Rohingya Research

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*
nTefMum;a&;rSL;? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme
Thin Kyi, Arakanese Capital; ''A Preliminary Survey of the Geographical Sitting'', JBRS, Vol.LIII, Part II,
Rangoon, 1970, p-1-13
vll0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;?&cdkifjynfe,f? 2008
3 jynfe,fjzpfpOf? pm 70-71
Arakan Palace, p. 488

5
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OD;y@d? "n0wD&mZ0ifopf ?jynfBuD;r@dKifyd#uwfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1910

pErmvmvuFm&? &cdkif&mZ0ifopf? (y)wJG? yd#uwfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1931? pm 246? 260
jrefrmrif;rsm;ta&;awmfykH? eHUomykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1967? pm 36
My document/my data/mt/rohinja
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1
Serajuddin, Muslim influence in Arakan and the Muslim Names of Arakanese Kings, Asiatic
Society of Bangladesh, Vol XXX,I, June, 1986, p 20
&cdkif&mZ0ifopf ('k)wJG? 1931?
3
4
Maurice Collis, The Land of the Great Image, Faber and Faber Ltd, London, P-107
Smart, Report on the Revision Settlement Operations in the Akyab district 1913-1917, Rangoon, Govt.
Press, 1918, p 15
ewfarmufbkef;ausmf? t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfordkif ;?(wwd,tBudrf)? pmayavmuykHESdyw

f dkuf? &efukef? 1999? pm 129
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ojzihf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; &cdkifa'oodkU wjznf;jznf;wdk;0ifvmrIonf udkvdkeDacwfwGif trsm;qkH;
jzpfonfudkawGU&onf/ jynfolUusef;rma&;0ef\ 1930-31 tpD&ifcHpmt& omreftm;jzihf wpfESpf
vQSif ppfwaumif;om;ulvDaygif; 40000 ausmf 0ifavh&dSaMumif;? 1931 oef;acgifpm&if;t&
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armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? ordkif;jyKpka&;tzJGU? armifawmNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD? 1981? pm 25
Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol(A), Rangoon (Yangon), Govt. Press, 1957, p.83
3
OD;vSxGef;jzL? &cdkifjynfe,fpD;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf? awmufawmuf0if;ykHESdyfwdkuf? 1976? &efukef? pm 95

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235067
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2419931
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2645072
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udkawGU&onf/ 1939 ckESpfwGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&SifzJGUum pkHprf;cJhNyD; xdkaumfr&SifwGif rif;BuD;
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OD;atmifMunf(v0u)?e,fpyfj yem? vufESdyfpufrl??armifawmNrdKU ? 1976? pm 6

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ausmufNzLc&dkifwGif (4321)? oHwJGc&dkifwGif(1990)wdkUjzpf&m pkpkaygif; (217801)OD; jzpfonfudk
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ppfwaumif;om;rsm; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf 1937 cJGa&;wJGa&; EdkifiHa&;
tajymif;tvJaMumihfvnf; jzpfonf[kod&onf/ 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya't& jrefrmEdkifiH
udk tdEd,rScJGxkwf&ef qkH;jzwfcsuft& tdEd,rSacgif;aqmif qmumESihf jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&bufrS
*VKefOD;apmwdkU vl0ifvlxGufpmcsKyfwpfckudk MudKwifcsKyfqdkcJhMuonf/ xdkOya't& jzpfvmrnhf
jrefrmEdkifiH vl0ifvlxGufOya'rsm;t& vdkufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk pmcsKyfcsKyfqdkaomaeUrSp
okH;ESpftwGif; &yfwefUxm;&efyg&dSonf/ tqdkygcJGxGufa&;udk pwifaqG;aEG;vdkufonfESihf ppfwaumif;
e,fbufrS ukvm;rsm; aemifwGif vmcGihfr&awmhrnfudk pdk;&drfum tvk;H t&if;jzihf 0ifa&muf
vmMu&m armifawmESihf bl;oD;awmifwpfavQmuf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif 0ifvmonhfukvm;rsm;
jrifraumif;avmufatmif rsm;jym;vSonf[kqdkonf/ OD;apm-qmum pmcsKyfudk tumtuG,f
,lum tNrJwrf;aexdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzihf okH;ESpfokH;rdk;umvtwGif; trsm;tjym;0ifvm&m
&dS&if;&Gmrsm;xuf ESpfq? okH;qydkrdkrsm;jym;vmNyD; tdrfajcenf;yg;aom &cdkif&GmwGifyg 0ifa&muf
aexdkifvmMuonfukdawGU&onf/ 2 ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmrIudk pdk;&drf&onhftajc
taewGif 'kwd,urmppfpwifvmojzifh rnfodkUrQ taumiftxnfraz: EdkifcJhacs/
(C) 'k wd ,urmppfumv ukvm;-&cdk ify#dyu
'kwd,urmppfBuD;pwifjzpfyGm;cgeD; 1942ckEpS fwGif NAdwdoQwyfrsm;pwifqkwfcGmavonf/
4if;wdkUqkwfcGmcsdefwGif pkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifu tpD&ifcHxm;onhftwdkif;yif ukvm;-&cdkif t"du
&kPf;jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ tajccHtaMumif;&if;rSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ &cdkifodkU tdEd,ukvm;rsm; tajrmuf
trsm; 0ifxGufcGihfjyKcJhjcif;aMumifhyifjzpfonf/ EdkifiHjcm;rS &maygif;rsm;pGmaom ukvm;rsm;udk
&cdkifodkUac:oGif;vmNyD; ajr,mrsm;udkay;cJhjcif;ESihftwl ukvm;ajrydkif&Sif trsm;tjym;ay:vmcJhonf/
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armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? pm 27?
bkHaygufomausm?f &cdkifjynfe,fESi hf&dk[if*smtrnfcHb*FgvDrsm;jyoempmwrf ;? vufESdyfpufrl ?1989? pm 84
7
&cdkifwdkU\ v,fajrrsm;rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf;qkH;&SKH;vmum &cdkifv,f,mrJhrsm;\ y#dyuonf
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tjrpfwG,fvm&mrS t"du&kPf;jzpfyGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 1 tjcm;taMumif;&if;wpf&yf
rSm NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ aoG;cJGtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfaMumihfjzpfonf/ ta&;ygaom taMumif;&if;wpfckrSm
vnf; NAdwdoQwdkUu 1300 jynfhta&;awmfykHudk tm&kHvTJ&ef &nf&G,faqmif&GufcJhaom ukvm;Arm t"du&kPf;aMumihfjzpfonf/ xdkt"du&kPf;\*,ufonf &cdkifodkU wjznf;jznf; ysHUESHU
vmcsdefwGif 'kwd,urmppfjzpfyGm;vm&m ppfaMumihf NAdwdoQwdkUESihftwl ajy;vmaomukvm;rsm;ESihf
&cdkifwdkU qufvuf xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifvm&onf/ jAdwdoQwdkUtaejzihf 4if;wdkY atmifjrifpGm
qkwfcGmEdkif&ef ppfajy;bufawmfom;rsm;u tcsif;csif;&efwdkufay;onfhtaejzifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;
r[kwfolrsm;udk udk,fhudk,fudkumuG,fEdkif&ef[k taMumif;jyum vufeufrsm;ay;tyfcJhonf/2
xdktcsdefwGif t*FvdyfppfwyfrS ukvm;ppfonfrsm;onf a'ocHukvm;rsm;ESihfaygif;um
&cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfrIrsm;pwifcJhonf/ ukvm;&cdkift"du&kPf; &kwfw&ufjzpf&jcif;
onf ajrykHNrdKUe,f? acsmif;BuD;&GmolBuD; nDtpfudkESpfOD;udk &ufacsmif;&GmrS ukvm;rsm;u
owfjzwfjcif;rSpwifcJhonf/ ukvm;rsm;u &cdkif&GmolBuD;tkyfcsKyfonfudk rESpfNrdKUojzihf ppftwGif;
tcGifhomonhfumvwGif owfjzwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkta&;tcif;udktaMumif;jyK odef;ausmfatmif?
ausmf,tp&dSaom &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;wdkUu a'goxGufum {nfhonf&ufacsmif; ukvm;wdkUudk
vufpm;acsowfjzwfonfwGif ukvm;&cdkif t"du&kPf;pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 3 xdkrSwpfqihf
ajrmufOD;? ausmufawmfNrdKUe,frsm;odkU ul;pufoGm;cJhonf/ xdkNrdKUe,frsm;rS xGufajy;vmaom
ukvm;rsm;onf bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;odkU a&muf&dSvmNyD; ,if;NrdKUe,f&Sd ukvm;rsm;
ESihfyl;aygif;um a'owGif;&dS &cdkifvlrsKd;wdkUudk vufpm;acsjyefojzihf armifawmNrdKUe,f jrpf
ta&SUbufjcrf;? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fESihf &aohawmifNrdKUe,f&dS &cdkif&Gmrsm;udk rD;&SKdUzsufqD;jcif;?
owfjzwfjcif;cH&jcif;wdkUaMumifh &cdkifrsm;xGufajy;Mu&onf/ &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm; toufqkH;&IH;&NyD;
&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmysufpD;oGm;onf/ 4 ,if;odkUysufpD;oGm;jcif;aMumifh ,aeUtxd emvefrxlEdkifbJ
bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif &cdkif&Gmtenf;i,fomusefawmhonf/ 5 xdkt"du&kPf;
aMumihf &cdkifvlrsKd;(20000)cefU toufqkH;&SKH;&NyD; bl;oD;awmif? armifawmrS &cdkif&Gmtm;vkH;
rD;&SKdUzsufqD;cH&onfhtjyif &aohawmifNrdKUe,frS &cdkif&GmtcsKdUrD;&SKdUzsufqD;cH&onf/ 6 ppfawGbufodkU
jyefvnfxGufajy;olrsm;udk rGwfqvifrsm;u owfjzwfaeaMumif; Mum;odMuonhf armifawme,f
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bkHaygufomausmf? awmfvSef a&;c&D;0,f? owif;*sme,fykHEdSyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1973? pm 73

armifxif?]]&cdkifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}}?jr 0wDr*Z if; ? 1960? Zlvdkif? twJG 8? trSwf 9? pm 14
&cdkifjynfe,fESihf&dk[if*smtrnfcHb*FgvDrsm;jyem? pm 93
D 1313? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
&cdkifjynfe,fjzpfp Ofordki f;? 'kwd,wJG? pm 36-37
&aohawmifNr dKUe,fordkif;jzpfpOfr Sw fw rf; ?NrdKUe,fordkif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;jyKpka&;tzJGU?&aohawmif? 1981? pm 22
8
rS &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif t*Fvdyftpdk;&bufrS wm0efcH&cdkift&m&dS\
tultnDjzihf 'dEmpyl&fppfajy;pcef;odkU xGufajy;cJh&onf/1
bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fwGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif; b*FgvDwdkU\ &ufpufowfjzwfrI
aMumihf aoqkH;Mu&jcif;? xGufajy;Mu&jcif;ESihfywfoufonfh touf&Sifusef&pfolwdkU\ ajymMum;
csufrsm;t& rGwfqvifukvm;wdkU\ tpDtpOfonf 4if;a'otwGif; tcGifhta&;BuKHcdkuf &cdkif
wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS rusef&pfatmif tjywf&Sif;&ef pDpOfMujcif;yifjzpfonf/ armifawme,f
awmifydkif;wGif tv,foHausmf? wyfwdk;jyif? pyfcsukef;?a&Smufudef;? NrdKUacsmif; ponfh&Gmrsm;onf
rGwfqvif&efudk tBuD;tus,fcH&aMumif; od&dS&onf/ xdk&Gmrsm;rS &Gmom;rsm;onf 'dEpyl;&f
ppfajy;pcef;odkU wpfOD;rSa&muf&dSjcif;r&dScJhacs/ 2 &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u tdEd,bufodkU xGufajy;
Muaomfvnf; rGwfqvifukvm;rsm;rSm xGufajy;oGm;jcif;r&dSbJ &cdkifwdkUydkifqdkifcJhonfh v,fajr
rsm;? uRJEGm;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvkyfudkifMuonf/ xdktcsdefwGif armifawmNrdKUwGif usef&pf
aom rGwfqvifrsm;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzJGU (Peace comittee) zJGUpnf;um tkHarmfrsmu OuXtjzpf
aqmif&GufNyD; pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonf/3 1942 ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGif *syefwdkUa&mufvmonhftcsdefwGif
(Peace comittee) udk bmoma&;toif;tjzpf toGifajymif;um *sarwltlvrm;toif;
trnfjzihf pwifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/
tdEd,EdkifiHdS NAdwdoQwdkUtaejzihf *syefudk jyefvnfwdkufcdkufEdkif&eftwGuf V. Force
[kac:aom taysmfwrf;wyfzJGUudk 1942 ckESpfwGif zJGUpnf;cJhonf/ wyfzJGU0ifrsm;onf b*FgvDukvm;
rsm;jzpfNyD; 4if;wdkU\t"duwm0efrSm *syefwdkUtm; ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;ESihf wdkufcdkuf&ef?
&efolvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk owif;pkaqmif;&efESihf pum;jyefrsm;tjzpfaqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ 4 odkUaomf
*syefwdkUta&;edrfh NAdwdoQwyfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonhftcg vdkufygvmonhf b*FgvD
ppfonfrsm;taejzihf *syefudkwdkufcdkuf&rnhftpm; &cdkifwdkUudk vufpm;acswdkufcdkufrIrsm; jyKvkyf
vmonf/
ppftwGif; NAdwdoQtpdk;&\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif&aohawmifa'o&dS &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;wGif qdk;&Gm;jyif;xefaomjzpf&yfrsm;ESihf 4if;wdkU
cHpm;&aom ysufpD;qkH;&IH;rIrsm;taMumif; Mum;od&onf/ ar,kjrpftaemufbufurf;&dS
aus;&Gmtrsm;pkrSm ppfwaumif; taysmfwrf;wyfzJGU\ rD;&dIUjcif;ESihfzsufqD;jcif;udk cHcJh&
onf/ --- 4if;wdkUonf bdk;bGm;ydkifajrrsm;rS ESifxkwfcH&aom &cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfNyD;
4if;wdkUtm;u,fq,f&eftwGuf arQmfvifhcsufr&dSaMumif;
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&cdkif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;udk,fawGUrSwfpk? pm 1
&cdkif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;udk,fawGUrSwfpk? pm 5
D 1318? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
Irwin, Anthony, Burmese Outpost, London, Collins, P-7-8,16
9
a&;om;xm;onf/1
&cdkifwdkUu rGwfqvif&efaMumihf ppfajy;pcef;odkU xGufajy;cJh&aomfvnf; rGwfqvif
ukvm;trsm;pkrSm usefaecJhojzihf &cdkif&Gmrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufaexdkifjcif;? &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ydkif
v,frsm;udk 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif;wdkUjzihf ae&m&,lxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ wpfzufEdkifiHodkU ppftwGif;
xGufajy;cdkvIHcJhonfh &cdkifrsm;onf rdrdae&yfodkUjyefvmonhftcg tdfk;tdrfrsm;rD;avmif ysufpD;qkH;&IH;
aejcif;? rGwfqvifrsm;u&Gmwnf aexdkifjcif;wdkUaMumihf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;odkU oGm;a&mufaexdkifMu
&onf/ jyefvnfxlaxmifaomaus;&Gmrsm;rSm ajrmufydkif;wGif toihftwihfay:vmaomfvnf;
awmifydkif;a'owGif &GmvkH;uRwf aoaMuysufpD;rIaMumihfvnf; jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifjcif; r&dSawmh
onfudk awGU&onf/2
t*Fvdyftpdk;&u &cdkif&Gm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;jyKvkyfaomfvnf; rGwfqvifukvm;rsm;u
rvdkvm;jcif;? vltiftm;uGmjcm;jcif;? rl*sm[pfrsm;u Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;aMumifh &cdkifwdkU rMumcP
xGufajy;aeMu&ojzihf &Gmwnfr&Edkifawmhonhf tajctaeodkUa&muf&dScJh&onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif
jyef0ifvmaom rGwfqvifrsm;onf bl;oD;awmifNrdKUESifh eD;uyfaom uusbuf? uHBuD;jyif?
armifeD&Gm? tv,facsmif; paom&Gmrsm;yifvQif tdrfajc(30) xufrausmfao;acs/ xdk&Gmrsm;wGif
1948 ckESpfu rGwfqvif vlOD;a&wpfodef;ESpfaomif;ausmfvm&m rnfodkU0ifvmonfudk pOf;pm;
Edkifayonf/ &yf&Gmom;rsm;rSm &cdkifr&dSbJ rGwq
f vifoufoufjzpfNyD; olBuD;rSmvnf; rGwfqvif
olBuD;jzpfaejyef&m ppfwaumif;e,frS rGwfqvifrsm; pdwfMudKuf0ifxGufEdkifvmjcif;jzpfonf/ 3
bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frsm;wGif ppftwGif;u xGufajy;oGm;aom &cdkif&Gmrsm;tm;vkH;udk
ppftNyD;wGifppfwaumif;e,frS rGwfqviftrsm;tjym; 0ifa&mufae&m,lvmMuonf/
(i) rGwf qvifygwDzJ GUpnf;jcif ;ESi fh oD ;jcm;jynfe,fwnfaxmif&ef pwifvmjcif;
'kwd,urmppfrwdik rf u
D yif tdE,
d Edik if &H Sd rGwfqvifrsm;u oD;jcm;rGwq
f vifEikd if H xlaxmif
ay;&ef NAdwdoQtpdk;&xH awmif;qdkvIyf&Sm;vmonf/ rGwfqviftrsm;pk&dSaom tdEd, taemuf
bufa'oESihf tdEd,ta&SUbuf b*Fvm;jynfe,fa'orsm;udk ygupwefEdkifiHtjzpfxlaxmifay;&ef
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ awmif;qdkvIyf&Sm;rIonf armifawm? bl;oD;awmif NrdKUe,frsm;&dS
ppfwaumif;om;wdkUu topfjzpfay:vmaom ygupwefESihfaygif;&ef pDpOfMuonf/ txl;ojzihf
rGwfqvifynmwwfrsm;u MudK;pm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumihf 1942 ckESpf u&mcsdNrdKUwGif
usif;yaom tpvmrfnDvmcH ygupwefESihf aygif;pnf;a&;tqdkwpf&yf wifoGif;cJhonf[k
1
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London India Office Record, R/8/9GS, 4243

