Thong Tin Ve Tinh2

http://www.ebook.edu.
vn 0

AI HOC A NANG
TRNG AI HOC KY THUAT
KHOA CONG NGHE THONG TIN IEN T VIEN THONG
------

O
O
A
A
N
N
T
T
O
O
T
T
N
N
G
G
H
H
I
I
E
E
P
P

E TAI :
THIET KE TUYEN THONG TIN VE TINH

Giao vien hng dan
Sinh vien thc hien : ANG RO
Lp : 20T-PY

Tuy Hoa , 10/2002

http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1
Li Noi au

Trong nhng thap ky qua, cung vi s phat trien cua khoa hoc , cong nghe
nganh vien thong a co nhng phat trien vt bac, ap ng nhng nhu cau trao oi
thong tin gop phan khong nho trong cong cuoc xay dng va nh hng phat trien
cua xa hoi loai ngi.
Chung ta song trong ky nguyen cua s bung no thong tin, viec trao oi thong
tin dien ra khap moi ni tren the gii vi yeu cau nhanh chong va chnh xac. oi vi
thong tin quoc te, thong tin ve tinh a cung cap nhng ng thong tin dung lng
ln, khi tam lien lac xay ra trong dien rong th thong tin ve tinh the hien tnh u viet
cua no ve mat kinh te. Hien nay nc ta ang chuan b phong ve tinh cho rieng mnh
nham ap ng cac nhu cau thong tin ngay cang cao trong nc va quoc te. e hieu
ro he thong thong tin ve tinh bao gom cong nghe thong tin, cong nghe thiet b, s
lien lac qua he thong thong tin ve tinh va t o xay dng mot tuyen lien lac phu hp,
c s giup cua thay giao hng dan, em thc hien e tai :
Thiet ke tuyen thong tin ve tinh .
c s hng dan tan tnh cua thay , em a co gang van dung cac kien
thc a hoc e hoan thanh o an, nhng v thi gian va kien thc con han che, chac
han trong o an nay khong tranh khoi nhng thieu sot. Em rat mong c s gop y,
ch bao, ong gop cua cac thay co va cac ban .
Em xin chan thanh cam n cac thay co trong khoa Cong nghe thong tin
ien t vien thong a giup em trong suot thi gian hoc tap ma ac biet la s
hng dan ch bao cua thay giup em hoan thanh o an nay.

Tuy hoa, thang 11 nam 2002
Sinh vien

ang Ro


MUC LUC
------

LI NOI AU
CHNG I : TONG QUAN VE THONG TIN VE TINH
1.1. S ra i cua cac he thong thong tin ve tinh 5
1.2. Qua trnh phat trien 5
1.3. ac iem cua thong tin ve tinh 6
1.4. Cac dang quy ao cua ve tinh 6
1.4.1. Quy ao elip 8
1.4.2. Quy ao tron 8
1. Quy ao cc 8
2. Quy ao nghieng 8
3. Quy ao xch ao 8
1.5. Cau truc mot he thong thong tin ve tinh 8
1.6. Cac phng phap a truy nhap en ve tinh 12
1.6.1. Phng phap a truy nhap phan chia theo tan so FDMA 12
1.6.2. Phng phap a truy nhap phan chia theo thi gian TDMA 13
1.6.3. Phng phap a truy nhap phan chia theo ma CDMA 14
1.7. Ket luan chng 16

CHNG II : SONG VO TUYEN IEN
2.1 . Tan so va cac ac tnh cua song vo tuyen ien trong thong tin ve tinh 17
2.1.1. Song vo tuyen va tan so 17
2.1.2. Cac tan so s dung cho thong tin ve tinh 17
2.2 . Phan cc song 17
2.2.1. nh ngha 17
2.2.2. Song phan cc elip 18
2.2.3. Song phan cc tron 18
2.2.4. Song phan cc thang 18
2.3. S truyen lan song vo tuyen ien 18
2.3.1. Khai niem ve s truyen lan song vo tuyen trong thong tin ve tinh 18
2.3.2. Ton hao trong khong gian t do 19
2.3.3. Ca so vo tuyen 19
2.3.4. Tap am trong truyen lan song vo tuyen 20
2.3.5. S giam kha nang tach biet phan cc cheo do ma 20
2.3.6. EIRP : ac trng kha nang phat 20
2.3.7. G/T : ac trng o nhay may thu 21
2.3.8. S nhieu loan do cac song can nhieu 21

CHNG III : KY THUAT TRAM MAT AT
3.1 . Cong nghe va ac tnh cua anten 23
3.1.1. Yeu cau chat lng oi vi anten thong tin ve tinh 23
3.1.2. Phan loai anten 23
3.1.3. He thong anten bam ve tinh 24
3.1.4. Cac ac tnh ve ien 24
3.2 . Cong nghe may phat 27
3.2.1. May phat cong suat cao 27
3.2.2. Phan loai cac bo khuyech cong suat cao 27
3.2.3. Cau hnh 28
3.2.4. Meo do xuyen ieu che 29
3.3. Cong nghe may thu 30
3.3.1. Cau truc tram thu 30
3.3.2. Khuyech ai tap am thap 30

CHNG IV : TRAM VE TINH
4.1. Cau hnh tram ve tinh vi mot bo phat ap n gian 32
4.2. Phan bo dai tan cua bo phat ap 32
4.3. Cac mang ve tinh nhieu chum 33
4.3.1.u iem cuave tinh nhieu chum 34
4.3.2. Lien ket gia cac vung bao phu 34
1. Lien ket nh bc nhay cua bo phat ap 34
2. Lien ket nh chuyen mach tren ve tinh (SS/TDMA) 35
3. Lien ket nh quet chum 36
4.3.3. Cac tuyen noi lien ve tinh 36
1. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh a tnh vi ve tinh quy ao thap 36
2. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh a tnh 37
3. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh quy ao thap 37
4.4. Cac mang ve tinh tai tao 38
4.4.1. Bo phat ap tai tao 38
4.4.2. ac iem bo phat ap tai tao 38

CHNG V : THIET KE NG TRUYEN
5.1. Gii thieu 42
5.2. Cac ch tieu chat lng 42
5.3. Cac ch tieu san sang 43
5.4. Quan he gia chat lng va C/N 43
5.5. C/N tong 46
5.6. Cong suat song mang 46
5.7. Cong suat tap am nhiet 48
5.7.1. Tap am ben ngoai 49
5.7.2. Tap am ben trong 49
5.7.3. Tap am he thong 51
5.8. Cong suat tap am nhieu 51
5.8.1. Can nhieu tap am khac 51
5.8.2. Nhieu cung tuyen 52
5.9. Phan phoi tap am 53
5.10. Tnh toan o san sang 53
5.11. Tnh toan ket noi a truy nhap 54

