NDS SSLC MEMORY MODULE PHYSICS

cmk^ew:

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1. sshZypX{]hmlns hnhn[^e sshZypXhntjWw: CeIvt{Smssen IqSn sshZypXn ISnhnv AXns\ cmkamn\v hnt[bamp {]{Inb. CeIvt{Smssense kzX{ AtbmWpIfmWv CXneqsS sshZypX{]hmlw km[yampXv. cmk^ens {]tbmK $ teml\nmWw $ temlipoIcWw $ sshZypXte]\w $ Bt\mssUknwKv sshZypXte]\w: Hcp NmeIhkvXphns D]cnXen sshZypXhntjWw aptJ\ asmcp temlw ]qip {]{Inb. sshZypXte]\w sNt- NmeIhkvXp ImtYmUmbpw (-ve CeIvt{SmUv) ]qip temlns XInSv Bt\mUmbpw (+ve CeIvt{SmUv) Cu temlns ehWemb\n CeIvt{Smssembpw D]tbmKnpp. D]tbmK: `wKn IqSpp teml\mi\w XSbpp.

sshZypXhntjW \nbaw: Hcp CeIvt{SmUn kzX{amIp ]ZmfpsS amkv CeIvt{Smssen IqSn ISpt]mIp sshZypXNmPn\v t\A\p]mXnemWv. Xm]^ew mq or m = zq, z = nckwJy {][m\`mKw \nnncnpXv ImcWw X]t\m]IcWw lonwKv Fesav \nt{Imw {ZhWmw, {]Xntcm[w Fnh IqSpX, Npp]gpm\p Ignhv Pq \nbaw: Hcp X]t\m]IcWw DmZnnp Xm]ns Afhv sshZypX{]hmlXo{hXbpsS hnsbpw {]Xntcm[nsbpw sshZyXn {]hlnp kabnsbpw KpW\^en\v XpyamWv. Xm]w H = I2Rt or H=IVt or H = V2t/R or H = Pxt I = sshZypX{]hmlXo{hX, R = {]Xntcm[w,V = thmX, t = kabw, P = ]h \nnncnpXv ImcWw A]mbclnX^yqkv Snv+seUv Ipd {ZhWmw tjmv kyqv, HmhtemUv Fnh aqew hcp AanXsshZypX{]hmls XSp \nn D]IcWsf kwcnpXn\p kwhn[m\amWv ^yqkv. ^yqkv A]ISclnXambn ssIImcyw sNpXn\mWv AXns tkmpw Iymcnbdpw hnZypXvtcm[nbmb t]mknsse sIm-v \nnncnpXv. {]Imi^ew a) ^nesav emv: {][m\`mKw ^nesav. \nnncnpXv: SMv, ImcWw: {ZhWmw, {]Xntcm[w Fnh IqSpX, NqSmbn {]Iminm\p Ignhv. {]h\w: ^nesav NqSmbn {]Iminpp. b) UnkvNmPv emv: {][m\`mKw: 2 CeIvt{SmUv, hmXIw \nd mkv Syq_v. {]h\w: CeIvt{SmWpI hmXIs AbWoIcnpXphgn {]Imiw -e`npp. hmXIn \\pkcnv {]Imins \ndw amdpp. DZm: sapdn: sh, tkmUnbw: a, \ntbm: Hmdv, ssl{UP: \oe, ss\{SP: Nphv, tmdn: ]. c) ^vfqdskv emv: {]h\w: CeIvt{SmWpI sapdn hmXIs AbWoIcnpXns ^eambn A{Smhbev IncW D-mIpIbpw Ahsb ^vfqdskv s]bnv BKncWw sNbvXv Zriy{]Imiw -e`npp. taI: Bbpkv IqSpX,\ngens {]iv\an, DuPns D]tbmKw Ipdhv, anI {]Imiw. ]h: bqWnv kabn Hcp hkvXp sNp {]hrnbpsS Afhv P= {]hrn kabw P=W = H = I2R = VI = V2 t t R

2 sshZypX ImnI t{]cWw

sshZypX ImnI t{]cWXXzw(AC bn am{Xw km[yamIpp): Hcp NmeIhpambn _s ImnI ^vfIvkv hyXymksSppXns ^eambn NmeIn emf t{]cnXamIp {]Xn`mkw. Cu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv P\td (bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPampp), ssat{Imt^m(i_vtZmPw sshZyptXmPampp). P\td 2 hn[w: 1) AC P\td: At\Iw XhW Zniamdp sshZypXn DmZnnp P\td. ^oUvImw, Bta, kvfnvdnwKv FnhbmWv `mK. 2) DC P\td: Htc Znibn {]hlnp sshZypXn DmZnnp P\td. ^oUvImw, Bta, kv]vfnv dnwKv Iyqt FnhbmWv `mK.

