vo thit b phn ng (1), thit b phn
ng lm vic nhit 1001300C, p sut 30 atm. Sn phm to thnh gm c VA,
CH3CHO, H2O, CH3COOH v hn hp oxy- etylen cha phan ng het c a
ra khi thit b phn ng (1) vo thit b ngng t (2), sau c a vo thit b
phn ly (3). Phn hn hp kh hi lu s c dn qua thp hp th (4) v thp nh
hp th (5) loi b kh CO2. Cn phn hn hp lng s c a vo thp (7)
tch CH3COOH v lng CH3COOH ny c hi lu tr li thit b phn ng (1).
Hn hp lng sau khi ra khi thp (7) c a sang thp tch axetaldehit (8) tch
CH3CHO. Hn hp sau khi ra khi thp (8) gm hai phn:
Phn hn hp i ra t nh thp (8) c a sang thp hp th CH3CHO (11),
ti y cc cht nh s c tch ra nh thp cn hn hp y thp th c a
sang thp chng phn on CH3CHO (12) thu hi CH3CHO nh thp, cn H2O
y thp mt phn qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi, mt phn hi lu y thp. Phn hn
hp i ra y thp (8) mt phn hi lu y thp, mt phn qua bm (6) a vo
thit b phn ly (3) loi mt phn H2O. Sau hn hp tip tc c a vo thp
tch H2O (9) v thp chng phn on VA (10) nh thp (10) s thu c VA,
cn y thp l cc cht nng qua bm (6) bm ra ngoi, mt phn hi lu y thp
32
qua thit b un nng y thp.

Cn iu chnh lng nc trong dung dch xc tc ta c th han che c
lng axetaldehit sinh ra, tc l iu chnh c t l gia axetaldehit v VA trong
sn phm to thnh.
II.2. Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH trong pha kh (USI
Chemicals)
Qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen v axit axetic trong pha kh c pht trin

bi cc hng USI Chemicals ti M v hng Bayer ti c. Hin nay, quy trnh ny
ang c hng Celanese ti M s dng sn xut VA vi cng sut 200 triu
pound/nm v hng Bayer sn xut vi cng sut 300 triu pound/nm. C hai hng
USI Chemicals v Bayer cho php 6 cng ty Nht s dng cng ngh ca hng
lp t dy chuyn thit b sn xut VA vi cng sut 512 triu pound/nm.
II.2.1. Cc thng s k thut ca qu trnh
Cng ngh tng hp VA trong pha kh c thc hin vi xc tc d th Pd/SiO2

hoc Pd/Al2O3 hoc alumosilicat vi ph gia l Axetat Natri c cha mt lng mui
ng nhm thc hin chc nng cht mang thc y s oxy ho Pd thnh Pd 2+.
Pd + 0,5O2 + 2CH3COOH
Pd 2+ + H2O + 2CH3COO -
Pd 2+ + CH2 = CH2 + CH3COOH J Pd + CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + 2H+

Qu trnh tin hnh 175200oC, p sut 70140 Psi. Hn hp ban u a vo
thit b phn ng gm etylen, hi axit axetic, oxy vi t l th tch ln lt 8:4:1 v s
chuyn ho ca chng sau khi qua thit b phn ng i vi etylen l 10%, axit axetic
l 20%, oxy l 6070%, hiu sut c VA t 9195%. Cc kh phn ng trn xc
tc Pd t 0,12%. Sn phm ph ch yu l CO2 do khong 10% etylen tham gia
phn ng chuyn ho thnh CO2 v cc hp cht cn li nh CH3CHO, etyliden
diaxetat...chim khong 1%.
II.2.2. S cng ngh
33
CH3COOH
Kh hoi lu
CO2
2
3
CH3COOH tuan hoan
C 2H 4
O2
13
13
San pham nhe
3
8
H2 O
12
11
10
VA
12
12
11
San pham nang
1. Thiet b phan ng
4. May bien the
7. Thap ra bang cacbonat nong
10. Thap chng phan oan CH3COOH
2. Thiet b lam lanh
5. Thap ra bang glycon
8. Thap chng cat ang ph
11. Bm
3. Thiet b phan ly
6. Thap hap giai
9. Thap chng cat phan oan VA
12. Thiet b un nong ay thap

13. Thung cha
Hnh 4: QUA TRNH TONG HP VINYL AXETAT T ETYLEN VA AXIT AXETIC TRONG PHA KH CUA USI CHEMICAL
II.2.3. Nguyn l hot ng
Hn hp gm etylen mi v etylen hi lu cng vi axit axetic, oxy c un

nng trc khi cho vo thit b un nng ng chm (1) ln 120oC, duy tr nhit
trong thit b (1) l 175200oC, p sut 70140 Psi vi lp xc tc c t cht
trong cc ng. Hn hp sn phm sau c lm lnh (2) v i vo thit b phn
ly(3) nhm tch ring pha lng, pha kh. Tip theo pha kh c qua my tng th (4)
vo thp (5) ra vi Propylen glycol, hn hp i ra t y thp (5) c ua vo
thp gii hp th (6) nhm tch VA ra, cn hn hp i ra t nh thp (5) c a
qua thp ra cacbonat nng (7). Kh thot ra nh thp (7) l etylen c tun hon
tr li thit b phn ng (1), cn hn hp y thp (7) c a qua thp gii hp
th (6) nhm tch v loi b CO2. Vi pha lng, sau khi ra khi thit b (6) c lm
lnh, cng vi hn hp lng t thit b (3) a vo thp chng ct ng ph (8). Hn
hp i ra t nh thp (8) c a qua thp chng phn on VA (9), ti y thu
c cc phn on nh t nh thp v VA. Hn hp i t y thp (8) a sang
thp chng phn on CH3COOH (10), axit axetic thot ra t nh thp c bm
(11) bm tun hon li thit b phn ng (1), cn y l cc cht cn nng, cng vi
cn nng y thp (9) a ra ngoi.
Chng ct vinyl axetat.

Chng ct phn on hn hp lng nhn c VA tinh khit v CH3COOH
(cho tun hon tr li) c tin hnh theo nhiu cch, ph thuc vo v tr ca nh
34
my v mi lin quan mt thit ca nng lng tiu dng v gi tr u t.

Trn hnh (5) v (6) l 2 h thng chng ct VA. Dung dch sn phm lng
cha 2040% VA v khong 610% nc, phn cn li l CH3COOH v nhng
lng nh ca cc sn phm ph nh EDA, etylaxetat.
Trn hnh (5) hn hp sn phm lng VA- nc c th chng ct thp (a) v
ngng t chia lm 2 pha trong bnh cha: Vinyl axetat ho tan trong nc c
chng ct trong thp tch nc (b). Lng nc d tch ra c thi i. Pha VA hu
c c a vo chng ct thp (c) v sn phm nh ca thp (c) l VA ho trong
nc, cc sn phm d bay hi khc cng vi axetaldehyt c to thnh do VA tinh
khit nhn c thp (d).
VINYL
Phan de bay hi
Vinyl
axetat
VINYL
a
axit axetic tuan hoan

lai e phan n g
nc thai
Hnh 5: S chng ct VA t etylen trong pha kh.

a. Thp chng ct ng ph.
b. Ct tch nc.
c. Thp tch phn nh v VA.
d. Thp chng ct VA tinh khit
tch polime, mt phn nh c chuyn t y thp (d) cho tr li thp (a).

Nh vy ton b polime v phn khng tan nhn c cng vi CH3COOH phn
on ct u tin (a). Phn CH3COOH c tun hon tr li phn ng, cn mt
phn nh cng vi etyldien axetat v phn khng tan c a i chng ct ly
CH3COOH, cn cn to thnh c th t chy.
Nh vy s dng thm thp chng ct hn hp ng ph (a) th nc c tch
thp (b), phn nh c chng ct thp (c) v VA tinh khit nhn c
thp (d).
Trong s hnh (8) th nc trong VA v sn phm d bay hi trong thp
chng ct (a) hot ng p sut thng. Sn phm kh y thp gm c VA,
CH3COOH, polyme v phn khng tan s c phn tch thp chng (b). Sn
phm nh ca thp (b) l VA tinh khit. Axit axetic v cc phn khng tan y
thp c ti ch ly CH3COOH cho phn ng. Etyl axetat c ly ra ca bn
35
ca thp (b) trong dng hn hp vi VA v CH3COOH.

trnh s trng hp xy ra trong sut qu trnh chng ct ca hn hp VA th
ngi ta cho thm cht km hm s trng hp nh : hydroquynol, bezenquinol hoc
tert - butylcactechol. Hn na trong kh c cha oxy cng km hm s trng hp.
Xc tc ca qu trnh l Paladi kim loi hoc mui paladi cng vi mui ca
kim loi kim v nhng cht hot tnh nh Au, axetoarate ca kim loi kim cadimi
axetat hoc kim loi qu thuc nhm Pt c mang trn cht mang l oxit nhm c
cu trc ca axit silicic, Spinnel (MgAl2O4) hoc than hot tnh.
Lng xc tc cn dng tnh theo sn phm VA l 200g cho 1 lit VA/gi, nhng
s cng ngh c hn th cn thm 1000g cho 1 lit VA/gi. Lng xc tc ph
thuc vo cch b tr thit b v loi xc tc. Thi gian hot ng ca xc tc ti a
l 4 thng, p sut phn ng t 0,51,2at (ti a), hiu sut sn phm tng theo p
sut phn ng v nng ca oxy trong kh phn ng. Tuy nhin p sut phn ng
phi nh hn p sut gii hn (trnh chy n).
Nhit phn ng t 140 1800C, bin i theo hot tnh ca xc tc.
Hn hp kh vo cha 1020% mol CH3COOH, 1030% CO2 v khong 50%
C2H4. Lng oxy ti a l 1,5% thp hn gii hn chy n, n thay i cng vi
thnh phn hn hp kh v iu kin phn ng. Th tch N2 v kh tr c iu
khin theo lng kh d (thng khong 10%), nhng ph thuc vo mc tinh
khit ca oxy c dng. Vi cng ngh c th cn 3 tn hi, vi cng ngh cng
ngh c nng cp, hin i th 1, 2 tn hi nguyn liu cho 1 tn VA sn phm
Hiu sut ca qu trnh t trn 99% tnh theo axit axetic v trn 94% tnh theo
etylen.
36
VINYL
Phan
de bay hi
Vinyl
axetat
Vinyl
axetat
1
nc thai
axit axetic
tuan hoan lai
Hnh 6: S chng ct VA c s dng ct tch nc s b

1. Ct tch nc s b.
2. Thp chng ct VA tinh khit
3. Ct tch nc.
II.3. Cc phng php sn xut VA khc [1,3,4,9,10,11]
II.3.1. Tng hp VA t etyliden diaxetat
Qu trnh tng hp VA t etyliden diaxetat c hng Celanese Pampa nghin

cu v ch to Texas (M) vo nm 1953 p dng sn xut vi cng sut 65 triu
pound/nm. n nay khng cn tng hp VA t phng php ny na.
Phn ng tng hp xy ra nhit 3000C, vi xc tc l axit.
Qu trnh tri qua 2 giai on:
+ Giai an 1: xy ra phn ng gia axetaldehit v anhydrit axetic to thnh
etyliden diaxetat.
+ Giai an 2: L s nhit phn ca etyliden diaxetat trong thp cracking
to thnh VA v axit axetic.
gim ti mc ti thiu kh nng xy ra phn ng to thnh (CH3CO)2O v
CH3CHO th hng Celanese s dng mt loi xc tc mi l xc tc axit sunfonic
thm (ArSO3H) nhm lm tng mc chuyn ho ca phn ng to thnh VA, tc
l lm tng hiu sut to thnh VA.
II.3.2. Nhit phn etylen glycol diaxetat (Halcon)
Qu trnh tng hp xy ra nhit 5005500C, hiu sut t c 8587%.

II.3.3. Phng php tng hp VA t CH3CHO v CH3COCl
O
o
CH3CHO + CH3COCl -10 C
CH2=CHOCOCH3 5060 C CH2=CHOCOCH3
-HCl
Pyridin
Cl
II.3.4. Phng php tng hp VA t CH2=CH-Cl v CH3COONa
PdCl2
CH2=CH- Cl + CH3COONa
5060oC
CH2=CH- OCOCH3 + NaCl

37
Phn ng xy ra trong thi gian 4 gi

I.3.5. Phng php tng hp VA t ClCH2- CH2Cl v CH3COO.
ClCH2- CH2Cl + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOCH2-CH2-OCOCH3
CH3COOCH2- CH2-OCOCH3 + 2HCl

CH2=CH- OCOCH3 + CH3COOH
I.3.6. Phng php tng hp t axetandehyt v anhydric
Qu trnh tri qua 2 giai on:

Giai on trung gian to thnh etyliden diaxetat, sau sn phm trung gian
thy phn thnh VA v CH3COOH.
CH3- CH(OCOCH3)2
CH3CHO + (CH3CO)2
CH3- CH(OCOCH3)2
150OC
CH2=CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH
Nhn xt: Qua nhng phng php tng hp VA trnh by trn ta thy cc
cng ngh tng hp VA ngy cng pht trin v hon thin hn, i t nhiu ngun
nguyn liu hn. Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip
ho du nn dn thay th phng php sn xut VA t etylen v ngun nguyn liu
r tin. S dng c phn an cracking du m (cracking etan v propan), c
nhiu trong kh thin nhin. Ngnh khai thc v ch bin kh pht trin l ngun cung
cp nguyn liu cho qu trnh tng hp VA cng vi cc ngnh ch bin khc. Cc
nc c nn cng nghip ho hc pht trin nh Nga, M, c, Nht,.. p dng
phng php tng hp VA t etylen trong pha kh vo sn xut rng ri.
Bn cnh phng php tng hp VA t axetylen trong pha kh t c
chuyn ho cao nhng do tnh kinh t ngun nguyn liu axetylen t nn phng
php ny hin nay cc nc pht trin t c s dng.
Hin nay qu trnh tng hp VA t etylen trong pha kh p dng vo sn xut
bi hai tp on cng nghip ln: Hoechst-Bayer, hiu sut thu c l 8890% i
vi etylen, 98% i vi axit axetic.
Kt lun: Qua cc phng php trnh by trn ta thy cng ngh tng hp
VA ngy cng pht trin v hon thin hn. Trong phng php sn xut VA t
etylen l kinh t nht v nguyn liu etylen tng i r tin. Hin nay sn lng
vinyl axetat ch yu i t phng php ny.
Mt khc qu trnh sn xut vinyl axetat t etylen li n gin, do hn ch
c vn u t. Ngy nay ngi ta thc hin qu trnh trong pha kh nhm chng li
38
s n mn thit b.
Bn cnh , vinyl axetat cn c sn xut t axetylen v axit axetic trong pha
kh. Phng php ny c nhiu u im so vi nhiu phng php khc: hiu sut
sn phm t 9599% theo axit axetic v 9295% theo axetylen. Do vy gim c
lng tiu tn nguyn liu cng nh trnh c tht thot nhit.
Vic s dng etylen c u im l gi thnh r. Nhng hn hp ca phn ng
li c mt ca oxy nn d to ra hn hp chy n vi etylen. Ch lm vic p
sut 30at nhng nhit khng cao 1001300C trong qu trnh thu sn phm li c
mt lng axetaldehyt. Xc tc qu trnh l dung dch mui Pd2+, Cu2+(Cl-) do c Clm n gy n mn kim loi , mt khc khi c mt ca oxy th Cu+ b kt ta trong
thit b , hiu sut chuyn ha etylen l 90% . Gi thnh i hi cao hn qu trnh i
t axetylen l 50%, tiu tn nhiu nhin liu hn.
Vi axetylen th thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn nhit l 2002300C
xc tc l axetat km trn cht mang than hot tnh. Hiu sut chuyn ha axetylen l
9298% thi gian lm vic xc tc tng i di (vi thng) t n mn thit b.
Trong thc t sn xut, vic la chn phng php sn xut l tu thuc vo
iu kin ca tng nc, tng vng ngun nguyn liu, ngun nng lng, vn u
t
Vi ngun nguyn liu di do t than , kh thin nhinta c th sn xut
vinylaxetat t axetylen rt thun li.
Sau mt thi gian nghin cu v c ti liu em la chn s cng ngh
sn xut vinylaxetat t axetylen v axitaxetic trong pha kh theo s cng ngh sau.
39
PHN II
TNH TON THIT K
A. THUYT MINH DY CHUYN SN XUT.
Trong bn n ny ta thit k dy chuyn sn xut theo s hnh sau:
Axetylen mi v axetylen tun hon cho vo thit b trn (1) ri sang thit b
bc hi axit axetic (2) ri a sang thit b (3). Trong thit b (3) duy tr mc
hn hp c nh bng cch iu chnh cc van lm tc ca chng vo
trong mt thi gian nht nh l khng i v nhit l 600C. Thi axetylen
qua axit axetic vi vn tc iu chnh sn sao cho axetylen bo ho hi axit
axetic vi t s cn thit. Hn hp kh nguyn liu ra khi thit b bc hi (3)
c a sang thit b trao i nhit (4) gia nhit n 170oC nh nhit ca
ca hn hp kh sn phm sau a vo thit b phn ng (5). Ti thit b
phn ng (5) nhit c duy tr trong khong 1702100oC tu thuc vo xc
tc (khi xc tc cn mi th nhit khong 170180oC, cn khi xc tc c th
nhit khong 205210oC) c th dng p sut cao hay du khng ch
nhit . Thit b phn ng (5) l thit b dng ng chm, trong ng cha y
xc tc, dc theo cc ng ta t cc pin nhit in theo di nhit v khng
ch nhit phn ng.
Kh nguyn liu c thi t trn xung qua lp xc tc trong ng trnh
s cun i theo dng kh ca xc tc lm hao tn xc tc v lm cn trong sn
phm. Dng cht lm lnh khng ch nhit trong thit b ny (lm lnh
bng nc ngng t). Kh sn phm (tc l hn hp i ra t thit b phn ng 5)
u tin c a qua thit b trao i nhit (4) v sau vo cyclon (6)
phn ring bi xc tc (bi cacbon). Vinyl axetat v cc sn phm khc dng
phng php hp th hay ngng t tng bc tch ring: u tin cho thit b
(7) lm lnh bng nc hn hp i ra y thit b (7) c nhit khong 70oC
ri cho vo thit b phn ring kh(11) th nht ti y phn hn hp kh sn
phm khng ngng t c lm lnh tip bng nc mui thit b lm lnh
(8), hn hp i ra y thp (8) c nhit khong 40oC v c a vo thit b
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
phn ring kh th hai, ti y phn hn hp kh khng ngng t c tip tc