London India Office Record, R/8/9GS, 4243 p. 6
OD;pHxGef;atmif? udk,fawGUar,kESi hf&dk[if*sm(vufESdyfpufrl) pm 99-100

10
od&onf/ bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmifwdkY rGwfqvifOD;a& rsm;onhftwGuf
ygupwefe,ftwGif; xnhfoGif;owfrSwfay;a&;udk NAdwdoQtpdk;&xH toem;cH&ef BudK;pm;
cJhMuonf[kqdkonf/1
ppftwGif; 1946 wGif Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam tzJGU ay:aygufvm&m 4if;ygwDu
1947 ckESpfwGif u&mcsdodkUoGm;um ygupwefvGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;aeaom rGwfqvif
acgif;aqmif*sif;em;ESifh awGUqkHNyD; bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmifwdkUudk ygupwefEdkifiHESihf
yl;aygif;cGihfjyK&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 2 xdkodkUaqG;aEG;&mwGif &cdkifajrmufydkif;a'oudk wdkufcdkufNyD;
ygupwefxJoUkd oGwfoGif;&ef odUk r[kwf ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfcGi&fh a'otjzpf &&daS tmif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
tm;wdkufwGef;ay;&efjzpfonf/ odkUaomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tdEd,odkUtoGm;wGif rGwfqvif
acgif;aqmif rpwm*sif;em;ESihf awGUqkHcJh&m *sif;em;u bl;oD;awmif? armifawma'orS rGwfqvif
rsm;u ygupwefxJodkU yl;aygif;&efawmif;qdkrIudk rdrdudk,fwdkifraxmufcHaMumif; ajymMum;
cJhonf/
rGwfqvifacgif;aqmif *sif;em;u&cdkifjynf armif;awmESihf bl;oD;awmife,frsm;udk b*Fvm;jynfxJodkU oGwfoGif;ay;&ef
ppfwaumif; rlpviftcsKdUu awmif;qdkcsufESihfywfouf odkU vkH;0rjzpfap&yg[k
ajym&if; Armjynfomru rnfonhftjcm;e,fy,fudkrS odrf;,l&ef odkUr[kwf awmif;,l&ef
rlpvifvdcf &nf&G,fcsufr&dSaMumif;? xdkuJhodkU b*Fvm;jynfta&SUydkif;rS vufwqkyfrQ
avmufaom rlpvifvlrsKd;tcsKdU\ awmif;qdkcsufqdkonfrSmvnf; bmrS *&kpdkufp&m
rvdkaMumif;
ponfjzihf&Sif;jycJhonf/3
1947 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSmyif bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f apwDawmifaus;&GmrSolBuD;a[mif;
qlvfwif\nD rdk[mrufu OD;aqmif rGwfqvifvli,frsm;udk vQdKU0SufpGmpnf;&kH;NyD; rl*sm[pf
ygwDudkzJGUpnf;um vufeufrsm;udk vQdKU0Sufxm;&dScJhonf/ xdkodkYzJGUpnf;pOfu &cdkifwdkUudktum
tuG,fay;&ef zJGUpnf;xm;aom xGef;atmifjzLtzJGUESihf rl*sm[pfygwDwdkUyl;wJGum ojyKacsmif;
aus;&GmwGif vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; tzJGUtrnfudk rl*sm[pfygwD[kac:wGif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhNyD;
xGef;atmifjzLtm; em,utjzpf wifajrSmufMuonf/ xGef;atmifjzLonf uGefjrLepfygwDESihf
qufpyfoljzpf&m rl*sm[pftzJGUudk uGefjrLepfpcef;odkU ac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ uGefjrLepfwdkUu
zqyvtpdk;&jyKwfusvQsif &ckdifjynfESpfydkif;ydik f;vdrfhrnf? ewfjrpfta&SUzufrS ukvm;wefjrpf
1
cifBuD;azsmf?]&cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[def;[lonf?}&cdkifw efaqmifESpfv nfr*Zif;?1959-60? pm 99
Dr. Mohammed Yunus, A History of Arakan: Past & Present, Mangenta Color Press, Chittagong,1994, P123
OD;ykuav;?igwdkUA dkvfcsKyfbmawGvkyfcJhovJ?(wwd,wJG)?(ykHESdyfwdkufryg)?&efukef?1948? pm 54-55

11
taemufzuftwGif;&dS e,fajrtydkif;udk &dk[if*smjynfe,ftjzpf owfrSwfay;vsuf useftydkif;udk
&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm; tkyfcsKyfvdrfhrnf[k ajymqdkcJhaMumif; od&dS&onf/1
rl*sm[pf[laom pum;\t"dym,frSm ]]rdrdwdkif;jynfESihf bmoma&;tcGihfta&;udk
wdkufcdkufaomol}}[k qdkvdkonf/ odkUaomf 1947 ckESpf Jami-a-tul Ulema-e toif;rS
acgif;aqmifNyD; wef;pDvSnhfvnf&mwGif ygupweft"GefU&Snfygap[k a<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/
4if;tzJGUonf 1942 ckESpfu &cdkifESihf tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; xGufajy;oGm; usefaeaom
v,f,majrrsm;udk b*FgvDrsm;tm; oD;pm;csxm;ay;cJh&mrS &&dSvmaom oD;pm;caiGrsm;udk
trsm;tjym;pkaqmif; odrf;qnf;xm;EdkifcJhonf[kod&onf/ xdkUtjyif tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;ESihf
yl;aygif;NyD; tl&'l? tm&bDpmoifausmif;rsm; &efykHaiG[ktrnfcHum aiGaMu;rsm;aumufcHcJhonf/
4if;aiGaMu;rsm;onf ajratmufrl*sm[pfrsm;\ vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESihf &dum0,f&eftwGuf
&efykHaiGjzpfvmcJhonf/2
ppfNyD;acwf ppfwaumif;e,fom;wdkU\0g'onf ewfjrpfwpfzufurf;&dS r,lawmifwef;
a'oESifh ukvm;yef;Zif;(ar,k)jrpf0Srf;a'owdkUudk e,fopftjzpfjzihf tajcpdkuf&ef[laom0g'
jzpfonf/ *sarwltlvrm;tzJGUu 24-2-47 &ufpJGjzihf abmfwGefravxH pma&;om;awmif;qdk&m
wGif ajrmufydkif;&cdkifa'ojzpfaom bl;oD;awmif? armifawmESihf &aohawmifNrdKUe,f ar,kjrpf
taemufbufjcrf;e,frsm;wGif rGwfqvif 90 &mcdkifEIef;&dSNyD; {&d,mpwk&ef;rdkif 3000? vlOD;a&
okH;odef;cefUaexdkifaMumif;? 4if;rGwfqvifrsm;onf at'D 788 u yxrqkH; &cdkifwGiftajccscJh&m
xdktcsdefup &cdkifwdkU ,Ofaus;rIwdk;wufvmaMumif;? rGwfqvifESihf &cdkifwdkUqufqHa&;onf
yxrOD;pGm 1710 ckESpfwGif pwifysufjym;cJhNyD; 1826 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ysufjym;cJhaMumif;?
1942 ckESpfwGif wwd,tBudrf qufqHa&;ysufjym;cJh&m xdktBudrfwGif rGwfqvif (40000)ausmf
towfcH&aMumif;? t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &\ tkyfcsKyrf &I yfqikd ;f oGm;onfh 'kwd,urmppfumvwGif Nird ;f csrf;
a&;aumfrwDu &yf&Gmtajctaeudk atmifjrifpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifcJhjcif;jzihf 4if;wdkUt&nftcsif;udk
jyoEdkifcJhaMumif;? r[mrdwfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonhftcg jidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpDudk csD;usL;
aMumif;? 4if;t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUu Autonomous Muslim State ay;rnf[k uwdjyK
cJhaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh 4if;wdkUonf Indo-Burmar FrontierwGif&dSojzihf yifvkHnDvmcHwGif Frontier
&ydkifcGihfudk wifjyawmif;cGifhjyKvdkaMumif; awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ 3 tqdkyg awmif;qdkrItay: t*Fvdyf
wdkUtjrifrSm-
1
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ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk?
armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? pm 77
D 264
Series 10/1, Acc. No. 641, NAD
12
bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKUe,f\ ar,kjrpftaemufbufurf; a'owdkUudk
jrefrmEdkifiHopf xlaxmifonhftcg rGwfqvif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGihf&a'otjzpf Military
Administrator of North Arakan u uwday;cJhonf qdkonfhtcsufudk uREkfyfwdkU
owif;r&acs/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif oD;jcm;rGwfqvifjynfe,fwpfck wnfaxmifay;&ef
&nf&G,fjcif;onfvufawGUrusacs/ bmoma&;wpfckwnf;jzihf wdkif;&if;om;jzpfrvmEdkif
ouJhodkU jrefrmEdkifiHrSma&m? urmrSmyg tpOftvmr&dSacs/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tjcm; State rsm;rSm ordkif;aMumif;t& jrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif
oD;jcm; State rsm;jzpfcJhNyD; jrefrmwdkUodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGifaecJhaMumif;? &cdkifwGif
&dSonf rGwfqvifrsm;onf &cdkif(odkUr[kwf)jrefrmvufatmufwGif tNrJwrf;aexdkifcJhNyD;
State tjzpfcJG aexdkifcJhjcif; &dSolrsm;r[kwfaMumif;? e,fajrtaejzifhMunfhvQifvnf;
4if;wdkUonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif tNrJwrf;yg0ifNyD; jrefrmwdkUvufatmufwGif aecJh&aMumif;?
4if;wdkUudk,fwdkif tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkiftjzpf awmif;qdkcJhbl;jcif;vnf; r&dSbl;ojzihf
,cktcg oD;jcm; State awmif;jcif;onf cdkifrmonfh taMumif;jycsufr&dSaMumif;?
4if;wdkUtaejzihf EdkifiHom;awmif;cH&efomoihfaMumif;? bmoma&;wpfckwnf;udktajccHNyD;
oD;jcm; State awmif;Edkifonhf tcGihfta&;r&dSaMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHxJodkU 0ifa&muf
aexdkifoljzpfojzihf vGwfvyfaom State vkyfydkifcGihfr&dSaMumif;? 4if;tawG;ac:onf
*sif;em;rS pwifvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;? wl&mrsKd;wlpkrsm;aygif;um jynfe,fxlaxmifvdkonfh
ykHpHrsKd; &cdkifwGifaqmif&GufvQif tkyfcsKyfa&; tBuD;tus,f&IyfaxG;EdkifaMumif;?----rGwfqvifa'owpfck zefwD;&ef awmif;qdkjcif;rjyKbJ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif yg0ifum
4if;wkdU tem*wfudkvIyfatmif aqmif&GufEdkifaMumif;
rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/ 1 NAdwdoQwkdUtaejzifh wpfzufwGif rGwfqvifwdkU\ awmif;qdkcsufrSm;aMumif;
ajymMum;aomfvnf; wpfzufwGif rnfodkUqufvufvkyfoifhonfudk vrf;aMumif;ay;xm;onfh
tcsufrsm; ygonfudkawGU&onf/ EdkifiHwpfck? jynfe,fwpfckxlaxmif&eftwGuf rnfonhftcsuf
tvufrsm;vdktyfaMumif;? rnfonhfvrf;aMumif;rS aqmif&GufvQif tcGifhta&;&EdkifaMumif; vrf;jy
xm;jcif;udkawGU&dS&onf/ aemiftcg xdkvrf;aMumif;twdkif; rGwfqviftzJGUu aqmif&Guf
vmonfudkawGU&onf/ 1947 ckESpf arv 15 &ufaeUu vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS wifjyonhf
pmwGif 4if;a'o&dS rGwfqvifrsm;onf armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fudk frontier area owfrSwf
ay;&efawmif;qdkcsufudk udkifpJGaeqJjzpfaMumif;? ta&SUygupwef{&d,mwGif yg0if&ef awmif;qdk
qJjzpfaMumif; yg&dSonfudkawGU&onf/2
1
2