tamtm XXzw: ImnIaWvUen nXnsNp NmeIneqsS sshZypXn ISnhnm NmeIn Hcp _ew A\p`hsSpp. Cu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnp D]IcWfmWv sshZypX tamtm(sshZyptXmPw bm{ntImPampp), euUv kv]o(sshZyptXmPw i_vt ZmPampp) ayqz CU(AC bn am{Xw km[yamIpp): kao]fmbn nXn sNp 2 kon Hnse sshZypX {]hmlns hyXnbm\w -2mas kon emf t{]cnXampp. {Smkvt^ma Cu XXzw ASnm\amn {]hnpp. {Smkvt^ma 2 hn[w: sv Av {Smkvt^ma sv Uu {Smkvt^ma AC thmX Dbpp AC thmX Xmgvpp. ss{]adnbn InIqSnb Ipd NppI ss{]adnbn InIpd IqSpX NppI skdnbn InIpd IqSpX NppI skdnbn InIqSnb Ipd NppI ss{]adnbn Idv IqSpX skdnbn Ipdhv ss{]adnbn Idv Ipdhv skdnbn IqSpX Vs = Ns Vp = Np VS= skdn thmX, Vp= ss{]adn thmX, Ns=skdn NppI, Np=ss{]adn NppI Vp X Ip= Vs X Is
VS= skdn thmX, Vp= ss{]adn thmX, Ip=ss{]adn Idv, Is= skdn Idv.

sk^v CU(AC bn am{Xw km[yamIpp) : Hcp NmeIntem Npcpfntem _mv emf t{]cnXamIp {]Xn`mkw. CXp aqew NmeIneqsStbm NpcpfneqsStbm {]hlnp k^e thmX Ipdbpp.

AC __ns {]Imiw app(AC)

DC __v km[mcWt]mse Ipp(DC)

CUIvS: Xm]\jvSanmsX sshZypX{]hmlnse amsf FXnp tImbnepI.

3. ]h DmZ\hpw hnXcWhpw
]h tj: sshZypX DmZ\ tI{. Ch ]ehn[w. {][m\ambpw aqv hn[w 1. PesshZypX \nebw: bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPamIpp. DZm: aqeaw, ]nhmk 2.Xm] sshZypX \nebw:cmtkmPw Xmt]mPw bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPw DZm: ImbwIpfw, s\bvthen 3.BWh sshZypX \nebw:BWthmPw Xmt]mPw bm{ntImPw sshZyptXmPw DZm: Imw, Xmcmq ]h P\td: {]\m\ambpw aqv `mK 1. tdm: Idp `mKw(^oUpImw) 2. t: \nivNeamb `mKw(Bta) 3. FIvssk(klmbI P\td): ^oUpImw XncnbpXn\mhiyamb DC \Ipp. AC P\tddpI 2 hn[w : 1. knwKn t^kv P\td 2. {Xot^kv P\td Hcp ^oUv Imw+Hcp Bta tImbn Hcp ^oUv Imw+aqv Bta Hcp kabw Hcp AC Htc kabw aqv hyXykvX AC hoSpIfnepw ISIfnepw D]tbmKnpp. ]h tj\n D]tbmKnpp. Bta tImbnense InNppIfpsS Fw Xpyw Bta tImbnepI Xn 1200 tImWn {IaoIcnncnpp. sshZypX hnXcWw(]h t{]jWw): DmZnnp ev \nv D]tbmKnp etv sshZypXn Fnp {]{Inb. ]h t{]jWnse {]iv\: thmtPv XmgvN, DuP\jvSw ]cnlmcamK: kvsv D]tbmKnv thmtPv Dbn hnXcWw sNbvXv thmtPv XmgvN ]cnlcnmw DuP\jvSw ]cnlcnm {]Xntcm[w Ipd Inbp In D]tbmKnpI, sshZypX {]hmlXo{hX IpdpI. ]h tj 11KV (11000V) k_v tj 220KV
taP k_v tj 66KV/110KV