lm lnh bng NH3 lng thit b lm lnh (9), hn hp i ra y thp (9) c
nhit 20oC v c a vo thit b phn ring kh (11) th ba tch C2H2.
Vic lm lnh tng bc cho php tit kim cht lm lnh nhit thp. Dng
my nn tun hon (21) a axetylen cha chuyn ho vo thit b trn (1),
mt phn kh tun hon em lm sch v sau nhiu qu trnh tun hon trong
axetylen xy ra s tch t kh tr.
Phn ngng t 3 thit thit b phn ring kh (11) ch yu l VA ( 6070%), axit axetic cha phn ng (30-40%), mt t axetandehyt, axeton v phn
on nng EDA. Vinyl axetat ngng t cho vo thng cha (12) ri i tinh
luyn. trnh VA trng hp cn cho hydroquinol vo trc khi em tinh
luyn.
Hn hp sn phm lng th trong thng cha (12) c bm (13) a vo
thit bntao i nhit (10) un nng hn hp n nhit cn thit ri mi
a vo thp chng (15). Ti y ta s thu c phn nh gm cc kh pha trn
nh thp c nhit si thp nh: axetaldehyd, axit axetic, axeton, CO2 s
thot ra nh thp. Sau ln lt n vinyl axetat, axit axetic (c tun
hon li thit b phn ng). Etyliden diaxetat l cn i ra y thp. VA i ra t
thp qua thit b ngng t (16) ri cho qua thng cha (18). Etyliden diaxetat
c ngng t trong thit b lng (17) ri cho vo thng cha (19). Phn
khng bay hi y thp c em i t chy.
Nhn xt:
- u im: Phng php sn xut VA trong pha hi t hiu sut chuyn ho
cao, xc tc r tin v t n mn thit b phn ng.
- Nhc im: Phn ng tin hnh ngit cao hn cc phng php khc
v cn lm sch tt C2H2 trc khi a vo thit b.
Ch : Sn phm hi VA rt c, VA li rt d b trng hp v th khng
nn gi VA qu 24 gi m khng c cht n nh ( thng l hydroquinol hoc
diphenylamine 0,010,02).
B. TNH CN BNG VT CHT
Cc s liu k thut tnh ton thit k dy truyn sn xut VA t

axetylen v axit axetic trn xc tc km axetat/than hot tnh vi nng sut
80.000 tn/nm.
Nng sut trung bnh theo mi ngy lm vic:
-
S ngy trong mt nm l 365 ngy.
S ngy sa cha nh : 5 ngy.
S ngy sa cha ln : 10 ngy.
S ngy ngh l tt : 10 ngy.
Nh vy :
Tng s ngy lm vic trong mt nm l :
365 - (10+ 10 + 5) = 340 ngy
Tng nng sut ca nm l 80.000 tn = 80.106 (Kg)
Nng sut ca qu trnh t (tn/nmkg/h):
80.000.000
= 9803,922 (Kg/h)
340 24
Mt mt trong qu trnh l 2%:
9803,922 2
= 196,078 (Kg/h)
100
Vy lng VA trong ton b qu trnh l:
9803,922 + 196,078 = 10.000 (Kg/h)
ay chnh la lng san pham VA i ra khoi thiet b phan ng.
I. CN BNG VT CHT TI THIT B PHN NG
1. Tnh lng vt cht vo thit b phn ng
a. Lng C2H2 tinh khit cn cho phn ng to thnh VA theo nng
sut ra khi thit b phn ng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
26
86
10.000
+ 28,3 kcal/j
(1)
10.000 26
= 3023,256 (kg/h)
86
y chnh l 92% lng C2H2 trong tng s lng C2H2 tinh khit cho ton
b chuyn ho thanh VA va EDA. Lng C2H2 tinh khiet can cho toan
bo chuyen hoa l:
3023,256 100
= 3286,148 (kg/h)
92
Lng C2H2 cn li 8% chuyn ho thnh EDA l:
3286,148 8
= 262,892 (kg/h)
100
Hiu sut chuyn ho ca C2H2 theo phn ng l 95% tng ng vi
3286,148 kg/h. V vy ta tnh c lng C2H2 cn cho 1 ln phn ng:
3286,148 100
= 3459,103 (kg/h)
95
Thc te ty le cua C2H2 so vi CH3COOH a vao la rat ln
(gap 5 lan ve so mol) nen ta ch can tnh theo lng C2H2 chuyen
hoa la u.
b. Lng CH3COOH cn phn ng vi C2H2 to thnh VA theo
nang suat
Theo phng trnh trn ta c:
26 kg C2H2/h phn ng vi 60 kg CH3COOH/h
3023,256 Kg C2H2/h y kg CH3CHOOH/h
y=
60 3023,256
= 6976,745 (kg/h)
26
c. Lng CH3COOH cn phn ng vi C2H2 to thnh sn phm ph

EDA
Phn ng to thnh EDA:
CH2= CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH CH3- CH(OCOCH3)2
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
26 kg C2H2/h phn ng vi 120 kg CH3COOH/h 146 kg EDA/h
262,892 kg C2H2/h phn ng vi n kg CH3CHOOH/h m kg EDA/h
Lng CH3COOH cn phn ng:
n=
262,892 120
= 1213,348 (kg/h)
26
Lng EDA to thnh:
m=
262,892146
= 1476,239 (kg/h)
26
Vy tng lng CH3COOH cn cho phn ng to thnh VA v EDA l:

6976,745 + 1213,348 = 8190,093 (kg/h)
Do s chuyn ho ca CH3COOH l 99% nn lng CH3COOH tinh khit
thc t l:
8190,093 100
= 8272,821 (kg/h) = 137,880 (kmol/h)
99
Lng CH3COOH k thut cn a vo c nng 98% nn lng
CH3COOH k thut thc t cn l:
8190,093 100
= 8357,238 (kg/h)
98
d. Tnh lng C2H2 cn cho ton b qu trnh trong 1 gi
hiu sut qu trnh l cao nht th t l C2H2/ CH3COOH ti thiu l
5:1. V vy lng C2H2 theo t l l:
5 137,880 = 689,4 (kmol/h) = 17924,4 (kg/h)
- Lng C2H2 tn tht trong ton b qu trnh (2%) l:
17924 ,4 2
= 358,488 (kg/h)
100
- Lng C2H2 mt mt trong 1 gi:
S vng tun hon c th phn ng ton b lng C2H2:
17924,4
= 5,454 (vng)
3286,148
- Lng C2H2 mt mt 1 ln:
358,488
= 65,729 (kg/h)
5,454
Vy lng C2H2 tinh khit a vo thit b phn ng trong 1 gi l:
17924,4 +65,729 = 17990,129 (kg/h) = 691,928 (kmol/h)
c. Tnh lng C2H2 k thut vo thit b phn ng

i nng phn ng C2H2 k thut ra nng % khi lng.
X C 2 H2 = 0,96 kmol/kmol
M C 2 H2 = 26 kg/kmol
X N 2 = 0,026 kmol/kmol
M N 2 = 28
X O2 = 0,004 kmol/kmol
M O2 = 32 kg/kmol
X C4 H 4 = 0,01 kmol/kmol
M C 4 H 4 = 52 kg/kmol
kg/kmol
Theo cng thc:

ai =
=>
M Xi
m i X i
a C2H 2 =
(kg/kg)
26 0,96
= 0,948 (kg/kg)
26 0,96 + 28 0,026 + 32 0,004 + 5 0,01
a N2 =
28 0,026
= 0,028 (kg/kg)
26,336
a O2 =
32 0,004
= 0,005 (kg/kg)
26,336
a C4H 4 =
52 0,01
= 0,020 (kg/kg)
26,336
Lng C2H2 k thut cn a vo l:

17990 ,129 100
= 18982 ,937 (kg/h)
94,77
2. Tnh lng tp cht mang vo

Lng N 2 = 18982,937
2,76
= 523,929 (kg/h)
100
Lng O 2 = 18982,937
0,49
= 93,016 (kg/h)
100
Lng C 4 H 4 = 18982,937
1,98
= 375,862 (kg/h)
100
Vy, tng lng tp cht do C2H2 k thut mang vo l:

523,929 + 93,016 + 375,862 = 992,807 (kg/h)
Lng tp cht do CH3COOH k thut mang vo l:
X C 3COOH = 8357,238
2
= 167,145 (kg/h)
100
Vy, tng lng tp cht do C2H2 v CH3COOH k thut mang vo l:

992,807 + 167,145 = 1159,952 (kg/h)
3. Tnh lng tp cht ra khi thit b phn ng
Theo cc tnh ton trc ta c:
- Lng sn phm VA i ra: 10.000
(kg/h).
- Lng sn phm ph ED: 1476,239
(kg/h).
- Lng CH3COOH tinh khit i ra:

8272,821 8190,093 = 82,728 (kg/h)
- Lng C2H2 tinh khit i ra:
17924,4 3286,148 = 14638,252 (kg/h)
- Lng tp cht mang ra coi nh khng i nn ta c:
Tp cht do CH3COOH k thut mang vo: 167,145 (kg/h).
Tp cht do C2H2 k thut mang vo: 992,807 (kg/h).
Bng cn bng vt cht ti thit b phn ng
Cu t vo
T. lng (kg/h)
C2H2
Cu t ra
T. lng (kg/h)
17924,4
VA
8272,821
EDA
N2
523,929
CH3COOHd
O2
93,016
C2H2 d
375,862
N2
523,929
167,145
O2
93,016
C4H4
375,862
CH3COOH
C4H4
Tp
cht
do
CH3COOH mang vo
Tp cht do
CH3COOH mang vo
Tng vo
27357,173
Tng ra
10.000
1476,239
82,728
14638,252
167,145
27357,173
Ngoi cc cu t i ra khi thit b phn ng trong bng cn bng vt cht

cn c mt lng nh cc sn phm ph nh: axetaldehyd, PVA, axeton
c to ra do VA trng hp, thy phn v acid axetic phn hu. V vy

thun li cho qu trnh tnh ton, cc lng nh ny ta tnh n vo cc lng
VA v CH3COOH i ra. Cn v s liu ta s tnh phn vt cht i ra ca thp
chng luyn.
II. CN BNG VT CHT CA THIT B LM LNH
1. Tnh cn bmg vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (7)
a. Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (7)
i vo thit b lm lnh (7) chnh l lng sm phm ra khi thit b phn
ng:
Lng VA
10.000
(kg/h)
Lng EDA
1476,239
(kg/h)
Lng CH3COOH d
82,728
(kg/h)
Lng C2H2 d
14638,252
(kg/h)
Lng N2
523,929
(kg/h)
Lng O2
93,016
(kg/h)
Lng C4H4
375,862
(kg/h)
Lng tp cht do CH3COOH mang vo
167,145
(kg/h)
Tng lng vt cht i vo thit b (7)
27357,836
(kg/h)
b. Lng vt cht ra khi thit b lm lnh (7)

Khi i vo thit b lm lnh (7) th ch c VA, EDA, CH3COOH v tp
cht do CH3COOH mang vo l b ngng t, cc cht cn khng b ngng t.
Hu sut ca thit b (7) l 70% nn ta c:
+ Lung VA c ngng t v i vo thng (12):
10.000
70
= 7.000 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng VA khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (8).

10.000 7.000 = 3.000 (kg/h)
+ Lng EDA c ngng t v i vo thng (12).
1476,239
70
= 1033,367 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng EDA khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (8).
1476,239 1033,367 = 442,872 (kg/h)

+ Lng CH3COOH d c ngng t v i vo thng (12).
82,728
70
= 57,910 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng CH3COOH d khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (8).

82,728 57,910 = 24,818 (kg/h)
+ Lng tp cht do CH3COOH mang vo b ngng t v i n thng
(12).
167 ,145
70
= 117 ,002 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng tp cht do do CH3COOH mang vo khng ngng t i sang

thit b lm lnh (8):
167,145 117,002 = 50,143(kg/h)
c. Cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (7)
Cu t vo
T.lng(kg/h)
VA
EDA
10.000 VA i vo thng (12)

1476,293 EDA i vo thng (12)
CH3COOH
C2H2
N2
82,728 CH3COOHi vo thng (12)

14638,252
Tp cht ca
CH3COOH
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i ra
vo thng (12)
523,929 VA i sang thit b (8)
O2
C4H4
Cu t ra
93,016 EDA i sang thit b (8)

375,862 CH3COOHi sang thit b (8)
167,145
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i
sang thit b (8)
C2H2 i sang thit b (8)
27357,225
7.000
1033,367
57,910
117,002
3.000
442,872
24,818
50,143
14638,252
N2 i sang thit b (8)
523,929
O2 i sang thit b (8)
93,016

Tng vo
T.lng(kg/h)
Tng ra
375,862
27357,225
2. Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (8)

a. Lng vt cht ca thit b (8).
Tng lng vt cht vo thit b (8) l ton b phn khi lng ngng t
thit b (7)
Lng VA
3.000
(kg/h)
Lng EDA
442,872
(kg/h)
Lng CH3COOH
24,818
(kg/h)
Lng tp cht ca CH3COOH
50,143
(kg/h)
Lng C2H2
14638,252
(kg/h)
Lng N2
523,929
(kg/h)
Lng O2
93,016
(kg/h)
Lng C4H4
375,862
(kg/h)
Tng lng vt cht vo thit b (8):
19148,890
(kg/h)
b. Tnh lng vt cht i ra khi thit b lm lnh (8)

Ti thit b lm lnh (8) th VA, EDA, CH3COOH c ngng t mt
phn v i vo thng (12), phn cn li th cng kh khng ngng t i sang
thit b lm lnh (8) l 66% nn ta c:
+ Lng VA ngng t v i vo thng (12):
3.000
66
= 1980 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng VA khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (9):

3.000 1980 = 1020 (kg/h)
+ Lng EDA ngng t v i vo thng (12):
442,872
66
= 292,296 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng EDA khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (9):

442,296 292,296 = 150,576 (kg/h)
+ Lng CH3COOH ngng t v i vo thng (12):
10
24,818
66
= 16,380 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng CH3COOH khng ngng t i sang thit b lm lnh (9):

24,818 16,380 = 8,438 (kg/h)
+ Lng tp cht ca CH3COOH ngng t v i vo thng (12).
50,143
66
= 33,094 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng tp cht ca CH3COOH khng ngng t i sang thit b lm

lnh (9):
50,143 33,094 = 17,049 (kg/h)
c. Cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (8)
Cu t vo
T.lng(kg/h)
VA
EDA
CH3COOH
Cu t ra
3.000 VA i ra vo thng (12)

442,872 EDA i ra vo thng (12)
24,818
CH3COOH i ra vo thng
T.lng(kg/h)
1980
292,296
16,380
(12)
Tp cht ca
CH3COOH
C2H2
N2
50,143
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i ra
vo thng (12)
14638,252 VA i sang thit b (9)

523,929 EDA i sang thit b (9)
O2
93,016 CH3COOH i sang thit b (9)
C4H4
375,862
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i
sang thit b (9)
19148,892
1020
150,576
8,438
17,049
14683,252
N2 i sang thit b (9)
523,872
O2 i sang thit b (9)
93,006

Tng vo
33,094
Tng ra
375,821
19148,748
3. Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (9)
11
a. Lng vt cht vo thit b lm lnh (9)

Lng vt cht vo thit b lm lnh (9) l phn khng ngng t thit b
lm lnh (8) i sang:
Lng VA
1020
(kg/h)
Lng EDA
150,576
(kg/h)
Lng CH3COOH
8,438
(kg/h)
Lng tp cht ca CH3COOH
17,049
Lng C2H2
14683,252
(kg/h)
(kg/h)
Lng N2
523,929
(kg/h)
Lng O2
93,016
(kg/h)
Lng C4H4
375,862
(kg/h)
Tng lng vt cht vo thit b (9):
16827,122
(kg/h)
b. Lng vt cht ra khi thit b (9)

Ti thit b (9) th VA, EDA, CH3COOH v tp cht ca CH3COOH mang
vo c ngng t v a vo thng (12). Phn khng ngng t nh: C2H2, N2,
O2, C4H4 c a n my nn kh (21) tun hon tr li. Hiu sut ca thit
b (9) l >99% ngng t trit hn (ly khong 95%).
+ Lng VA ngng t i vo thit b (12)
1020
95
= 969 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra, lng VA khng ngng t i ti my nn (21):

1020 969 = 51 (kg/h)
+ Lng EDA ngng t i vo thit b (12):
150,576
95
= 143,047 (kg/h)
100
Suy ra lng EDA khng ngng t i ti my nn (21):

150,576 143,047 = 7,529 (kg/h)
+ Lng CH3COOH ngng t i vo thit b (12):
8,438
95
= 8,016 (kg/h)
100
12
Suy ra lng CH3COOH khng ngng t i ti my nn (21):

8,438 8,016 = 0,416 (kg/h)
+ Lng tp cht ca CH3COOH ngng t i vo thit b (12):
95
= 16,197 (kg/h)
100
17,049
Suy ra lng tp cht ca CH3COOH khng ngng t i ti my nn (21):

17,049 16,197 = 0,852 (kg/h)
c. Bng cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (9)
Cu t vo
T.lng(kg/h)
VA
EDA
CH3COOH
Tp cht ca
CH3COOH
C2H2
N2
Cu t ra
T.lng(kg/h)
1020 VA i ra vo thng (12)

150,576 EDA i ra vo thng (12)
8,438
17,049
969
143,047
CH3COOH i ra vo thng (12)
8,016
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i ra vo
16,197
thng (12)
14638,252 VA i sang my nn (21)
51
523,929 EDA i sang my nn (21)
O2
7,529
93,016 CH3COOH i sang my nn (21)
C4H4
375,862
Tp cht ca CH3COOH i sang
14683,252
N2 i sang my nn (21)
523,872
O2 i sang my nn (21)
93,006
C4H4 i sang my nn (21)

16827,122
0,839
my nn (21)
C2H2 i sang my nn (21)
Tng vo
0.422
Tng ra
375,821
16827,122
III. TNH CN BNG VT CHT CA THP CHNG LUYN

Hon hp san pham t cac thiet b ngng tu (7), (8), (9) i vao
thung cha (12) c cho them hydroquinol e tranh s trung hp.
Sau o hon hp c a en thiet b gia nhiet bang hi nc (10)
13
e un nong hon hp en nhiet o can thiet trc khi vao thap

chng luyen.
1. Tnh lng chat vao thap chng luyen
Lng vat chat vao thap chng luyen chnh la tong so VA,
EDA, CH3COOH va tap chat cua CH3COOH k thut trong thng (12).
Lng VA i vo thp chng luyn:
7.000 + 1980 + 969 = 9949 (kg/h)
Lng EDA i vo thp chng luyn:
1033,367 + 292,296 + 143,047 = 1468,71 (kg/h)
Lng CH3COOH i vo thp chng luyn:
57,910 + 16,380 + 8,016
= 82,306 (kg/h)
Lng tp cht ca CH3COOH i vo thp chng luyn:

117,002 + 33,094 + 16,197
= 166,313 (kg/h)
Tng lng vt cht i vo chng luyn:

9949 + 1468,71 + 82,306 + 166,313 = 11666,329 (kg/h)
2. Tnh lng vt cht i ra khi thp chng luyn
lng vt cht i ra khi thit b phn ng, c 1 lng nh cc sn phm
ph nh:
PVA, axeton, axetalehydc to ra do VA trng hp, thy phn v
CH3COOH phn hy. Ti y ta s tnh ton cc lng sn phm ph ny.
Thp chng luyn phn tch cc hn hp sn phm vi cc thng s hiu
sut lm vic nh sau:
- i vi VA: c 1,5% trng hp v to cn, 0,2% i vo thng cha EDA
(19), 0,3% phn hy to ra acid axetic v axetaldehyd, cn li i vo thng cha
VA (18).
+ Lng VA trng hp v to cn:
9949
1,5
= 149,235 (kg/h)
100
+ Lng VA i vo thng cha EDA (19):
9949
0,2
= 19,898 (kg/h)
100
14
+ Lng VA phn hy to ra acid axetic v axetaldehyd:
9949
0,3
= 29,847 (kg/h)
100
Theo phng trnh phn ng thu phn VA:

CH2=CHOCOCH3 + H2O
CH3COOH +
CH3CHO
86 kg VA s phn ng vi 18 kg nc sinh ra 60 kg acid axetic v 44 kg

axetaldehyd.
Vy t 29,847 kg VA s phn ng vi 6,155 kg nc sinh ra 20,511 kg
Acid axetic v 15,041 kg Axetaldehyd .
Lng nc dng cho phn ng thy phn ly t lng hi nc do tp
cht mang theo.
Trong 15,041 kg axetaldehyd th c 0,752 kg i vo thng cha (18) cn
14,290 kg i ra pha trn nh thp.
=> Lng VA i vo thng cha (18):
9949 (147,044 + 19,606 + 29,409) = 9752,941 (kg/h)
- i vi EDA: c 3% to cn ra ngoi, 0,1% i vo thng cha VA cn li
i vo thng cha EDA (9).
+ Lng EDA to cn ra ngoi:
1468,154
3
= 44,061 (kg/h)
100
+ Lng EDA i vo thng cha VA (18):
1468,154
0,1
= 1,468 (kg/h)
100
=> Lng EDA i vo thng cha EDA (19):

1468,154 - (44,061 + 1,468) = 1423,18 (kg/h)
- i vi CH3COOH: c 1% i vo thng cha (18), 1% i vo thng cha
(19), 1% to cn, 2% b phn hy cn li thu c cho tun hon tr li thit b
(2).
+ Lng CH3COOH i vo thng cha (18):
82,306
1
= 0,823 (kg/h)
100
15
+ Lng CH3COOH i vo thng cha (19): 0,823 (kg/h)

+ Lng CH3COOH to cn: 0,823 (kg/h)
+ Lng CH3COOH b phn hy theo phng trnh:
2CH3COOH
82,306
CH3- CO- CH3 + CO2 + H2O
2
= 1,646 (kg/h)
100
1,622 kg/h CH3COOH b phn hu s to thnh 0,784 kg/h axeton cng vi

0,595 (kg/h) kh CO2 i ra nh thp v lng nc vo thng (18) l 0,243
(kg/h).
=> Lng CH3COOH cn li l:
82,306 (1,646 + 0,823 3) = 78,191 (kg/h)
- Lng tp cht i vo sau khi mt 6,155 cho phn ng thu phn VA
cn li l:
167,145 - 6,201 = 160,944 (kg/h)
Lng tp cht ny b ho tan v to thnh cn.
+ Tng lng cn to thnh y thp ra ngoi:
160,944 + 148,14 + 44,061 + 0,823 = 353,968 (kg/h)
+ Tng lng CH3COOH thu c cho tun hon tr li thit b (2):
78,191 + 20,671 = 98,862 (kg/h)
3. Bng cn bng vt cht ca thp chng luyn
Cu t vo
VA
EDA
CH3COOH
Tp cht ca
T.lng
(kg/h)
Cu t ra
9949 VA i ra thng cha (18)

1468,71 VA i vo thng (19)
82,306 VA to cn y thp
T.lng
(kg/h)
9752,941
19,898
149,253
166,313 EDA i vo thng cha (18)
1,469
Ghi ch: Lng VA EDA i vo thng cha (19)
1423,18
CH3COOH
y bao gm c lng EDA to cn
44,061
VA v CH3COOH to ra CH3COOH thu c tun hon li (2)
98,926
16
cc sn phm ph nh : CH3COOH i vo thng cha (18)
0,823
PVA,
0,823
axeton, CH3COOH to cn
axetaldehyd
CH3COOH i vo thng cha (19)
0,823
Lng hi nc i vo thng cha (18)
0,267
Lng axetaldehyd to thnh
15,159
Axeton i ra pha trn nh thp
0,784
CO2 i ra pha trn nh thp
0,595
Cn do tp cht to thnh
Tng vo
160,944
11666329 Tng ra
11666329
Tnh nng ca VA sn phm trong thng (18):
C VA =
C VA =
m VA
m VA + m EDA + m CH3COOH + m CH3CHO + m H 2O
100%
9752,941
100% = 99,97%
9752,941 + 1,469 + 0,823 + 0,784 + 0,267
CVA = 99,97%
C.TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG

I. TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG TI THIT B TRAO I NHIT
Hn hp nguyn liu c nhit 1500C i vo thit b trao i nhit, c

hn hp sn phm phn ng un nng ti nhit cn thit trc khi i vo
thit b phn ng. Hn hp sn phm phn ng i vo c nhit 2100C v i
ra khi thit b trao i nhit c nhit 1700C.
Ta c:
Q1: Nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo, kcal/h.
Q2: Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang vo, kcal/h.
Q3: Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang ra, kcal/h.
Q4: Nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang ra, kcal/h.
Q5: Nhit lng do mt mt trong qu trnh, kcal/h.
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng:
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5
17
1. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo

Hn hp nguyn liu c nhit 1500C i vo tht b trao i nhit bao
gm: C2H2, N2, O2, C4H4 v CH3COOH cng tp cht ca n.
Nhit lng ca tng cht c tnh theo cng thc:
qi = Gi Ci ti , kcal/h.
Trong :
+ Gi l khi lng ca cht i, kg/h.
+ Ci l nhit dung ring ca cht i, Kcal/h.
+ ti l nhit ca cht i, 0C
Tng nhit lng ca hn hp s l: Q = q i , kcal/h
Ta c khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp:
G C2H2 = 17990,129
(kg/h)
G N 2 = 523,992
(kg/h)
G O 2 = 93,016
(kg/h)
G C 4 H 4 = 375,861
(kg/h)
i vi CH3COOH v tp cht ca n ta coi nh tnh ton chung l

CH3COOH:
G ch = G CH3COOH + G t = 8272,821 + 167,690 = 8440,511 (Kg/h)
c
Nhit dung ca tng cu t
C CP2H2 = 0,469 (kcal/kg ) [ 7.178-195]

C PN 2 = 0,250
(kcal/kg )
C OP2 = 0,227
(kcal/kg ) [7.178-203]
[7.178-202]
Nhit dung ring ca C4H4 c tnh theo cng thc:

CP =
n 1C1 + n 2 C 2 + n 3 C 3 + ...
M
[7.41 - 203]
Trong :
+ Cp l nhit dung ca hn hp cht ho hc, kcal/kg
+ M l khi lng mol ca hp cht.
18
+ n1, n2, n3 l s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng ng, kcal/kg ngt

1500C ta c:
CHP = 3,465 (kcal/kg ngt )

C CP = 0,415 (kcal/kg ngt )
Vi C4H4 th M = 52 ; nC= 4; nO= 4 nn ta c:
C CP4H 4 =
4 0,415 + 4 3,465
= 0,299 (kcal/kg )
52
Nhit dung ca CH3COOH c tnh theo cng thc: CP = (T )

CP = a + bT + cT2
Trong a, b, c l cc h s ca phng trnh
i vi axit trng thi kh ta c:
T = 150 + 273 = 4230K
a0 = 5,2
a1 = 46,16 10-3
a2 = -18,35 10-6
Thay s vo ta c:
3COOH
C CH
= 5,2 + ( 46,16 10 3 423) (18,35 10 6 423 2 )
P
= 29,057 (kcal/kmol )
= 0,484
Ta c :
(kcal/kg )
Q = ( G i Ci ) t
COOH
).t
Q1 = ( G C H C CP H + G N C PN + G 0 C OP + G C H C CP H + G ch C CH
P
2
Q1
(17990,129 0,469
523,929 0,250
93,016 0,227
375,862 0,299 + 8440,511 0,484) 150

Q1 = 1918060,05
(kcal/h)
2. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang vo

Hn hp sn phm phn ng c nhit 2100C i vo thit b trao i
nhit bao gm : C2H2, N2, O2, C4H4, VA, EDA v CH3COOH cng tp cht ca
n. Ta c khi lng ca cc cht nh sau:
G C2H2 = 14638,252 (kg/h)

G N 2 = 523,929
(kg/h)
19
G O 2 = 93,016
(kg/h)
G C 4H 4 = 375,862
(kg/h)
G VA = 10.000
(kg/h)
G EDA = 1476,293
(kg/h)
G ch = G CH3COOH + G t/c = 82,728 + 167,145 = 249,872 (kg/h)

Nhit dung ca cc cht 2100C:
CCP2H2 = 0,496
(kcal/kg ) [7.177-195]
C PN 2 = 0,253
(kcal/kg ) [7.178-202]
C OP2 = 0,234
(kcal/kg ) [7.178-203]
C CP4H 4 = 0,414
(kcal/kg )
C VA
= 0,406
P
(kcal/kg )
C CP = 0,416
(kcal/kg )
C HP = 3,468
(kcal/kg )
EDA c M = 146; nc =6; nH = 10; nO=4 nn:
C EDA
=
P
6 0,416 + 10 3,468 + 4 0,234

= 0,261 (kcal/kg.)
146

CP = a + bT + cT2
T = 210 + 273 = 4830K
Thay s vo ta c:
3COOH
C CH
= 5,2 + ( 46,16 10 3 483) (18,35 10 6 483 2 )
P
= 31,9804 (kcal/kmol ) = 0,5318 (kcal/kg )

Vy nhit lng ca hn hp sn phm phn ng mang vo 2100C l:
Q2
(14683,252 0,469
523,929 0,253
93,016 0,234
375,862 0,414
20
+ 10.000 0,406 + 1476,293 0,261 + 249,873 0,532) 210

Q2 = 2467765,44 (kcal/h)
3. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang ra
Hn hp sn phm phn ng ra khi thit b trao i nhit c thnh phn
khi lng cc cht khng i v nhit dung ring ca chng 1700C nh sau:
C CP 2H 2 = 0,481
(kcal/kg )
C PN2 = 0,252
(kcal/kg )
COP2 = 0,230
(kcal/kg )
C VA
P = 0,376
(kcal/kg )
CCP = 0,414
(kcal/kg )
C HP = 3,468
(kcal/kg )
C4H4 c M = 52, nC= 4; nH = 4 nn ta c:
C CP4H 4 =
4 0,414 + 4 3,468
= 0,299 (kcal/kg )
52
EDA c M = 146; nc =6; nH = 10; nO=4 nn:
C EDA
=
P
6 0,416 + 10 3,468 + 4 0,234

= 0,261 (kcal/kg )
146

CP = a + bT + cT2
T = 170 + 273 = 4430K
Thay s vo ta c :
3COOH
C CH
= 5,2 + ( 46,16 10 3 443) (18,35 10 6 443 2 )
P
= 30,022 (kcal/kmol ) = 0,500 (kcal/kg )

Vy nhit lng ca hn hp sn phm phn ng mang ra 1700C:
Q3 = (14638,252 0,481 + 523,929 0,252 + 93,016 0,230 +
375,862 0,299 + 10.000 0,376 + 1476,293 0,261 + 249,873 0,500)
170
21
Q3 = 1968099,35 (kcal/h)
4. Tnh nhit lng mt mt ca qu trnh
Nhit lng mt mt ca qu trnh bng 2% tng nhit lng vo (Q1 +Q2)
Q5 = (Q1 + Q2) 2%
= (1918060,05 + 2467765,44) 0,02
Vy Q5 = 87716,510 (kcal/h)
5. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang ra
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4 + Q5
=> Q4 = (Q1 + Q2) (Q3 + Q5)
= (1918060,05 + 2467765,44) (1968099,35 + 87716,510)
Vy Q4 = 2330009,64 (kcal/h)
Bng cn bng nhit lng ca thit b trao i nhit
NHIT LNG VO (kcal/h)
Q1 : nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo
1918060,05
Q2 : Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang
2467765,44
vo
TNG CNG
4385825,49
NHIT LNG RA (kcal/h)
Q3 : Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm phn ng mang ra
1968099,35
Q4 : Nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang ra
2330009,64
Q5 : Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh

TNG CNG
87716,510
4385825,50
II. TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG CA THIT B PHN NG

Hn hp nguyn liu vo thit b phn ng c nhit 1701800C, ti y
cc phn ng ca qu trnh tng hp VA xy ra v c s to nhit ln.
khng ch nhit ca qu trnh ta cho nc c nhit 250C i bn ngoi cc
ng ca thit b khi ra ngoi c nhit 450C. Hn hp sn phm phn ng i
ra c nhit 2100C.
22
tnh ton cn bng nhit lng ca thit b phn ng ta chn mt s

thng s sau:
-
Nhit nguyn liu u 250C.
Nhit nguyn liu vo thit b 1700C.
Nhit sn phm ra khi thit b 2100C.
Mt s k hiu:
Q1: Nhit lng do cc phn ng to ra, (kcal/h).
Q2: Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang ra, (kcal/h).
Q3: Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo, (kcal/h).
Q4: Nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo, (kcal/h).
Q5: Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang ra, (kcal/h).
Q6: Nhit lng mt mt ca qu trnh, (kcal/h).
1. Nhit lng do phn ng to ra
Trong qu trnh tng hp VA ngoi phn ng chnh cn xy ra cc phn
ng ph. Nhit lng to ra ch yu l do 2 phn ng sau:
C2H2 + CH3COOH CH2CHOCOCH3 + 28,3 (kcal/mol)
CH2 = CHOCOCH3 + CH3COOH CH3CH(OCOCH3)2 + 6,2 (kcal/mol)
Nhit lng to ra do phn ng to VA l:
9949 1000 28,3

= 3273915,116 (kcal/h)
86
Nhit lng to ra do phn ng to EDA l:
1476,293 1000 6,2

= 62691,895 (kcal/h)
146
Nhit lng do cc phn ng to ra l:
Q1 = 3273915,116 + 62691,895 = 3336607,011 (kcal/h)
2. Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang ra
Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng i vo thit b trao i nhit un
nng hn hp nguyn liu. Do : Q2 = 2467765,44 (kcal/h)
3. Tnh nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo
Gi lng nc cn a vo l G H O (kg/h)
2
23
Nhit dung ring ca nc 250C l
CHP2O = 0,999 (kcal/kg )

Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo l:
Q 3 = G H2O C HP2O 25 = G H2O 0,999 25 = 24,975 G H2O

(kcal/h)
4. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo
Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca hn hp phn ng mang ra t
thit b trao i nhit. Do Q4 = 2330009,64 (kcal/h)
5. Tnh nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang ra
Nc i ra khi thit b phn ng c nhit t = 450C.
Nhit dung ring ca nc 450C l:
C HP 2O = 0,998 (kcal/h)
Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang ra:
Q 5 = G H 2O C HP 2O 45 = G H 2O 0,998 45 = 44,91 G H 2O (kcal/h)

6. Tnh nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh
Lng nhit mt mt trong qu trnh l 2%. Ta c:
Q6 = (Q1 + Q2 + Q3) 2%
Q6 = (3336607,011 + 2467765,44 + 24,975 G H O ) 0,02
2
Q6 = 116087,449 + 0,499 G H 2O
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit:
Q1 + Q3 + Q4 = Q2 + Q5 + Q6
3336607,011 + 24,975 G H O
+ 2330009,64
= 2467765,44 +
44,91 G H O +116087,449 + 0,499 G H O

2
=> G H O = 150864,43 (kg/h)

2
Thay vo trn ta c:
Q3 = 24,975 150864,43 = 3767839,138 (kcal/h)
Q5 = 44,91 150864,43 = 6775321,551 (kcal/h)
Q6 = 116087,449 + 0,499 150864,43 = 191368,800 (kcal/h)
24
Bng15. Bng cn bng nhit lng ti thit b phn ng

NHIT LNG U VO(kcal/h)
Nhit lng do cc phn ng to ra Q1
3336607,011
Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo Q3
3767839,138
Nhit lng do hn hp nguyn liu mang vo Q4

TNG
2330009,64
9434455,789
NHIT LNG U RA(kcal/h)

Nhit lng do sn phm mang ra Q2
2467765,44
Nhit lng do mt mt Q5
6775321,551
Nhit lng do cht ti nhit mang ra Q6

TNG
191368,800
9434455,791
III. TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG CA THIT B LM LNH

7
Hn hp sn phm i vo thit b lm lnh (7) c nhit 1700C. Ti y,
70% lng cht ngng c ngng t vi tc nhn lm lnh l nc. Nc lm
lnh c nhit vo l 250C v nhit ra l 450C. Hn hp sn phm ngng t
i ra c nhit 700C.
Q1: Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang vo, kcal/h.
Q2: Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo, kcal/h.
Q3: Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang ra, kcal/h.
QL: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra, kcal/h.
QK: Nhit lng do phn kh cha ngng t mang ra, kcal/h.
QH: Nhit lng ca phn hi cha ngng t mang ra, kcal/h.
Q4: Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh, kcal/h.
Q1+ Q2 = Q3+ QL + QK + QH + Q4
1. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang vo thit b lm lnh
(7)
25
B qua ma st trung gian ta c nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca sn

phm phn ng i ra khi thit b trao i nhit.
Do : Q1 = 1968099,35 (Kcal/h)
2. Tnh nhit lng ca hn hp sn phm ngng t i ra
Cc cht c ngng t gm c: VA v tp cht ca n. Lng cht c
ngng t chim n 70% lng cht ngng c tch bi thit b phn ring
kh- lng v a n thng cha (12). Phn kh khng ngng v hi cha ngng
t c a sang thit b lm lnh (8).
a. Tnh nhit lng ca phn lng c ngng t mang ra
Lng vt cht ngng t:
G VA = 7.000
(kg/h)
G EDA = 1033,367
(kg/h)
G ch = G CH 3COOH + G t/c = 57,910 + 117,002 = 174,912 (kg/h)