13
odkUaomf jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[k owif;jyefUESHUvmaomtcg b*FgvrD sm;onf
tcsif;csif; yl;aygif; ydkrdkvIyf&Sm;rIjyKvkyfvmonf/ oD;jcm;rGwfqvifjynfe,f &&dS&ef[laom
arQmfvifhcsufrjynhfrD jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpf&m tm;xm;rSDcdk&rnhfol uif;rJhawmhrnf[k
,lqum txl;pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/ wGifrl*sm[pf vIyf&Sm;rIudk aqmif&GufcJhonfh umqifonf
'umNrdKUrSae jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&tm; qefUusif0g'jzefYrIrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;? owif;pmtoD;oD;wGif
vIHUaqmf0g'jzefUjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmjcif;jzihf rl*sm[pfvIyf&Sm;rIonf wjznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vm
cJhonf/1
(p) vG wfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf &cdk if jynfe,f&dS rGwfqvifwdkUtajctae
1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufaeUwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;&&dScJh&m EdkifiHawmftm;
zqyvtpdk;&u tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ &cdkifwGif (&wn)tzJGUu &cdkifjynfe,f&&dSa&;udk taMumif;jyK
pnf;&kH;vSKyf&Sm;aeonf/ vGwfvyfa&;r&rDuyif zJGUpnf;cJhaom rl*sm[pftzJGUonf vGwfvyfa&;
&NyD;aemuf tiftm;awmihfwif;vmcJhonf/ 1948 pufwifbm 30 &ufaeUwGif bl;oD;awmifESihf
(3)rdkifcefUuGmonhf qiftdk;jyif&GmwGif rl*sm[pfwdkU pwifpcef;cscJhNyD; ]]ygupwef*sDemAwf}}
(ygupweft"GefU&Snfygap) [laom a<u;aMumfoHudkukvm;vdk rjywfa<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/
1948 wGif rGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzJGUnDvmcHudk armif;awmNrdKUe,f? *&Asif&GmwGif
usif;y&m tzJGUtrnfudk rl*sm[pfygwD[k w&m;0ifajymif;vJzJGUpnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ 2 tzJGU\
ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrSm Jaffar Kawal jzpfNyD; vufaxmufrSm [lpdefjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkU\ awmif;qdk
csufxJwGifukvm;wefjrpf taemufbufurf;ESihf ewfjrwfta&SUbufurf;Mum; a'oudk
rGwfqvifwdkU\ National Home tjzpfowfrSwfay;&ef?
&cdkif&dS rGwfqvifrsm;udk wdkif;&if;om;pm&if;xJ xnhfoGif;ay;&ef?
ponhftcsufrsm;yg0ifonf/3
rsm;rMumrD rl*sm[pftzJGUwGif umqifqdkolrSm emrnfBuD;vmcJhonf/ umqifonf
armifawmNrdKUe,f awmifydkif;?oabFmauGU&Gmae OD;tubm0k'defESihf a':Ek&lwdkUrS 1919 ckESpfavmuf
wGifarG;zGm;NyD; om;csif;(4)OD;&dSonf/4 rl*sm[pfygwDxJ r0ifa&mufrDu zufvdyf&Gmae OD;ausmfjrESihf
OD;*rfacswdkUxHwGif ol&if;iSm;tjzpfvkyfudkifcJhonf/ xdkUaemufyifv,f"g;jyrIjzihf axmifuscJhonf/ 5
1
armifxif?]&cdkifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}?jr0wDr*Zif; ?twJG(8) trSwf(9)? 1960? pm 15
2
3
4
5
DR 491 (56), HRC

Aye Chan, The Development of Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar), p-19
armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif; ?pm 74
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fordkif;
14
1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;aeUaMumihf vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfjzihf axmifrSvGwfvm&m ae&yfodkUrjyefbJ
OD;pdEm\ &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDwGif wyfom;tjzpf0ifa&mufonf/ 1 OD;ynmoD[xHwGif
vnf; wynfhcHcJhonf[kod&onf/ OD;pdEmxHrS vufeufokH;vufcdk;,lum bl;oD;awmif?
armifawme,fodkUjyefvmNyD; Jaffar Kawal xHodkU 0ifa&mufum rl*sm[pfygwDwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/
4if;yl;aygif;cJhaom tzJGUacgif;aqmifrsm;udk NzdKcGif;um tiftm;aumif;vmcJhonf/2
1951 ckESpf ZGefvwGif armifawmNrdKUe,f? tv,foHausmf&Gm rlvwef;ausmif;
(,ckwJGbuftxufwef;ausmif;) (tcsKdUuAvDa&SUwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfonf[kqdkonf/) 3 t&yf&yf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom rGwfqvifnDvmcHudk usif;ycJhonf/ xdknDvmcHodkU ygvDreftrwfrsm;
jzpfaom plvwefrmrGwf? OD;zdk;cdkif(rGwfqvif)? a':jrnGefUwdkU wufa&mufMuonf[kqdkonf/
ygvDreftrwfrsm;taejzihf tmPm&,lxm;jcif;ESifhtwl bmoma&;vrf;nTefcsufjzifh aqmif&Guf
aejcif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;apcJhonf/ 4 4if;tpnf;ta0;u awmif;qdkcsuf(14)csufudk t*Fvdyf
bmomjzihf tpdk;&odkU tdwfzGifhay;pm;tjzpf a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ 4if;pm\tzGihfwGif ]]trsKd;jyKwf
atmifowfjzwfjcif;udk &yfwefUavmh? &cdkifwdkif;wGif rGwfqvifrsm;omvQif uGefjrLepf0g'ESihf
'Drdkua&pD0g' vGefqJGyJGBuD;wGif BuHhBuHhcHaeolrsm;jzpfonf/ zJGUpnf;ykHOya't& &cdkifrGwfqvifrsm;\
awmif;qdkcsufrsm;}} [k a&;om;xm;onf/ 4if;wdkUawmif;qdkonfh tcsufrsm;wGif&ckdifajrmufydkfif;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;&dS &Srf;jynfe,f? u&ifjynfe,f?
csif;awmifwef;rsm;? ucsifa'orsm;enf;wl vGwfvyfaom rGwfqvifjynfe,f
tjzpf tjrefqkH;zJGUpnf;ay;&ef? ,if;jynfe,fwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;&uGyfuJrIjzihf
jynfe,fppfwyf? jynfe,f&JwyfzJGU? jynfe,fvkHNcKHa&;tzJGUrsm; xm;&dS&ef/
ppfawGNrdKUudk &cdkifjynfe,fawmifydkif;? ajrmufydkif;NrdKUawmf[k owfrSwfum NrdKUESihf
qdyfurf;uGyfuJrIudk &cdkifESifh rGwfqvif(50)&mcdkifEIef;pD pDrHcefYcJGtkyfcsKyfcGifhjyK&efESihf
yxrqkH;NrdKUawmf0efESihf wdkif;rif;BuD;udk rGwfqvifvlrsKd;rS cefUxm;&ef/
vufeufudkifwyfzJGUpnf;ay;&ef? xdkwyfzJGUwGif rGwfqvif 50 &mcdkifESKef;yg0if&ef?
A[dktpdk;&tzJGUwGifrl 0efBuD;cefUxm;&ef?
wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif tjcm;jynfe,fESihfwdkif;rsm;enf;wl udk,fpm;vS,ftnD
trQ apvTwfcGifh&&ef?
rGwfqvifaumifpD xm;&dScGifhjyK&ef?
tpvmrftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESihf aumvdyfausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifcGihfjyK&e?f
1
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ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk? D 272
OH/P/0363/2009, ordik ;f okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGe;f Xmepk
OH/P/0363/2009, ordik ;f okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGe;f Xmepk
15
ponhftcsufrsm;yg&dSonf/ 1 &cdkifajrmufydkif;udk awmif;qdk&mwGif ppfawGudkyg xnhfoGif;awmif;qdk
cJhonf[k awGU&dS&onf/ 2 xdknDvmcH\ vrf;nTefcsufrsm;onf ,aeUxufwdkif vIyf&Sm;aeaom
b*FgvDrGwfqvifrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;vrf;aMumif; yifr&nfrSef;csufyifjzpfonf/
rl*sm[pfygwDrS a&mf&dSef;acgif;aqmifaomtzJGUu NrdKUe,fzqyvOuX OD;pHxGef;atmifrS
wpfqihf 0efBuD;csKyfxHwifoiG ;f &ef awmif;qdck suyf g pmwrf;wpfapmifay;ydUk vmonf/ xdak wmif;qdk
csufrsm;wGif&cdkifa'otwGif;&dS rGwfqvifrsm;tm;vkH;udk EdkifiHawmftwGif;&dS &cdkifrGwfqvif
rsm;tjzpf vufcH&ef?
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oD;jcm;xm;ay;7ef?
tpdk;&Xmewdkif;wGif rGwfqvifrsm;tm; t&nftcsif;tvdkuf0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
NAdwdoQtpdk;&uJhodkY rGwfqvifrsm;tm; emrmvf 3 ? &l*sm 4 ? [mcsf?zdkcwf(blcg) 5 rsm;
vGwfvyfcGihfjyK&ef?
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bmomwpfcktjzpf jrefrmpmESihf wef;wlowfrSwfay;&ef?
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif aq;&kHBuD;wpf&kHESihf aq;ay;cef;
rsm;udk vdktyfaomae&mrsm;wGif zGihfvSpfay;&ef?
bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif aumvdyfausmif;wpfausmif;ESihf wef;jrihf
ausmif; (4)ausmif;zGihfcGihfjyK&ef?
EdkifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfu 4if;wdkUtzJGUtm; &cdkifwdkif;olykefESdrfeif;a&;twGuf usnfqef
xkwfay;&efwdkU yg&dSavonf/ 6 xdkodkUawmif;qdkcsufrsm; wifjy&mwGif &dk[if*sm
[laomvlrsKd;taejzihf awmif;qdkonfhtcsufrygao;bJ &cdkifa'owGif; rGwfqvif
rsm;udk &cdkifrGwfqviftjzpftodtrSwfjyK&efESihf rGwfqviftcGihfta&;awmif;jcif;
udk awGU&ojzihf xdktcsdeftxd &dk[if*sm[laomvlrsKd;tjzpf zefwD;,l&ef tpDtpOf
r7dSao;aMumif; awGU&dSEdkifonf/
Charter of the Constitutional Demands of the Arakani Muslims (1951)

2
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&dk[if*smpmwrf;tusOf;jyKpkwifjyjcif;? vufESdyfpufpmrl? pm 5
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bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fordkif;? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 220
16
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rsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfaMumif;? 4if;ESihf qufEG,fonfhtzJGUrsm;onf ppfawGESifh &efukef
wGifvnf;&dSaMumif;? vTwfawmfwGifvnf;&dSEdkifaMumif;? ygupweftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu umqifudk
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armifawmrS vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmonhf rGwfqviftrwfrsm;ESihfyg ywfoufaeonfh
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ta0;usif;yaMumif;? 4if;a'orsm;onf &cdkifjynfe,fudp[kqdkaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfajrykHudk
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&dSavonf/ xdkUaemuf 4if;rl*sm[pfacgif;aqmifumqifonf xdkppfwaumif;NrdKU tjcHt&Hrsm;ESihf
&ufow(2)ywfrQaexdkifNyD; t&m&dSrsm;ESihf awGUqkHaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? &yfuGuf
qdkif&m bmoma&;tpnf;t&kH;rsm;tm; w&m;a[mjcif;udkvnf;aumif;? jyKvkyf zavmif;aps;NrdKU
1
'kwd,tBu drf jynfolUvTwfawmfnDv mcHrSwfwrf; (1957 pufwifbm 20&uf) pmwJG(4) tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;?

tpdk;&ykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1958? pm 1239
,if;? pm 1243
17
odkUjyefvmNyD; Mo*kwfv 25 &ufaeY armifawmodkUjyefvm&m? 4if;ESihftwl vufeufaowmaygif;
(35)aowmrQ ygoGm;onf[kqdk&m owif;twkdif;rSefvQif ygupweftpdk;&u rl*sm[pfudpudk
wrifwum tvdkwltvdkyg vspfvsL&Ixm;ouJhodkY jzpfaeavonf[k a&;om;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf/1
OD;pHxGef;atmifu1956 ckESpf rwfvtwGif;u ygupwefjynf &kHcgyavmif&Gmae rd&fumqdrf;\nD
aqG;axmhay:vbDonf bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,foUdk 0ifa7mufvmNyD; rl*sm[pf tmqmbD*dkPf;
udk vufeufodrf;vsuf ol\vl,kHrsm;tm; vufeufwyfqifay;cJhbl;onf/ tcsuf
udkaxmufvsif ygupwefjynfom;rsm;onf bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,f&dS rGwfqvif
rsm;tm; rnfrQBudK;udkif cs,fvS,fEdkifonfudk jrifEdkifMuNyDjzpfonf
[k rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf/2
rnfodkUqdkap ta&SUygupwef(,ckb*Fvm;a'h&fS)taejzihf rl*sm[pfolykefrsm;tay: tm;ay;
aeonfudk odomxif&Sm;apouJhodkU wpfzufEdkifiHbufrS jynfolrsm;taejzihf umqiftay:
vdIufvdIufvJSvJS BudKqdkMujcif;onf 4if;wdkUESihf vlrsKd;wl? bmomwlolwpfOD;u jrefrmEdkifiHxJwGif
0ifa&mufaexdkifaom 4if;wdkUESihf vlrsKd;wlrsm;tay: acgif;aqmifaeonf[k,lqum tzufzufrS
tultnDay;aejcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf/
(q) rl *sm[pf
rl*sm[pfjyemonf avmavmq,ftm;jzihf 'kwd,urmppfBuD;\ qdk;arGwpf&yfjzpfaomf
vnf; twdwftm;jzihf 1824 ckESpf t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyJGtNyD; rGwfqvifrsm; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkU
0ifa&mufvmjcif;rS jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf/ xdktcsdefrSp bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? ausmufawmf?
rif;jym;? ajrykH ponfha'orsm;odkU rGwfqvifbmom0if ppfwaumif;b*FgvDrsm; twm;tqD;r&dS
0ifa&mufvmjcif;rS pwifcJhonf/3
rGwfqvifbmom0if b*FgvDwdkUonf *sD[wfac: bmoma&;ppfyJGudk qifETJavh&dSNyD;
4if;bmoma&;ppfyJGwGif yg0ifMuonfh &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;udk rl*sm[pf[kac:qdkMuonf/ rl*sm[pf
qdkaompum;\ t"dym,frSm ]]rdrdwdkif;jynfESifh bmoma&;tcGihfta&;udk wdkufcdkufaomol}} [k
vnf;qdkvdkonf/ rl*sm[pftzJGUonf *sarwltlvrm; bmoma&;tzJGU\ vrf;nTefcsufudk taumif
txnfazmf&aomtzJGUjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzihf *sarwltlvrm;tzJGUonf ajray:tzJGUjzpfNyD;
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[Ho m0wDowif;pm? 3-9-52? pm 3