CHNG VI : TNH TOAN TUYEN THONG TIN
6.1. Gii thieu chng 55
6.2. Tnh toan tuyen thong tin 55
6.2.1. Cac thong so can cho tnh toan 55
6.3. Tnh toan 56
6.3.1. C ly thong tin, goc ngang va goc phng v cua anten tram mat at 56
6.3.2. Tnh cac thong so c ban 57
6.4. Tnh d tr tuyen tram thu truyen hnh qua ve tinh (TVRO) 64
Ket luan e tai 68
Tai lieu tham khao
CHNG I
IONG OUAN VE IHONG IIN VE IINH

1.1. S RA I CUA CAC HE THONG THONG TIN VE TINH
Thong tin vo tuyen qua ve tinh la thanh tu nghien cu trong lnh vc truyen
thong va muc tieu cua no la gia tang ve mat c ly va dung lng vi chi ph thap .
Ket hp s dung hai ky thuat - ten la va viba a m ra ky nguyen thong tin
ve tinh. Dch vu c cung cap theo cach nay bo sung mot cach hu ch cho cac dch
vu ma trc o oc nhat ch do cac mang di at cung cap, s dung vo tuyen va cap
.
Ky nguyen vu tru c bat au vao nam 1957 vi viec phong ve tinh nhan
tao au tien (ve tinh Sputnik cua Lien xo cu ). Nhng nam tiep theo cac ve tinh
khac cung lan lt c phong nh SCORE phat quang ba (nam 1958 ), ve tinh
phan xa ECHO (1960), cac ve tinh chuyen tiep bang rong TELSTAR va RELAY
(1962) va ve tinh a tnh au tien la SYNCOM (1963).
Trong nam 1965, ve tinh a tnh thng mai au tien INTELSAT-1 anh
dau s m au cho hang loat cac ve tinh INTELSAT. Cung nam o, Lien xo cu
cung phong ve tinh truyen thong au tien trong loat ve tinh truyen thong
MOLNYA.
1.2. QUA TRNH PHAT TRIEN
Cac he thong ve tinh au tien cung cap dung lng thap vi gia tng oi cao
nh ve tinh INTELSAT-1 nang 68kg khi phong, co dung lng 480 kenh thoai vi gia
32.500USD mot kenh trong mot nam. Gia thanh nay cao la do chi ph phong, ket hp
vi gia ve tinh co tnh en tuoi tho ve tinh ngan (1 nam ri ) va dung lng thap.
Viec giam gia la ket qua cua nhieu no lc, nhng no lc o a dan en viec
tao ra cac ten la phong co kha nang a cac ve tinh ngay cang nang hn len quy
ao (3750kg khi phong ve tinh INTELSAT-VI). Ngoai ra ky thuat viba ngay cang
phat trien a tao ieu kien thc hien cac anten nhieu bup song co kha nang tao bien
hnh ma bup song cua chung hoan toan thch ng vi hnh dang luc a, cho phep tai
s dung cung mot bang tan gia cac bup song va ket hp s dung cac bo khuyech ai
truyen dan cong suat cao hn. Dung lng ve tinh tang len dan en giam gia thanh
moi kenh thoai (80.000 kenh tren INTELSAT-VI co gia thue moi kenh la 380USD).
Ngoai viec giam chi ph truyen thong, ac iem noi bac nhat la tnh a
dang cua cac dch vu ma cac he thong thong tin ve tinh cung cap va dien bao phu
rong cua ve tinh a c dung e thiet lap cac tuyen thong tin vo tuyen c ly xa,
nh ve tinh INTELSAT-1 cho phep thiet lap cac tram hai ben b ai Tay Dng
ket noi c vi nhau. Khi kch thc va cong suat cua cac ve tinh cang tang len
th cang cho phep giam kch thc cua cac tram mat at va do vay giam gia thanh
cua chung, dan en tang so lng cac tram mat at. Do o co the khai thac mot
tnh nang khac cua ve tinh, o la kha nang thu thap hoac phat quang ba cac tn
hieu t hoac ti mot so a iem.Thay v phat cac tn hieu t iem nay ti iem
khac, bay gi co the phat t mot may duy nhat ti rat nhieu may thu phan bo trong
mot vung rong ln, hoac ngc lai, co the phat t nhieu tram ti mot tram trung
tam duy nhat. V vay, cac mang truyen so lieu a iem, cac mang quang ba qua ve
tinh va cac mang thu thap d lieu. Co the phat quang ba ti cac may phat chuyen
tiep hoac trc tiep ti khach hang ca nhan. Cac mang nay hoat ong vi cac tram
mat at nho co anten ng knh t 0,6 en 3,5m.
1.3. AC IEM CUA THONG TIN VE TINH
Thong tin ve tinh tuy ra i muon nhng c phat trien nhanh chong bi v
no co nhieu li the so vi cac he thong truyen thong khac, o la:
Vung phu song rong, ch can ba ve tinh la co the phu song toan cau.
Thiet b phat song cua he thong thong tin ve tinh ch can cong suat nho.
Viec lap at hoac di chuyen mot he thong thong tin ve tinh tren mat at
tng oi nhanh chong va khong phu thuoc vao cau hnh mang cung nh he thong
truyen dan .
He thong thong tin ve tinh co the phuc vu nhieu dch vu khac nhau nh
vien thong thoai va phi thoai, tham do a chat, truyen hnh anh, quan sat muc tieu,
nghien cu kh tng, phuc vu quoc phong an ninh, v.v
Thong tin ve tinh rat on nh. a co nhieu trng hp bao to, ong at
manh lam cho cac phng tien truyen thong khac mat tac dung ch con duy nhat
thong tin ve tinh hoat ong.
Cac thiet b at tren ve tinh co the tan dung nang lng mat tri e cung
cap ien hau nh ca ngay lan em.
Tuy vay thong tin ve tinh cung co mot so nhc iem, o la :
Kinh ph ban au e phong mot ve tinh vao quy ao kha ln
Bc xa cua song vo tuyen trong thong tin ve tinh b ton hao ln trong moi
trng truyen song.
1.4. CAC DANG QUY AO CUA VE TINH
Quy ao cua ve tinh la hanh trnh cua ve tinh trong khong gian ma trong
o ve tinh c can bang bi hai lc oi nhau. Hai lc o la lc hap dan cua trai
at va lc ly tam c hnh thanh do o cong cua hanh trnh ve tinh. Quy ao cua
ve tinh co ba thong so quan trong : Khoang cach t quy ao ve tinh en mat at,
hnh dang va goc nghieng so vi mat bnh o. Mot thong so chung cua no la mat
phang chuyen ong cua ve tinh phai i qua tam trai at. Quy ao cua ve tinh nam
tren mot mat phang co the la hnh tron hoac hnh elp. Neu quy ao la tron th tam
cua quy ao tron trung vi tam cua trai at (hnh 1-1).