Nhit dung ring ca tng cht 700C l:
CVA
P = 0,486
(kcal/kg )
C CP = 0,414
(kcal/kg )
C HP = 3,456
(kcal/kg )
C OP = 0,223
(kcal/kg )
EDA c M = 146, nc =6; nH = 10, nO=4 nn:
=
C EDA
P
6 0,414 + 10 3,456 + 4 0,223

= 0,260 (kcal/kg )
146

CP = a + bT + cT2
T = 70 + 273 = 3430K
Thay s vo ta c :
3COOH
C CH
= 5,2 + ( 46,16 10 3 343) (18,35 10 6 343 2 )
P
26
= 25,048 (kcal/kmol )
= 0,418 (kcal/kg )
Nhit lng ca phn lng ngng t mang ra 700C:
CH COOH
VA
EDA
) 70
QL= (G VA C P + G EDA C P + G CH3COOH C P 3
= (7.000 0,486 + 1033,367 0,260 + 174,912 0,418) 70

QL = 262048,5 (kcal/h)
b. Tnh nhit lng ca phn kh khng ngng t mang ra
Lng vt cht khng ngng t:
G C 2 H 2 = 14638,252
(kg/h)
G N 2 = 523,992
(kg/h)
G O 2 = 93,016
(kg/h)
G C4H 4 = 3750862
(kg/h)
Nhit dung ring ca cc kh khng ngng t 700C:

C C2H 2 = 0,419 (kcal/kg )
C PN 2 = 0,249
(kcal/kg )
C OP 2 = 0,223
(kcal/kg )
C CP4H 4 = 0,414 (kcal/kg )
Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang ra:

QK = (G C2H 2 C P 2
C H2
+ G N 2 C PN 2 + G O2 C OP2 + G C4H 4 C CP4H 4 ) 70
= (14638,525 0,419 + 523,929 0,249 + 93,016 0,223 + 375,862 0,414)

70
= 451236,520 (Kcal/h)
c. Tnh nhit lng ca hi cha ngng t mang ra.
Lng hi cha ngng t:
G VA = 3.000
(kg/h)
G EDA = 422,872
(kg/h)
G ch = 24,818 + 50,143 = 74,961 (kg/h)
27
Nhit dung ring ca hi sn phm 700C:
CVA
P = 0,486
(kcal/kg )
C EDA
= 0,260
P
(kcal/kg )
3COOH
C CH
= 0,418
P
(kcal/kg )
Nhit ho hi ca cc cht 700C:

rVA = 78,040
(kcal/kg) [7.216-261]
rEDA = 33,017 (kcal/kg) [7.216-261]

rCH 3COOH = 90,600 (kcal/kg) [7.213-256]
Nhit lng do hn hp hi cha ngng t mang ra:

COOH
EDA
QH = G VA (C VA
70 + rEDA ) + G ch (C CH
70 + rCH COOH )
P 70 + rVA ) + G EDA (C P
P
3
QH = 3.000 (0,486 70 + 78,040) + 442,872 (0,26 70 + 33,017) +

74,961 (0,418 70 + 90,6)
QH = 367382,541 (kcal/h)
3. Tnh nhit lng do nc lnh mang vo thit b
Nc cung cp lm lnh i vo thit b c nhit 250C:
Ta c : C HP O = 0,999 (kcal/kg ) [7.149-168]
2
Lng nc vo l: G H 2O /h
Nhit lng do nc lnh mang vo c tnh.
Q 2 = G H 2O 0,999 25 (kcal/h)
4. Tnh nhit lng do nc lnh mang ra khi thit b
Nc i ra khi thit b c nhit 450C
Nhit dung ca nc 450C: C P 2 = 1,001 (kcal/h)
H O
Lng nc ra l: G H 2O /h
Nhit lng do nc lnh mang ra c tnh.
Q 3 = G H 2O 1,001 45 (kcal/h)
4. Tnh nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh.
Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh bng 2% (Q1 + Q2).
Q4 = 0,02 (Q1 + Q2) (kcal/h)
28
Thay cc i lng vo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c:

Q1 + Q2 = Q3+ QL + QK+ QH + Q4
Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + QL + QK+ QH + 0,02 (Q1 + Q2)
0,98 (Q1 + Q2) = Q3 + QL + QK+ QH
0,98 (1968099,35 + 24,97 G H 2O ) = 45,045 G H 2O + 262048,5 + 450800,28 +

367382,541
=>
G H 2O =
41241,666 (Kg/h)
Thay gi tr G H O vo cc phng trnh tnh nhit lng ta c:

2
Q2 = 24,97 G H O =24,97 41241,666 = 1029804,4 (Kcal/h)

2
Q3 = 45,045 41241,666 = 1857721,945 (Kcal/h)

Q4 = 0,02 (Q1+Q2) = 0,02 (1968099,35 +1029804,4)
Q4 = 59950,385 (Kcal/h)
Bng 12: Bng cn bng nhit lng ti thit b lm lnh (7)
Q1:Nhit lng do hn hp sn phm mang vo
Q2:Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang vo
Tng cng
1968099,35
1029804,4
2997903,75

Q3:Nhit lng do nc lm lnh mang ra
QL: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra
QK: Nhit lng do phn kh khng ngng t mang
1857721,945
262048,6
450800,28
ra
QH : Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang ra
Q4 : Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh
Tng cng
367382,541
59950,385
2997903,751
IV. TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG TI THIT B LM LNH

(8)
29
Hn hp i vo thitt b lm lnh (8) c nhit 700C bao gm kh khng

ngng t v hi cha ngng t. Tc nhn lm lnh ti thit b (8) l nc mui
20% NaCl, c nhit vo l O0C v nhit ra l 250C. Hn hp sn phm
ngng t i ra c nhit 400C.
Q1: Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo, kcal/h
QKv: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang vo, kcal/h
QHv: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang vo, kcal/h
QKr: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang ra, kcal/h
QLr: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra, kcal/h
QHr: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang ra, kcal/h
Q2: Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang ra, kcal/h
Q3: Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh, kcal/h
Phng trnh cn bng nhit lng.
Q1+ QKv + QHv = QKr + QLr + QHr + Q2 + Q3
1. Tnh nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo
Nc mui 20% i vo c t = O0C.
Khi lng nc mui: GNM
Nhit dung ring ca nc mui O0C: CM (kcal/h)
Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo:
Q1 = G NM C PNM t = G NM C PNM 0 = 0
2. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang vo

Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca kh khng ngng t mang ra t
thit b lm lnh (7), do : QKv= 450800,28 (kcal/h)
3. Nhit lng do hi cha ngng t mang vo
Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca hi cha ngng t mang ra t thit
b lm lnh (7), do : QHv = 367382,541 (kcal/h)
4. Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra.
Lng vt cht c ngng t ti thit b lm lnh (8):
G VA = 1980
(kg/h)
30
G EDA = 292,296
(kg/h)

Nhit dung ring ca cc cht 400C:
C VA
= 0,47
P
(kcal/kg )
C EDA
= 0,502
P
(kcal/kg )
3COOH
CCH
= 0,531
P
(kcal/kg )

EDA
3COOH
Q Lr = (G VA C VA
+ G ch C CH
) 40
P + G EDA C P
P
Q Lr = (1980 0,47 + 292,296 0,502 + 50,143 0,531) 40

QLr = 44158,36 (kcal/h)
5. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang ra
Lng vt cht khng b ngng t:
G C 2 H 2 = 14638,252 (kg/h)
G N 2 = 523,929
(kg/h)
G O 2 = 93,00
(kg/h)
G C4H4 = 375,861
(kg/h)
Nhit dung ring ca kh khng ngng t 400C:
C CP2H 2 = 0,429
(kcal/kg ) [7.177-196]
C PN2 = 0,249
(kcal/kg ) [7.178-202]
C OP2 = 0,220
(kcal/kg ) [7.178-202]
C CP4H 4 = 0,414
(kcal/kg )
Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng mang ra:

Q Kr = (G C 2 H 2 C CP 2 H 2 + G N 2 C PN 2 + G O 2 C OP 2 + G C 4 H 4 ) 40
Q Kr = (14638,252 0,429 + 523,929 0,249 + 93,016 0,220 + 375,862 0,414) 40
Q Kr = 263493,560 (kcal/h)
31
6. Tnh nhit lng ca hn hp hi cha ngng t mang ra

Lng hi cha ngng t:
G VA = 1020
(kg/h)
G EDA = 150,5766
(kg/h)

Nhit dung ring ca hi cha ngng t mang ra 400C:
C VA
P = 0,276
(kcal/kg )
C EDA
= 0,262
P
(kcal/kg )
3COOH
C CH
= 0,298
P
(kcal/kg )
Nhit ho hi ca VA, EDA, CH3COOH 400C:
rVA = 86,297 (kcal/kg)
rEDA = 37,439 (kcal/kg)

rCH3COOH = 105,188 (kcal/kg)
Nhit lng do hn hp hi cha ngng t mang ra:
EDA
3COOH
Q Hr = G VA (C VA
40 + rEDA ) + G ch (C CH
40 + rCH3COOH )
P
= 1020 (0,276 40 + 86,379) + 150,576 (0,262 40 + 37,439) +

+ 25,484 (0,29840 + 105,188)
QHr = 109500,992 (kcal/h)
7. Tnh nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang ra
Nc mui 20% NaCl i ra c nhit 250C.
Khi lng nc mui i ra: GNM
NM
Nhit dung ring ca nc mui 250C: C P = 0,939 (kcal/kg )
Nhit lng ring do tc nhn lm lnh mang ra 250C:
Q 2 = G NM C PNM t = G NM 0,939 25 = 23,475 G NM (kcal/h)

Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh bng 2% tng nhit lng mang vo
Q3 = (Q1 + QKv + QHv) 0,02
= (0 + 450800,28 + 367382,541) 0,02 = 16363,656 (kcal/h)
32
Q3 = 16363,656 (kcal/h)
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c:
Q1 + QKv + QHv = QKr + QHr + QLr + Q2 + Q3
0 + 450800,28
367382,541 = 263493,560 + 109500,992 +
44158,36+23,475 GNM + 16363,656

=>
GNM = 16387,771 (kg/h)
Vy Q2 = 384702,924 (kcal/h)
Q1: Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo
QKv: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang
0,000
450800,28
ra
QHv: Nhit lng do hi cha ngng t mang vo
Tng cng
367382,541
818182,821

QKr: Nhit lng do kh khng ngng t mang ra
263493,560
QLr: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra
44158,36
QHr: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang ra
109500,992
Q2: Nhit lng do tc nhn lamh lnh mang ra
384702,924
Q3: Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh

Tng cng
16170,847
818182,821
V.TNH CN BNG NHIT LNG TI THIT B LM LNH (9)

Hn hp i vo thit b lm lnh (9) c nhit 400C bao gm kh khng
ngng v hi cha ngng t cn li. Tc nhn lm lnh ti thit b (9) l NH3
lng c nhit vo l -300C v nhit ra l -200C. Hn hp sn phm ngng
t i ra c nhit 200C. Hn hp sn phm ngng t i ra c nhit 200C.
Q1: Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo, kcal/h.
QK: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng mang vo, kcal/h
33
QHv: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang vo, kcal/h

QHr: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng mang ra, kcal/h
QLr: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra, kcal/h
QKr: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang ra, kcal/h
Q1 + QKv + QHv = QKr + QHr + QLr + Q2 + Q3
1. Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo
Tc nhn lm lnh NH3 lng i vo c t= -300C. Coi s ho hi ca NH3
lng -300C l khng ng k, ta c:
Khi lng NH3 lng i vo l: G NH (kg/h)
3
NH3
Nhit dung ring ca NH3 -300C: C P
= 1,073 (kcal/kg ) [7.178-
198]
Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo:
Q1 = G NH3 C PNH3 t = G NH3 1,073 (30) = 32,190 G NH3

(kcal/h)
2. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang vo
Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca kh khng ngng t mang ra t
thit b lm lnh (8), do : QKv = 263493,560 (kcal/h)
3. Nhit lng do hi cha ngng t mang vo
Nhit lng ny chnh l nhit lng ca hi cha ngng t mang ra t thit
b lm lnh (8), do : QHv = 109500,992 (kcal/h)
4. Tnh nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra
Lng vt cht c ngng ti thit b lm lnh (9):
G VA = 969
(kg/h)
G EDA = 143,047 (kg/h)
G ch = G CH3COOH + G t/c = 8,016 + 16,197 = 24,213 (kg/h)

Nhit dung ring ca tng cht 200C:
C VA
P = 0,458
(kcal/kg )
C EDA
= 0,259
P
(kcal/kg )
34
3COOH
C CH
= 0,374 (kcal/kg )
P

EDA
3COOH
Q Lr = (G VA C VA
+ G CH3COOH C CH
) 20
P + G EDA C P
P
Q Lr = (969 0,458 + 143,047 0,259 + 24,213 0,374) 20
QLr = 9798,14 (kcal/h)

5. Tnh nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng mang ra
Lng vt cht khng b ngng t i ra khi thit b lm lnh (9):
G C 2 H 2 = 14638,252
(kg/h)
G N 2 = 523,992
(kg/h)
G O 2 = 93,016
(kg/h)
G C4H 4 = 375,862
(kg/h)
Nhit dung ring ca kh khng ngng 200C:
C CP2H 2 = 0,401 (kcal/kg )

C PN 2 = 0,249
(kcal/kg )
C OP2 = 0,221
(kcal/kg )
C CP4H 4 = 0,395 (kcal/kg )

Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng t mang ra c nhit 200C:
C H
N
O
C H
QKr = (G C2H2 C P 2 2 + G N2 C P 2 + G O2 C P 2 + G C4H4 C P 4 4 ) 20
QKr= (14638,252 0,401 + 523,992 0,294 + 93,016 0,221 + 375,862 0,395)

20
=> QKr = 123859,200 (kcal/h)

6. Nhit lng ca hn hp hi cha ngng t mang ra
Lng hi cha ngng t i ra khi thit b lm lnh (9):
G VA = 51
(kg/h)
G EDA = 7,529 (kg/h)

Nhit dung ring ca hi cha ngng t mang ra 200C:
35
C VA
= 0,188
P
(kcal/kg )
C EDA
= 0,262
P
(kcal/kg )
3COOH
C CH
= 0,286
P
(kcal/kg )
Nhit ho hi ca VA, EDA, CH3COOH 200C:

rVA = 40,387
(kcal/kg)
rEDA = 90,782
(kcal/kg)
rCH 3COOH = 84,10 0 (kcal/kg)
Nhit lng do hn hp cha ngng t mang ra:

EDA
3COOH
Q Hr = G VA (C VA
20 + rVA ) + G ch (C CH
20 + rCH3COOH )
P
QHr = 51 (0,188 20 + 40,387) + 7,529 (0,262 20 + 90,782) +

+ 1,265 (0,286 20 + 84,100)
= 3055,444 (kcal/h)
7. Tnh nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang ra
Sau khi lm lnh nhit ca NH3 i ra khi thit b (9) l -200C v c 5%
lng NH3 lng ho hi. Nh vy cn 95% lng NH3 lng nhit -200C.
Ta c:
+ Lng NH3 ho hi i ra khi thit b lm lnh (9): 0,05 G NH 3 (kg/h)
+ Lng NH3 lng i ra khi thit b lm lnh (9): 0,95 G NH3 (kg/h)
+ Nhit dung ring ca NH3 hi -200C: C P(h)3 = 0,534 (kcal/kg )
NH
+ Nhit dung ring ca NH3 lng -200: C P(l)3 = 1,080 (kcal/kg )

NH
+ Nhit ho hi ca NH3 -200C: rNH 3 = 314,3 (kcal/kg)

Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh thit b lm lnh (9) mang ra bao gm
nhit lng ca NH3 lng v hi -200C ta c:
36
NH
NH 3
Q 2 = 0,95 G NH3 C P(l) (20) + 0,05 G NH3 (C P(h)
(20) + rNH3 )
Q 2 = 0,95 G NH3 1,080 (20) + 0,05 G NH3 (0,534 (20) + 314,3)

Q 2 = 5,331 G NH3 (kcal/h)
Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh bng 2% tng nhit lng mang vo
Q3 = (Q1 + QKv + QHv) 0,02
Q3 = (32,190 G NH3 + 263456,88 + 109500,992) 0,02
= 7459,157 0,644 G NH 3
Theo phng trnh cn bng nhit lng ta c :
Q1 + QKv + QHv = QHr + QKr + QLr + Q2 + Q3
32,19 G NH 3 + 262456 ,88 + 109500 ,992 = 123859,200 + 3055,444 +
9798,14 + (5,331 G NH3 ) + 7459,157 0,643 G NH3

=> G NH3 = 8726,957 (kg/h)
Thay gi tr ca GNH3 vo cc phng trnh tnh ton nhit lng ta c:
Q1 = 32,19 G NH3 = 32,19 8726,957 = 280920,746 (kcal/h)
Q 2 = 5,331 G NH 3 = 5,331 8726,957 = 46523,408 (kcal/h)

Q 3 = 7459,157 0,643 8726,957 = 1847,724 (kcal/h)
Q1:Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang vo
QKv: Nhit lng do hn hp kh khng ngng mang vo
QHv: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang vo
Tng cng
-280920,746
263456,88
109500,992
90495,003

QKr: Nhit lng do kh khng ngng mang ra
QLr: Nhit lng do phn lng ngng t mang ra
QHr: Nhit lng do phn hi cha ngng t mang ra
123859,200
9798,14
3055,444
37
Q2: Nhit lng do tc nhn lm lnh mang ra

Q3: Nhit lng mt mt trong qu trnh
Tng cng
- 46523,408
1847,724
91137,467
D. TNH TON CNG NGH

I. TNH THIT B PHN NG
Thit b phn ng c tnh ton y dng ng chm, ch to bng thp
khng r X18H10T. Loi thit b cho php tch nhit phn ng tt, trnh c
hin tng qu nhit gy nh hng ti xc tc ca qu trnh phn ng.
Hiu sut sn phm nhn c i vi thit b loi ny cao, d khng ch
cc iu kin nhit ng. Cu to thit b khng phc tp, gi thnh u t ch
to r. Qu trnh phn ng tng hp Vinyl axetat t axetylen v axit axetic vi
xc tc axetat km mang trn than hot tnh xy ra trong ng, nhit t
1802200C. y l phn ng to nhit. khng ch nhit ca qu trnh ta
cho nc 250C i qua thit b tch nhit ca phn ng.
Hn hp C2H2 v CH3COOH c un nng v i qua lp xc tc t
trong ng. Cc ht xc tc c kch thc t 1,53,5 mm, ng cha xc tc c
kch thc d x s = 56 x 3,5 (mm).
Vn cn tnh ton l: Xc nh s ng, ng knh thit b v chiu cao
ton thit b. Khi tnh ton kch thc cho thit b ta tnh nhit trung bnh l
2000C.
1. Tnh th tch cp xc tc
Gi thit qu trnh lm vic ca thit b vi nhit 2000C, p = 1at. Phn
cp xc tc c th tnh nh sau:
VXT = r.
Trong :
r: Lu lng hn hp kh qua thit b phn ng, m3/s.