C aoUntbv
k_v tj

hnXcW
{Smkv t^ma

hoSv/IS 230V

33KV

11KV

m IW: hnXcW {Smkvt^madn \npw hoSpIfntev sshZypXn Fnp kwhn[m\w. 4 hb (3 t^kv + 1 \yq{S). 3 t^kpw IqSn tNcp _nphmWv \yq{S. c-v t^kpI Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 400V. Hcp t^kpw Hcp \yq{Sepw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 230V. \yq{Sepw `qanbpw Xnep s]mjy hyXymkw 0V. t^kpw `qanbpw Xn 230V \yq{Sense s]mjy 0V KrlsshZypXoIcWw: sabn sse\n t^kv, \yq{S Fo c-v sse\pI hmv Huh ao, sabn ^yqkv, sabn kznv, ^yqkpI, kznpI, D]IcW F {Ian kamcambmWv KrlsshZypXoIcWw \St-Xv. ^yqkv t^knemWv LSnnt-Xv. kznpI t^knemWv LSnnt-Xv. D]IcWsf kznv hgn \yq{Sentev kamcambn LSnnWw. {Xo]n Kns henb ]n Fv sNWw. tI_nfns \nd: t^kv: Nphv, Fv: ], \yq{S: a/Idpv ]h {KnUv: cmPys ]h tj\pIsf Xn _nnp kwhn[m\w.

4. i_vZw
tIhnsb _m[np DuPcq]amWv i_vZw. Jc, {ZmhI, hmXI cq]nep hkvXpfpsS I\w aqew i_vZap-mIpp. i_vZt{kmXv: i_vZw D-mp hkvXpfmWv i_vZt{kmXpI.

DZm: i_vZt{kmXv I\w sNp hkvXp 1. sN-, afw, X_e Ub{^w 2. hoW, hben, Knm henpsInb In 3. HmSpg, \mZkzcw, auv HmK hmbp I\s kzm[o\np LSI: 1. hkvXphns kz`mhw 2. hkvXphns \ofw 3. tOZXehnkvXoWw 4. henhv i_vZt{]jWw: i_vZn\v kcnm am[yaw \n_amWv. _lncmImiv A\ptbmPyamb am[yaanmXn\memWv _lncmImi bm{XnI kwkmcnm tdUntbm kwhn[m\w D]tbmKnpXv. am[yaw thKX (m/s) 6420 1. Aepan\nbw 5950 2. Ccpv 1498 3. Pew 340 4. hmbp i_vZt{]jWw A\pssZLyXcwKcq]nemWv XcwKns AfhpI: a) XcwKssZLyw (): Htc hennep {]Xe Xnep AIew. bqWnv m b) Bhrn (f): Hcp skn D-mIp XcwKfpsS Fw. bqWnv Hz (slSvkv) c) {]thKw (v): XcwKw Hcp skn kcnp Zqcw. bqWnv m/s Cu aqv AfhpIfpw Xnep _w

v = f $ or f = v/ or = v/f

kzm`mhnI I\w, {]tWmZnX I\w, A\p\mZw: Hcp hkvXphns kzX{amb I\amWv kzm`mhnI I\w. Hcp hkvXphns\ kzX{ambn I\w sNm\\phZnm AXv AXns kzm`mhnI Bhrmbnembncnpw I\w sNpI. I\w sNp Hcp hkvXphns t{]cW aqew t{]cWw sNepp hkvXphns AtX Bhrnbn asmcp hkvXp I\w sNpXmWv {]tWmZnX I\w. {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXphns kzm`mhnI Bhrnbpw t{]cWw sNp hkvXphns kzm`mhnI Bhrnbpw XpyamIp {]Xn`mkamWv A\p\mZw. CXp aqew {]tWmZnX I\n\v hnt[bamIp hkvXp IqSpX BbXnbn I\w sNpp. A\p\mZw hniZoIcnpXn\v ]coWimebn D]tbmKnp kwhn[m\fmWv tkmtWmaodpw sdkWkv tImfhpw. A\p\mZns ^e: 1. Xqp]meneqsS ]mfm amv sNbvXv t]mImdn. 2. Icnacpv {]tbmKw \Sptm kao] sInSfnse P\epI I\w sNpp. i_vZns khntijXI: Xo{hX: bqWnv hnkvXoWap {]XeneqsS Hcp skn ISpt]mIp i_vtZmPns AfhmWv Xo{hX. DX: i_vZw sNhnbnep-mp tIhnbpsS \nebmWv DX. CXv Xo{hXtbbpw Bhrnsbbpw sNhnbpsS Ignhns\bpw B{ibnncnpp. bqWnv dB (sUkns_). 120dB IqSpXep i_vZw sNhnv XIcmdp-mpw KpWw: hyXykvX i_vZsf Xncndnbm\p Ignhv {ipXn (mbn): sNhnbnsep i_vZns IqXbmWv (XpfpIbd) {ipXn. I\hkvXphns Bhrn IqSnbm {ipXn IqSpp. Ch 2 hn[w. 1. Db {ipXnbph: kv{Xo i_vZw, NohoSv, hnkn, mkv s]mp i_vZw Fnh 2. Xmgv {ipXnbph: ]pcpj i_vZw, CSnapgw, Im, t]mv, {Uns i_vZw Fnh _mkv & s{S_v: Xmgv {ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv _mkv Db {ipXnbp i_vZfpsS IqamWv s{S_v