OD;pHxGef;atmif? udk,fawGUar,kajrESihf &dk[if*sm ?vufESdyfpufrl? bl;oD;awmif? 1969? pm 13
rl*sm[pfrsm;tvif;0ifjcif;? jr0wDykHESdyfwdkuf? pmrsufESm? ckESpfryg/
18
rl*sm[pftzJGUonf ajratmuftzJGUyifjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkU\t"du &nf&G,fcsufonf armifawm?
bl;oD;awmif? &aohawmife,frsm;udk jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfwGif;rS cJGxkwfNyD; ygupwef
EdkifiHESihf yl;aygif;Edkif&ef jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESihf &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; vufeufudkifvsuf
tMurf;zuf wdkufcdkuf&efjzpfonf/1
bmoma&;wdkufyJG vkyfoihfrvkyfoihf [laomjyemudk rGwfqvifbmom0ifwdkU\
*dkPf;csKyfjzpfaom rlZpf0g(c)cgvDcg tkyfcsKyfa&;tzJGUuomvQif tqkH;tjzwfay;Edkifojzihf 1947
ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif taemufygupwef? yg&Sf0gNrdKUrS rGwfqvifbmoma&;*dkPf;tkyf rlvmem
r[mruf? rlZpf[mufcHESihf rlvemtDb&m[ifwdkUudk zdwfac: tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfcJhonf/
tpnf;ta0;u tm&ADbmomESihf tl&'lbmomudkoif&ef? jrefrmpmudkroif&ef nTefMum;onfh
tjyif 4if;*dkPf;tkyfwdkUu olykefacgif;aqmif r[mruf[lpdef? Zmzg[lpdef? 'l'lrsm? r[mruf qifac:
tdkpiftlvmESihf wyfAdkvfwyfom;rsm;tm; rl*sm[pf[ktrnfay;um nTefMum;csufrsm; ay;cJhonf
[kqdkonf/ xdkuJhodkUtrdefUay;NyD;aemuf bmoma&;*dkPf;tkyfonf e,fvlxk\tBudKtqdkESifh 1947
'DZifbmtukefavmufwGif jyefoGm;onf[kqdkonf/ 2 rl*sm[pfolykefwdkUtm; *sarwltlvrm;tzJGUu
tpdk;&udkwdkufcdkufrnhftcg vdkufem&rnhf nTefMum;vTmudk xkwjf yefcJh&m ,if;nTefMum;csufudk
1948 ckESpf {NyDv (10)&ufaeUwGif oufqdkif&mrsm;rS odrf;qnf;&rdonf[kod&onf/ rl*sm[pf
rsm;onf ,leDazmif;0wff Mu,fvwHqdyfygaom OD;xkyfudk tokH;jyKcJhMuonf/3
1948 ckESpf ZGefvtwGif;wGif bDattkarmrsmESifh Zzm[lpdefwdkUu rl*sm[pftpdk;&trnf
wyfum b*FgvDpm? tl&'lpmwdkYjzifh pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;jzefUcsDcJhonf/ 4if;pm&Gufrsm;wGif jrefrmtpdk;&
onf if;wdkUbmomt,ltqt& ygyrif;rsm;jzpfaMumif;? 4if;wdkUtkyfcsKyfrIrS bl;oD;awmif?
armifawm? &aohawmife,frsm;&dS rGwfqvifbmom0ifwdkUonf rl*sm[pfwdkUESihf vufwJGum
wdkufyJG0if&ef wdkufwGef;aMumif;yg&dSonf/ wenf;tm;jzihf bmoma&;ppfyJGjzpf&ef &nf&G,fjcif;yif
jzpfonf/
rl*sm[pfaomif;usef;olrsm;\peufaMumihf armifawmNrdKUe,f&dS Ak'bmom0ifaus;&Gmrsm;
rMumcP NydKysufcJh&onf/ aus;&GmtcsKdUrSm rl*sm[pfrsm;\vufcsufaMumihf vkH;0aysmufuG,f
oGm;NyD; &Gmtrnfomusef&dSaeawmhonf/ 1950 ckESpfwGif ar,katmfya&;&Sif;csrSwfum rl*sm[pf
XmecsKyfudk xdkd;ppfqifwdkufcdkufcJhonf/ wyfrawmftaejzihf 1951 ckESpf? rwfvwGif &cdkifwdkif;
ajrmufydkif;&dS aomif;usef;olrsm;udk pwifxdk;ppfqifcJhonf/ rl*sm[pfrsm;onf ta&SUygupwef
bufodkU xGufajy;MuNyD; wyfrawmfxdk;ppf&kyfodrf;oGm;onhftcg x<uNrJx<ujyefonf/ rl*sm[pf
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cifBuD;azsmf? ]&cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[def;[llonf}?&cdki fw efaqmif? twJG 1? trSwf 8? 1959-60? pm 23

cifBuD;azsmf?&cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[dfef;[lonf? pm 24
19
wdkUtaejzihf vlrdsK;a&;ESihfbmoma&;qdkif&m t"du&kPf;rsm;pGmudk zefwD;cJhMuonf/ wyfrawmf
onf 1952 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ar,kppfqifa&;udk pwifjyefonf/ Edk0ifbmvwGif
rl*sm[pfXmecsKyfwnf&&Sd m vufyefawmifukd wyfrawmfu wdu
k cf u
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umqifacgif;aqmifaom rl*sm[pfwdkU rsm;pGmtiftm;enf;yg;oGm;cJh&onf/
odkUaomf wpfEdkifiHvkH; qlylaomif;usef;rIrsm; jzpfay:aecsdefjzpfojzihf wyfrawmftaejzihf
Mum&SnfpGmxdef;rxm;EdkifbJ ppfqifa&;umvukefonfESihf jyefvnf&kyfodrf;&onf/ rl*sm[pfrsm;
onfvnf; wyfrawmfppfaMumif; &kyfodrf;oGm;onfESihf &cdkifaus;&Gmrsm;udk xdyg;aESmifh,Suf
vmonf/ 1 1954 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif wyfrawmfonf bl;oD;awmifESihf armifawme,fajrrsm;
wGif rkwfokHppfqifa&;qifEJT&m rl*sm[pfXmecsKyfESihf tcdkiftrm ajcukwfpcef;rsm;udkacsrIef;EdkifcJhNyD;
XmecsKyf r*FvmBuD;pcef;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;qnf;Edkifojzihf umqifonf ta&SUygupwefodkU
xGufajy;oGm;cJhonf/ xGufajy;oGm;onhf umqifudk jyefvnftyfESH&ef jrefrmtpdk;&u awmif;qdk
aomfvnf; 4if;wdkU zrf;qD;xm;aMumif;tjypfjzihf wpfzufEdkifiHodkUxGufajy;oGm;oludk jyefvnfvJT
ajymif;ay;&ef jrefrmtpdk;&ESihfw&m;0ifpmcsKyf csKyfqdkxm;jcif;r&dSojzihf vJTray;EdkifaMumif; taMumif;
Mum;cJhonf/ 4if;udpESihfywfouf ygupweforwBuD; jrefrmEdkifiHodkU vma&mufvnfywfpOf
owif;axmufrsm;u tqdkyg umqifudpudk ar;jref;&m orwBuD;u umqifudk 5 ESpf
axmifxJwGifxm;cJhNyD; tcktcg 4if;tm; tjcm;odkUoGm;vmcGihfrjyKbJ olUudktdrfcsKyfcsxm;aMumif;
ajzMum;cJhonf/ 2 1961 ckESpfwGif ar,kc&dkif tkyfcsKyfa&;zJGUpnf;NyD;aemuf xdk;ppfrsm;qifcJh&m
ESpfvtMumwGif bl;oD;awmif awmifydkif; rl*sm[pfygwDOuX rpwma&mfbD[lvm? 'kwd,OuX
rpwmarmfpawmfzDESifh tzJGU0ifaygif; 290 ausmfwdkU vufeufcsonf/ 3 rl*sm[pfwdkU tiftm;
,kwfavsmhoGm;um tiftm; 200 avmufom e,fpyfwGifvIyf&Sm;Edkifonfh tqihfodkUa&muf&dS
cJhonf/ 4 odkUaomf jrefrmEdkifiHrS umqifudk vJTay;&ef tjyif;txef MudK;pm;vmaomtcg tdrfcsKyfrS
vTwfay;vdkufonfudk awGU&onf/ ygupweftpdk;& yg0ifywfoufaeonhfoabmyif jzpfonfudk
awGU&onf/
(Z) rG wf qvif wdkU\ajr ay:ajratmufyl;aygif;vIyf&Sm;rI
rl*sm[pfvIyf&Sm;rIonf ar,kc&dkiftkyfcsKyfa&;aemufydkif; xdk;ppfqifrIrsm;aMumihf tiftm;
qkwf,kwfoGm;aomfvnf; 1966 ckESpfcefUwGif jyefvnfvIyf&Sm;vmonf/ umqif\ rl*sm[pf
vufusef t'laZmfvDESihf anmifacsmif; (bl;oD;awmif)ywf0ef;usifwGif bDataZmfazm? tvHeD
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4
jynfw Gi f; aomif; usef;rIordki f;? tydki f;(2) pm 132

txl;jynfaxmifpkowif;pm? 5-12-1960? pm 2
rl*sm[pfrsm;tvif;0ifjcif;? jr0wDykHESdyfwdkuf? pmrsufESmryg/
jynfw Gi f; aomif; usef;rIordki f; ? tydki f;(2)? pm-133
20
uGefjrLepfwdkUESihf yl;aygif;aeaom ZmazmfwkUd toD;oD;ay:aygufvmonf/ ,cifu rGwfqvif
bmoma&;a<u;aMumfoHjzihf *sD[wfppfyJGjzihf vIHUaqmfpnf;&kH;rI ratmifjrifonhftcg ydkrdkeuf&dIif;
aom enf;AsL[mopfudk csrSwfaqmif&Gufvmonf/ 4if;enf;AsL[mudk taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&GufcJholrSm zqyvtrwftjzpf vnf;aumif;? zqyv\ usef;rma&;0efBuD;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonfh plvwefrmrGwfjzpfonf/ 4if;\aemufuG,fwGif armfv0Drsm;
&dSonf/
armfv0D*dkPf;csKyfrsm;ESihf plvwefrmrGww
f dkUu ppfawGrS rGwfqvifynmwwftcsKdUudk
pnf;&kH;NyD; xdkif;EdkifiH rGwfqviftzJGUcsKyfudk csOf;uyfum 4if;tzJGUaxmufcHrIjzihf vpfAsm;odkU
apvTwfcJhonf/ xdkpOfu vpfAsm;acgif;aqmif u'wfzDu rGwfqvifrsm;\acgif;aqmif? tm&yf
EdkifiHrsm;\ acgif;aqmifjzpf&ef BudK;yrf;aecsdefjzpfonf/ &cdkifrS rGwq
f viftzJGU\ wifjycsufudk
vpfAsm;rS wm0ef&dSolwkdUu pdppfem;axmifNyD;aemuf &cdkifwGif&dSonhf rGwfqvifrsm;onf &cdkif
jynfe,ftwGif; rGwfqvifjynfaxmif&ef BudK;yrf;jcif;jzpfaMumif; od&dSvmojzihf &cdkifjynfe,f
twGif; vufeufudkiftzJGUtpnf;rsm;ESifh nDnGwfrI&atmif BudK;pm;NyD;rSom wef;wltcGifhta&;
&&ef wdkufyGJ0ifoihfaMumif; wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ xdkodkUaqmif&GufNyD;rSom vdktyfaomtultnDudk
ay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJhonf[kqdkonf/1
4if;wdkU\&nf&G,fcsufonf ar,kurf;oG,f (armifawm? bl;oD;awmif? &aohawmifNrdKUe,f
\ taemufbufjcrf;) wpfckvkH;udk tmupwef (Arkistan)trnfjzihf EdkifiHwpfckwnfaxmif&ef
jzpfonf/ xdka'oonf &cdkif(tm&uef)ESifh ygupwefMum;&dSa'ojzpfojzifh xdka'oESpfck trnf
ygaom bmoma&;qdkif&m rGwfqvifEdkifiH xlaxmif&efBuHpnfjcif;jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkU\ tzJGUtpnf;
trnfudk ]]tmupwefOD;aqmiftzJGU}} tjzpfzJGUpnf;cJhMuonf/ 4if;wdkUwnfaxmifrnhf EdkifiHudk
armfv0D (odkUr[kwf)armfvmemwpfOD;OD;u acgif;aqmiftkyfcsKyf rnfjzpfNyD; xdkyk*dKvf\atmufwGif
umuG,fa&;ESifh ywfoufudkifwG,f&ef qmeD(ppfO;D pD;csKyf)wpfOD;u wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&efjzpf
onf/ xdktpDtpOfudk &kyfvkH;azmf&ef tmupwefOD;aqmiftzJGUonf vufeufudkif rGwfqvif
ukvm;rsm;udk pnf;&kH;cJhMuonf/2
xdkUaemuf rl*sm[pftzJGUrsm;jzpfaom t'laZmfvDtzJGU? bDataZmfazmtzJGU? ZmazmftzJGUwdkUtm;
yl;aygif;apcJhNyD; 4if;tzJGU\trnfudk &dk[if*smtrnf xnhfoGif;tokH;jyKum ]]&dk[if*sm trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD}} [kzJGUpnf;vdkufonf/ 4if;ygwDu &cdkifygwDrsm;jzpfaom &cdkiftrsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD(&rv)? &cdkifjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(&uy)wdkUudk nDnGwfa&;urf;vSrf;cJhMuonf/
1
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D 1315?
D 1315
pm 2? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
21
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wyfaygif;pkjzpfa&; wifjycJhonf/ odkUaomf &dk[if*smygwDu awmif;qdk&mwGif-
&dk[if*smudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef

bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fudk &dk[if*sma'otjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef
&cdkifjynfvGwfajrmufonhftcg tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif &cdkif 60% ?ukvm; 40%
yg0if&efwdkU awmif;qdkcJhonf/ 1 trSefwu,ftm;jzihf 4if;tcsufrsm;onf ppfNyD;p
tv,foHausmf rGwfqvifnDvmcHu csrSwfxm;aom tajccHtcsufrsm;udk
qufvuf taumiftxnfazmfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ (&uy)u xdkawmif;qdkcsuf
rsm;udk avmavmq,f oabmwlnDrIray;Edkifaomfvnf; wjznf;jznf; ndSEIdif;
oGm;rnf[k jyefMum;cJhonf/ odkUaomf tiftm;csdeJUaeaom tzJGUrsm;jzpfojzihf
&dk[if*smtzJGU\ awmif;qdkcsuftcsKdUudk vdkufavsmcJh7onf[k qdkonf/ 4if;wdkUrSm&dk[if*smygwDonf &dk[if*sm(ukvm;rsm;)\ wpfckwnf;ygwDjzpfonf?
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awmif&if;ydkif;onfvnf;aumif;? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f anmifacsmif;ESihf anmif
acsmif; txufydkif;onfvnf;aumif;? &dk[if*sm(ukvm;rsm;)\ e,fajrjzpfonf?
yll;wJGppfaumfrwD\ tBuD;tuJonf ppftiftm;rsm;aom &dk[if*smygwDrSjzpf&rnf
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vpfAsm;u tvGwfoabm aiGaMu;tultnD ay;vdkufonf[kqdkonf/ xdkaiGrsm;udk tmupwef
acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ppfawGrS plvwefrmrGwfESihf armfv0Dq&mrsm;u xdef;odrf;vdkufonf/
wpfqufwnf;rSmyif plvwefrmrGwfu tmupwefwnfaqmufa&;twGuf ta&SUygupwef
EdkifiHodkU tultnDawmif;cJhonfh pmwpfapmifudk a&;om;ay;ydkUcho
J nf/ xdkpOfu ta&SUygupwef
wGifb*FgvDrsm; cJGxGufa&;wdkufyJG0ifaecsdefjzpf&m plvwefrmrGwfu ta&SUygupweftpdk;&udk
axmufcHNyD; cJGxGufa&;orm;rsm;udk qefUusiaf Mumif;a&;om;cJhonf/ odkUaomf xdkpmonf
ppfumvjzpfojzihf a&mufroGm;cJhacs/2
4if;wdkUtaejzihf &dk[if*smvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf rnfokdUyifajymqdkaeapumrl yifudk,fpdwf
wGif tmupwefEdkifiH xlaxmifa&;OD;wnfcsufokdU oGm;aeonfudkawGU&dS&onf/ r,ljrpf0Srf;rS
1
D 1315
*
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jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufajy;oGm;onhf rGwfqvifrsm;wnfxm;onfh aus;&Gmtrnfjzpfonf/