Hnh 1.1 Ve tinh quy ao tron

Neu quy ao la elp th co mot au elp nam xa trai at nhat goi la vien
iem (apogee) va au gan trai at nhat goi la can iem (perigee) (hnh 1-2)

Trai at
Hnh 1.2- Quy ao Elip
Phng cua mat tri
Tram mat at
Can iem
Quy ao thong dung hien nay cua ve tinh la nhng dang quy ao sau ay
1.4.1. Cac quy ao hnh elp .
Loai quy ao nay am bao phu song cac vung v o cao di mot goc
ngang ln. Goc ngang ln la ac biet can thiet trong nhng ng dung nh :
- Giam thieu viec chan cac tia do s che khuat ve tinh cua cac cao oc va
cay coi
- Viec bam ve tinh c de dang hn .
- Giam bt c tap am ma anten tram mat at thu nhan do can nhieu t
cac he thong thong tin vo tuyen di mat at.
1.4.2. Cac quy ao tron .
1. Quy ao cc :
Ve tinh co quy ao tron va co o cao khoang vai tram en nghn km vi
mat phang quy ao cha truc quay cua trai at, loai quy ao nay am bao rang ve
tinh co the i qua cac vung cua trai at . Ngi ta s dung loai quy ao nay cho
cac ve tinh quan sat (observation satellite) nh ve tinh SPOT va phu song toan cau
nh chum ve tinh IRIDUM (gom 77 ve tinh ).
2. Quy ao nghieng :
Khi mat phang quy ao khong cha truc quay trai at va cung khong vuong
goc vi truc o. Mot so ve tinh c to chc thanh chum ve tinh co quy ao dang
tron nay, o cao thap (c 1000 km) co kha nang phu song toan cau trc tiep en
ngi s dung nh ( GLOBAL STAR, LEOSAT,).
3. Quy ao xch ao :
Quy ao nay nam trong mat phang xch ao cua trai at va cac ve tinh tren
quy ao c goi la ve tinh a tnh (GEO-geostationary satellite). o cao quy ao
la 35.768km. Ve tinh trong trng hp nay xuat hien nh mot iem co nh tren
bau tri vi vung phu song cua ve tinh la 43% dien tch cua be mat trai at. Ba ve
tinh a tnh trong trng hp nay co the phu song toan cau .
Viec la chon quy ao nao trong thc te con phu thuoc vao cac ng dung
cu the, o can nhieu ma he thong co the chap nhan c .
e ve tinh co the gi nguyen v tr cua mnh trong quy ao a c xac
nh, ngi ta s dung mot trong hai ky thuat on nh, o la on nh quay hoac on
nh ba truc.
1.5. CAU TRUC MOT HE THONG THONG TIN VE TINH
Cau truc mot he thong thong tin ve tinh gom hai phan : phan khong gian
(space segment) va phan mat at (ground segment). Hnh 1-3 mo ta cau truc tong
quat mot he thong thong tin ve tinh.

Hnh 1.3- Cac thanh phan cua mot he thong thong tin ve tinh

1.5.1. Phan khong gian
Phan khong gian bao gom ve tinh cung cac thiet b at trong ve tinh va he
thong cac trang thiet b at tren mat at e kiem tra, theo doi va ieu khien ve tinh
(cac he thong bam, o ac va ieu khien). Ban than ve tinh bao gom phan tai
(payload) va phan nen (platform). Phan tai bao gom cac anten thu/phat va tat ca
cac thiet b ien t phuc vu cho viec truyen dan cac song mang. Phan nen bao gom
cac he thong phuc vu cho phan tai hoat ong, v du nh : Cau truc vo va khung,
nguon cung cap ien, ieu khien nhiet o, ieu khien hng va quy ao, thiet b
ay, bam, o ac, v.v
Cac song vo tuyen c truyen t tram mat at len ve tinh c goi la
tuyen len (uplink). Ve tinh en lt mnh lai truyen cac song vo tuyen (sau khi a
bien oi tan so va khuyech ai ) ti cac tram thu ve tinh at tren mat at va c
goi la tuyen xuong (downlink).
Chat lng cua mot lien lac qua song vo tuyen o c xac nh bi thong
so song mang tren tap am (C/N). Chat lng cua tong the tuyen lien lac t tram
mat at nay en tram mat at khac c quyet nh bi chat lng cua tuyen len
va tuyen xuong trong o bao gom ca ky thuat ieu che va ma hoa c s dung .
Trong moi ve tinh c at mot so bo phat ap (transponder) e thu tn hieu t
tuyen len, bien oi tan so, khuyech ai cong suat va truyen tr lai tren tuyen xuong .

Tram
ieu khien
TT&C
Cac may phat Cac may thu
oan mat at
Cac tuyen xuong
Cac tuyen len
oan vu tru
co

Hnh 1.4a- S o khoi chc nang cua mot bo phat ap n gian

Hnh 1-4a mo ta s o khoi chc nang mot bo phat ap n gian, ay
khong co nhiem vu giai ieu che tn hieu thu c va cung khong x ly tn hieu.
No ch ong vai tro nh bo chuyen oi xuong co he so khuyech ai cong suat ln.
Bo khuyech ai cong suat trong bo phat ap thng dung hai loai : Khuyech ai
dung en song chay (TWTA- Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier) va khuyech ai
dung ban dan tranzitor (SSPA Solid State Power Amplifier). Cong suat bao hoa
tai au ra cua TWTA thng t 20W en 200W va cua SSPA thng t 20W en
40W. Trong cac ve tinh loai mi c trang b cac bo phat ap a chum tia
(multibeam satellite tranponders) va cac bo phat ap tai sinh (regrative
tranponders). Do han che ve kch thc va trong lng cho nen cac anten thu/phat
cua bo phat ap thng co kch thc nho va do o o tang ch cua anten trong
trng hp nay b gii han.
Ve tinh trong trng hp nay hnh thanh mot iem trung chuyen tn hieu
gia cac tram mat at va c xem nh mot iem nut cua mang vi hai chc nang
chnh sau ay :
Khuyech ai cac song mang thu c t tuyen len e s dung cho viec
truyen dan lai tren tuyen xuong. Cong suat song mang tai au vao cua may thu ve
tinh co yeu cau t 100pW ti 1nW, con cong suat tai au ra cua bo khuyech ai
cong suat phat cho tuyen xuong co yeu cau t 10 en 100W. Nh vay o tang ch
cua anten cua bo phat ap ve tinh co yeu cau t 100 en 130dB. Song mang trong
bang tan c bc xa en cac vung phu song tren be mat trai at vi cac mc
EIRP tng ng.