 tUm C^IvSv: i_vZt{kmXnstbm i_vZkzoIcWnbpsStbm Asn 2 stbm Ne\w aqew t{imXmhv tIp i_vZns Bhrnbn amw hcp {]Xn`mkw. DZm: AIse \nv thKn hcp s{Sbn\nse tlm i_vZns Bhrn IqSpXmbpw s{Sbn \nmsX ISpt]mbm Bhrn IpdbpXmbpw tXmm ImcWw tUm C^IvSmWv. _ov: Bhrnbn sNdnbhyXymkap 2 hkvXp Htc kabw I \w sNptm AhbpsS i_vZnse GIpdnemWv _ov. {ihWncX: \mw tIp Hcp i_vZw tIXn\v tijhpw 1/10 skv t\ctv sNhnbn Xn\np {]Xn`mkamWv {ihWncX. {ihW]cn[n: Hcmv 20Hz \pw 20000Hz \pw CSbnep i_vZw tImw. CXmWv {ihW]cn[n. 20Hz \v Xmsgbph C{^mtkmWnv Fpw 20000Hz \v apIfneph A{SmtkmWnv Fpw AdnbsSpp. A{SmtkmWnv i_vZns D]tbmK: 1. lrZbns Nn{XsaSpm (ecg electrocardiogram) 2. Ic, InUv\n, K`]m{Xw XpSnb Bc Ahbhsf Ipdnv ]Tnm (Ultrasonography) 3. InUv\nbnse sNdnb Iv s]mSnv Ifbm 4. kap{Zns Bgw AfpXn\p tkmWmdn 5. hmen\v apnep XSsf Xncndnbm 6. \mbIsfbpw apw ]cnioennpXn\p Km hnknen. C{^mtkmWnIv {]tbmP\sSp k`: B\, XnanwKew, I-marKw, `qanIpepw {]Xn^e\w, {]Xn[z\n, A\pcW\w: i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn sXdnp {]Xn`mkamWv {]Xn^e\w. saKmt^m, kvsXkvtImv, euUv kv]o XpSnbh {]Xn^e\w {]tbmP\sSppp. i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Xncnv sNhnbn Xs tIpXmWv {]Xn[z\n (echo). {]Xn[z\n A\p`hnm i_vZt{kmXpw XShpw Xn NpcpnbXv 17m AIew thW w. i_vZw apnep XSfn Xn Bhnp-hcp {]Xn^e \amWv A\pcW\w FqnIvkv Hm^v _nUnwKv (sInSfpsS i_vZimkv{Xw): Hcp henb lmfn i_vZ {]Xn^e\hpambn _sv hcp {]iv \ sfbpw ]cnlmcsfbpw Ipdnp ]T \amWnXv. {]iv\ ]cnlmc 1. i_vZw hyIvXambn tIpn. 1. Bhiyn\v P\epIfpw hmXnepIfpw m]npI 2. i_vZw Bhnv tIpp. 2. aSpIfp I D]tbmKnpI. 3. icnbmb DX e`npn. 3. NpacpI ]cp\mpI. 4. kwKoXns am[pcyw \jvSamIpp. 4. \nev ]cp]cp Imv D]tbmKnpI. 5. lmfns Fm `mKpw Hcp t]mse i_vZw Fpn.