D 1315? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk? pm 2
22
&cdkifrsm;udk armif;xkwfum rGwfqvifEdkifiHxlaxmif&ef pDpOfjcif;yifjzpfonf/ 1985 ckESpf
ygupwefvGwfvyfa&;aeUwGif taemufygupwefEdkifiH? &m0gvfyef'DNrdKUteD;&dS bm;rm;udkvdkeD*
aus;&GmwGif &cdkifrSwdrf;a&SmifoGm;aom rGwq
f vifrsm;onf tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf usif;ycJhonf/
xdktpnf;ta0;wGif rGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzJGU (RLO) OuX tmruf&Sm;\ rdefYcGef;udk
AD'D,dkjzihf jzefUa0cJhonf/ xdkrdefYcGef;wGif ]]cifAsm;wdkU[m r,luRef;ay:rSm&dSaewJh rGwfqvif
bmom0ifr[kwfwJholawGudk onfa'ouxGufoGm;atmif enf;rsKd;pkHawGudkokH;&r,f/ onfae&m
awGudk uRefawmfwdkUu tpm;0ifEdkifatmifvkyf&r,f/ onfa'oawGudk trmcHjzpfatmifvkyf&r,f/
aemufwpfcg cifAsm;wdkUudk &cdkif-ArmawGuESdyfpuf&if xGufrajy;ygeJU? tvmt&Sifjrwf&JU wefcdk;
awmfeJU rowfEdkifyg}} [k yg&dSonf/ 1 rGwfqvifwdkUtaejzifh bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fudk
rGwfqvifa'otjzpf oD;oefUaexdkifEdkifatmif taumiftxnfazmfvkdjcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdkUtwl
wpfbufEdkifiH\ NrdKUESifhaus;&GmtcsKdUwGif tl&'lbmom? b*FgvDbmom vufurf;pmapmifrsm; jzefUa0
&mwGif 4if;pmapmifrsm;\tusOf;rSm ]]oifwdkUaexdkif&ma'owGif pm;a&&dumcsKdUwJhvsuf&dSonf?
oifwdkUESihfuyfvsuf&dSaom jrpfwpfbufurf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf qefpyg;? pm;eyf&dum pm;rukef
Edkifavmufatmif pkykHvsuf&dSonf/ vrf;ab;a&bkHbkdifrsm;wGifvnf; vSysLdjzLtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf
vkHcsnf&ifvsm;ESihf a&cyfvsuf&dSonfudk awGUjrifEdkifonf/ oifwdkUtpma&pmudk 0vifatmif
pm;aomufzdkU xdkEdkifiHodkUoGm;Edkifonf/ trsKd;orD;vSvSav;rsm;udk tdrfaxmifjyK tpvmrf
omoemjyefYyGm;atmif vkyfudkifEdkifMuonf}} [k a&;om;xm;onf/ 2 e,fajrpdk;ydkifa&;ESihf omoem
vTrf;rdk;a&;udk wpfNydKifwnf;aqmif&Guf&ef MuHpnfjcif;jzpfykH&onf/
(ps) &cdkifwd kU jynfe,fay;a&;awmif;qdkcsufESih f b*FgvDrGwfqvifwdkU tNyd Kifawmif;qdk
vmjcif;
'kwd,urmppfNyD;aemufydkif; t*FvdyfwdkU jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonhftcgwGif &cdkifwGif
tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD\ MoZmvTrf;rdk;rIrSm tajccdkifaeNyDjzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fvlxkonf &cdkif
(zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rauseyfjcif;? &Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;wdkUuJhodkU jynfe,f
tcGihfta&;udk cHpm;vdkjcif;wdkUaMumihf &cdkifjynfe,fawmif;qdkaom &cdkifacgif;aqmif OD;pdEmtzJGUudk
tm;ay;vmonf/ 4if;tzJGUonf tvHeDuGefjrLepf vdkvm;oltzJGUjzpfNyD; &cdkifoD;jcm;cJGxGufa&;udk
awmif;qdkaeolrsm;jzpfonf/ 1947 {NyDv 3 &ufaeUwGif ajrykHNrdKU &cdkiftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
usif;y&m vlwpfaomif;ausmfwufa&mufNyD; tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;ESihf zqyvvnf; wufa&muf
Muonf/ xdknDvmcHwGif tcGefray;a&;? v,fcGefray;a&;? a&G;aumufyJGtvdkr&dS? Adkvfatmifqef;
1
2
D 1315? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk? pm 4
D 1317 ? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme ?armfuGef;Xmepk ?pm 27
23
tvdkr&dS? vGwfvyfa&;csufcsif;ay; ponfjzihf awmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdknDvmcHodkU AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
wufa&mufrdefYcGef;ajymMum;&m wufa&mufvmonhf jynfolwdkUu Adkvfatmifqef;tvdkr&dS?
vGwfvyfa&;csufcsif;ay;[k atmf[pfawmif;qdkMuojzihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf csufcsif;
jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf/ 1 1947 ckESpf {NyDv 18 &ufaeUwGif &efukef&dS &cdkifvlxk tpnf;
ta0;u &cdkifcJGxGufa&; awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ 1947 ckESpf ZGefv 15 &ufaeUwGif &efukef&dS
&cdkifvlxktpnf;ta0; xyfrHusif;y&m xdktpnf;ta0;u &cdkifonf obm0uoD;jcm;ydkif;jcm;
ay;xm;onhf oD;jcm;EdkifiHjzpfaMumif;? ESpfaygif; 4000 ausmf oD;jcm;bk&ifhEdkifiHtjzpf aexdkifvm
cJhaMumif;? xdkUaMumihf oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm qkH;jzwfEdkifonfha'otjzpf zefwD;ay;&rnfjzpfaMumif;
awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/2xdkUaMumihf&cdkifwdkUu (zqyv)udk raxmufcHbJ &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;nDnTwfa&;
tpnf;t&kH;(&wn)udk axmufcHtm;ay;Muonf/
xdktcsdefu bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frsm;wGif Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam tzJGUrS
rGwfqvifrsm;u udk,fwdkifta&G;cHcJhMuonf/ xdkodkUta&G;cH&mwGif ppfwaumif;e,fom; *zg;u
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? &GufndKawm&GmwGif tajcpdkufum a&G;aumufyJGwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifcJhonf/
*zg;onf ppfwaumif; e,fom;jzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmpum;rwwfbJ t*Fvdyfpum;ESihf b*FgvD
pum;udkom ajymEdkifoljzpfonf/ 4if;ESifhtwl ppfawGrS plvwefrmrGwftygt0if av;OD;ta&G;cH&m
tm;vkH;tEdkif&cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyJGESpfBudrfvkH; tEdkif&&dSaomfvnf; zqyvtaejzihf rwdk;Edkif
cJhacs/ wpfzufwGif &cdkifygwDjzpfonfh &wnudkvnf; zqyvu rEdkifojzihf wwd,tBudrf
a&G;aumufyJGwGif &cdkife,frS tEkdif&&dS&ef BudK;yrf;rIjyKvkyfvmonf/
zqyvtaejzihf &cdkifvlxk\axmufcHrIudkr&onhftcg OD;Ekonf rGwfqviftrsm;pkrJudk
&&dSatmif aqmif&Gufvmonf/ 1956 ckESpf jynfolUvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyJGESihf bl;oD;awmif
e,fwGif rJqEe,fwpfe,fydkrdk owfrSwfay;NyD; rGwfqvifrsm;tm; zqyvodkUodrf;oGif;um
ta&G;cHapcJh&m tblcdkif? tblabmfa&SmwdkU zqyvtrwfrsm; jzpfvmMu bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frS
plvwefrmrGwf zqyvtrwftjzpfta&G;cH&onf/ bl;oD;awmif? armifawmrS rGwfqviftrwf
rsm;udk ta&G;cHcGihfay;cJhNyD; rJtrsm;tjym;&&dS&eftwGuf ppfwaumif;ukvm;rsm;udk ac:oGif;um
rJay;cGihf&atmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf[kqdkonf/ ppfwaumif;ukvm;rsm;udk ac:oGif;aeaMumif;
odaomfvnf; OD;Ektaejzihf roda,mifaqmifaecJhjcif;jzihf ukvm;rsm; tqrwefrsm;jym; vmap
cJhonf/ 3 zm;0yf&Gm(armif;awm)rS ygvDrefacwfBuKHcJholwpfOD;u OD;Ekonf zm;0yf&Gmudk a&muf&dS
vmaMumif;?rGwfqvifawG zqyvudkrJay;vQif rSwfykHwifxkwfay;rnf? aecGihf&rnf[kajymoGm;
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MF/962, HRC
MF/962, HRC
OH/P/0356/2009,awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
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aMumif; 4if;\tawGUtBuKHudk ajymjycJhonf/ 1 ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGifaexdkifonfh &wnwGif udk,fwdkif
yg0ifcJholwpfOD;u ajymMum;onfrSm OD;Ekonf OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;wdkUESihfrwlbJ rGwfqvifrsm;
xHrS rJ&a&;twGufEIwfrS tvG,fwul uwday;rIrsm;jyKcJhaMumif;? &wnudkvnf; 4if;\ygwDudk
axmufcHygu &cdkifudkjynfe,fay;rnf[k &wntrwfrsm;udk 4if;\tdrfodkUac:um ajymqdkcJh
aMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/2
zqyv rJtEdkif&a&;twGuf xdktcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efBuD; OD;{armif(ac:)t'lv'pf\
axmufcHrIjzihf b*FgvDrsm;udk ac:oGif;vmonf/ bl;oD;awmifwGif tblcdkifqdkolu zqyvOuX?
v0uwdkUESifhaygif;um tdrfaxmifpkpm&if;rsm;jyKvkyfNyD;rS wpfbufEdkifiHrS b*FgvDrsm;udk ac:oGif;
vm&m &Gmaygif;(40)ausmfonf wpfr[kwfcsif; a&muf&dSvmonf[kqdkonf/ 3 jyifyrS vlaygif;
rsm;pGmudk xdkuJhodkUac:oGif;vmjcif;jzihf zqyv tEdkif&a&;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf OD;Ek\ vkyfaqmif
csufjzpfonf/ xdktrSm;onf aemifwGif EdkifiHudk rsm;pGmtxdemapaom trSm;wpfckyifjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fwGif zqyvrSm rGwfqviftrwfrsm; tEdkif&vmNyD;
vTwfawmftrwfrsm;jzpfvmonfudkawGU&onf/ vTwfawmfwGifae&m&vmolrsm;\ aemufuG,fwGif
rGwfqvifukefonfrsm;\ taxmuftyHhrsm; yg0ifonf[kod&onf/ OD;Ek tpdk;&udk,fwdkifu
a&G;aumufyJGatmifjrifa&;twGuf rGwfqvifukeo
f nfrsm;\ aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIrsm; &,lcJh&onf
4
[kod&onf/
OD;Ektpdk;& tmPm&vmonhftcg rGwfqviftrwfrsm; ae&m&vmNyD; 0efBuD;tqifh
&mxl;rsm; yg&&dSvmMuonf/ xdkodkU&vmaom&mxl;udk tokH;csum &cdkifjynfe,fwGif;odkU
ppfwaumif;rGwfqvifrsm; tvG,fwul0ifvmEdkiaf tmif tumtuG,fay;jcif;? pyg;arSmifcdk
vkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifjcif;? ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIjyKvkyfaeaom rl*sm[pftzJGUudk tultnDay;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfvmonfudk awGU&onf/ OD;Ek\ zqyvtpdk;&umvwpfavQmufvkH; rGwfqviftrwfrsm;\
tmPmjzihf bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fxJwGif vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rdsK;jyKvkyfcJhonfudk awGU&onf/
xdke,frS rGwfqviftrwfrsm;onfyif 4if;wdkU\ MoZmtmPmudk tokH;jyKum b*FgvDrsm; 0ifcGihf
&atmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonfudkvnf; awGU&dS&onf/5
&cdkifwdkUjynfe,f awmif;qdkoHrsm; us,fjyefUvmjcif;udk rGwfqvifrsm;uvnf; ,cifuyif
pdk;&drfcJhonf/ &cdkifwdkUawmif;qdkcsuf atmifjrifcJhvQif jynfe,fay;cJhvQif rGwfqvifrsm; zdESdyfcH&rnf
udk pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh &cdkifajrmufydkif;&dS rGwfqvifwdkUvnf; cJGxGufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;pwif
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OH/P/0359/2009? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okaeoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
OH/P/0362/2009?awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
OH/P/0360/2009 ?awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
OH/P/0355/2009?awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
OH/P/0354/2009?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk/
25
jyKvkyfvmMuonfudk (Rees William)u tpdk;&odkU wpfcsdefuyif wifjytpD&ifcHcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ 1
vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; &cdkifudk jynfe,fay;ygrnf[k uwday;vdkufaomtcg &cdkifjynfe,f&dS
rGwfqvifwdkUonf rausreyfrIrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ vIyf&Sm;x<urIrsm;vnf; jyefvnf
ay:aygufvmcJhonf/ ,cif tv,foHausmfnDvmcHwGif yg0ifcJhaom rGwfqvifacgif;aqmifwdkU
onf toGiftrsKd;rdsK;ESihf &dSaeMu&mrS &cdkifjynfe,fqefUusifa&;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/ owif;pmrsm;rS
rGwfqvifwdkUtwGuf awmif;qdkcsuftrsKd;rdsK;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/
*sarwltlvrm;toif;trnfjzihf zJGUpnf;xm;onfh toif;onf bmoma&;toGifjzifh
zJGUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufaeonhftzJGYjzpfNyD; acgif;aqmifrSm plvwef
tmrufESihf 4if;\ZeD; a':at;nGefUwdkYjzpfonf/ 4if;wdkUtaejzihf ygvDrefa&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif 1947
rS 1960 txd qufwdkuftEdkif&cJhNyD; atmufvTwfawmfESihf txufvTwfawmfwdkUwGif ygvDref
trwfrsm;jzpfvmcJhonf/ rnfonhfygwDtzJGUtpnf;yifjzpfap b*FgvDr[kwfygu vltrsm;pkjzpf
aom b*FgvDrJudkr&Edkifojzihf bmoma&;ESihf vlrsKd;a&;oufoufudk a&SUwef;wifaom EdkifiHa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; armifawmNrKd Ue,fwGif vTrf;rd;k aeonfuakd wGU&onf/ 2 xdt
k csed u
f ygupwefoHtrwf
tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom OD;azcifu bl;oD;awmifodkU vma&mufonfwGif,ckpum;ajym&m wdkuf&dkufArmpum;udk rokH;&bJ pum;jyefMum;rSmxm;um ajyma[m
&ojzihf olonf jrefrmEdkifiHawmf\ wpfae&modkU a&mufaeonf[krxifbJ? ta&SU
ygupwefjynf wpfae&modkU a&mufaeovm;[kyif ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfrdygonf
[kajymMum;cJhonf/ 3 jrefrmEdkifiHwGif aeMuaomolrsm;jzpfvsuf jrefrmpum;wpfvkH;rQ rajym
wwfbJ bmomjyefjzihf ajymae&jcif;aMumifh udk,fhEdkifiHudk vma&muf&jcif;rS [kwf&JUvm;[k
oHo,jzpfaMumif; qef;ppfcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
prwfuvnf; ppfwaumif;om; rGwfqvifrsm;ESihfywfouf ,cifuyif a&;om;
owday;xm;onfrSm- armifawmNrdKUe,fonf 540 pwk&ef;rdkif&dS 1911 ckESpf 131134
OD;&Sdonf/ pwk&ef;wpfrdkifvQif 230 OD;aexdkif ppfawGc&dkif vlOD;a&txlxyfqkH;
jzpfonf/---pkpkaygif; vlOD;a&teuf 77 &mESKef;ausmfrSm ppfwaumif;om;rsm; jzpfMu
onf/ ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufrIonf wjznf;jznf; qufvufjzpfaeonf/ ,if;
0ifa&mufrIonf a'ocH&cdkifwdkUtm; ta&SUbufodkY armif;xkwfaeonf/ ysif;&daom
&cdkifwdkUonf 0d&d,&dS acRwmwwfaom ppfwaumif;om;wdkY 0ifa&mufvmrIudk
awmihfrcHEdkifMuacs/ tu,f &cdkifwdkUonf rdrdwdkU\ ysif;&djzKef;wD;wwfaom tavhtx
1
MF/962
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3
armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;?pm-78
Od;pHxGef;atmif?udk,fawGUar,kajrESihf&dk;[if*sm? pm 13
26
rsm;udkom qufvuf jyKusifhaeMuOD;rnfqkv
d Qif ,ckarmifawmNrdKUe,f jzpfaeaom
tajctaeouJhodkY ppfawGc&dkifwpfckvkH;onf ppfwaumif;om;wdkU\ vufxJodkU
a&mufoGm;ayvdrfhrnf
[k rSwfcsufjyKxm;onfudk awGU&onf/1
rGwfqvifwdkUonf jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; r[kwfMuojzihf wdkif;&if;om;rsm;om
cHpm;cGihf&dSaom ]]jynfe,f&ydkifcGifh}} udk cHpm;cGihfr&dSaMumif; odvmMuonhftcg rdrdudk,fudk
]]&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rGwfqvif}} rsm;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;wifjyvmMuonf/ xdkvdrfnmwifjyrIudk
ygvDreftrwfa[mif;*zg;rS pwifcJhonf/ 4if;u tv,foHausmfnDvmcHrS qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
tm;ay;aom ordkif;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk 28-8-51 aeYxkwf *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmwGif pwif
a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkUaemuf (10)ESpftMum 1960 jynfhESpf? arvxkwf *g;'D;,ef;r*Zif;wGif
trfatwm[D&fbomu (bom)[laom jrefrmtrnfjzihf rpwm*zg;uJhodkU bl;oD;awmif?
armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;&dS ppfwaumif;om; rGwfqvifrsm;udk &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rGwfqvifrsm;
jzpfav[ef rcdkifrmaom ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;jzihf a&;om;vmonfudk awGU&onf/
&cdkifwdkU\ jynfe,fawmif;qdkrI BuD;xGm;vmcsdefwGif rGwfqvifwdkUuvnf; &cdkifwdkUESihf
wef;wltcGihfta&;ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhMuonf/ wdkif;&if;om;tjzpf tcGihfta&;awmif;qdkvmjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkaqmif;yg;udk &dk[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGUcsKyfuvnf; ]]&dk[if*smvlrsKd;pk&mZ0if
tusOf;csKyf}} trnfjzifh tenf;i,fjznhfpGufum 1960 jynfhESpfwGif ykHESdyfjzefUa0cJhonf/ 2 trfat
wm[D&fbomuyif 1963 ckESpf ]]&dk[if*smESihf urefvlrdsK;pkrsm;}} [laom pmtkyfudk jrpfBuD;em;
NrdKU &dk[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGUrSwpfqifh xkwfa0cJhjyefonf/ 3 xdkUtwl armifoHvGifuvnf;
&kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm; taMumif;udk jr0wDr*Zif;wGifa&;om;um wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfaMumif;
vrf;aMumif;jycJhonf/ 4 odkUaomf &dk[if*smESifhywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;tm;vkH;onf bomESihf*zg;
a&;om;onhfaqmif;yg;udk xyfwlul;csa&;om;xm;jcif;rsm;om jzpfonfudkawGU&onf/ xdkYxuf
ydkaom taxmuftxm;r&dSawmhbJ vSnfhywfa&;om;aejcif;omjzpfonf/ &dk[if*smvlrsKd;udk
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfa&; pDrHcsufjzifh ygvDrefwGifvnf;aumif;? ygvDrefjyifywGifvnf;aumif;
pepfwus rGwfqvifynmwwfrsm;u OD;aqmifum vIyf&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(n) &dk[if*smvlrsK d;ud kzefwD ;,ljcif;
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Mr. R. B. Smart, Akyat District, Govt. Printing, Rangoon (Yangon), 1957, p-82-86
Ba Tha, Roewengyas in Arakan, The Guardian, 1960, p-33
trfat wm[D&fbom?&d k[if* smESi hfurefvlr sK d; pkrs m;? &dk[if*smtrdsK;om;nDnGwaf &;tzJGU? &efukef? 1963?
armifoHvGif?&cdkifukvm; odkUr[kwf &dk;0efnSmvlrsKd;rsm;? jr0wDr* Zif;? twJG(8)trSwf(9)? 1960? pm 18
27
t*FvdyfwdkU &cdkifudkodrf;ydkufvdkufonhftcsed ftxd &dk[if*sm[laom tokH;tEIef;ray:ao;
acs/ udkvdkeDacwf ordkif;q&mrsm;a&;om;onhf jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;? &cdkifordkif;pmtkyfrsm;wGifvnf;
&dk[if*smtaMumif;rygcJhacs/ ppfwaumif;a'orS vma&mufvkyfudkifaom tvkyform;rsm;?
&cdkifbk&ifvufxufu okHUyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;vmolrsm;om&dScJh&m 4if;wdkUukd b*FgvDukvm;rsm;
[komac:Muonf/ &dk[if*sm[laomtokH;tEIef;onf 'kwd,urmppftwGif;rSom ay:ayguf
vmonhf tokH;tEIef;jzpfonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaom pum;vkH;opfwpfckjzpfonf/
&dk[if*smordkif;udk vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif;wGif b*FgvDynmwwfrsm;u a&;om;Muonf/
&dk[if*sm[laomtrnfudk wdkif;odjynfodjzpfatmif pwifvIyf&Sm;rIonf 1960 jynfhESpfwGifrS
pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
bl;oD;awmifygvDreftrwf t'la*:azmf(*zg;)u 1960 jynfhESpf {NyD 21 &ufaeY &efukef
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pum;rsm;udk a&maESmjzpfay:vmaom pum;onf &dk[if*smpum;jzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonf/ 1
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ESprf sKd;onf tenf;i,fuJGonf/ ppfwaumif;txufydkif; okH;onhfpum;onf ,cktcg wGifus,f
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xm;jzpfonf/ cdkifrmonf[k,lq&aom irJ&mZ0ifonfyifvQif udkvdkeDacwf (1840) ckESpfwGif
jyefvnfa&;om;xm;aom &mZ0ifjzpfonf/ 4if;pmtkyfudk rSDjirf;jyKum z,f&mu &cdkifordkif;
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pwifcJhonf[laom tqdkonf '@m&DtqifhomvQif jzpfonfudkod&dSEdkifonf/
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cGifhNyKojzihf 4if;wdkUudk &dk;0efnSmvlrsKd; rsm;[kac:aMumif;? yxefESihfba*FgrS 0ifa&mufvmol
rsm;onf &dk;0efnSmwdkUESihf tcsif;csif;aygif;oif;vufxyfMu&mrS &dk;0ef*smvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfvmaMumif;
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pwif0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD; rGwfqvifbJGU trnfcHcho
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1
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The Guardian, 1960, p-33