: Thi gian lu ca hn hp trong thit b.
Qu trnh ny c = 0,5s l thi gian thc hin phn ng tng hp
VA trong pha kh.
38
Tnh th tch hn hp kh qua thit b

Hn hp nguyn liu i vo gm C2H2, N2, O2, C4H4 v CH3COOH cng
tp cht ca n. Th tch ca chng c tnh theo cng thc:
V=
G
[8 - I.1]
Trong : + G: Lng kh i qua thit b trong 1gi (kg/h)

+ : Khi lng ring ca kh (kg/m3) c tnh theo cng thc:
=
M 273 P
22,4 T P0
(kg/m3)
Trong :
M: Khi lng mol ca kh, (kg/kmol)
T: Nhit tuyt i ca kh, 0K
P, P0: p sut ca kh trong thit b v iu kin tiu chun.
- Tnh th tch C2H2 i qua thit b phn ng:
G C 2H 2 = 17990,129 (kg/h)
T = 4730K
C2H 2 =
M C2H 2 273 P
22,4 473 P0
26 273 1
= 0,670 (kg/m3)
22,4 473 1
P = 1,0 at: l p sut trong thit b.
VC2H 2 =
17990,158
= 26609,698 (m3/h)
0,670
Tng t ta tnh c th tch ca N2:
G N 2 = 523,992 (kg/h)
N2 =
28 273 1
= 0,721 (kg/m3)
22,4 473 1
VN 2 =
523,872
= 726,591 (m3/h)
0,721
Th tch ca O2:
G O2 = 93,016 (kg/h)
39
O2 =
16 270 1
= 0,825 (kg/m3)
22,4 473 1
VO2 =
93,016
= 112,735 (m3/h)
0,825
Th tch ca C4H4:
G C4H4 = 375,861 (kg/h)

C4 H 4 =
52 273 1
= 1,34 (kg/m3)
22,4 473 1
VC4H4 =
375,861
= 280,463 (m3/h)
1,34
thun li th tch ca CH3COOH v tp cht ca n. Ta coi nh tt c

theo CH3COOH. S sai s khng ng k. Ta c:
G ch = G CH3COOH + GTp cht

= 8272,821 + 167,145= 8439,966 (kg/m3)
CH 3COOH =
Vch =
60 273 1
= 1,546 (kg/m3)
22,4 473 1
8439,966
= 5459,228 (m3/n)
1,546
Tng th tch ca hn hp kh i qua thit b phn ng:
VT = VC 2 H2 + VN 2 + VO2 + VC 4 H 4 + Vch
= 26609,698 + 720,591 + 112,735 + 280,463 + 5459,228
= 33188,715 (m3/h) = 9,219 (m3/s)
y cng l tng lu lng kh i qua lp xc tc. V vy ta c:
V = 9,219 (m3/s)
Th tch lm vic ca thit b thng c chn khong 70 80% th tch
cu nguyn liu mang vo v do th tch ca b l:
( Ta chn th tch thit b bng 75% th tch kh vo)
VR =
VT 75 33188,715 75
=
= 24891,536 (m3/h)
100
100
Th tch cp xc tc khi thi gian tip xc = 0,75 (s)
40
VXT = V = 9,219 0,75 = 6,968 (m/s)

2. Tnh kch thc thit b
a. Xc nh b mt ring ca xc tc
Qu trnh c thc hin pha kh. Kh i qua ng xc tc vi vn tc
chn = 3 m/s
xc nh b mt ring ca xc tc ta da vo cng thc sau:
S=
VR
(m 2 )
3600
Trong :
V: l lu lng th tch kh a vo thit b, (m3/h)
: vn tc ca kh i trong thit b phn ng, m/s

S: b mt ring ca lp xc tc, m2
S=
VR 24891,536
=
= 2,315(m 2 )
3 3600
b. Xc nh s ng cha xc tc
Chn ng xc tc c kch thc: d x s = 56 x 3,5
Chiu cao lp xc tc:
h xt =
VXT 6,968
=
= 3,012 (m)
S
2,315
Xc tc c nhi y trong cc ng xc tc nn chiu cao ca lp xc tc

cng l chiu cao ca thn thit b. Vy HT = 3000 mm = 3 (m).
d 2
Tit din ngang ca ng tch :
(m2)
4
S ng ca thit b c tnh:
nT =
S
2,315
=
= 940 ng.
2
d
3,14 (0,056) 2
4
4
thun li cho vic lp t ch to v s dng ta chia tng s ng cho 2

thit b. Nh vy mi thit b c n = 470 ng c b tr theo hnh lc gic u.
Theo [8.13- bng V.11]. Ta c s phn b cc ng trong thit b nh sau:
b = 2a - 1
(1)
41
n = 3a (a - 1) + 1 (2)
Vi:
+ a l s ng trn mt cnh
+ b l s ng trn ng xuyn tm
+ n tng s ng
Thay n = 470 vo (2) ta c:

a = 13,013
V a phi l s nguyn nn ta chn a = 13
Thay a = 13 vo (1) ta c b = 25
Vy tng s ng xp theo hnh 6 cnh l:
n = 3 13(13 1) +1 = 469 ng
b.Tnh ng knh thit b
ng knh thit b c tnh theo cng thc: [13-V-140]
D = t (b - 1) + 4d1, (m)
Trong :
d1: ng knh ngoi ca ng. d1 = 56 + 7 = 63 (mm)
t: Bc ng thng chn t = (1,2 1,5) d1.
Ta ly:
t = 1,2 d1 = 1,2 63 =75,600 (mm)
Ta c: D = 75,600 (25 - 1) + 4 63 =2066,4 (mm)
Theo quy chun (13 - 359)
D = 2200 (mm)
Ta ch to 3 thit b (chnh) phn ng, trong qu trnh lm vic dng 2
thit b, cn mt thit b d phng.
c. Tnh chiu cao ca thit b
Vi ng knh thit b l 2200 mm, th ngi ta thng chn y v np
elip c g v c chiu cao phn li l 550 mm, chiu cao g l 40 mm.
Vy tng chiu cao ca thp s l:
H = 3000 + 2 (550 + 40) = 4180 (mm)
Kch thc ca mi thit b nh sau:
ng knh
D = 2200 (mm)
Chiu cao thn thit b
H = 3000 (mm)
42
S ng
n = 469 (ng)
Kch thc ng
d x s = 56 x 3,5 mm, l = 3000 (mm)
Bc ng
t = 75,600 (mm)
3. Tnh chiu dy ca thn thit b phn ng

Thn thit b hnh tr, lm vic p sut kh quyn c chiu dy c xc
nh theo cng thc:
S=
D t .Pt
+ C , (m m) [8 - 300]
2.[.[ Pt
Dt = 2200 mm =2,2 m: l ng knh trong thit b.
: H s bn hn ca hnh tr theo phng dc. Do hn gip mi hai bn

bng h quang in nn = 0,95 [8 - 363] .
Pt: p sut trong thit b lm vic p sut trong kh quyn nn ta c:
Pt = 105 (N/m2)
C: i lng b xung do n mn, bo mn v dung sai m v chiu dy
(m).
C = C1 + C2 + C3 , (m)
C1: b xung do n mn, xut pht t iu kin n mn vt liu ca mi
trng v thi gian lm vic ca thit b. V iu kin lm vic ca thit b l
vt lu bn (thp khng g) nn:
C = 1 mm = 0,001 (m)
C2: B sung do bo mn. Do nguyn liu khng cha cc ht rn chuyn
ng lp xc tc l tnh nn c C2 = 0 (m).
C3: i lng b sung do dung sai m ca chiu dy, c chn theo chiu
dy, vy:
C = 0,001 + 0 + C3 = 0,001 + C3 , (m)
: ng sut ca thnh thit b.

Gi k l ng sut cho php ca vt liu thp X18H10T, (N/m2). Gii hn
bn xc nh theo cng thc [8.13 - X1/1.1]
[] = K
K
43
Trong : + k = 550.106 (N/m2)

+ nk: H s an ton theo gii hn hn ko, nk = 2,6 [ 8XIII.3_356]
+: H s hiu chnh.
Do thit b l thit b loi II nn = 1
k
550 10 6
=
1,0 = 211,539 10 6 (N/m2)
[ ] =
nk
2,6
ng sut cho php gii hn chy ca thp X18H10T xc nh theo [8-13 X1112] .
[ K ] = c
nc
c: ng sut gii hn bn chy ca X18H10T: c =220 106 N/m2 [8 - 399]

nc: H s an ton theo gii hn bn chy: nc = 1,5
: H s hiu chnh. Do thit b l thit b loi II nn = 1.
c
220 10 6
=
1,0 = 146,667 10 6 (N/m2)
[k] =
nc
1,5
- m bo v bn ta ly gi tr nh trong 2 kt qu trn v xt t s
sau:
[]
p
146,667 106
=
0,95 = 1393,333 >> 50
1,0 105
Do ta c th b qua i lng Pt mu s ca cng thc chiu dy ta

c:
D t .Pt
2,2 1,0 105
S=
+C=
+ 0,001 + C 3
2.[.[ + Pt
2 146,667 10 6 0,95
S = 0,000790 + 0,001 + C3 = 0,00179 + C3 (m)
Chn C3 = 0,500 mm = 0,5 10-3 (m)
[13_364]
Khi :
S = (1,79 + 0,500)10-3 = 2,29 10-3 (m)
m bo v thun li ta ly S = 4 mm.
44
Kim tra ng sut ca thnh theo p sut th bng nc.

P0 = Pth + Pt
Pth: p sut thy lc theo [8.13- XII.5] ta c:
Pth= 1,5 Pt = 1,5 1,0.105 = 1,5 105 N/m2.
Pt: p sut thu tnh ca nc.
Pt = g H = 9,8 11000 1,5 = 0,147 105N/m2.
Vy ta c : P0 = 1,5 105 + 0,147 105 = 1,647 105 N/m2
Thay vo cng thc kim tra
=
=
[D t + (S C 3 ) P 0 ]
2 (S C 3 ) n
[2,2 + (4 0,5) 10 3 ]
1,647 10 5 = 54,574 10 6 N/m
3
2 (4 0,5) 10 0,95
So snh:
c 220 106
= 24,11310 <
=
= 183,33106
1,2
1,2
6
N/m 2
Ta thy thit b tho mn iu kin kim tra m bo cho thit k.

Vy thn thit b c chiu dy S = 4mm.
Chn bch cho thn thit b:
Dt
Db
D1
DO
db
mm
2200
2350
2300
2260
Z
Ci
2208
56
M24
32
4- Chn np v y thit b
y v np thit b lin quan ti kch thc ca ng dn sn phm vo v
ng dn sn phm ra. V vy ta chn cc kch thc ng dn v chn bch ca
chng trc.
ng knh ngoi ca ng l d = 506 (mm)
Chn bch cho ng [8- 407]
Dt
Dn
D1
Db
db
45
mm
500
506
635
565
Ci
595
22
M20
20
c. Tnh y v np thit b (vt liu l thp khng g X18H10T)

y v np thit b ging nhau dng elip c g.
Np v y thit b c lm t vt liu cng loi vi thn thit b. Chiu
dy ca y v np lm vic chu p sut trong c tnh theo cng thc sau:
S=
Trong :
Dt P
Dt
+ C , (m) [II.385]
3,8 [ k ] k h P 2 h b
+ hb: chiu cao phn li ca y v np , hb = 400 mm = 0,4
m.
+ n: h s bn ca mi hn hng tm ,n = 0,95.
+ k: h s khng th nguyn, xc nh nh sau: k = 1 d/Dt
Vi d ng knh ln nht (hay kch thc ln nht ca l khng
phi hnh trn), ca l khng tng cng. i vi y khng c l hay c l c
tng cng hon ton th k =1.
[k] = 146,7 106 N/m2.
P = P0 = 1 105 N/m2 Dt = 1,6 (m)
k: h s khng th nguyn c xc nh nh sau:
K = 1
V :
[]
P
d
0,5
= 1
= 00,773
2,2
Dt
146,667 10 6
=
0,95 = 845,985
1,647 10 5
Nn c th b qua i lng P mu s trong cng thc tnh S.

Vy
2,2 1,5 10 5
2,2
S=
+ 0,005
6
3,8 146,667 10 0,773 0,95 2 0,4
S = 0,00722(m)
Chn S = 0,008 (m) = 8 (mm)

Kim tra ng sut ca thnh np v y thit b theo p sut thu lc bng
cng thc:
46
[D t + 2h b (S C)] P0
< C
7,6 K h h b (S C) 1,2
(N/m 2 )
[2,2 + 2 0,55 (8 5) 10 3 ] 1 10 5
=
7,6 0,773 0,95 0,55 (8 5) 10 3
= 23,926 10
C 220 10 6
N/m <
=
= 183,333 10 6
1,2
1,2
2
N/m 2
Nh vy vi S = 8 mm l m bo bn cho y ca thit b thit k.

Tng t nh vy chiu dy ca np l S = 8 mm.
Theo bng (II.382), ta c :
Dt, mm
hb , mm
S, mm
h, mm
2200
550
40
Chn bch cho y v np thit b.

Dt
Db
D1
Do
db
mm
2200
2350
2300
2260
Z
Ci
2208
56
M24
32
V. TNH CHN THIT B PH

1. Chn bm.
- Bm cho VA: Bm cn tho mn iu kin ca cht lng VA c tnh d
chy n, c hi, nng 99,9%, khi lng ring 933,4 kg/m3, cao ln hn
10 m,lu lng :
Q=
10.000
= 10,714
933,4
(m3/h)
Theo [7 - 477] ta chn bm : y l bm ly tm mt cp, loi ny c

ch to bng thp cacbon, thp Cr, chu c cht lng c hot tnh ho hc,
c hi d chy n. Lu lng ca bm t 1524 m3/h, s vng quay n = 3000
vng/pht, cao ct nc l 26 m, nhit cht lng t 501000C, cng sut
m t 5,4 kw/h.
47
- Bm nc:
Nc 250C, Qnc = 1021,579 (m3/h), chiu cao ln hn 12 m ct nc.
Chn bm [7- 445]. y l bm ly tm, nng sut t 12,5-1250 m3/h,
cao ct nc 15,5 m, s vng quay n =965 1450 vng/pht, dht = 150, dy
= 125, cng sut m t 8,6 kw/h.
- Bm nc mui.
Lu lng nc mui: Q = 15,161 m3/h, t = 00C, cao ln hn 15 m ct
nc.
Chn bm 2X - 6113a [8 - 447], y l bm ly tm c Q = 20m3/h, n =
2900 vng/pht, cao 31 m ct nc, cng sut m t 5,4 kw/h.
- Bm NH3.
Lu lng NH3 lng Q = 12,088 m3/h, n mn, cao ln hn 13 m ct
nc.
Chn bm U 5/23 [6 - 23], y l bm ly tm c cng sut 25 m3/h, chiu
cao 15 m ct nc.
2. Chn my nn
Hn hp kh C2H2 c th tch lu lng V = 259 m3/pht.
Ta chn my nn thit k K- 350- 60-1 [6 - 495], loi my nn ny c nng
sut 350 m3/pht, p sut nn 7,5 at ;s vng quay 8600 vng/ pht, cng sut
m t 2000 kw. Khi lng 25 tn, ng c in ng b vi in gim tc.
- Chn b ph trn C2H2 c kch thc D = 1 m, H = 1,5 m
- Thit b trn CH3COOH: D = 1 m, H = 1,5 m.
- Thit b trao i nhit ng trm: D = 2,5 m, H = 3,8 m.
- Thit b bc hi: D = 1,5 m, H = 2,8 m.
- Cyclon: Ly 2 t hp Cyclon D = 1,5 m, H = 3 m.
- Mi t hp gm 6 Cyclon loi 2H15 c d = 0,8 m v h = 2,65 m.
- Thit b lm lnh: chn 3 thit b c ng knh D = 1,5 m, H = 3 m.
- Thit b phn ring: Chn 3 thit b c ng knh D=0,6 m, H = 1,2m.
- Thit b un nng: Chn 01 thit b c ng chm c D = 1 m, H = 2 m.
- Thp chng luyn:
ng knh trong thp:
48
Ta c cng thc : D =
4 Vtb
3600 tb
(II - 181)
Trong :
+ Vtb: Lng hi (kh) trung bnh i trong thp, m3/h.
+ wytb: Tc hi (kh) trung bnh i trong thp , kg/m3 .
Ti nhit 730C v p sut 1at ta c :
VA =
Ta c : Vtb =
86 273
= 3,02 (kg/m3)
22,4 346
9803,922
= 3246,332 (m3/h)
3,02
Ta chn w = 0,6 m/s, ta c :
D=
4 3246,332
= 1,39 (m)
3,12 3600 0,6
Ta chn thp c D = 1,4 m v H = 12 m.