5. {]Imi{]Xn`mk
ka\znX {]Imiw: Hn IqSpX LSIhfSnb {]ImiamWv ka\znX {]Imiw. DZm: kqcy{]Imiw, tSmvssev, sagpIpXncn shfnw. {]IoW\w: ka\znX{]Imiw AXns LSIhWfmbn thXncnbp {]Xn`mkamWv {]IoW\w. LSIhWfpsS XcwKssZLynse hyXymkamWv {]IoW\n\v ImcWw. {]IoW\w aqew XcwKssZLyw Ipd hben\v IqSpX hyXnbm\hpw XcwKssZLyw IqSnb Nphn\v Ipd hyXnbm\hpw kw`hnpp. sshZypXImnI kvs]Iv{Sw XcwKssZLyw IqSpp tdUntbm XcwKw C{^msdUv Zriy{]Imiw A{Smhbev X td Kma IncWw Bhrn IqSpp aghnv: kqcy{]Imiw Aconse PeIWnIbn Xn 2 XhW A]h \n\pw Hcn ]qWmc {]Xn^e\n\pw hnt[bambn hWcmPn cq]sSpp. CXmWv aghnmbn \mw ImWpXv. aghnn hbev Xmsgbmbpw Nphv apIfnembpw ImWsSpp.

aghnv Bv t]mse hfv ImWsSm ImcWw \psS ZrjvSntcJbpw aghnnse hnhn[ hWfntev t\mptmgp ZrjvSntcJbpw Xn cq]sSp tImWmWv. hbev ZrjvSntcJbpambn 40.80 bpw Nphv 42.70 bpw tIm. {]mYanI hWfpw ZznXob hWfpw: av hW D]tbmKnv \nnm ]m hWfmWv {]mYanI hW. Nphv, \oe, ] Fnh. Fm Hn IqSpX {]mYanI hW tNp-e`nphbmWv ZznXob hW . aP, kb, a Fnh. Nphv + \oe = aP, \oe + ] = kb, Nphv + ] = a
R B G M C Y

AXmcy hkvXp: {]Imiw ISnhnSm hkvXp. Ccw hkvXp kqcy{]Iminse Fm hWsfbpw BKncWw sNbvXv AXns hWs am{Xw {]Xn^ennpp. kpXmcy hkvXp: {]Imiw ISnhnSp hkvXp. Ccw hkvXp AXv ISnhnSp \nds B{ibnncnpp. kpXmcy hkvXphns \ndw AXmcyhkvXphns \ndw kpXmcy hkvXphneqsS ImWp \ndw ss{]adn ss{]adn Idpv skdn ss{]adn 2 sebpw s]mXphmbXv ss{]adn skdn 2 sebpw s]mXphmbXv DZm: \oe Nph ]qhv Idpv a (Nphv + ]) Nph ]qhv Nphv (2 sebpw s]mXp hmbXv ) hoWncX: \mw ImWp Hcp hkvXphns {]Xn_nw_w 1/16 skv kabtv In Xs \npp. Xntdn Nn{X thKn NennpXv aqew Nn{Xv Ne\w tXmpXv, Xosmn thKn Idptm XotKmfambn tXmpXv Fnh hoWncXaqeamWv. \yqs hW]cw: kqcy{]Iminse Ggv hW IrXyamb A\p]mXn s]bnv sNbvsXSp kwhn[m\amWnXv. thKn Idptm hWfpsS AXnhym]\w aqew ]cw shfpXmbn tXmpp. Ins hoWncX aqeamWv Cs\ kw`hnpXv. ]qcI hW: [hf{]Imiw e`nm {]mYanI hWtmSv tNp ZznXob hWamWv ]qcIhWw. {]mYanI hWw ]qcIhWw 1. Nphv 1. kb (\oe + ]) 2. \oe 2. a (Nphv + ]) 3. ] 3. aP (Nphv + \oe) hnkcWw: {]Imiw Hcp am[yaneqsS ISv t]mIptm e`np {IaclnXhpw `mKnIhpamb {]Xn^e\amWv hnkcWw. XcwKssZLyw Ipd hben\v hnkcWw IqSpXepw XcwKssZLyw IqSnb Nphn\v hnkcWw IpdhpamWv. BImiw \oe\ndn, kap{Zw \oe\ndn, DZbmkvXab kqcys \ndw Nphv, A]ISkqN\v Nphv, ssiXycmPyfn hml\fpsS t^mKvssembn a, samss_ Shdn Nphv hWw FnhbpsS ImcWw hnkcWamWv. A{Smhbepw C{^msdUpw: (UV & IR) A{Smhbev C{^msdUv 1. hbent\m XcwKssZLyw Ipdhv 1. Nphnt\m XcwKssZLyw IqSpX 2. AZriyIncWw 2. Xm]obIncWw. hkv{Xw DWm ImcWw 3. Ir{Xna D]{Klw, Sn.hn dntamv, 3. Ipd Afhv icocn hnman D ZoLZqct^mtm{Km^n, samss_ t^m, D-mpp. ssk\nI ss_t\mpe Fnhbn 4. IqSnb Afhv kvIn Imk, kt_ D]tbmKnpp. (kqcymLmXw) D-mpp. ^vfqdskkv: XcwKssZLyw Ipd hWsf BKncWw sNbvXv XcwKssZLyw IqSnb hWsf {]Xn^ennm\p IgnhmWv ^vfqdskkv. Cu Ignhp ]ZmfmWv ^vfqdskv ]Zm. Ch {Sm^nIv knKv\enepw ]ckyt_mUpIfnepw D]tbmKnpp.