Bo chuyen oi xuong
LO
Bo dao
ong noi
BPF TWT BPF LNA
Bo loc
thong
thap
Bo khuech
ai cong
suat en
song chay
Tn
hieu t
tuyen
len
Bo
khuech
ai tap
am thap
Bo loc
thong
thap
Anten
thu
6GHz
Tuyen
xuong
Anten phat
4 GHz
Thay oi tan so song mang (gia thu va phat) nham tranh hien tng mot
phan cong suat phat tac ong tr lai pha au thu. Kha nang loc cua cac bo loc au
vao oi vi tan so tuyen xuong ket hp vi o tang ch thap cua anten, gia au ra
phat va au vao thu can am bao s cach biet khoang 150dB.
Tuy nhien khi xem xet mot ve tinh cu the th co the co mot so chc nang
khac. V du, oi vi ve tinh co nhieu bup song hoac bup song quet th bo phat ap
ve tinh phai co kha nang tao tuyen song mang en cac vung phu song yeu cau.
Trong trng hp oi vi ve tinh tai sinh th bo phat ap con co them chc nang
ieu che va giai ieu che .
Phan tai (payload) cua ve tinh truyen thong c ac trng bi cac thong
so ky thuat trong tng bang tan cong tac nh sau :
Bang tan cong tac .
So lng bo phat ap .
o rong dai thong cua moi bo phat ap .
Phan cc tn hieu cua ng len va ng xuong.
Cong suat bc xa tng ng ang hng (EIRP) hoac mat o thong
lng cong suat tao ra tai bien cua vung phu song phuc vu .
Mat o thong lng cong suat bao hoa tai anten thu cua ve tinh (SPD
Saturation Power Density).
He so pham chat G/T cua may thu ve tinh tai bien cua vung phu song
hoac gia tr cc ai .
Vung phu song .
Cong suat au ra cua bo cong suat phat.
Cau hnh d phong cho may thu va bo khuyech ai cong suat cao .
1.5.2 Phan mat at
Phan mat at bao gom tat ca cac tram mat at va chung thng c noi
vi cac thiet b cua ngi s dung thong qua cac mang mat at hoac trong trng
hp s dung cac tram VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal) th co the lien lac trc
tiep ti thiet b au cuoi cua ngi s dung. Cac tram mat at c phan loai tuy
vao thuoc vao kch c tram va loai hnh thong tin c truyen cung nh x ly
(thoai, hnh anh hoac d lieu ). Co the co cac tram mat at va thu va phat nhng
cung co loai tram mat at ch lam nhiem vu thu (v du tram TVRO Television
Receiver Only). Cac tram mat at ln c trang b anten co ng knh 30-40m,
trong khi o cac tram mat at loai nho ch dung anten ng knh 60cm hoac tham
ch co the nho hn (cac tram di ong, cac may cam tay). Hnh 1-4b mo ta mot tram
mat at n gian bao gom ca thu va phat.

Hnh 1-4b Cau hnh cua mot tram mat at

oi vi mot tram mat at c ln, do o rong cua bup song chnh cua anten
rat hep cho nen tram mat at can phai co cac thiet b bam ve tinh e am bao chat
lng ng truyen (truc anten hng ung ve tinh). Vi cac tram mat at c nho
do o rong bup song anten kha ln cho nen trong trng hp nay khong can thiet
phai co cac thiet b bam ve tinh .
Trong thc te mot bo phat ap cua ve tinh co the phuc vu cung mot luc
nhieu tram mat at khac nhau. o la nh vao phng phap a truy nhap. Ky thuat
ma cac tram mat at dung e truy nhap bo phat ap ve tinh o la (FDMA,
TDMA,CDMA).
1.6. A TRUY NHAP
Trong cac he thong thong tin ve tinh ky thuat a truy nhap la mot phng
phap e cho nhieu tram s dung chung mot bo phat ap. Hien nay co ba phng
phap chnh c dung o la :
1.6.1. a truy nhap phan chia theo tan so (FDMA - Frequency Division
Multiple Access). Phng phap nay c s dung rong rai nhat. Vi he thong nay
moi tram mat at phat mot song mang co tan so song mang khac vi tan so song
mang cua cac tram khac ; moi mot song mang c phan cach vi cac song mang
Thiet b anten bam
May thu tap am thap Thiet b a truy nhap
ieu che va giai ieu
che
Thiet b bam
Bo khuech
ai tap am
thap
Bo oi
tan
xuong
He thong
tiep song
Bo khuech
ai cong
suat cao
Bo nang
tan
May phat cong suat cao
Bo dao
ong
Bo dao
ong
Bo
khuech
ai IF
Bo giai
ieu che
Thiet b a
truy nhap
Bo
khuech
ai IF
Bo ieu che
khac bang nhng bang tan bao ve thch hp, sao cho chung khong chong lan len
nhau (hnh 1-5).

FDMA co the c s cho bat ky he thong ieu che nao, ieu che tng t
hoac ieu che so. Mot tram mat at thu chon la cac tn hieu no can thong tin bang
mot bo loc bang thong .
Phng phap nay cho phep tat ca cac tram truyen dan lien tuc ; no co u
iem khong can thiet ieu khien nh thi ong bo, va thiet b s dung kha n
gian; hieu qua s dung cong suat ve tinh cua no cung khong thap. Tuy nhien
phng phap nay thieu linh hoat trong viec thay oi cach phan phoi kenh.
1.6.2. a truy nhap phan chia theo thi gian ( TDMA Time Division
Multiple Access ). La mot he thong trong o cac tram mat at dung chung mot bo
phat ap tren c s phan chia theo thi gian. e lam c viec nay can s dung
mot song mang ieu che so. He thong TDMA thng nh ra mot khung trong mien
thi gian goi la khung TDMA; khung nay c phan chia ra va moi mot khoang
chia c phan cho tng tram.
Moi mot tram phat song mang cua no trong mot khoang thi gian ngan a
c phan (khe thi gian) trong khung thi gian. Can e ra mot khoang thi gian
trong (thi gian bao ve) gia hai khe thi gian canh nhau sao cho cac song mang
phat t nhieu tram khong chong len nhau trong bo phat ap (hnh 1-6).

Thi gian
Tan so
1
2
N
Bo phat ap
FDMA
1
2
t
N
FDMA
B

1
2
N
t

t
Hnh 1.5- a truy nhap phan
chia theo tan so (FDMA)
1
2
N
TDMA
Bo phat ap
Ma
Thi gian TDMA
B
t
1
2
N
1
2
N

Hnh 1.6- a truy nhap phan chia theo thi gian (TDMA)

Moi tram thu se tach ra nhng phan song mang cua chnh no da tren c s
phan chia theo thi gian trong nhng tn hieu nhan c. He thong TDMA co the
s dung tot nhat cong suat ve tinh va co the de dang thay oi c dung lng
truyen tai nen he thong nay co u iem la linh hoat trong viec chap nhan thay oi
trong thiet lap tuyen.
1.6.3. a truy nhap phan chia theo ma ( CDMA Code Division Multiple
Access) hay a truy nhap trai pho (SSMA Spread Spectrum Multiple Access ) .
Vi a truy nhap phan chia theo ma (CDMA) cac tram cua mang phat lien
tuc va cung phat tren mot bang tan nh nhau cua kenh. Nhng cac song mang nay
trc o a c ieu che bang mot mau bt ac biet quy nh cho moi tram mat
at trc khi phat tn hieu a ieu che. Do o loai a truy nhap nay ngay ca khi
co nhieu tn hieu ieu che c a vao bo phat ap, th tram mat at thu co the
tach tn hieu thu t cac tn hieu khac bang cach s dung mot mau bt ac biet thc
hien qua trnh giai ieu che .
Cac tn hieu t tat ca cac tram eu co cung mot v tr trong bo phat ap ca
ve thi gian lan tan so. pha thu thc hien qua trnh trai pho ngc s dung ma
giong nh ma trai pho s dung pha phat va lay ra tn hieu ban au. ieu nay cho
phep ch thu cac tn hieu mong muon ngay ca khi cac song mang trai pho vi cac
ma khac en cung thi gian (hnh 1-7).