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29
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jcif;aMumihf rGwfqvif[k,lq&ef taMumif;r&dSacs/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm; eef;wufvmonhftcgwdkif;
bk&m;wnfjcif;? ausmif;aqmufvSL'gef;jcif;? uRefvSLjcif;? oD&dvuFmodkU &[ef;rsm;apvTwfjcif;
wdkUudk ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif tcdkiftrmygNyD;jzpfonf/ at'D 7 &mpkESihf 9 &mpk
twGif; a&;xdk;xm;onfh &Spfaomif;bk&m;twGif;&dS tmeEpjEausmufpmwGif Ak'bmom udk;uG,f
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r*Zif;twJG(2)? trSwf(9)? t*Fvdyfbmomydkif;wGif aqmif;yg;&Sif ppfawGarmifu arm&pfaumvpf
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tjyif [dEL,Ofaus;rIbufodkUomEG,faMumif; arm&pfaumvpf\tqdkESihf odkUvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;
wDxGifjcif;rSm a'o&dS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udkarmif;xkwf tydkifpD;vkdaom &nf7G,fcsufrsm;om
jzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonfudk awGU&onf/2
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cJhaom trnfjzpfaMumif;? 1950 jynfhESpfrsm;tpydkif;u tvHeDrsm;ESihf rl*sm[pfrsm;onf ]],m,D
r[mrdwf}} zJGUxm;NyD; zqyvtpdk;&udk wdkufcdkufaeMuaMumif;? rl*sm[pfrsm;u 4if;wdkUtwGuf
ordkif;0iftrnfwpfck &Smay;cdkif;ojzihf tvHeDrsm;u&Smay;cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfh
rSwfwrf;wpfckvnf; awGU&onf/3
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em;rSm tpnf;a0;usif;ya[majymw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;tvdkuf rdwfqufpum;ajymMuwJh
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(3)OD;vnf; wufa&mufMuw,f/ olwdkUtvSnhfa&mufawmh usKyfwdkU ArmEdkifiHrSmaew,f?
bmvlrsKd;vdkU ac:rvJvdkUar;w,f? ygvmwJh OD;AaqGurajzbl;? OD;atmifZHa0u rif;wdkU
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ursm;pNyD; ay:aygufvmovm;awmh rodbl;
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&Gifh*sm[k ajymMuonf/ &Gihf onf &cdkifpum;jzpfNyD; *smonf ukvm;pum;jzpfonf/ xdkpum;rS
1
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30
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t"dym,fudk rBudKufMuacs/ odkUaomf tjcm;t"dym,foufa&mufatmif zefwD;um vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;
jzpfa&; aqmif&GufvmonfudkawGU&onf/ rnfodkUqdkap &dk[if*smonf ,cifuwnf;u &dSvm
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armifawmNrdKUe,f oHCmhem,uOuXu EdkifiHawmfoHCmhem,utzJGUudk wifjyonhfpmwGif
&cdkif&Gma[mif;*smtzJGU[k trnfcHxm;aom ukvm;qdk;wpfpkonf b*Fvm;a'&fSUodkUcdkvIHum
&Gma[mif;*sm[laom pmapmifudkxkwfa0NyD; urmodkU jzefUcsDxkwfvTihfaeMuqJjzpfygonf1
[k azmfjyxm;&m pwifvIyf&Sm;pOfu &Gma[mif;*smtrnfjzifh pwifjzpfay:vmykH&onf[k ,lq
&onf/ bl;oD;awmifrS touf 82 ESpf&dSonhf tbdk;wpfOD;u ajymMum;onfrSm ]]&dk[if*smqkdwm
taumiftxnfr&dSwJh wapeJY eyef;vkH;ae&ovdkygbJ? r&dSwJht&mudk vdkuf&Sif;ae&wm}} [k
ajymMum;cJhonf/2
b*FgvDwdkUtaejzihf &dk[if*smvlrsKd;[k rddrdudk,fudk ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;jyum ac:qdk
aeaomfvnf; &dk[if*smvlrsKd;[l rnfonfhordkif;pmtkyfwGifrQ 1947 ckESpftxd yg0ifcJhjcif;
r&dSonfudkawGU&onf/ 1947 aemufydkif;wGif rGwfqvifynmwwftcsKdUu ordkif;udkzefwD;,lum
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfoa,mif a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonfudkawGU&onf/ NAdwdoQudkvdkeDvufxuf
a&;om;xm;aom taxmuftxm;pmtkkyfrsm;? oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lcJhonfh 1872 ckESpf?
1901 ckESpf? 1911 ckESpfpm&if;rsm;wGifvnf; &dk[if*smvlrsKd;[l r&dScJhacs/ ppfwaumif;om;rsm;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;? b*FgvDrsm;[kvnf;aumif; a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk awGU&onf/
&dk[if*smonf vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;r[kwfaMumif; tcdkiftrmoufaorsm;jzihf EdkifiHwum
uGefz7ifhwGif wifjyolrsm;rSm a'gufwmat;csrf;ESihf a'gufwmat;ausmfwdkYjzpfonf/ a'gufwm
at;csrf;\ pmwrf;rSm (SOAS)wGif azmfjyjcif;cH&onf/ 3 xdkUtwl a'gufwmat;ausmfuvnf;
EdkifiHwumpmwrf;zwfyJGwGif wifjycJhonf/ 4 &dk[if*smtaMumif; *syefwGif a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh
pmtkyfudk *syefa&muf&cdkifrsm;u jyefvnfwkHUjyefonhf pmtkyfwpftkyfudk *syefrSmyif xkwfa0
cJhonfudkvnf;awGU&dS&onf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;ESihf &cdkifordkif;q&mwdUk u &ckdifnGefYzl;r*Zif;rsm;
wGif ,cifuyif xnhfoGif;a&;om;cJhMuonf/ 5 tajccHtaMumif;t&if;onf 'kwd,urmppf
twGif; NAdwdoQwdkU jyefvnf0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefwGif &cdkifwdkUu t*FvdyfqefUusifa&;vkyfaeojzihf
1
armifawmNrdKUe,ftem*wfo moemawmfta&;tcif;ESihfywfoufwifjyavQmufxm;csuf?28-9-1988
OH/P/0361/2009?awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?20-2-09
Dr. Aye Chan, The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar),
SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research Vol.3, Autumn 2005, P-2
Dr. Aye Kyaw, The Rohingya and Rakhing, http//:arakanland.com/index-4.html
4
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31
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tzJGUu awmif;qdkcJhonf/ xdkawmif;qdkcsufudk NAdwdoQtpdk;&u rvdkufavsmaomfvnf; 4if;wdkU
twGuf aemifwGif qufvuf vkyfaqmifoifhonhf vrf;aMumif;wpfckudk rSwfcsufcsxm;onfh
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yifjzpfonf/ xdkvrf;aMumif;twdkif; ,aeUvIyf&Sm;aeonfudk awGU&ayonf/ xdkvrf;aMumif;
twdkif;yif ygvDrefacwfwGif a&G;aumufyJG0ifEdkifatmif aqmif&GufcJh&m ygupwefEdkifiHom;jzpfaom
*zg;yifvQif trwfjzpfvmonfudkawGU&onf/ vTwfawmfwGif ae&maumif;rsm;&&dSatmif aqmif&Guf
um 4if;wdkU\tmPmjzihf bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmife,frsm;wGif wpffzufEdkifiHrS
b*FgvDrsm;udk tvkH;t&if;oGif;cGihf&&dScJhjcif;jzihf ,aeUvlOD;a& tqrwef rsm;jym;vmaom tajc
taeudk a&muf&dScJhjcif;onf 4if;wdkU\ pepfwusaqmif&GufcJhonfh pDrHudef;jzpfonfudk awGU&
onf/ xdkUtwl wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; NAdwdoQwdkUay;cJhonfh vrf;aMumif;
twdkif; udk,fydkifpmwDxGifjcif;? udk,fydkifpum;wnfxGifjcif;? udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rI&dScJhaMumif;udk
ordkif;vdrfrsm; zefwD;jyKvkyfum ajrmufOD;acwf bk&ifrsm;onfyifvQif 4if;wdkU,Ofaus;rIjzihf
tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh bk&ifrsm;jzpfcJhaMumif; a&;om;xkwfvTifhvmonfudk awGU&onf/
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odkUaomf jrefrmedkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeonf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; 1962 ckESpfwGif
tmPm&,lNyD;aemufydkif; toGifwpfrsKd; ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ &cdkifjynfe,fawmif;qdkrIrsm;?
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32
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jyefvnf qlylvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk pwifcJhMuonf/ 1 1974 ckESpfwGif bDataZmfazmtzJGUonf
wyfrawmfxdk;ppfaMumihf wjznf;jznf;NydKuJGoGm;onf/ bl;oD;awmif ?armifawm&dS rl*sm[pf
olykefrsm;onfvnf; wyfrawmfxdk;ppfaMumihf wpfzufEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;cJhMuonf/2
awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&onf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk wnfaxmifNyD; wpfygwDpepfjzihf
qufvuftkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ zJGUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk a&;qJGa&;twGuf (1971)ckESpfwGif jynfol
wdkUxH tMuHOmPfay;&efawmif;cHcJhonf/ xdktcsufudk tcGihfaumif;,lNyD; ajray:ajratmuf
rGwfqvifukvm;rsm; jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmcJhonf/ 4if;wdkUu &dk[if*smtrnfcHrGwfqvifwdkU
twGuf tcGifhta&;awmif;aom ]]&dk[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;u tBuHay;qEjyKpmwrf;}} [laomtrnf
ygpmwrf;udk tpdk;&odkUwifjycJhonf/ armifawmNrdKUe,fjynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;ESihf tBuHay;csuf
rsm;wGif &dk[if*smudk wdkif;&if;om;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKay;&ef tMuHjyKxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ 3
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frS tBuHay;csufwGif OD;Z[D;tmrufu bl;oD;awmifESihf armifawmudk
ar,kc&dkiftjzpf zJGUpnf;ay;&ef? ar,kc&dkif&dS rGwfqvifrsm;udk &dk[if*smvlrsKd;tjzpf jyXmef;&ef
awmif;qdktBuHay;xm;onf/ 4if;e,frS aqGa,m[mbpfu &dk[if*smvlrsKd;udk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
tjzpf owfrSwfcGihfjyKyg&ef? rdk[mrufa&SmfzDu &dk[if*smudkvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tjzpf jyXmef;ay;&ef
awmif;qdkfrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfudkawGU&onf/4
odkU&mwGif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwt
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z,f&Sm;um &cdkifESihfrGefudk jynfe,fay;cJhonf/ xdkUtjyif jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDxJwGif
bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;&dS ppfwaumif;om;rGwfqvifrsm;tm; ygwD? aumifpDtmPmydkif
tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif yg0ifcGihfudk uefUowfxm;cJhonf/ odkUaomf rGwfqvifukvm;OD;a&rSm wdk;NrJ
wdk;aeonfudk awGU&onf/
1972-73 ckESpfwGif tpdk;&u zJGUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qJGa&;ESihf twnfjyKa&;twGuf
tvkyfrsm;aecsdefudk tcGifhaumif;,lum b*FgvDrsm; trsm;tjym; wdwfwqdwf0ifa&mufvmcJh
Muonf/ 1973 ckESpf rwfvESihf {NyDvwGif a&G;aumufyJGrJpm&if;jyKpk&ef uGif;qif;onfhtcg
w&m;r0ifaexdkifol trsm;tjym;tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ odkUaomf xdktcGifhta&;udk vufrvTwfbJ
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vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESi hf tBuHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'(rlMurf;) a&;qJGa&;