6. CeIvt{SmWnIvkv
CeIvt{SmWpIfpsS kz`mhw, D]tbmKw, \nb{Ww Fnhsb Ipdnp ]T\w. Sn.hn, tdUntbm, hmv, Impte, samss_ t^m Fnh CeIvt{SmWnv D]IcWfmWv. ASnm\ CeIvt{SmWnIv [: dknkv (R) ({]Xntcm[w) CUIvSkv (L) Imknkv (C) sshZypX{]hmls sk^v CU aqew NmPv kw`cnpshp {]h\w \nb{npp. \nb{W DuP\jvvSanmsX G.kn sb 2 temlXInSpIfpw ssUCeIv{Snv ^eambn DuP sshZypX{]hmlw XSbpp. FdnbsSp hnZypXv tcm[nbpamWnXns \jvSap-mIpp. `mK. bqWnv: sldn (H), If tImUnMv CXns aqeyw DZm: t], t]mfn, ssa, skdmanIv annsldn (mH) {]tbmKnI \nWbnpp. ImkndpI. bqWnv bqWnv: Hmw () bqWnv: ^mcUv (F). ssat{Im^mcUv (F), {]XoIw: ]otIm^mcUv (pF) Fnh {]tbmKnI thcnb_n CUIvS {]XoIw: bqWnpI thcnb_n dkn {]XoIw: thcnb_n Imkn: CeIvt{SmennIv Imkn: sshZypXnbpsS cmk^ew ANmeIw: IpdtXmXn sshZypXn ISnhnSpp. NqSmnbm {]Xntcm[w IpdbpXpaqew NmeIX IqSpp. DZm: Pt\nbw, knen. Ch 2 hn[w. pn junction diode(pn kn UtbmUv):

{]XoIw:

N UtbmUv kon

t^mthUv _bmknwKv
P N P ---P N---N sshZypXn ISnhnSpp.

dnthgvkv _bmknwKv
P--N N--P sshZypXn ISnhnSpn. P N

UtbmUns D]tbmKw: AC DC (dIvSn^ntj) 1. lm^v thhv dIvSn^ntj: Hcp UtbmUv am{Xap]tbmKnv. CXpaqew CShnv am{Xw sshZypX{]hmlw km[yamIpp. 2. ^pthhv dIvSn^ntj: 2 UtbmUpI D]tbmKnv sk SmnwKv aptJ \bp dIvSn^ntj. CXpaqew Fm A{`aWnepw sshZypX{]hmlw km[yamIpp. Fm sk SmnwKv BbXn\m Huv]pv thmtPv Ipdbpp. 3. {_nUvPv dIvSn^ntj: \mev UtbmUpI D]tbmKnv. sk SmnwKv {]iv\w ]cnlcnsSpp. {Smkn: aqv CeIvtSmUpI. Fan(E), t_kv(B), IfIvS(C) Fan: IqSnb Idv, IqSnb tUmnwKv, anXamb I\w t_kv: Ipd Idv, Ipd tUmnwKv, Ipd I\w IfIvS: anXamb Idv, anXamb tUmnwKv, I\w IqSpX. aqv CeIvt{SmUpIfpsSbpw IdpI Xnep _w= Fan Idv=t_-kv Idv+IfIvS Idv (Ie = Ib + Ic) {Smkn 2 hn[w: 1. npn ( satPmdnn: CeIvt{Sm ) 2. pnp ( satPmdnn: tlm ) {Smkndns [w: Bhrn hyXymksSpmsX Zp_e knKv\epIfpsS iIvXn (BbXn) hnnm Ch D]tbmKnpp. Cu {]{Inb Bwn^ntj FdnbsSpp. IC: IC= {]Xntcm[Iw+UtbmUv+Imkn+{Smkn taI: sNdpXv, `mcw Ipdhv, ]h Ipdhv, Nnehv Ipdhv, {]h\tijn IqSpX, Xm]\nemhyXymkw _m[npn, ZoLImew {]hnpp.