Hnh 1.7-a truy nhap phan chia theo ma

u iem he thong CDMA la hoat ong n gian, do no khong oi hoi bat
ky s ong bo truyen dan nao gia cac tram. ong bo duy nhat la ong bo cua may
thu vi chuoi cua song mang thu c. Ky thuat nay at hieu qua trong viec chong
lai s can nhieu t cac he thong khac va can nhieu do hien tng a ng truyen.
Nhc iem chnh la hieu suat thap. Bang 1-1 tom tat u iem va nhc iem cua
cac he thong a truy nhap khac nhau .
Bo phat ap
Ma
Thi gian
CDMA
Tan so
1
N
2
1
2
N
Ma
1


Bang 1-1 Tnh nang cua cac he thong a truy nhap

He thong u iem Nhc iem Nhan xet

FDMA

-Thu tuc nhap n
gian
-Cau hnh cac phng
tien tram mat at n
gian

-Thieu linh hoat
trong thay oi thiet
lap tuyen
-Hieu qua thap khi
so song mang tang

-De dang ng
dung viec
phan phoi
theo yeu cau

TDMA

-Hieu qua s dung
tuyen cao tham ch khi
tang so cac tram truy
nhap
-Linh hoat cao trong
viec thay oi thiet lap
tuyen

-Yeu cau ong bo
cum
-Cong suat phat
can thiet cua tram
mat at cao

-Co the ng
dung SS-
TDMA neu co
the

CDMA
-Chu c nhieu va
meo
-Chu c s thay oi
cac thong so khac
nhau cua ng truyen
- Bao mat tieng noi
cao

-Hieu qua s dung
bang tan kem
- Yeu cau ng
truyen vi bang
tan ln

-Phu hp vi
cac he thong
co cac tram
lu lng nho

Ngoai ra con the s dung mot trong cac ky thuat sau :
1. Che o a truy nhap gan co nh (FAMA Fixed Assigned Multiple
Access).
2. Che o a truy nhap gan theo nhu cau ( DAMA- Demand Assigned
Multiple Access ).
3. a truy nhap phan chia theo thi gian chuyen mach ve tinh (SS-TDMA).
Vi gan co nh, cac kenh ve tinh c phan bo co nh cho tat ca cac tram
mat at khac nhau, bat chap co hay khong co cac cuoc goi phat i, con gan theo
nhu cau th cac kenh ve tinh c sap xep lai moi khi co yeu cau thiet lap kenh t
cac tram mat at co lien quan.
Vi cac ve tinh SS-TDMA, cac anten chum hep khac nhau c chuyen
mach tai thi iem thch ng trong chu ky khung TDMA e hng cac chum phat
va thu theo hng mong muon.
1.7. KET LUAN
Thong tin ve tinh co nhieu bc phat trien vt bac trong nhng nam qua ve
cong nghe cung nh cac dch vu. Chung ta thay nhng nam 1970 cac dch vu thong
tin ve tinh can cung cap la truyen dan tn hieu thoai va truyen hnh gia cac luc a.
Vi nhu cau tang dung lng nen a nhanh chong dan en viec tao ra cac ve tinh a
chum va tai s dung tan so nh phan cc trc giao va phan tach khong gian. Nhu cau
gia tang ve so lng ln cac tuyen noi dung lng thap a dan en viec che o gan
theo yeu cau ra i s dung mot trong cac ky thuat a truy nhap FDMA, TDMA hoac
CDMA. ong thi, nhng tien bo cua ky thuat anten cho phep cac chum tia phu hp
vi vung bao phu dch vu, dan en cac ch tieu cua tuyen thong tin c cai thien.
Tuy nhien khi so lng chum tia tang len lam cho viec lien ket mang kho khan hn
do o nay sinh ky thuat chuyen mach tren ve tinh (SS-TDMA).
Mot he thong thong tin ve tinh co cac thuoc tnh ma cac mang mat at
khong the co hoac ch co vi quy mo thap hn nhieu, o la :
Kha nang phat quang ba.
Dai thong rong.
Thiet lap nhanh chong va de dang cau hnh lai.
Vi cac thuoc tnh tren cho nen tiem nang cua cac dch vu do thong tin ve
tinh cung cap la rat a dang. Cac loai dch vu ang noi bat la:
Trung ke thoai va trao oi chng trnh truyen hnh.
Cac he thong a dch vu : Truyen dan thoai va so lieu cho cac nhom
ngi dung phan tan theo cac vung a ly khac nhau. Moi nhom dung chung mot
tram mat at va truy nhap dch vu qua mot mang di at.
Cac he thong VSAT ( Very Small Aperture Terminal): Truyen dan so
lieu dung lng thap, phat quang ba cac chng trnh truyen hnh hoac am thanh
so. Thong dung nhat la ngi s dung c ket noi trc tiep en tram .
Tom lai ta co the noi rang thong tin ve tinh chiem mot v tr quan trong
trong vai tro cua mot phng tien truyen thong.

CHNG II
$ONG VO IUYEN IEN

2.1. Tan so va cac ac tnh cua song vo tuyen ien trong thong tin ve tinh
2.1.1. Song vo tuyen va tan so
Song vo tuyen la mot bo phan cua song ien t va giong nh song anh
sang, tia hong ngoai, tia X, v.v S khac nhau gia chung ch tan so. Song vo
tuyen c quy nh la nhng song ien t co tan so nho hn 3000GHz. Cac song
co tan so t 3kHz en 270 GHz c phan nh cho nhieu muc ch khac nhau.
Cac tan so s dung trong thong tin ve tinh hien nay nam trong khoang 1GHz en
30GHz
2.1.2. Cac tan so s dung cho thong tin ve tinh co nh
a. Bang C (Bang 6/4GHz)
Tan so phat cho ng len t 5,925GHz en 6,425GHz va cho ng
xuong t 3.7GHz en 4,2GHz. Bang tan nay suy hao rat t do ma va trc ay
a s dung cho cac he thong vi ba di mat at ; do o s phat trien cua thiet b a
mot mc tien tien, no c s dung cho cac he thong ve tinh khu vc va noi a.
b. Bang Ku (cac bang 14/12 va 14/11 GHz)
Tan so phat cho ng len t 14GHz en 14,5GHz va cho ng xuong t
12,25GHz en 12,75GHz hoac t 10,95GHz en 11,7GHz. Bang nay a c s
dung rong rai tiep sau bang C cho vien thong cong cong. No c a dung hn cho
thong tin noi a va thong tin gia cac cong ty, do tan so cao nen cho phep cac tram
mat at s dung c cac anten co kch thc nho e lien lac.
c. Bang Ka (30/20 GHz)
Bang Ka lan au tien c s dung cho mot kenh thong tin thng mai qua
ve tinh thong tin SAKURA cua Nhat Ban. u iem cua thong tin ve tinh s dung
bang tan nay la cho phep s dung cac tram mat at nho va khong gay nhieu vi
cac he thong vi ba tren mat at. Tuy nhien bang tan nay b suy hao ln do ma.
2.2 . Phan cc song
2.2.1. nh ngha
Song bc xa bi anten bao gom cac thanh phan ien trng va t trng.
Hai thanh phan nay trc giao vi nhau va vuong goc vi phng truyen song,
chung bien oi theo tan so cua song. Phan cc cua song c xac nh bi hng
ien trng. Song ien t phang co cac dang phan cc nh : phan cc elp, phan
cc tron, phan cc thang (hnh 2)