-
Thit b ngng t VA: D = 1,2m, H = 2m.
Thng cha sn phm th: Hnh tr c D = 2,3m, L = 4m.
Thng cha VA sn phm: D = 2,1m, L = 4m.
Thit b ngng t etliden axetat: D = 0,5m, H = 1m.
Thng cha etyliden axetat: D = 1m, L = 2m.
PHN III: THIT K XY DNG

I.Xc nh a im xy dmg v thit k tng mt bng nh my [13]
1. Nhim v v yu cu
a. Nhim v
Thit k tng mt bng nh my l mt nhim v quan trng. Nhim v
ca n l nghin cu, phn tch tng hp mi s liu ca d n a ra cc
gii php b tr trn thc a mt khu t c th la chn lm c s.
b. Yu cu
- Phi ph hp vi dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut, ph hp vi quy hoch
ca nh my, m bo kh nng pht trin ca nh my to iu kin cho sn
49
xut ca cc phn xng khc trong tng lai. B tr giao thng trong v ngoi
nh my sao cho thun tin. m bo an ton v sinh cng nghip v thun li
trong xy dng.
2. C s xc nh a im xy dng
- Xc nh a im xy dng mt cch hp l s to iu kin tt cho giai
on chun b u t l c s pht trin sn xut v kinh doanh ca nh my
trong giai on trc mt cng nh nh hng lu di.
- a im xy dng c la chn phi ph hp vi quy hoch lnh th,
quy hoch vng, quy hoch cm kinh t cng nghip. To iu kin ti a cng
sut ca nh my v kh nng lin kt sn xut ca nh my vi cc nh my
ln cn.
- Phi gn vi cc ngun cung cp nguyn liu cho sn xut v gn ni tiu
th ca nh my. Gn cc ngun cung cp nng lng nh: in, nc, kh nn,
Nh vy s hn ch ti a cc chi ph vn chuyn, gp phn h gi thnh sn
phm v thc y s pht trin ca nh my.
- m bo kh nng cung ng cng nhn trong qu trong qu trnh xy
dng nh my cng nh trong qu trnh hot ng sau ny.
- Ph hp v tn dng ti a h thng giao thng bao gm ng b,
ng st, ng sng, ng bin v k c ng khng.
- Vic thot nc d dng, khng nh hng n ngun nc sch ca cc
khu dn c xung quanh.
- Khu t phi c kch thc v hnh dng thch hp cho vic xy dng
trc mt cng nh tng lai. Do vy khu t phi p ng nhng yu cu sau:
+ Khu t phi cao ro, trnh ngp lt trong ma ma bo, c mc nc
ngm thp to iu kin tt cho vic thot nc thi v nc mt d dng.
+ Khu t phi tng i bng phng c dc t nhin tt nht l vo
khong 0,51 % hn ch ti a kinh ph cho vic san lp mt bng v chi ph
ny kh ln trong ton b chi ph xy dng.
+ Khu t c chn la khng c nm trn cc vng c m khong sn
hay vng a cht khng n nh nh hin tng ng t, si mn hay ct
chy cng chu lc l 1,52,5 kg/cm2. Nn xy dng trn nn t st, t
50
mng hay t i gim ti a chi ph cho vic gia c nn mng ca cc

hng mc cng trnh nht l cc hng mc cng trnh c ti trng tnh v ti
trng ng ln.
- Khi chn la khu t th phi xem xt mi quan h mt thit gia khu dn
c th v khu cng nghip hn ch ti a nh hng xu ca mi trng
cng nghip n cc khu dn c, cc khu di tch lch s hay danh lam thng
cnh th nh my phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:
+ Phn xng b tr cch khu dn c xung quanh ti thiu 300 m. Phn
xng xy dng ngoi vi thnh ph hoc trong khu cng nghip lin hp.
+ a im xy dng phi cui hng gi ch o so vi khu dn c v
phi c vng cy xanh bo v hng gi ch yu hn ch ti a nhng nh
hng xu.
+ Khu t phi vng h lu sng (nu c) cch bn dng nc ca khu
dn c hn 500 m. Nc thi phi x l trc khi thi ra sng. Tm li cn c
vo cc yu cu trn ta s quyt nh chn a im xy dng cho phn xng
VA trong nh my c yu cu s dng sn phm ny.
3. a im xy dng
T cc c s trn ta chn a im xy dng nh my sn xut VA ti khu
kinh t m Dung Qut Qung Ngi. Ni y s c nh my lc du d kin s
i vo hot ng vo nm 2009. a im ny c nhiu yu t thun li cho
vic xy dng nh my cng nh pht trin nh my sau ny nh:
- Mng li giao thng: Hng ng cch bin 6 km vi su v rng rt
thun tin cc tu trng ti ln cp cng v c th c nhiu tu cp cng n
hng 1 ln. Hng nam l mng li giao thng quc gia c ng b v ng
st. Hng bc gip khu kinh t m Chu Lai- Qung Nam. V vy v mt giao
thng s rt thun li cho vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu v nh my cng nh
vic vn chuyn sn phm ca nh my i tiu th.
- Hn na khi nh my lc du i vo hot ng s cung cp nguyn liu
cho nh my hot ng s gim chi ph vn chuyn nguyn vt liu cho nh
my.
51
- Khu cng nghip ny l khu t cao ro, khng b ngp lt, dc t

nhin ca khu t khng ln, n khong 1% v vi nn t st kt hp vi nn
t ong nn m bo chu ti trng cao.
Vi a hnh ca nh my l gip vi bin v hng gi ch o l hng
gi Ty Nam v vy cc cht kh bi c hi ca nh my s t nh hng n
cc khu dn c chung quanh.
4. Tng mt bng nh my
Nh my sn xut VA chim mt din tch kh ln trong bao gm lin
hp cc phn xng c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau. Sn phm ca phn
xng ny l nguyn liu cho phn xng kia, v vy i hi cc phn xng
phi c phn b mt cch hp l ph hp vi mi lin h ca cc phn
xng. iu kin lm vic trong nh my c nhng cng on i hi rt kht
khe v ch cng ngh. Mt khc sn phm ca nhiu qu trnh d chy n
nn cn c bit ch v tuyt i m bo an ton chng chy n trong cc
phn xng sn xut v trong ton nh my.
Gia cc phn xng sn xut phi c khong cch m bo an ton v
thun li cho qu trnh lu thng ca dng ngi, xe nguyn nhin liu, xc tc,
cc ho cht ph tr v thit b phng tin khc cng phi m bo lu thng
trnh khng xy ra tc ngn.
Cc hang mc cng trnh trong nh my c xy dng tho mn tnh cht
hp khi phc v cho qu trnh sn xut lin tc, m bo iu kin v sinh
cng nghip v cnh quan m quan.
Vi tnh cht ca mt nh my sn xut ho cht th vic trnh c hi cho
ngi cng nh cho khng gy nhim cho mi trng xung quanh cn phi
c lu .
Sau y l bng cc hng mc cng trnh
Kch thc
STT
1
Tn cng trnh
Phn xng chnh
Chiu di Chiu rng
Din tch
(m)
(m)
(m2)
60
27
1620
52
Phng bo v
36
Nh hnh chnh
30
12
360
Nh cu ho- vn ti
18
12
216
Phng qun l, iu hnh
12
108
Phng v snh nh tm
12
108
Hi trng v nh n
20
12
240
Khu in nc
12
72
Phn xng sa cha
30
12
360
11
Kho vt t
30
12
360
12
B cha sn phm ph
12
108
13
B cha sn phm chnh
12
72
14
B cha ngyn liu
18
162
15
Gara t con
12
108
16
Nh xe p xe my
18
12
216
17
Trung tm nghin cu th nghim
30
270
18
X l nc thi
18
162
19
X l kh thi
30
18
540
20
Phng y t
12
108
21
Khu xut nhp sn phm, nguyn liu
18
12
216
22
Khu d tr
Tng
720
6162
II. Thit k mt bng

1. Nhim v v yu cu
Nhim v chnh khi thit k nh my l:
- nh gi iu kin t nhin ca khu t xy dng nh my lm c s cho
cc gii php b tr sp xp cc hng mc cng trnh cn thit ca nh my, cc
bin php gii quyt cc vn kh hu ca nh mySao cho ph hp ti a
yu cu dy chuyn cng ngh ca nh my cng nh cc nh my ln cn.
53
- Xc nh c cu mt bng, hnh khi kin trc ca cc hng mc cng

trnh, nh hng cc khu nh, t chc mng li cng trnh phc v cng cng,
trng cy xanh, nh hng phn chia thi k xy dng. Nghin cu kh nng
m rng v pht trin ca nh my.
- Gii quyt cc vn lin quan n mi trng thng qua cc gii php
khc nhau m bo yu cu v sinh cng nghip, chng n, chng nhim
ngun nc v kh quyn, cng nh cc vn lin quan n an ton sn xut
nh ho hon hoc cc s c c bit khc.
Yu cu khi thit k tng mt bng sn xut:
- Gii php thit k tng mt bng nh my phi p ng c mc cao nht
ca dy chuyn cng ngh sao cho chiu di dy chuyn sn xut l ngn nht,
khng trng lp ln xn, hn ch ti a s giao nhau. Bo m mi lin h mt
thit gia cc hng mc cng trnh vi h thng giao thng, cc mng li cung
cp k thut khc bn trong v bn ngoi nh my.
-Trn khu t xy dng nh my phi c phn thnh cc khu vc chc
nng theo c im ca sn xut, yu cu ca v sinh, c im s c, khi
lng phng tin vn chuyn, mt cng nhnto iu kin tt nht cho
vic qun l vn hnh ca cc khu vc chc nng.
- m bo cc yu cu m quan ca tng cng trnh, tng th nh my.
2. Nhng bin php v nguyn tc trong thit k tng mt bng nh
my
Nguyn tc phn vng:
y l nguyn tc c s dng trong thc tin thit k, bin php ny chia
khu t thnh cc vng theo c im s dng. Bin php ny phn chia khu t
thnh 4 vng chnh:
- Vng trc nh my:
y l ni b tr cc nh hnh chnh qun l phc v sinh hot, cng ra vo,
gara t xe my xe pi vi cc nh my c quy m nh hoc mc hp
khi ln th vng trc nh my hu nh c dnh din tch cho bi xe t,
xe my, cng bo v, bng tin v cc cy xanh cnh quan.Din tch vng ny
54
tu theo c im sn xut v quy m ca nh my m c din tch t 420 %

din tch nh my.
- Vng sn xut:
y l ni b tr cc nh v cc cng trnh nm trong dy chuyn sn xut
chnh ca nh my: nh cc xng sn xut chnh, ph, cc xng sa cha v
iu hnh ch cng ngh nu nh c qu trnh t ng ha cao. Tu theo c
im sn xut v quy m ca nh my m din tch vng ny chim din tch
khong 2225% tng din tch ca nh my. y l vng quan trng nht ca
nh my nn khi b tr cn lu mt s im quan trng sau:
+ Phi c u tin v iu kin a hnh, a cht cng nh hng gi hay
cc yu t khc.
+ Phn xng sn xut chnh hay ph tr sn xut c nhiu cng nhn nn
b tr gn pha cng hoc gn trc giao thng chnh ca nh my.
+ Cc phn xng sn xut trong qu trnh sn xut gy ra cc tc ng xu
nh: ting n ln, bi, nhit thi hoc c s c nn t cui hng gi v tun
th cht ch theo quy nh v an ton phng chng chy n v an ton v sinh
cng nghip.
- Vng cc cng trnh ph:
y l ni t cc cng trnh cung cp nng lng bao gm cc cng trnh
cung cp in, hi, nc, thanCc cng trnh x l nc thi v cc cng
trnh bo qun k thut khc. Tu theo mc ca cng ngh yu cu vng ny
c din tch t 14-28% tng din tch ca nh my. Khi b tr cc cng trnh
trn vng ny ngi thit k cn lu mt s im sau:
+ Hn ch ti a chiu di ca h thng cung cp k thut bng cch b tr
hp l gia ni cung cp v ni tiu th nng lng (khai thc ti a h thng
cung cp trn khng v ngm di mt t).
+ Tn dung cc khu t khng li v hng hoc giao thng b tr cc
cng trnh ph.
+ Cc cng trnh c nhiu bi khi hay cht thi bt li u phi ch b tr
trn cng hng gi ch o.
- Kho tng v phc v giao thng:
55
y l khu vc b tr cc kho tng v bn bi cng nh cc cu bc d

hng ho, sn ga ca nh my.Tu theo c im sn xut ca nh my m
vng ny c th c din tch chim khong 2337% tng din tch nh my. Khi
b tr vng ny, ngi thit k cn lu mt s c im sau:
+ Cho php b tr cc cng trnh trn vng t khng u tin v hng.
Nhng phi ph hp vi cc ni tp kt nguyn liu v sn phm ca nh my
mt cch d dng cho vic xut hoc nhp vo.
+ Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp do c im v yu cu ca dy
chuyn cng ngh, h thng kho tng c th b tr mt phn kho tng nm ngay
trong khu vc sn xut. V vy ngi thit k c th b tr mt phn kho tng
nm ngay trong khu vc sn xut.
u nhc im ca phng php phn vng:
- u im:
+ Phng php ny c u im l d dng qun l theo ngnh, theo cc
xng, theo cc cng on ca qu trnh sn xut.
+ Phng php ny cng thch hp vi nhng nh my c cc xng, hay
nhng cng on sn xut khc nhau.
+ m bo c cc yu cu v sinh cng nghip, d dng x l cc b
phn pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut nh kh c, bi hay cc cht c kh
nng chy n.
+ D dng b tr cc h thng giao thng bn trong nh my. Thun li
trong qu trnh m rng nh my trong tng lai. Ngoi ra s phn vng ny
cng rt ph hp vi kh hu Vit Nam.
- Nhc im:
+ Theo phng php ny th dy chuyn ca nh my phi ko di.
+ H thng cc ng ng k thut v mng li giao thng tng, h s
xy dng v h s s dng thp.
Do trong qu trnh nghin cu thit k tng mt bng nh my cn lu
n mt s cc im v vic m rng nh my trong tng lai trong cc trng
hp sau:
56
- Nng cao cng sut ca nh my khi yu cu thi trng cng ngy cng
cao hn.
- M rng sn xut cc sn phm mi nng cao quy m nh my hay
trong trng hp phi thay th sn phm c khi th trng khng chp nhn sn
phm c.
- Thay th cc my mc thit b c bng cc thit b my mc mi khi thit
b lc hu hay c cc s c xy ra.
Trong xy dng m rng nh my cn tho mn cc iu kin sau:
- Trong qu trnh m rng nh my th khng c nh hng n cc cng
trnh hin c.
- Khng ph v khng gian kin trc c m phi tng thm kh nng
thm m, m quan cho nh my.
- Tuyt i khng nh hng n cc dy chuyn sn xut c khi chng cn
ang s dng hot ng tt.
- D kin cc v tr khu t c th pht trin khi m rng khng b nh
hng n dy truyn sn xut v h thng ca nh my.
3. Mt bng nh my.
Din tch xy dng nh my l : 6162 (m2)
V nh my ho cht thng c Kxd = 25-30%; Ksd = 65-75% nn ta c th
chn h s s dng v h s xy dng l:
H s xy dng l : Kxd = 25%.
H s s dng l : Ksd = 75%.
Din tch s dng l : 8800 (m2).
Vy tng din tch nh my l :24600 (m2).
4. Nh sn xut
Do qu trnh sn xut c tin hnh hu ht trong cc thit b kn, kch
thc thit b rt cao v to, nguyn liu v sn phm vn chuyn bng cc cc
ng ng, cc qu trnh sn xut c c kh ho v t ng ho ton b v
vic iu khin sn xut c tin hnh trong phng iu khin trung tm. Do
thit k nh my sn xut bn l thin.
57
c im sn xut ca nh my l sn xut ho cht lin tc, bao gm lin

hp cc phn xng c quan h lin kt cht ch vi nhau, sn phm ca phn
xng ny li l nguyn liu cho phn xng kia. y l mt nh my d pht
sinh chy n v c hi, v vy n nh hng n sc kho con ngi v mi
trng xung quanh. Do m vic la chn a im xy dng nh my cn
c tnh ton cn thn.
HNH V TNG MT BNG NH MY
PHN IV. TNH TON KINH T

I. Mc ch v nhim v ca vic tnh ton kinh t [14]
Khi u t cho mt nh my, mt x nghp hay mt doanh nghip th li ch
kinh t ca n c quan tm hng u. V vy vic tnh ton kinh t l ht sc
quan trng v cn thit.
Tnh ton kinh t cho thy c tng qut gi tr ca mt d n, t ta
nhn thy c u nhc im cng nh c cu hot ng ca mt d n. N
tc ng n s iu chnh mc cn bng ca cc thnh phn lp nn d n sao
cho hp l nh: T chc k hoch sn xut, qun l vn u t, gi thnh ca
ngyn liu v cc sn phm. Cui cng im quan trng nht ca tnh ton kinh
t ca d n v quyt nh xem d n ny c thc hin trn thc t hay khng.
Mt nh qun l hiu r tnh ton kinh t phi thu tm ton b x nghip
ca mnh, ng thi phi cng tc vi cc nh kinh t thc hin d n ca
mnh sao cho c hiu qu kinh t cao nht.
II. Ni dung tnh ton kinh t
1. Xc nh ch cng tc ca phn xng
Trong phn thit k cng ngh tnh: dy chuyn sn xut lin tc, s ngy
lm vic trong mt nm l 340 ngy, 25 ngy trong nm l bo dng sa cha
my mc v ngh l tt. Mi ngy lm vic 3 ca, mi ca 8 gi.
Nng sut 9803,922 kg/h (sn phm vinyl axetat cht lng t 99,9%) tng
ng 80.000 tn/nm.
2. Nhu cu v nguyn vt liu v nng lng cho nh my
58
a. Nhu cu v nguyn vt liu

Tnh nhu cu v nguyn liu cho mt tn sn phm VA.
Nng sut ca qu trnh l : 9803,922 kg VA/h = 9,803922 tn VA/h.
Kh C2H2 nguyn liu cn :
18,704
tn/h.
Lng CH3COOH nguyn liu:
8,235
tn/h.
Lng xc tc :
1,568
tn/h.
Lng hi nc:
2,696
tn/h.
Lng nc:
189,162
tn/h.
Lng nc mui O0C:
16,1968
tn/h.
8,622
tn/h.
Lng NH3 lng:
T ta tnh lng nguyn liu tiu hao cho mt tn sn phm nh sau:

Lng C2H2
18,704
= 1,908 tn.
9,803922
Lng CH3COOH nguyn liu:
8,235
= 0,840 tn
9,803922
Lng xc tc:
1,568
= 0,160 tn
9,803922
Lng hi nc:
2,696
= 0,275 tn
9,803922
Lng nc:
189,162
= 19,295 tn
9,803922
Lng nc mui O0C:
16,1968
= 1,652
9,803922
Lng NH3 lng:
8,622
= 0,879 tn
9,803922
tn
Bng nhu cu v nguyn liu

TT
Tn nguyn liu
n v
H s tiu hao
Nhu cu trong nm
C2H2
Tn
1,908
143,1
CH3COOH
Tn
0,840
63
Xc tc
Tn
0,160
12
59
Nc lm lnh
Tn
19,295
1447,125
Nc mui O0C
Tn
1,625
121,875
NH3 lng
Tn
0,879
65,925
Hi nc
Tn
0,275
20,625
b. Nhu cu v in nng
in nng dng cho chy my cng nghip c tnh theo cng thc:
N
W = K1 K1 n i t i
i =1
KW
Trong :
W: l lng in nng dng trong 1 nm.
ni: l cng sut ng c th i.
n: l s loi ng c.
ti: l thi gian s dng trong nm.
K1: l h s ph ti thng ly 0,75.
K2 l h s tn tht thng ly 1,05.
Bng nhu cu v in nng trong cng nghip
TT
Tn thit b
Cng
Tng
sut
lng
KW
K1
K2
t1(h)
Nhu cu in
Trong nm KW
Bm nc 1
8,6
8,6
0,75 1,05 8160
55263,6
Bm nc 2
6,8
6,8
0,75 1,05 8160
43696,8
Bm nc mui
5,4
5,4
0,75 1,05 8160
34700,4
Bm NH3 lng
5,4
5,4
0,75 1,05 8160
34700,4
Bm VA
5,4
5,4
0,75 1,05 8160
34700,4
My nn
2000
2000 0,75 1,05 8160
12852000
Tng cng
13055061,6
in dng thp sng cho phn xng ca c 2 ca chiu v m c xc

nh theo cng thc:
n
Ws = n i Pi t i
i =1
(KW)
60
Trong : + ni l s bng n loi i.