7. \psS {]]w
N{ \v AXns kmc]Yn 13 10 3 \onbncnWw. N{ AXns ]Yns 27 Hcp `mKw kcnms\Spp kabamWv Hcp \m(icmicn: 24aWnqdpw 18 an\npw.) kqcy \{XnSbneqsS t]mIpXmbn tXmp kqcy]Ys {Imnhrw Fp]dbpp. cminI(\{XKW): {Imnhrs 12 `mKfmbn Xncnncnpp. ChbmWv cminI. kqcy Hcp cmin ISm GItZiw 30 ZnhksaSppw. CXmWv aebmfamkw N{\v `qansb Npm 27 Znhkw AYhm Hcp Znhkn
cmin Nnw hrivNnIw Ipw`w CShw BIrXn knwlw tX IpSw Imf cmin In [\p ao\w anYp\w BIrXn I\yI hnv ao CcI cmin Xpemw aIcw taSw InSIw BIrXn Xpemkv aIcaXvkyw sNcnbmSv R-v

Rmpthe: kqcy 12 cminIfneqsS ISpt]mIpXn\nSbn 27 \mfpIfneqsSbpw ISpt]mIpp. AYhm Hcp \mfns\mw 13-14 Znhkw kqcy ImWpw. Cu ImebfhmWv Rmpthe. hm\\ncoWns {]tbmP\: ZniAdnbm, m\\nWbw, Imemhm{]hN\w, Irjn, `qanbpsS ]cn[n \nWbnm, IS bm{Xv, `qanbpsS BIrXn, sNcnhv Xncndnbm. kqcy: DutPmmZ\ amKw: \yqnbm ^yqj DuP t{]jWcoXn: kwhl\w, hnIncWw 3 ]mfnI (1. t^mtmkv^nb{]Imiw \Ipp, 2. t{Imtamkv^nb\ndw \Ipp, 3. sImtdmWNqSv \Ipp.). tIm, hnIncWtaJe, kwhl\taJe, t^mtmkv^nb, t{Itamkv^nb, sImtdmW. CXn t{Imtamkv^nb, sImtdmW FnhbmWv Acow. Ch {KlWkabv ImWpp. {Kl: 2 hn[w 1. `ua{Kl(`qan, sNm,_p[,ip{I): Jcw, t\ Acow, D]{Kl Ipdhv 2. tPmhnb{Kl(hymgw, i\n, bpdm\kv, s\]vSyq): hmXIw, Inbp Acow, D]{Kl IqSpX, Nppw hebw, XWpXv. \{Xw: \{XfpsS \ndn\v ImcWw Xm] \ne Xm]\ne Ipdphcp {Iaw: \oe, sh, a, Hmdv, Nphv `qanbpsS Ghpw ASp \{Xw: kqcy, XpSXv: t{]mIvknam skqdn (4.3 {]Imihjw AIse)
{]Imihjw: \{Xfntep Zqcafm. {]Imiw Hcp hjn kcnp ZqcamWv Hcp {]Imihjw

Akvt{SmWan bqWnv (AU): {Kl Xnep Zqcafm. kqcy\pw `qanbpw Xnep AIeamWv 1A.U \{X ]cnWmaw (P\\ acW L): shp s\_pe \{Xw amkv<1.44 Nph`oa amkv>1.44 kqt\mh amkv IqSpX mv tlm KmeIvkn: KpcpXzmIjW_ew aqew ]ckv]cw _sp InSp tImSnIWn\v \{X tNXmWv KmeIvkn. BIrXnbpsS ASnm\n Ch aqv hn[w. Npcp KmeIvkn, ZoLhr KmeIvkn, {IaclnX KmeIvkn. BImiKwK Hcp Npcp KmeIvknbmWv. BImiKwK Ignm ImWp KmeIvknbmWv Bt{UmaoU. KeoentbmbpsS t\: `qansb t]mse thsdbpw {Kl AhbpsS D]{Kl hymgns D]{Kl i\nbpsS heb ip{Is hrnb Idpp \yqt{Sm m amkv Ipdhv