2.2.2. Phan cc elp
Trong qua trnh truyen song neu au cuoi vec t cng o ien trng cua
song vach nen mot hnh elp trong khong gian th song goi la phan cc elp .
2.2.3. Phan cc tron
Trong qua trnh truyen song neu vec t cng o ien trng cua no ve nen
mot vong tron th song goi la phan cc tron. Neu nhn theo chieu truyen song, vec
t ien trng quay theo chieu kim ong ho th ta co song phan cc tron quay phai,
trong trng hp vec t ien trng quay ngc chieu kim ong ho ta goi la song
phan cc tron quay trai .
2.2.4. Phan cc thang
Song co vec t cng o ien trng luon hng song song theo mot ng
thang trong qua trnh truyen song goi la song phan cc thang hay phan cc tuyen
tnh. Tuy theo hng cua vec t ien trng ta co phan cc ngang hoac phan cc
ng.
2.3. S truyen lan song vo tuyen ien
2.3.1. Khai niem ve s truyen lan song vo tuyen trong thong tin ve tinh
Co nhng van e khac nhau lien quan ti s truyen lan song vo tuyen
trong thong tin ve tinh v viec phat va thu song thc hien gia mot tram mat at va
mot ve tinh thong tin mot c ly kha xa (35.786km). Van e ln nhat la ton hao
truyen lan khi truyen gia tram mat at va ve tinh. Co the noi rang cong nghe
thong tin ve tinh luon luon c cai tien e khac phuc c cac ton hao truyen lan.
Ngoai ton hao truyen lan ra, song vo tuyen s dung trong thong tin ve tinh con chu
H
n
g

tr
u
y
e
n
la
n
P
y
x
E
Anten
E
m
a
x
E
m
i
n
E
x
y

Hnh 2- Phan cc song
anh hng cua cac tac ong nh ton hao hap thu do tang ien ly, kh quyen va ma
cung nh tap am gay ra t ben ngoai bi tang ien ly, kh quyen, ma va mat at .

2.3.2. Ton hao trong khong gian t do
Trong thong tin ve tinh, song vo tuyen i qua khoang khong vu tru (gan nh
chan khong). Trong mot moi trng nh vay, co rat t cac chat co the suy hao song
hoac lam lech hng truyen lan cua no. S suy hao song gay ra ch do s khuyech
ai t nhien cua no. Moi trng nh vay c goi la khong gian t do. Khi song vo
tuyen truyen trong khong gian t do ty so cong suat phat tren cong suat thu tai
iem cach ni phat mot khoang R se la :
= (4R/)
2

ay la bc song cua vo tuyen ien
c goi la ton hao khong gian t do
T bieu thc co the thay rang ton hao khong gian t do ty le bnh phng
vi khoang cach truyen lan song .
Trong thong tin ve tinh, v hau het s truyen lan song i xay ra trong khong
gian la chan khong, do o ton hao truyen song co the coi nh bang ton hao khong
gian t do. Tuy nhien khoang cach truyen song rat dai nen gay ra ton hao rat ln
(khoang 200dB vi song co tan so khoang 6GHz ). V vay nen can s dung cac
may phat cong suat ln va may thu co o nhay cao cung nh anten thu va phat co
he so tang ch ln.
2.3.3. Ca so vo tuyen
Trong mot so trng hp, cac song vo tuyen truyen en hay i t cac ve
tinh thong tin, ngoai ra con chu anh hng cua tang ien ly va kh quyen en ton
hao truyen lan do c ly xa .
Song truyen i t ve tinh va tram mat at b anh hng bi tang ien ly khi
tan so thap va b anh hng do ma khi tan so cao. o th hnh 2-1 ch ra ac tnh
tan so suy hao do tang ien ly va do ma.

100
50
10
5
1
0,1 0,5 1 5 10 50 100
Tan so (GHz)
Ton hao do ma
(25mm/gi)
Hap thu do
tang ie n ly
C a so vo tuye n

Hnh2.1- Ca so vo tuyen

T o th nay ta thay cac tan so nam khoang gia 1GHz va 10GHz th suy
hao do tang ien ly va ma la khong ang ke, do vay bang tan nay c goi la
ca so vo tuyen. Neu ta s dung tan so nam trong khoang nay th ton hao truyen
lan gan nh bang ton hao khong gian t do, v vay cho phep thiet lap cac kenh
thong tin ve tinh on nh .
2.3.4. Tap am trong truyen lan song vo tuyen
Cac chat kh cua kh quyen va ma khong ch hap thu song ma con la cac
nguon bc xa tap am nhiet. Tap am do cac chat kh trong kh quyen anh hng
khong nhieu en s truyen lan song so vi suy hao ln hn do tap am gay ra do
ma. V vay khi thiet ke cac kenh thong tin, ngoai viec giam suy hao song phai tnh
them tap am do ma. Hnh 2-2 ch ra tap am do ma.

Cung co tap am mat at phat sinh trong khi truyen lan song. ay la tap am
nhiet gay ra bi trai at, nhiet tap am gan nh nhiet o be mat trai at. Nhiet o
tap am mat at khoang 250 en 300
0
K va anh hng chu yeu en tram ve tinh .
2.3.5. S giam kha nang tach biet phan cc cheo do ma
Trng ien va t cua song co hng dao ong khac nhau; hai song co ien
trng vuong goc vi nhau oi khi ket hp lai thanh mot va tao ra mot song phan
cc cheo. Mot song nh vay co the dung mot anten e tach ra cac song rieng biet.
Tuy nhien, khi song i qua ma, hnh dep cua cac hat ma oi khi lam nghieng
phan cc cheo, do o sinh ra cac thanh phan vuong goc trong qua trnh anten tach
ra cac song rieng biet. Ty so thanh phan vuong goc hon hp tren thanh phan mong
muon c goi la s tach biet phan cc cheo.
2.3.6. EIRP : ac trng kha nang phat
N
h
i
e
t

t
a
p

a
m
Suy hao do ma (dB)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
( K)
O

Hnh 2.2- Tang tap am do ma
Tch so gia he so tang ch cua anten va cong suat may phat cung cap cho
anten goi la cong suat bc xa tng ng ang hng (EIRP), ay la thong so c
ban bieu th kha nang cua mot tram phat.
P
EIRP
= P
T
G
T