+ Pi l cng sut n loi I, (KW).
+ ti l thi gian s dng trong mt nm, h.
Bng nhu cu thp sng
TT
Tn cng trnh
Loi
Thi gian s
Nhu cu
bng (W)
lng
dng (h)
trong nm
(ci)
(KW)
Khu nh sn xut
150-220
60
4640
40368
Phng qun c, thng 100-220
20
4640
9280
4640
696
trc, bo v, cu thang
WC
3
Phng thay
Tng cng
75- 220
50344
Nh vy lng in tiu th trong c nm ca phn xng:

13055061,6 + 50344 = 13105405,6
KW
Lng in chi ph cho mt tn sn phm:

13105405,6 : 80000 = 163,818 KW
3. Tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu, nng lng trong mt nm
TT
Tn nguyn liu
n v
,nng lng
Lng dng
n gi
Thnh tin
trong nm
()
()
C2H2
Tn
152626,076
5.106
763130,38.106
CH3COOH
Tn
67193,463
10.106
671934,63.106
Xc tc
Tn
12794,88
500000
6397,44.106
Nc lm lnh
Tn
1543561,92
3000
4630,686.106
Nc mui O0C
Tn
132165,888
6000
792,996.106
NH3 lng
Tn
70355,52
400000
28142,208.106
Hi nc
Tn
21999,36
30000
659,981.106
in
KW
13105405,6
1500
19658,109.106
Tng cng
1495346,43.106
61
4. Vn u t c nh
a.Vn u t xy dng: Vxd
n gi xy dng nh l thin thp nh, kt bao che nh gi : 1.600.000
/m2.
Tng din tch xy dng : 6162 m2.
Vxd = 1.600.000 6162 = 9.859,2 106 ng.
b.Vn u t cho thit b my mc
Chi ph c nh cho cc thit b my mc c c kho st trn th trng
v c tnh trong bng sau:
TT
Tn thit b
S lng
n gi()
Thnh tin()
Thit b phn ng
100.106
300.106
Thit b trn C2H2
20.106
20.106
Thit b trn HC3 COOH
15.106
15.106
Thit b bc hi
35.106
35.106
Thit b trao i nhit
60.106
60.106
T hp xycln
20.106
40.106
Thit b lm lnh
30.106
90.106
Thit b phn ring
5.106
15.106
Thit b un nng
35.106
35.106
10
Thit b ngng t VA
35.106
35.106
11
Thit b ngng t EDA
15.106
30.106
12
My nn
10.106
10.106
13
Thp chng luyn
35.106
105.106
14
My bm nc(1)
3.106
3.106
15
My bm nc (2)
2.106
8.06
16
My bm nc mui
2.106
2.106
17
My bm NH3 lng
2,5.106
18
My bm VA th
5.106
5.106
19
Thng cha sn phm th
5.106
5.106
2,5.106
62
20
Thng cha VA tinh khit
5.106
5.106
21
Thng cha EDA
2.106
2.106
822,5.106
Tng cng
5. Cc vn u t khc
- Chi ph lp t cc thit b thng thng chim khong: 20% Vtb.

- Chi ph cho cc dng c o chim khong: 20% Vtb.
- Chi ph cho vic vn chuyn chim khong: 10% Vtb.
Vy tng chi ph cho my mc thit b, dng c o v cc chi ph khc l:
Vtb + 0,5 Vtb = 822,5 106 + 411,25 106 = 1233,75 106 ().
Ngoi ra vn c nh cn c dng cho vic chi ph kho st thit k v
o to cn b chim khong 10% vn u t c nh.
Vdt = Vxd + Vtb + Vk
Vdt = Vxd + Vtb + 0,1 Vdt
=>
Vxd + Vtb 9859,2.106 + 1233,75.106

=
Vdt =
0,9
0,9
Vdt = 12325,5 106 ()
Vy
Vk = 1232,55 106
()
6. Nhu cu v lao ng
Do c im ca qu trnh sn xut l lin tc, qu trnh xy ra c tin
hnh trong thit b kn t ng ng ha hon ton. Nhim v ch yu ca cng
nhn l kim tra quan st ch d lm vic ca my mc thit b v cht lng
ca sn phm, cng nh cc tim n s c cnh nghip iu chnh cho thch
hp. Di y l bng phn b s lng cng nhn trc tip sn xut.
Bng b tr cng nhn ni sn xut
STT
V tr lm vic
S lng S cng nhn
Tng s cng nhn
thit b
trong mt ca
trong 1 ngy(3 ca)
B phn phn ng
My nn, bm, in
B phn lm lnh
63
Thp chng luyn
B phn sn phm
Tng
24
Ly s cng nhn thc t trong phn xng l 27 ngi .

S cn b, nhn vin.
Cn b k thut :
2 ngi ( qun c, ph qun c)
Th k vn phng:
1 ngi.
Hnh chnh:
1ngi.
Bo v:
2 ngi.
Vy tng s ngi lm vic trong phn xng l :33 ngi.

7. Qu lng cng nhn v nhn vin trong ton phn xng
STT
Ngnh ngh
H s
Mc
ngi
lng
lng()
Lng c
thng ton
nm ()
b ()
2.106
54.106
648.106
1,2
2,4.106
8,64.106
103,68.106
1,5
3.106
4,5.106
54.106
1,4
2,8.106
3,92.106
47,04.106
Cng nhn
27
T trng
Qun c
Ph
qun
Lng
c
5
Th k
1,3
2,5.106
3,25.106
39.106
Hnh chnh
1,1
2,2.106
2,42.106
29,04.106
Bo v
2.106
4.106
48.106
80,73.106
968,76.106
Tng cng
Bi dng ca m:
968,76 106 0,02 = 19,375 106 ()
Bi dng c hi:
968,76 106 0,01 = 9,688 106
Tng qu lng c nm:
()
(968,76 + 19,375 + 9,688) 106 = 997,823 106
()
64
8. Tnh khu hao

- Nh sn xut c thi gian khu hao l 15 nm:
9859,2 106 : 15 = 657,28 106 (/nm)
Mc khu hao l:
- Thit b my mc ly thi gian khu hao l 8 nm:

822,5 106 : 8 = 102,813 106 (/nm)
Mc khu hao l:
Tng khu hao ton phn xng:

657,28 106 + 102,813 106 = 760,093 106
(/nm)
Khu hao sa cha ln ly bng 50% khu hao c bn:

760,093 106 0,5 = 380,047 106
(/nm)
Tng mc khu hao c nm:

(760,093 + 380,047) 106 = 1140,14 106
(/nm)
Mc khu hao trn mt n v sn phm:

1140,14 106 : 80000 = 14251,75
(/nm)
9. Thu hi sn phm ph
Lng Etyliden diaxetat trong 1 nm:
1447,151 24 340
= 11808752,16
kg/nm
= 11808,752
(tn/nm)
Lng axetaldehyt trong mt nm:
15,041 24 340 = 122734,56 kg/nm = 122,735 (tn/nm)
Lng axeton trong mt nm:
0,784 24 340 = 6364,8 kg/nm = 6,365 (tn/nm)
Sn phm hi trong mt nm:
4,855 (tn/nm)
Bng doanh thu sn phm ph

STT
Tn sn phm ph
n v
S lng
Gi bn
Thnh tin
EDA
Tn
11808,752
25.106
295218,8.106
Axetaldehyt
Tn
122,735
3.106
368,205.106
Axeton
Tn
6,365
3.106
19,095.106
Sn phm hi
Tn
4,855
0,5.106
2,428.106
Tng cng
Tn
295608,528.106
10. Cc chi ph khc
65
- Chi ph qun l doanh nghip ly 8% gi thnh phn xng.

- Chi ph bn hng ly 7% gi thnh phn xng.
- Thu doanh thu ly 4% doanh thu phn xng.
11. Tnh gi thnh sn phm
Gi thnh n v sn phm v phng n gi c hnh thnh trong bng
di y vi nng sut sn phm 80000 tn/nm.
Khon
mc
nh
mc tiu
hao SP
n
gi ()
Chi ph cho
Chi ph cho ton b sn lng
mt n v
S lng
sn phm ()
dng
Thnh tin
()
I. Chi ph nguyn liu - nhin liu

C2H2
Tn
1,908
5.106
9,54.106
143,1
1365,174.106
CH3COO
Tn
0,840
10.106
8,4.106
63
529,2.106
0,16 0,5.106
0,18.106
12
2,16.106
H
Xc tc
Tn
Nc
Tn
19,295
3000
57,885
1447,125
83766,831.106
Nc
Tn
1,625
6000
9750
121,875
1,1883.106
NH3 lng
Tn
0,879 0,4.106
0,352.106
65,925
23,205.106
Hi nc
Tn
0,275
30000
8250
20
0,165.106
in
KW
163,818
1500
245727
13105405,6
3220352,002.106
mui
3306039,925.106
Tng chi ph nguyn liu, nhin liu.

II. Chi ph nhn cng
Tin lng
Bo
him
12472,788
997,823.106
1870,918
149,673.106
x hi
III. Chi ph qun l doanh nghip
123325,5
9866,04.106
IV. Chi ph bn hng

Gi thnh ton b
Gi bn
107909,813
8632,785.106
18,874.106
1509920.106
25.106
2000000.106
66
Tng doanh thu ca phn xng trong nm:

2000000 106 + 295608,528 106 = 2295608,528 106 ()
Thu GTGT 5% l:
114780,426
()
Li nhun ca mt nm l:
L = 2295608,528 106 - 1509920 106 = 785688,528 106 ()
Doanh li vn u t:
Vn u t c nh: 12325,5 106
()
Vn lu ng bao gm ton b cc khon chi ph khc m doanh nghip

phi chi ph :
+ Chi ph nguyn nhin liu v nng lng:
3306039,925.106
()
+ Chi lng:
997,823.106
()
+ Bo him x hi:
149,673.106
()
+ Chi ph qun l:
9866,04.106
()
+ Chi ph bn hng:
8632,785.106
()
Tng cng:
3325685,461.106
()
Tng s vn u t l:
Vt = (12325,5 + 3325685,461) 106 = 3338010,961 106 ()
Doanh li vn u t: (D)
L
785688,528 10 6
= 0,2354
D=
=
Vdt 3338010,96 1 10 6
Tnh thi hn thu hi vn:

Vdt
3338010,961 106
Tth =
=
= 4,24
KH + L 1140,14 10 6 + 785688,52810 6
Vy thi gian thu hi vn u t l 4 nm 3 thng.
PHN V. T NG HO
I. T ng ho trong phn xng
1. Mc ch v ngha
67
T ng iu chnh l qu trnh ng dng cc dng c, cc thit b v cc

my mc t ng iu khin vo trong cng ngh. Nhng phng tin k thut
ny cho php thc hin nhng qu trnh cng ngh theo mt chng trnh tiu
chun c to dng ph hp vi cng ngh. m bo cho my mc thit b
hot ng theo ch ti u nht, vic t ng ho khng ch n gin cc thao
tc sn xut trnh c nhng nhm ln, tng nng sut lao ng cho php gim
s lng cng nhn v cn c cc bin php hu hiu trong an ton lao ng.
m bo cc yu cu trn th vic s dng cc h thng t ng o lng
v cc bin php t ng ha trong sn xut khng ch l mt vn cn thit
m cn c tnh cht bt buc i vi cng ngh ny. Trong hot ng ch mt
thit b khng n nh th ch cng ngh ca c dy truyn s b ph v.
Trong nhiu trng hp phi ngng hot ng c dy truyn sa cha cho d
ch mt thit b khng hot ng. Nh vy t y cho thy o lng t ng v
t ng ho trong dy truyn cng ngh l mt vn ht sc quan trng, n
khng ch tng nng sut ca cng ngh, cng sut ca thit b m n cn l c
s vn hnh cng ngh mt cch ti u nht tng hiu qu thu hi sn phm
ng thi gim ng k cc chi ph khc, m bo an ton sn xut cho nh
my. Nh c t ng ho m nhng ni c th xy ra cc hin tng chy n
hay r r hi sn phm hoc cc cht c hi khc c iu khin, kim tra v
khng ch mt cch t ng trnh c vic gy hai cho cng nhn.
T ng ho m bo cc thao tc iu khin cc thit b cng ngh mt
cch chnh xc, trnh cc s c trong thao tc iu khin ca cng nhn.
Cc k hiu dng trong t ng ho x nghip:
Dng c o nhit :
Dng c o p sut:
Dng c o lu lng:
Dng c o nhit hin th ti trung tm iu khin:
Dng c o nhit truyn x ti trung tm iu khin:
Thit b o p sut t ng iu chnh:
TI
TT
P CZ
B iu chnh p sut t ghi v hin th, kh c lp ti trung tm iu khin:
P IR
68
B iu chnh mc cht lng t ghi c bo ng kh c lp ti trung tm

iu khin:
LRA
C cu iu chnh:
C cu chp hnh:
T ng m khi mt tn hiu:
T ng ng khi mt tn hiu:
G nguyn:
H thng t ng iu chnh bao gm i tng iu chnh v b iu
chnh. B iu chnh c th bao gm b cm bin v b khuych i.
B cm bin dng phn nh s sai lch cc thng s iu chnh so vi
gi tr cho trc v bin i thnh tn hiu.
B khuch i lm nhim v khuch i cc tn hiu ca b cm bin n
gi tr c th iu chnh c quan iu khin, c quan ny tc ng ln i tng
nhm xa i sai lch ca cc thng s iu chnh.
2. Cc dng t ng ha trong cng nghip
2.1. T ng kim tra v t ng bo v
T ng kim tra cc thng s cng ngh (nhit , p sut, nng ),
kim tra cc thng s cng ngh c thay i hay khng v thay i mc
no, nu c th cnh bo gi tr ghi trn gi tr thay i , t ngi cng
nhn a ra nhng iu chnh ngc li n nh qu trnh hot ng.
C th biu din s t ng kim tra v t ng iu chnh nh sau:
1.i tng iu chnh.
5.1 Cnh bo.
2.Cm bin i tng.
5.2 Chnh th bng kim vch hoc bng s
3.B khuch i.
5.3 Ghi li s thay i.
4.Ngun cung cp nng lng. 5.4 Phn loi

5. C cu chp hnh.
1
3
CT
CB
BK
G
4
N
PL
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
69
2.2. Dng t ng iu khin.

S cu trc cho dng iu khiu ny l:
1. i tng iu chnh.
2. Cm bin i tng.
3. B khuyc i.
4. Ngun cung cp nng lng.
5. B c cho php ta t tn hiu iu khin, n l mt t chc cc tc
ng c nh hng iu khin t ng.
CB
SS
BD
4
2.3. Dng t ng iu chnh.
S cu trc bao gm cc phn t nh sau:

1. i tng iu chnh.
2. Cm bin i tng.
3. B khuych i.
4. Ngun cung cp nng lng.
5. B c.
6. B so snh.
7. C cu chp hnh.
S cu trc c biu din nh sau:
1
T
2
CB
6
SS
7
CCC
5
BD
3
BK
4
N
70
Trong tt c cc dng t ng iu khin thng s dng nht l kiu h

htng t ng iu khin c tn hiu phn hi (mch iu khin khp kn). Gi
tr thng tin u ra ca thit b da trn s khc nhau gia cc gi tr o c
ca bin bin iu khin vi gi tr tiu chun nhu sau:
N
i
l
i
l
Y
X
XC
XCB
Phn hi
Y: i lng t.
T: Phn t t tr.
X: i lng ra.
C: Phn t iu chnh.
N: Tc nhn nhiu.
XCB : Gi tr cm bin.
O: i tng iu chnh.
XT : Gi tr t tr.
XPH : i tng phn hi.
X (tri s) = XT + XCB.
CB: Cm bin.
SS: Phn t so snh.
Phn t cm bin: L phn t lm nhim v nhn tn hiu iu chnh X v

chuyn dch n ra mt dng thng s khc cho ph hp vi thit b iu chnh.
Phn t c tr: L b phn n nh cc thng s cn duy tr hoc gi tr
phm vi cc thng s cn duy tr (XT). Khi thng s vn hnh lch ra khi gi
tr th thit b iu chnh t ng phi iu chnh li cc thng s cho ph
hp, thng trn b t gi tr c thit k cc vt hoc cng tc ngi iu
chnh d dng thay i cc gi tr (t cc thng s iu chnh) cho ph hp khi
iu chnh.
Phn t so snh: l c cu tip nhn gi tr ca phn t nh tr quy nh (XT)
so snh vi gi tr thng s nhn c t cm bin XCB, xc nh sai lch
ca hai thng s X = XT XCB, a ra tn hiu vo c cu iu iu chnh.

C cu iu chnh: C nhim v bin cc tn hiu nhn v sai lch X
gy ra tc ng iu chnh trc tip.
Gi tr iu chnh c thay i lin tc tng ng vi s thay i lin tc
ca c cu iu chnh.
71
II. Cu to ca mt s thit b t ng ha.

1. B cm bin p sut.
Trong cc b iu chnh thng s dng b cm bin kiu mng, kiu hp
xp pittng, ng cng n hivic chn b cm bin p sut ph thuc vo
vic cm bin iu chnh v chnh xc theo yu cu.
UZ
UZ
B cm ng kiu mng
B cm ng kiu hp xp
2. B cm ng nhit .
Hot ng ca b cm ng nhit da trn nguyn l gin n nhit, mi

quan h gia nhit ca cht kh v p sut hi bo ha ca n tronh mt
h kn da trn nguyn l nhit in tr.
Z
Cam ng nhiet o kieu mang
Cam ng nhiet o kieu hop xep
3. B cm bin mc o cht lng

Mc cht lng c th o c bng nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng phng
php n gin nht v c chnh xc kh cao l phng php o bng phao.
Z
Z
Kieu phao
Kieu mang
72
4. B cm bin lu lng
B cm bin lu lng c xy dng trn c s s ph thuc vo cng
thc sau :
Q = f V.
+ f : l din tch ng dn.
+ V : l tc cht lng chy trong ng dn theo nh lut Becnuli :
V=
2 P
S
+ S : l t trng ca cht lng.