aumfr&Sif? armifawmNrdKUe,f? 1971? pm 7
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESihf tB uHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'(rlMurf;) a&;qJGa&;

aumfr&Sif? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? 1971? pm 3-4
33
wpfzufEdkifiHrS armfv0DESihf rGwfqvifacgifaqmifrsm;u wpfzJGUvQif vl 20 rS 30Mum; tpkvdkuf
blk;oD;awmif? armifawme,fxJodkU apvTwfcJhaMumif;od&onf/ 1 w&m;r0if cdk;0ifvmjcif;udk
axmufjyonfh 2-7-76 aeUxkwf t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;aom vkyfom;owif;pmwGif
]]1962 ckESpfwGif armifawme,f Ak'bmomr[kwfol 88539? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f 49600?
&aohawmifNrdKUe,f 11253 &dS&mrS 1972 ckESpfwGif armifawmNrdKUe,f 206859? bl;oD;awmif
130275? &aohawmifNrdKUe,fwGif 18670 OD;a&txd tvsiftjref wdk;yGm;vmonfudkawGU&onf/
jreffrmEdkifiH\ vlOD;a&wdk;wufrIonf ESpfpOf 2.3 &mcdkifEIef;wdk;wufvsuf&dS&m 10 ESpftwGif; ykHrSef
r[kwfonf wdk;EIef;rsm;jzpfyGm;aeonfudk awGU&onf/ --- ykHrSefr[kwfaomvlOD;a& wdk;yGm;
vmrIonf e,fjcm;rSwpfqihf 7cdkifa'otwGif;odkU w&m;r0ifcdk;0ifvmjcif;jzpfojzihf pdppf
oihfaMumif;? trsKd;om;a&;tjrifjzihf MunhfoifhaMumif;}} [k jynfolwpfOD;u a&;om;xm;onf
udk awGU&onf/2
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&nf&G,fum e*g;rif;pDrHcsufudk wpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif ppfqifa&;wpf&yftaejzihf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
xdkpDrHcsuft& ppfwaumif;ukvm; trsm;tjym;w&m;r0ifaexdkif&m &cdkifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS
pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xdkpDrHcsufudk 1978 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 11 &ufwGif pwifaqmif&Guf
cJhonf/ 3 ppfaq;rIudk &ifrqdkif&Jaom ppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDukvm;wdkUonf xdwfvefY
wkefvIyfum &cdkifjynfe,f ajrmufydkif;NrdKUe,frsm;rS b*Fvm;a'&fSUEdkifiHodkU xGufajy;cJhMuonf/
xdkumvtwGif; xGufajy;cJhaom tdrfaxmifpkaygif; 25995 jzpfNyD; vlOD;a&tm;jzihf
156699 jzpfonf/ 4 e*g;rif;pDrHcsufaMumihf b*Fvm;a'&SfUodk xGufajy;oGm;aom EdkifiHjcm;om;
rGwfqvifwdkUudk taMumif;jyK &dk[if*smtrnfcH rGwfqvifwdkU\ ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;
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tpdk;&u rGwfqvifrsm;udk rsKd;jyKwfatmif owfjzwfaeonf[k owif;vTifha&;om;cJhMuonf/
b*Fvm;a'&SfUtpdk;&uvnf; xGufajy;vmolrsm;udk rdrdwdkUEdkifiHom;rsm;r[kwfojzihf vkH;0wm0ef
r,lEdkifaMumif; aMunmcJhonf/ b*Fvm;a'&SfU? ygupwef? rav;&Sm; paom rGwfqvifEdkifiHwdkUrS
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or*rSMum;0ifum xGufajy;oGm;aom rGwfqvifwdkUudk 'kuonfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfum
pm;eyf&dum? aq;0g;wdkUudk axmufyhHulnDcJhonf/ xdkjyemudk jrefrmtpdk;&ESihf b*Fvm;a'&fSU
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D 1317
Working People's Daily, 2-7-76
&cdkifjynfe,fjzpfp Ofordki f;? pwkwwJG? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 203-205

&cdkifjynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? pwkwwJG? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 206
34
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armifawm? bll;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;udk &dk[if*smjynfe,ftjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef awmif;qdkMu
onf/ tzJGU\aMunmpmwrf;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtpdk;&taejzihf &dk[if*smudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& jynfe,f
ay;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonfudkawGU7onf/ OD;azmfZHu ]]jynfaxmifpkajrudk ppfwaumif;om;rsm;
vdkcsif ykefuefaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? xdktcsufudk vGwfvyfaom jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
awmftpdk;&onf av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;NyD; ygupwefwdkif;jynfESihf tcsdefrD aqG;aEG;wdkifyif
vsuf &Sif;vif;&efoifhayonf/ e,fpyfta&;aMumifh yxrt*FvdyfjrefrmppfjzpfcJh&onf? ,ck
wpfzef e,fpyfta&;aMumihf ESpfEdkifiH pdwf0rf;uJGjym;rIray:aygufap&ef tcsdefrD wm;qD;oifhay
ownf;}} [k a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/2
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1988 twGif; jzpfysufcJhaom 'Drdkua&pDta&;tcif;umv vlxktkH<urIudk tcGifhaumif;
,lum rGwfqvifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;vnf; csdefudkufvIyf&Sm;vmonfudk awGU&onf/ 4if;wdkUu
armifawmwGif 88 ta&;tcif;rwdkifrDuyif pDpOfcJh&m 4if;rSm 13-5-88 &ufaeU &cdkif
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; vkyfBuHNyD; wpfzufEdkifiHrS b*FgvDrsm;udk csufcsif;tpm;xkd;a&; BuHpnf
cJhjcif;yifjzpfonf/ rGwfqvifwdkUtaejzihf 'kwd,urmppfumv &cdkif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;wGif
&cdkifrsm;udk bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frS armif;xkwfcJhonfh ar 13 &ufaeUudk 4if;wdkU
atmifyJGaeUtjzpf owfrSwfxm;ojzihf 1988 ckESpf ar 13 &ufwGifvnf; xdk&nf&G,fcsufudk
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJhonfudkod&dS&onf// 3 xdkUaeUnwGif b*FgvDvlrsKd; ig;aomif;cefUu
NrdKUay:&dS tmPmydkifyk*dKvfrsm; r&dSjcif;udk tcGihfaumif;,lum &cdkifom;rsm;udk owfypf Mu?
bk&m;&Siftvdkus bmoma&;wdkufyJGqifEJTMu [k a<u;aMumfum NrdKUudk 0dkif;&HvmMuonf/
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zdk;uHaumif;?]"rE&m,f}? jrufcif;opfr*Zif;? trSwfpOf(25)? 1992 ?pm 87

azmfZH?]&cdkife,fpyfrS Adkvfcsif;ysH}? "n0wDr*Zif;?ESpfvnf(1952-53) pm 20
OH/P/0360/2009? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
35
xdktcsdefu NrdKUwGif;wGif vkHNcKHa&;tajctaetm;enf;aejcif;udk tcGifhaumif;,lum pepfwus
ydwfqdkYNyD; armifawmNrdKUudk tNyD;tydkifodrf;ydkuf&ef aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 0dkif;&Hxm;aom
b*FgvDrsm;udk twif;azmufxGufum wyfudkomG ;a&muf tultnDawmif;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMu
&onf/ &JESihfvkHxdef;wyfu &ckdifjynfolrsm;ESihftwl ckcHojzihf 4if;wdkU BuH&G,fcsufratmifjrifcJhacs/
atmifjrifcJhygu armifawmudk rGwfqvife,fajrtjzpf oGwfoGif;&efBuHpnfcJhMuonf/ 1 xdk
odrf;ydkuf&ef BuHpnfcsufatmifjrifonfESihf armifawmNrdKUrS rD;a&mifjrifonfESihf eD;pyf&m &cdkif&Gmi,f
rsm;udk tjywf&Sif;&ef pDpOfNyD;jzpfonfudkod&onf/ 2 xdkodkU armifawmudk 0dkif;&Hwdkufcdkuf&ef
aqmif&GufrIwGif armifawm&JwyfzJGUrS &JwyfMuyfBuD; b'ljrmudk,fwdkif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJh&m tpdk;&
tzJGUtpnf;twGif; 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom rGwfqvifrsm;yifvQif armifawmwGif
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t"du&kPf; jzpfyGm;NyD;aemufykdif; tBuD;us,fqkH; vlxktiftm;jyqefUusifrIjzpfonf/ armifawm
NrdKU vlxktaejzihf em&Dydkif;twGif; NrdKUusqkH;Edkifonhf tajctaersKd; &ifqdkifvm&onf/ armifawm
NrdKUe,f oHCmhem,uOuXu A[do
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awmifbuf? ta&SUbuf? ajrmufbufwdkUrS 0dkif;&HNyD; &cdkifAk'bmomrsm;udk owfypf&ef
MudK;pm;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;aeUu trSwf(4)&yfuGuf&dS NrdKUopfbkef;BuD;ausmif;udk vufwif
zsufqD;cJhMuNyD;? A[dkausmif;wdkufudk 0dkif;&Hxm;cJhMuygonf/ jynfolU&JwyfzJGUESihf trSwf(2)
vkHxdef;wyf&if;wdkU\ tcsdefrDwm;qD;EdkifrIaMumihf &cdkifrsm;uGyfrsufcH&rIab;rS vGwfajrmuf
cJhygonf/ 4if;wdkU\ vkyf&yfomatmifjrifcJhygu b*Fvm;a'&SfUEdkifiHrS vlESpfodef;cGJudk
csufcsif;oGif;,lNyD; rGwfqvife,fajrtjzpf odrf;ydkufum b*Fvm;a'hcsfEdkifiH\ tpdwf
tydkif;tjzpf oGwfoGif;&ef BudK;pm;,kwfrmaomBuHpnfrIMuD;jzpfygonf4
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w&m;a[majym&mwGif armifawmrS b*FgvDacgif;aqmif a'gufwmxGef;atmif (t'lavmuf)u
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'Drdkua&pDtcGihfta&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfaMumif; a[majymoGm;onf/ 4if;tjyif ppfawGNrdKUrS
ukvm;a&SUae a&Tarmifqdkoluvnf; ukvm;wdkUrSm &dk[if*smrsm;jzpfaMumif;? &cdkifjynfodkU 0ifa&muf
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&cdkifjynfe,fESihf &dk[if*smtrnfcH b*FvDrsm;jyempmwef;? pm 146