2.3.7. G/T : ac trng o nhay may thu
1. Nhiet tap am may thu
Mac du tap am trong thong tin ve tinh do nhieu nguon tao ra, nhng cong
suat cua no vo cung nho. Nhiet tap am c dung lam n v e bieu th cong suat
nho nh the. Neu dung nhiet tap am (T) th cong suat tap am (P) co bieu thc :
P = kTB (W)
Trong o :
k Hang so Boltzmann (k = 1.38062 x 10
-23
J/
0
K)
B o rong bang thong (Hz)
T Nhiet o tuyet oi
Cac nguon tap am trong thong tin ve tinh co the c phan loai nh sau :
-Tap am do anten thu c :
+ Tap am t vu tru
+ Tap am kh quyen
+ Tap am do mot bup song phu
+ Tap am do ma
- Tap am do ton hao cua he thong tiep song (nhiet tap am tang khoang 7
0
K
tren ton hao 0,1dB).
-Tap am may thu
Trong so cac loai tap am do anten thu c th tap am t vu tru gay ra ch
vai o K, hau nh khong ang ke. Tap am kh quyen tang ac biet bang song
milimet la nguyen nhan chu yeu gay ra tap am vu tru trong thi tiet tot. Tap am do
ma tang theo cng o ma.
Tap am t mot bup song phu la do anten thu tiep nhan bang bup song phu
mot lng tap am t mat at va kh quyen. Gia tr tap am nay phu thuoc vao goc
ngang va tan so .
Tap am t he thong tiep song, sinh ra do ton hao he thong tiep song. V
ton hao nay khong nhng lam suy giam tn hieu au vao, ma con sinh ra tap am, do
o may thu at cang gan anten cang tot e giam ton hao va tap am .
2. G/T (He so pham chat cua thiet b thu )
Ty so cua he so tang ch tren tap am nhiet tong c ky hieu la G/T va ty
so nay bieu th cho chat lng o nhay cua tram thu. G/T c dung nh mot he so
chat lng cho toan bo he thong thu bao gom ca anten. n v s dung la dBm/
0
K .
2.3.8. S nhieu loan do cac song can nhieu
Hau het cac bang tan an nh cho thong tin vo tuyen vu tru th cung c
an nh cho thong tin vo tuyen tren mat at do o co bon loai can nhieu gia cac
he thong co the xay ra :
- Mot ve tinh can nhieu vi mot tram ve tinh mat at .
- Mot tram ve tinh mat at can nhieu vi mot ve tinh.
- Mot tram truyen thong mat at can nhieu vi mot ve tinh .
- Mot tram truyen thong mat at can nhieu vi mot tram ve tinh mat at.
Hnh 2-3 mo ta cac dang can nhieu.

Nham e giam bt s can nhieu co the xay ra. Cac to chc a ra cac
Khuyen ngh sau :
Han che mat o thong lng nang lng tao ra tren mat at cua ve tinh.
Han che EIRP phat t cac tram truyen thong tren mat at theo hng
ve quy ao ve tinh a tnh .
Han che goc ngang nho nhat cua anten tram ve tinh tram mat at.
S2
S1
E3 E1 E2 E4
T R
R T R T R T
Ve tinh
Tram mat at hoat ong
bang tan 4GHz
Tram mat at Tram mat at hoat ong
Bang tang 6 GHz
(Vi Ba) (Vi Ba)
(Ve tinh)
B
D
4 GHz 6 GHz
C
A
T: Ma y phat
R: May thu
:Tn hieu mong muo n
:Tn hieu nhie u
4 GHz
6 GHz
4 GHz 6 GHz
Hnh 2.3- Can nhieu t cac ve tinh khac va he thong vi ba tren mat at
CHNG III
kY IHUAI IPAM MAI AI

3.1. Cong nghe va ac tnh cua anten
3.1.1. Yeu cau chat lng oi vi thong tin ve tinh
e thu c nhng song yeu en t ve tinh va phat i cac song co cong
suat u manh len ve tinh, anten can co mot so ac tnh sau :
1. He so tang ch cao va hieu suat cao
Mac du he so tang ch cua anten ty le thuan vi dien tch cua no, nhng
tuy thuoc vao tnh kinh te va tnh thuan tien khi khai thac ma ta chon loai anten
va co he so tang ch cao ma dien tch cang nho cang tot.
2. Hng tnh cao va bup song phu nho
Anten dung trong thong tin ve tinh can phai co tnh nh hng cao, bup
song phu nho e chung khong can nhieu vao cac he thong thong tin khac.
3. ac tnh phan cc tot
Anten can phai co tnh phan cc tot e s dung tan so mot cach hieu qua
bang cach ghep cac song phan cc ngang va ng thanh phan cc vuong goc hoac
thanh cac song phan cc tron quay trai va quay phai trong phan cc tron.
4. Tap am thap .
3.1.2. Phan loai anten
Hnh 3-1 trnh bay hnh dang cac loai anten hay c s dung trong thong tin
ve tinh. Moi anten co mot bo phan xa chnh parabon va c thiet ke sao cho nguon
bc xa at tai tieu iem cua parabon e song bc xa t mat parabon la song phang.

Ten
Anten parabon co
nguon bc xa s cap
at tai tieu iem chnh
Anten Cassegrain
Anten
parabon lech
Anten
Gregorlan lech
Hnh
dang

Mat phan xa chnh

Mat phan xa chnh

Hnh 3.1- Cac loai anten tram mat at

1. Anten parabon co nguon bc xa s cap at tai tieu iem
ay la loai anten co cau truc n gian nhat. No c dung chu yeu cac
tram ch thu va cac tram nho vi dung lng thap. V hieu qua he so tang ch thap
bup song phu khong c tot va cap noi t loa tiep song en may phat b dai.
2. Anten Cassegrain
ay la loai co them mot bo phan xa phu vao bo phan xa chnh, he so tang
ch cua anten c nang cao va ac tnh bup song phu cung c cai thien chut t.
Anten c s dung cho cac tram bnh thng, co quy mo trung bnh. Cap noi gia
may phat va loa tiep song ngan hn.
3. Anten lech
Anten lech co bo phan tiep song, mot mat phan xa phu c at v tr
lech mot t so vi hng truc cua mat phan xa e cac bo phan tiep song va mat
phan xa nho khong chan ng i cua song. Do o bup song phu c cai thien rat
ln dan en he so tang ch ln hn. Ngoai anten lech mot mat phan xa con co hai
loai anten khac thuoc loai nay : Mot la loai Gregorian lech co mat phan xa phu
dang elp, hai la loai Gregorian lech vi mat phan xa phu co dang hyperbol. Cac
anten nay co hieu qua ac biet khi can thiet giam can nheu t cac kenh thong tin
viba tren mat at hoac tren cac ve tinh khac cac v tr ke nhau tren quy ao.
3.1.3. He thong anten bam ve tinh
Ngay ca ve tinh quy ao a tnh; v tr cua chung cung luon thay oi
khoang 0,1
0
theo cac hng ong, tay, nam, bac. Do vay can ieu khien anten
tram mat at e bam theo ve tinh. Cac loai he thong anten bam ve tinh :
- He thong xung n : He thong nay luon xac nh tam bup song anten co
hng ung vao ve tinh hay khong e ieu khien hng cua anten. He thong nay
s dung bon loa bc xa, moi loa bc xa co hng bup song hi khac vi hng bup
song chnh e lay ra tn hieu bao loi.
- He thong bam tng nac : He thong nay dch chuyen nhe v tr anten cac
khoang thi gian nhat nh e ieu chnh sao cho mc tn hieu thu la cc ai.
- He thong ieu khien theo chng trnh : He thong nay ieu khien anten
da tren thong tin quy ao d oan trc lien quan en ve tinh.
3.1.4. Cac ac tnh ve ien
1. He so tang ch
He so tang ch cua mot anten la ty so gia mat o cong suat bc xa (hoac
thu) cua anten mot hng a cho va tai mot iem tren hng ay tren mat o
cong suat bc xa (hoac thu) cua anten vo hng cung tai hng va iem tren khi
hai anten co cong suat cap cho anten la nh nhau. He so tang ch cc ai hng
bc xa cc ai co gia tr cho bi cong thc :
G
max
=
A
2
4
(3-1)
ay : la bc song = c/f
c : la van toc anh sang = 3.10
8
m/s
f : la tan so song ien t
A : la dien tch be mat =
4
2
D