+ P : l chnh lch p sut cht lng.
Nu t trng khng i th lu lng th tch ph thuc vo hai thng s l
tit din f v chnh lch p sut P .
Ta c 2 cch o lu lng:
+ Khi tit din khng i th o lu lng bng chnh lch p sut trc
v sau thit b c ng hp.
+ Khi chnh lch p sut khng i th o tit din ca ng s xc nh
c lu lng ca dng chy.
PHN VI
AN TON LAO NG TRONG PHN XNG [15]
I. MC CH
Trong bt c hot ng no th tnh mng con ngi phi lun c m
bo. V vy trong qu trnh sn xut phi m bo tnh mng v sc kho cho
ngi lao ng vi khu hiu:
An ton sn xut - Sn xut phi an ton.
T chc an ton v bo h lao ng trong nh my l mt cng vic khng
th tch khi sn xut. Bo v tt sc khe lao ng cho con ngi sn xut cho
php y mnh sc sn xut nng cao nng sut lao ng.
Trong phn xng sn xut VA trc ht cn bit n tnh c hi, d chy
n ca ho cht. V vy cn a ra cc cng tc bo m an ton lao ng.
73
II. NGUYN NHN XY RA TAI NN LAO NG

- Thng do cc nguyn nhn sau chnh sau khi do k thut, do t chc
(T chc giao nhn), do v sinh cng nghip.
- Trong nh my sn xut VA b nhim ch yu bi kh Hyrocacbon
(hydro cac bon mch thng c tnh c hn hydro cacbon mch nhnh, Hydro
cacbon vng c hn mch thng).
- nh hng bi cc kh ph nh kh CO2, bi
- in git do dy in h hoc do chy chp in
III. CNG TC BO M AN TON LAO NG
1. Cng tc gio dc t tng
Cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht qun chng v vy cng tc phn
ln l do chnh bn thn ngi lao ng t gic thc hin. Nh qun l v iu
hnh sn xut phi thng xuyn gio dc ngi lao ng tun th cc ni
quy ca nh my ra v cng tc bo h lao ng, ng thi thng xuyn
kim tra vic thc hin quy nh, an ton khi vn hnh thao tc, kp thi gii
quyt khi cc s c xy ra.
C bi dng cho cng nhn lm vic ca m v c hi.
2. Trang b phng h lao ng
Trong nh my, nht l trong phn xng sn xut VA, vic cp pht y
cc trang b bo h lao ng nh qun, o, giy, m, gng tay, khu trang l
ht sc cn thit. y l cc yu t nhm ngn nga cc ti nn lao ng v cc
bnh ngh nghip. ng thi cn nhc nh, thng xuyn kim tra vic thc
hin ca cng nhn trong vn ny.
3. Cc bin php phng chng chy n
- chng bi cn cc bin php ti thiu sau:
+ C kh ha, t ng ha qu trnh sn xut hn ch tc dng ca cc
hp cht c hi.
+ Bao kn thit b
+ Thay i phng php cng ngh lm sch.
+ Thng gi ht bi
+ Bo m v sinh cng nghip.
74
-Do trong nh my s dng nguyn liu du v cc hp cht d chy n

v c hi nn cn thit phi m bo an ton. Nu khi lng ln kh to ra
p sut cao dn n n c th gy chn thng cho cng nhn thm ch ph
hy phn xng.
Nh vy c th ni rng phng chng chy n l khu quan trng m
bo an ton cho phn xng.
Cc bin php cn thit phng chng chy n:
+Thay cc khu sn xut nguy him bng cc khu sn xut t nguy him.
+ C kh ha t ng ha cc qu trnh sn xut c tnh nguy him
m bo an ton.
+Thit b bo m kn hn ch hi, kh chy thot ra xung quanh khu sn
xut.
+ Loi tr kh nng pht sinh mi la nhng ni c lin quan n chy
n. Kh nng to nng nguy him ca cc cht d chy.
+Ti nhng ni c chy n cn t bin bo cm, dng c cha chy
nhng ni d thy v thun tin thao tc.
+Xy dng i ng cha chy chuyn nghip v nghip d thng xuyn
kim tra luyn tp.
Khi c s c chy n xy ra tu tnh cht nguy him ca ni to chy, cn
phi thc hin cc bin php k thut cn thit nhng khu vc ln cn nh
ngng cng tc, ct in, pht tn hiu cp cu cha chy.
- Thc hin nghim chnh ch bo dng my mc nh k.
- Trang b y cc cng c sn xut ng tiu chun k thut.
- Cc dng c thit b in phi che chn ng k thut, m bo an ton.
- Cc h thng chuyn ng nh mot phi bao che chc chn.
- Kim tra nguyn vt liu trc khi a vo sn xut.
- Trang b v bo dng thng xuyn cc van, b phn ng.
- Thng xuyn kim tra ng dn nguyn liu v sn phm.
- Tuyt i tun theo cc yu cu cng ngh.
- S dng cc ho cht d chy n, gy bng phi tuyt i cn thn.
IV. CNG TC V SINH LAO NG
75
Cn lm tt v sinh lao ng trnh nhng bnh ngh nghip. Trong qu

trnh sn xut phi c h thng thng gi, chiu sng cho phn xng.
1. H thng thng gi
Trong qu trnh vn hnh my mc c qu trnh gia nhit, pht sinh nhit,
c cc hi kh c hi do phi c bin php thng gi cho tng cng on.
Ngoi thng gi t nhin cn b tr h thng ht gi (qut gi loi 1000m3/h).
2. H thng chiu sng.
Cn m bo cc yu t sng t nhin v nhn to to iu kin lm
vic cho cng nhn c thoi mi v nng sut cao, chnh xc, trnh c
bnh ngh nghip. Lm vic ca m cn m bo nh sng cho phn xng.
3. H thng v sinh c nhn
Phn xng c khu v sinh mi tng gm c: phng thay qun o, tm
ra, v sinh m bo cho sc kho cng nhn khi sn xut.
Tiu hao nc sinh hot cho cng nhn phn xng ly trung bnh 8
m3/ngi thng. Mt nm tiu th 8 x 12 = 96 m3/ngi nm.
Nhn xt.
nng cao nng sut lao ng em li hiu qu kinh t cao cho x hi
cn phi chm lo n cuc sng, sc kho v nhu cu ca ngi lao ng. iu
kin lm vic thoi mi, sc kho m bo s gip cho mi ngi hng hi lao
ngsnxut
76
KT LUN
Sau hn ba thng tm ti liu, nghin cu cng s hng dn tn tnh ca GSTS o Vn Tng. n nay em hon thnh bn n tt nghip vi ti
Thit k phn xng sn xut Vinylaxetat vi cng sut 80.000 tn/nm, i t
nguyn liu l Axetylen v Axitaxetic. Xc tc l km Axetat mang trn cht mang
than hot tnh, thc hin trong pha kh.
Nh ta bit VA l mt hp cht hu c rt quan trng, n c nhiu ng
dng trong cc ngnhcng nghip ha hc, cng nh trong i sng con ngi. N l
hp cht trung gian to ra cc sn phm cui cng phc v cho i sng. Trong
cc ngnh cng nghip polime, VA c dng to mng si, vt liu gi da, cht
kt dnh, ng dng trong ngnh giy, sn
Hin nay, trn th gii c nhiu nghin cu v cng ngh sn xut VA mi i
t cc ngun nguyn liu khc nhau, trong phng php tng hp VA i t
etylen v axit axetic ang c coi l phng php c hiu qu kinh t nht. Ngun
etylen sau khi nh my lc ho du nc ta bt u hot ng rt ph hp cho xu
hng pht trin ny. V vy vic xy dng mt nh my sn xut VA i t etylen l
rt cn thit cho nn kinh t nc nh. T lu cng ngh sn xut VA c ng
dng vo trong sn xut bi nhiu hng khc nhau trn th gii. Tuy nhin mi dy
chuyn cng ngh ca mi hng u c nhng u nhc im khc nhau, nhng nhn
chung th ch cng ngh ca cc dy chuyn u ph thuc ch yu vo cc
yu t sau:
-Nhit phn ng.
-Loi xc tc dng cho phn ng.
-T l ca cc cu t trong hn hp nguyn liu u phi da vo tng iu
kin c th ca mi quc gia v hin nay xu th hng u la chn v xy dng
mt dy chuyn sn xut l phi da vo hiu qu sn xut ca dy chuyn v cc
vn mi trng.
c giao nhim v thit k mt phn xng vinyl axetat nng sut 80.000
tn/nm em hon thnh ng thi gian theo quy nh. Ni dung cng vic thc
hin bao gm:
- Trnh by phn l thuyt tng quan v VA v a ra c cc phng php
tng hp VA t trc ti nay.
- Tnh ton cn bng vt cht, cn bng nhit lng, tnh v chn thit b chnh
v cc thit b ph.
- Tnh ton xy dng theo s hng dn ca thy gio.

- Tnh ton kinh t theo s hng dn ca thy gio.
- T ng ha trong phn xng.
- An ton lao ng trong phn xng.
Bn n ny gip em vn dng kin thc chuyn ngnh c hc v
hon thin hn kh nng tnh ton v xy dng. y l nhng kin thc ht sc qu
bu gip em trong qu trnh hc tp v cng tc sau ny.
Ngy thng .. nm 2006
Sinh vin thc hin
TI LU THAM KHO
1. Phan Minh Tn. Tng hp hu c v ha du. Tp 1. NXB i hc Quc Gia
TP. H Ch Minh- 2002.
2. Hong Trng Ym, Nguyn ng Quang. Ha hc hu c-Tp 2. NXB
3. Ha hc v k thut tng hp hu c- H Bch Khoa H Ni-1974.
4. V Th Tr. Tng hp cc cht trung gian. Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni
1966.
5. Trn Cng Khanh. Thit b phn ng trong sn xut cc hp cht hu c.
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni-1986.
6. Nguyn Vn May. Gio trnh bm qut my nn. Trng H Bch Khoa H
Ni- 1993.
7. Trn Xoa ch bin. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht- Tp 1.
NXB Khoa hc v k thut-1999.
8. Trn Xoa ch bin. S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht- Tp 2.
NXB Khoa hc v k thut-1999.
9. Ullmans Encycloedia Industrial Chemistry.Vol A22. Poly ( Vinyl esters ) to
Reduction- 1993.
10. Industrial Polymerstlandbook products, processes, Applications Vol A2.
Edited by Ewards Wilks.
11. Encyclopedial of Chemical Technology- Vol A1, A7, A9.
12. S tay tm tt cc i lng ha l. B mn ha l- Trng H Bch Khoa
TP. H Ch Minh-1983.
13. C s thit k nh cng nghip ha cht. B mn xy dng cng nghip
Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni-1982.
14. Kinh t cng nghip ha cht. H Bch Khoa H Ni-1971.
15. Trn Vn ch, nh Khc Hin. K thut an ton v mi trng. NXB khoa
hc v k thut. H Ni-2005.
MC LC
M u ..
Phn I: Tng quan l thuyt ..
A. Tnh cht l ha ca nguyn liu v sn phm .
I. Tnh cht l- ha ca axetylen
I.1. Tnh cht vt l ..
I.2. Tnh cht ha hc .
I.3. Sn xut axetylen ...
II. Tnh cht l ha hc ca axit axetic
II.1. Tnh cht vt l.
II.2. Tnh cht ha hc
II.3. ng dng..
II.4. Phng php sn xut axit axetic.
III. Tnh cht l ha hc ca vinyl axetat.
III.1. Tnh cht vt l
III.2. Tnh cht ha hc ..
III.3. Phn loi, tiu chun v bo qun VA
III.3.1. Phn loi..
III.3.2. Tiu chun...
III.3.3. Bo qun..
III.4. Tnh hnh sn xut v s dng VA.
III.4.1. Tnh hnh sn xut VA
III.4.2. Tnh hnh s dng VA.
III.5. Cc phng php sn xut VA
B. Qu trnh tng hp VA
I. Khi nim chung.
II. Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh tng hp VA.
III. ng hc ca qu trnh tng hp VA
IV. Xc tc ca qu trnh tng hp VA..
V. C ch phn ng.
VI. Phng php tch sn phm.
VII. Thit b phn ng.
C. Phng php tng hp VA.
I. Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H2 v CH3COOH
I.1. Cng ngh tng hp trong pha lng
I.2. Cng ngh tng hp trong pha kh..
I.2.1. Cng ngh tng hp ca hng Petroleum Raifiner..
4
6
6
6
6
7
9
10
10
11
13
13
13
13
15
18
18
18
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
23
24
24
25
25
26
27
27
27
27
29
I.2.2. Cng ngh tng hp ca hng Wacker

31
II. Cng ngh tng hp VA t C2H4 v CH3COOH.. 33
II.1. Cng ngh tng hp trong pha lng... 34
II.2. Cng ngh tng hp trong pha kh. 36
III. Cc phong php sn xut VA khc..
40
Phn II. Tnh ton thit k.
44
A. Thuyt minh dy chuyn...
44
B. Tnh cn bng vt cht..
46
I. Cn bng vt cht ti thit b phn ng.
46
1.Tnh lng vt cht vo thit b phn ng.. 46
2. Tnh lng tp cht mang vo 49
3. Tnh lng tp cht ra khi thit b 49
II. Cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh 50
1. Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thit b lm lnh (7) 50
III. Tnh cn bng vt cht ca thp chng luyn.. 56
C. Tnh cn bng nhit lng . 60
I. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ti thit b trao i nhit... 60
II. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ti thit b phn ng 65
III. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ti thit b lm lnh (7).. 67
IV. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ti thit b lm lnh (8).. 71
V. Tnh cn bng nhit lng ti thit b lm lnh (9) 75
D. Tnh ton cng ngh... 80
I. Tnh thit b phn ng. 80
1. Tnh th tch xa tc... 80
2. Tnh kch thc thit b.. 82
3. Tnh chiu dy ca thn thit b. 84
4. Chn y v np thit b. 87
E. Tnh chn thit b ph 89
1. Chn bm..
89
2. Chn my nn
89
Phn III. Thit k xy dng 91
I. Xc nh a im xy dng 91
1. Nhim v v yu cu.
91
2. C s xc nh a im xy dng 92
3. a im xy dng
93
4. Tng mt bng nh my
II. Tng mt bng nh my...
1. Nhim v yu cu.
2. Nhng bin php v nguyn tc trong thit k tng
3. Mt bng nh my
4. Nh sn xut.
Phn IV. Tnh ton kinh t
I. Mc ch v nhim v ca vic tnh ton kinh t.
II. Ni dung tnh ton kinh t
1. Xc nh ch cng tc phn xng.
2. Nhu cu v nguyn liu v nng lng cho nh my..
3. Tnh chi ph nguyn vt liu, nng lng trong mt nm
4. Vn c nh .
5. Cc vn u t khc.
6. Nhu cu lao ng .
7. Qu lng cng nhn v nhn vin trong ton phn xng.
8. Tnh khu hao...
9. Thu hi sn phm.
10. Tnh gi thnh sn phm
Phn V. T ng ha
I. T ng ha trong phn xng.
1. Mc ch v ngha
2. Cc dng c t ng ha trong cng nghip
II. Cu to ca mt s thit b t ng ha..
1. B cm bin p sut.
2. B cm bin nhit ...
3. B cm bin o mc cht lng
4. B cm bin o lu lng
Phn VI. An ton lao ng trong phn xng.
I. Mc ch .
II. Cng tc gio dc t tng.
III. Cng tc m bo an ton lao ng
IV. Cng tc v sinh lao ng
94
94
94
95
98
98
99
99
99
99
99
102
102
103
104
105
105
105
106
109
109
109
110
112
112
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115
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115
116

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B gio dc v o to

Trng i hc bch khoa H Ni

Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam

NHIM V THIT K N TT NGHIP

Ngy.. thng..nm 2006

phng php tng hp vinylaxetat c tm ra v ng dng. Sn xut vinyl axetat

Th tch C2H2/1 th tch

tan ca axetylen c ngha quan trng iu ch v tch n ra khi hn

UHO298 = 226,7 KJ/Mol .

S d n ca axetylen s gim khi n c thm vo kh hoc hi tr nh N2,

- Khi cho axetylen i qua Na kim loi un nng 150oC:

I.2.2. Phn ng cng hp

CH3 - CHO, UH = -38,8 kcal/mol.

- Khi c oxit km v oxit st 360 450oC, axetylen tc dng vi hi nc to

CH3- CO- CH3 + CO2 + 2 H2

- Phn ng cng hp vi ru c vinyl ete xc tc la KOH, nhit l

- Tc dng vi mercaptan ta c vinylthioete:

- Khi kt hp vi clo to thnh tetracloetan :

- C2H2 tc dng vi Hydro clorua cho ta vinylclorua :

- nhit 800C c CuCl2, C2H2 tc dng vi HCN cho ta acrylonitril:

I.2.3. Phn ng trng hp

Mc chuyn ho qua mt qu trnh khong 14%, hiu sut tnh theo

I.3. Sn xut axetylen [1,3,4,9,10,11]

- Tng hp t cacbua canxi.

Hoc oxy ho metan.

2C2H2 + 2CO2 + 4H2

ht m t khng kh, vi nng cao c th gy bng da, ngi ta co th nh

% Khi lng Nhit ng c,oC

T trng ca dung dch axit axetic t cc i khong nng 7778% trng

Mt s tnh cht vt l ca axit axetic:

+ Dng kh 250C : 1,110 J/g.K.

+ Dng tinh th 1,50C

Nhit chy, Hc (lng) : -874,8 KJ/mol.

CH3COOH CH4 + CO2

- Phn ng th halogen vo gc hydrocacbon:

CH3 - C = O + POCl3 + HCl

- Phn ng decaboxyl ho:

CH3 - CO - CH3 + H2O + CO2

CH3COOH c nhiu phn ng quan trng trong tng hp hu c to thnh

- S kh n axetaldehyl cng xy ra khi nung nng mui ca n vi mui

- Hi axit axetic chy trong khng kh vi ngn la mu xanh:

- Di tc dng ca dng in, axit axetic b phn hu thnh cacbonic, hyro,

cht lng khng mau, c mi ete, rt linh ng v d dng bt chy. t ho tan

Mt s tnh cht vt l ca VA:

T trng: + d2020 = 0,9338.

Ap sut hi ca VA ph thuc vo nhit c xc nh theo cng thc:

VA c th ha tan trong nhiu cht hu c nhng vi nc n ha tan rt hn

Thnh phn VA, % (k.lng)

III.2. Tnh cht ho hc [1,2,3,4,10,11]

Trong phn t vinyl axetat, CH3COOCH = CH2 c ni i nn c y tnh

- Khi ng trng hp vinylaxetat vi vinylclorua ta c loi cht do vinylic

Qu trnh trng hp c th theo phng php huyn ph, nh tng, dung

Ru polyvinylic l bn sn phm dng sn xut si vinyl lng, keo dn, cht

[-CH2-CH -CH2 - CH -]n

V d: Khi ng trng hp VA vi vinyl clorua ta thu c loi cht do

VA tc dng vi nhiu axit, xc tc l mui Hg2+

- Tham gia phn ng cng hp vi:

ROOC - CH3 + CH3 - CH + CH3 - CH OR

+Trong mi trng axit mnh v xc tc l mui thy ngn.

- Vi NH3 phn ng xy ra nhit phng.

- Nhng nu tin hnh 1300C th sn phm to thnh theo phn ng.

III.3. Phn loi, tiu chun v bo qun VA

VA c phn lm ba loi ty theo lng cht c ch a vo. Cht c ch

300ppm. Loi ny c th tn cha trong thi gian di m VA khng b bin cht.