{]]tmn: 2 knm a) ncmhm knmw: {]]w Apw Cpw CXpt]mse nXnsNpp. b) almhnkvt^mS\ knmw: {]]w hjv apv Hcp sNdnb tKmfambncpp. ]noSv \S D{Kamb kvt^mS\^eambmWv hnIknp {]]w cq]sXv. Ir{Xna D]{Kl: `qansb Npp a\pjy \nnX hkvXp. hmmhn\nabw, Imemhm {]hN\w, ssk\nI Bhiyw, `qanbpsS bYm BIrXn a\nemm, [mXpkv Xncndnbm. Ch 2 hn[w. 1. CIztmdnb: `qa[ytcJv apIfnembn Hcp Hm_nn `qansb ]cn{IaWw sNph. Ch hmmhn\nabn\v D]tbmKnpp. CXn ]cn{IaWn\v 24 aWnq FSpph `qnc D]{Kl FdnbsSpp. Ch `qanbn \npw 35870Km AIse nXnsNpp. hnt]W hml\w: GSLV 2. t]mfm: `qanbpsS {[phv A`napJambn 200Km apX 1000Km AIen `qansb ]cn{IaWw sNph. Ch `qanbpsS hyIvXamb t^mtmsbSpm D]tbmKnpp. ]cn{IaWImew 2 aWnq. hnt]W hml\w: PSLV

10. DuP]cn]me\w
C\: Jcw (hndIv), {ZmhIw (as), hmXIw (LPG) khntijXI: *) Db ItemdnI aqeyw *) Db e`yX *) ssIImcyw sNm Ffpw *) kw`cW hnXcW kuIcyw *) Ipd Nnehv *) anXamb Pze\ \ncv DuPvPt{kmXkpI c-v hn[w ]p\:m]nmhph 1.kqcy tkmfm Ip, lo, ]m\, sk(Hcp tkmfm sk 0.4 apX 0.5 V sshZypXn \Ipp) 2.Imv ImmSn b{w 3.Xncame XcwtKmPw, thentbmPw 4.PntbmsXa `qanSnbnse amKvabn \nv Inp Xmt]mPw. amKva ImWp ew: tlmv kvt]mv 5.HgpIp Pew sslt{Um CeIv{SnIv ]h tj 6._tbmamkv PphnkPyw. DZm: NmWIw. Ch t\cnv InpXv aen\oIcWw.(Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv) 7._tbmKymkv {][m\ LSIw: sasYbv 8.ssl{UP Db ItemdnI aqeyw. Fm kvt^mS\ km[yX IqSpX 9.hndIv acw ]p\:m]nmhph taI t]mcmbvaI 1. Acoaen\oIcWan. 1. Ftmgpw e`ya. 2. XmcXtay\ Nnehv Ipdhv 2. DuPw s]sv e`nn. ]p\:m]nm Ignbmh t{kmXkv D {][m\LSIw 1. Icn tImSm, tImKymkv, tImv, AtamWnb Im_ 2. s]t{Smfnbw s]t{Sm, Uok, as, \m^vX, _npan, s]t{Smfnbw Kymkv, ^yph Hmbn, eq{_ntnwKv Hmbn, ]mc^n hmIvkv, {]IrXn hmXIw sslt{UmIm_ 3. L.P.G s]t{Smfnbw Kymkv aw {]tbmKnv {ZhoIcnXv _yqsbv, s{]msbv aWw \IpXv: CussY sam]v 5. L.N.G {ZhoIcnv C\ampp. sasYbv 4. C.N.G {]IrXn hmXIw aw {]tbmKnv {ZhoIcnXv sasYbv DuP{]Xnkn: DuPns h[n BhiyIXbpw Ipd e`yXbpw. ImcW ]cnlmc 1. P\kwJy h\hv 1.]p\:m]nmhph D]tbmKnpI 2. hyhkmb hcWw 2.sshZypXn bpIvX]qw D]tbmKnpI 3. Zpcp]tbmKw 3. AXymhiyn\v am{Xw hml\ D]tbmKnpI. 4. hml\fpsS AantXm]tbmKw 4. t_m[hcWw \SpI.
Itemdn^nIv aqeyw: Hcp {Kmw C\w ]qWambpw Iptm e`np Xm]ns Afhv.

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