OH/P/0355/2009? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
D 1316? &dk[if*smpmwef;jyKpkwifjyjcif;? uGefysLwmrl? pm 8
armifawmNrdKUe,f tem*wfomoemawmfta&;tcif;ESihf ywfoufwifjyavQmufxm;csuf? 28-2-2008
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wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfvufcHaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ 3 rwnfNidrfaom tajc
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bkHaygufomausmf? &cdki fjynfe,fESi hf &dk[if*smtrnfc H b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? pm 146

D 1316? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? pm 8
armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? pm149
aZmfrif;xG#f? jy nfa xmifp kjrefr mEdki fiHawmfESihf wd kif;&if;om;&dk [if*smrsm; ?(yxrtBudrf)?
Tokyo? 2003?
Maruyama Corp,
37
4if;wdkU\ 0ufbfqdkufrsm;wGif (Rohingya Language & Rohingya Culture) ponfwdkU
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OH/P/0358/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/

31-3-2009 armifawmNrdKUe,fw&m;&kH;\ trItrSwf 372
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39
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41
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vIyf&Sm;rIwGifvnf; yg0ifywfoufaeNyD; &dk[if*smvIyf&Sm;rIonf vdktyfonfhae&mwGif bmoma&;
ppfonfrsm;tjzpf 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmifaejcif;jzpf&m tqdkygtjzpfreS fudk odrSomvQif EdkifiHwum
twGuf tE&m,fjzpfaMumif; od&dSEdkifrnfjzpfouJhodkY rdrdEdkifiHtwGufvnf; xdktE&m,fudk rnfodkY
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4if;wdkU\ EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;onf 1951 ckESpfu pwifjrpfzsm;cHcJhaom tv,foHausmf
nDvmcH\ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tajccHvrf;pOftjzpfcsrSwfum qufvufvIyf&Sm;aejcif;jzpfaMumif;
awGU&dS&onf/
42
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pHxGef;atmif? OD;? udk,fawGUar,kESihf&dk[if*sm (vufESdyfpufrl)
pHomatmif? OD;? tmeEpjEausmufpm
pErmvmvuFm&? &cdkif&mZ0ifopf ?(y)wJG? yd#uwfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1931
aZmfrif;xG#f? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmfESihf wdkif;&if;om;&dk[if*smrsm;? (yxrtBudrf)?
Maruyama Corp, Tokyo?2003?
'kwd,tBudrf jynfolUvTwfawmfnDvmcHrSwfwrf; (1957 pufwifbm 20 &uf) pmwJG(4)
tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;? tpdk;&ykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1958
ewfarmufbkef;ausmf? t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfordkif;? (wwd,tBudrf)? pmayavmuykHESdyfwdkuf?
&efukef? 1999
y@d? OD;? "n0wD&mZ0ifopf ? jynfBuD;r@dKifyd#uwfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1910
jynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? &cdkifjynfe,f? vufESdyfpufrl
jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIordkif;? tydkif;(2)
43
ykuav;? OD;? igwdkUAdkvfcsKyfbmawGvkyfcJhovJ?(wwd,wJG)? (ykHESdyfwdkufryg)? &efukef? 1948
azmfZH?&cdkife,fpyfrS Adkvfcsif;ysH? "n0wDr*Zif;?ESpfvnf? (1952-53)
zdk;uHaumif;?]"rE&m,f &dk[if*sm}?jrufcif;opfr*Zif; ? 1992? trSwfpOf(25)
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fordkif;? vufESdyfpufrl
bkHaygufomausmf?awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f ? owif;*sme,fykHESDyfwdkuf?&efukef?1973
bkHaygufomausmf? &cdkifjynfe,fESihf &d k[if*smtrnfcH b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? 1989?
vufESdyfpufrl? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? 1989
armifawmNrdKUe,f jzpfpOfordkif;?ordkif;jyKpka&;tzJGU? armifawmNrdKUe,f jynfolUaumifpD? 1981?
vufa&;rl
armifawmNrdKUe,f &cdkifwdkif;&if;om;rsm; &ifqdkifae&aomtajctaeudk od&dSEdkif&efESihf 'Drdkua&pD
tcGifh ta&;rsm;udk uefUowfEdkif&efwifjyjcif;?
armifawmNrdKUe,f tem*wf omoemawmfta&;tcif;ESihf ywfouf wifjyavQmufxm;csuf?
28-2-2008
armifawmNrdKUe,f tem*wf
omoemawmfta&;tcif;ESihf ywfouf wifjyavQmufxm;csuf?
28-9-1988
armifxif?]]&cdkifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}}? jr0wDr*Zif;? 1960? Zlvdkif? twJG 8
rl*sm[pfrsm;tvif;0ifjcif;? jr0wDykHESdyfwdkuf? pmrsufESm? ckESpfryg/
jrefrmrif;rsm;ta&;awmfykH ? eHUomykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1967
&cdkifhtm;rmef(2)? &cdkiforkdif;okawoetoif;? 1996
&cdkifjynfe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? pwkwwJG? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl
&cdkif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;udk,fawGUrSwfpk
&cdkifjynfe,f? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f\ &dk[if*smtrnfcH ppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDrGwfqvifrsm;ESihf
ywfoufwifjyonhfpmwrf;? uGefysLwmrl
&aohawmifNrdKUe,f ordkif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;? NrdKUe,fordkif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf; jyKpka&;tzJGU? &aohawmif?
1981
&dk[if*smpmwrf;tusOf;jyKpkwifjyjcif;? vufESdyfpufpmrl
&dk[if*smvlrsKd;pk\ &mZ0iftusOf;csKyf? &efukef? &dk[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGU? 1960
&cdkifjynfe,f vlOD;a&pm&if;?vll0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;? &cdkifjynfe,f? 2008
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESihf tBuHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH
Oya' (rlMurf;)a&; qJGa&;aumfr&Sif? armifawmNrdKUe,f? 1971
44
vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESihf tBuHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH

Oya'(rlMurf;)a&; qJGa&;aumfr&Sif? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? 1971
vSxGef;jzL? OD;? &cdkifjynfe,f pD ;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf? awmufawmuf0if;ykHESdyfwdkuf? 1976?
&efukef
oHvGif? armif? &cdkifukvm; odkUr[kwf &dk;0efnSmvlrsKd;rsm;? jr0wDr*Zif;? twJG(8) trSwf(9)? 1960
[Hom0wDowif;pm? 3-9-52
txl;jynfaxmifpkowif;pm? 5-12-1960
trsKd;om;owif;pm? 22-2-61
atmifMunfOD;?(v0u)?e,fpyfjyem? vufESdyfpufrl? armifawmNrdKU ? 1976
atmifaomf? ]]AdEdk;NrdKUa[mif;wl;azmfrI}}? wuodkvfynmya'ompmapmi f? twJG 1? tydkif; 2?
wuodkvfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef
trfat wm[D&fbom? &dk[if*smESihf urefvlrsKd;pkrsm;? &dk[if*smtrdsK;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGU?
&efukef? 1963
31-3-2009 armifawmNrdKUe,fw&m;&kH;\ trItrSwf 372
armfuGef;taxmuftxm;rsm;
D 264 ? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
D 1313? ordkif; okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? 1988
DR 491 (56)? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
MF-962? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0354/2009 ?
ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0355/2009? awGUqkHar;jreff;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0356/2009? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0358/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
45
? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okaeoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0360/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme?armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0361/2009 awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0362/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0363/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme ?armfuGef;Xmepk
OH/P/0359/2009
46
ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme
nTef Mum;a&;rSL ; OD ;jrihfodef;\ txkywdtusOf;
OD;jrifhodef;udk 1953 ckESpfwGif tz OD;xGef;aiG? trd a':cifa&T wdkYrS unGwfuGif;NrdKUwGif

arG;zGm;cJhonf/ 1981 wGif &efukefwuodkvf orkdif;Xme enf;jytjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh
onf/ 1981 rS 2000 ckESpftxd &efukefwuodkvf? ykodrfwuodkvf? ppfawGwuodkvf?
bm;tHaumvdyfwkdYwGif
wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/
enf;jy?
2000
vufaxmufuxdu?
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uxdu
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vufaxmuf
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aeonf/ r*Zif;? *sme,f? okawoeqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm;wGif okawoeaqmif;yg; rsm;udk jrifhodef;
(&efukefwuodkvf) trnfjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif ]]tqifhqifh ajymif;vJvmaom
jrefrmEdkifiH tkyfcsKyfyHkpepfrsm;}} pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
47

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&ckdifa'otwGif;odkU rGwfqvifrsm;0ifa&mufvmjcif;ESihf

nTefMum;a&;rSL;? ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme

Arakan Palace, p. 488

atmifaomf? ]]AdEdk;NrdKUa[mif;wl;azmfrI}}? wuodkvfynmya'ompmapmif? twJG 1? tydkif; 2? wuodkvfykHESdyfwdkuf?

OD;y@d? "n0wD&mZ0ifopf ?jynfBuD;r@dKifyd#uwfykHESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1910

&cdkif&mZ0ifopf ('k)wJG? 1931?

ewfarmufbkef;ausmf? t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfordkif ;?(wwd,tBudrf)? pmayavmuykHESdyw

armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOfordkif;? ordkif;jyKpka&;tzJGU? armifawmNrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpD? 1981? pm 25

OD;vSxGef;jzL? &cdkifjynfe,fpD;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf? awmufawmuf0if;ykHESdyfwdkuf? 1976? &efukef? pm 95

OD;atmifMunf(v0u)?e,fpyfj yem? vufESdyfpufrl??armifawmNrdKU ? 1976? pm 6

bkHaygufomausmf? awmfvSef a&;c&D;0,f? owif;*sme,fykHEdSyfwdkuf? &efukef? 1973? pm 73

Irwin, Anthony, Burmese Outpost, London, Collins, P-7-8,16

London India Office Record, R/8/9GS, 4243

OD;pHxGef;atmif? udk,fawGUar,kESi hf&dk[if*sm(vufESdyfpufrl) pm 99-100

cifBuD;azsmf?]&cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[def;[lonf?}&cdkifw efaqmifESpfv nfr*Zif;?1959-60? pm 99

OD;ykuav;?igwdkUA dkvfcsKyfbmawGvkyfcJhovJ?(wwd,wJG)?(ykHESdyfwdkufryg)?&efukef?1948? pm 54-55

Series 10/1, Acc. No. 641, NAD

Series 10/1, Acc. No. 641, NAD

armifxif?]&cdkifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}?jr0wDr*Zif; ?twJG(8) trSwf(9)? 1960? pm 15

DR 491 (56), HRC

Charter of the Constitutional Demands of the Arakani Muslims (1951)

'kwd,tBu drf jynfolUvTwfawmfnDv mcHrSwfwrf; (1957 pufwifbm 20&uf) pmwJG(4) tpnf;ta0;rSwfwrf;?

[Ho m0wDowif;pm? 3-9-52? pm 3

cifBuD;azsmf? ]&cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[def;[llonf}?&cdki fw efaqmif? twJG 1? trSwf 8? 1959-60? pm 23

jynfw Gi f; aomif; usef;rIordki f;? tydki f;(2) pm 132

&dk[if*smudk wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tjzpf todtrSwfjyK&ef

jrefrmEdkifiHrSxGufajy;oGm;onhf rGwfqvifrsm;wnfxm;onfh aus;&Gmtrnfjzpfonf/

&dk[if*smvlrsK d;pk\&mZ0iftusOf; csKyf? &efukef? &dk[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGU? 1960? pm 12

The Guardian, 1960, p-33

vSxGef;NzL? &cdkifjynfpD;yGm;a&;b@modkuf? pm 92-96

vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESi hf tBuHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'(rlMurf;) a&;qJGa&;

vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESihf tB uHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya'(rlMurf;) a&;qJGa&;

&cdkifjynfe,fjzpfp Ofordki f;? pwkwwJG? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 203-205

zdk;uHaumif;?]"rE&m,f}? jrufcif;opfr*Zif;? trSwfpOf(25)? 1992 ?pm 87

&cdkifjynfe,fESihf &dk[if*smtrnfcH b*FvDrsm;jyempmwef;? pm 146

bkHaygufomausmf? &cdki fjynfe,fESi hf &dk[if*smtrnfc H b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? pm 146

OH/P/0358/2009 ? awGUqkHar;jref;csuf?ordkif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/

cifBuD;azsmf? &cdkifjynfrS rl*sm[def;[llonf? &cd k if wef aqmif? twJG 1? trSwf 8? 1959-60

vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\ oabmxm;qEESihf tBuHay;csuf? EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykH tajccH

OD;jrifhodef;udk 1953 ckESpfwGif tz OD;xGef;aiG? trd a':cifa&T wdkYrS unGwfuGif;NrdKUwGif

nTefMum;a&;rSL;tjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0efcJhonf/ ,cktcg nTefMum;a&;rSL;wm0efjzifh xrf;aqmif

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cifBuD;azsmf?]&cdkifjynfrS rlsm[def;[lonf?}&cdkifw efaqmifESpfv nfrZif;?1959-60? pm 99

&dk[ifsmvlrsK d;pk\&mZ0iftusOf; csKyf? &efukef? &dk[ifsmtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzJGU? 1960? pm 12

&cdkifjynfe,fESihf &dk[ifsmtrnfcH bFvDrsm;jyempmwef;? pm 146

bkHaygufomausmf? &cdki fjynfe,fESi hf &dk[ifsmtrnfc H bFgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? pm 146