D : la ng knh anten gng parabol co mat phan xa tron
: hieu suat toan bo cua anten la do mot so tham so tnh en quy
luat chieu xa, mat mat do s tran, be mat phan xa xau, v.v Thong thng co gia
tr bang 0,55 en 0,75 .
V vay :
G
max
=
2
D
=
2
c
Df
(3-2)
Bieu th dang dB (decibel) :
G
max

dB
=
2 2
log 10 log 10

c
Df D
(dB) (3-3)
2. o th bc xa
o th bc xa bieu th cac thay oi gia tr cua he so tang ch theo cac hng
khac nhau. Vi anten co mat phan xa tron th o th co dang oi xng va tron xoay
c bieu th trong he toa o cc (hnh 3-2a) hay toa o e- cac (hnh 3-2b) . Bup
song chnh co hng cc ai va dang cac bup song phu .

Hnh 3.2 o th bc xa anten
1. o rong bup song
o rong cua bup song chnh c bieu th bang goc hp bi hai hng ma
o he so tang ch giam i mot na so vi he so tang ch hng cc ai c mo
ta nh (Hnh 3-2a). o rong bup song nay con c goi la o rong bup song na
cong suat (
1/2
) hay o rong bup song 3dB (
3dB
) . o rong bup song 3dB lien quan
ti ty so /D bi mot he so co gia tr phu thuoc vao luat chieu xa. oi vi mot
anten parabol thong thng, o rong bup song 3dB c xac nh :

3dB
=
fD
c
D
70 70
=
(o) (3-4)
Cac
Bu p Phu
Bu p Chnh
3dB
Gia m 3dB
max
G
= / 2
3dB
=
1
D
3dB
1
G
Max, dB
-3dB
ien hnh
30dB
o tang ch cu a ang ten
Vi bieu thc tren ta thay o rong bup song 3dB giam ty le nghch vi tan
so va ng knh anten.
iem hng so vi truc (hng cc ai) th he so tang ch c tnh bang:
G()
dB
= G
max
- 12
2
3

dB
(dB) (3-5)
Cong thc nay ch ung vi goc u nho
dB 3
0 .
T cong thc (3-2) va (3-4) ta co moi quan he gia he so tang ch cc ai
vi o rong bup song 3dB :
G
max
=
2
3
2
70
dB
c
Df
(3-6)
Moi quan he gia o rong bup song 3dB vi he so tang ch cc ai c
bieu dien nh (hnh 3-3).

- ac tnh bup song phu :
Neu giam bup song phu cang nhieu cang tot e tranh can nhieu vi he
thong khac. Theo Khuyen ngh cua CCIR cho cac anten co D/ > 100, he so tang
ch cua bup song phu (G
s
) phai nho hn cac he so tang ch sau tng ng vi goc
hp bi truc chnh :
1
0
< < 48
0
G
s
= 32 - 25 log (dB)
> 48
0
G
s
= 10dB
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 10 0,1
H
e

s
o

t
a
n
g

c
h

A
n
t
e
n

(
d
B
)
o ro ng bc song 3dB cua Anten (o)
Hnh 3.3- He so anten hng bc xa cc ai la ham cua o rong goc 3dB
Cac anten lech co cac ac tnh bup song phu rat tot, v khong co s can tr
cua mat phan xa phu va cac thanh , chung c s dung khi co yeu cau nghiem
ngat giam can nhieu trong thiet ke mach .
3.2 . CONG NGHE MAY PHAT
3.2.1. May phat cong suat cao
e bu vao ton hao truyen song ln trong thong tin ve tinh, au ra may phat
can phai co cong suat cang ln cang tot, do vay tram mat at s dung bo khuyech
ai cong suat cao (HPA). Trong cac he thong vo tuyen tren mat at, khoang cach
gia cac tram chuyen tiep ch vai chuc km nen cong suat may phat nho (khoang
10W) con oi vi thong tin ve tinh do khoang cach chuyen tiep dai (36.000km) nen
may phat tram mat at phai co cong suat ln khoang vai tram W en hang KW.
3.2.2. Phan loai cac bo khuyech ai cong suat cao
Cac en song chay (TWT), Klystron (KLY), transistor hieu ng trng
(FET) c dung trong bo khuyech ai cong suat cao. Tuy theo cong suat ra cua
may phat va bang tan cong tac ma s dung loai khuyech ai nao cho thch hp.

Bang 3-1 : So sanh cac bo khuyech ai cong suat cao.

HPA

Tham so

Loai KLY

Loai TWT

Loai FET
Cong suat ra Ln Ln Nho
Kch thc Ln Trung bnh Nho
Trong lng Ln Trung bnh Nho
Bang tan Vai chuc MHz Vai tram MHz Vai tram MHz
Lam lanh -Lam lanh bang
khong kh khi cong
suat ti vai kW
- Lam lanh bang
nc khi cong suat
ra khoang 10kW
-Lam lanh bang
khong kh khi cong
suat ti vai kW
- Lam lanh bang
nc khi cong suat
ra khoang 10KW
- Lam lanh bang
khong kh t nhien
ien ap cung
cap
Trung bnh Cao Thap

en song chay (TWT) co bang tan khuyech ai rong, co the phu c tat
ca cac bang tan phan nh cho truyen dan, ieu o co li cho viec s dung nhieu
song mang hn.
Con oi vi en Klystron (KLY) co o rong bang tan khuyech ai tng
oi hep, nhng tan so khuyech ai co the ieu chnh en bat ky gia tr nao trong
khoang tan so phan nh cho truyen dan .
Transistor hieu ng trng (FET) c s dung tram dung lng thap,
cong suat ra nho. e at c cong suat cao hn ngi ta au song song cac
transistor lai vi nhau .
3.2.3. Cau hnh
Cau hnh cua mot tram mat at c mo ta hnh 1-4b, ta thay may phat
cong suat cao gom co mot bo khuyech ai trung tan, bo chuyen oi tan so len va
mot bo khuyech ai cong suat cao. Bo khuyech ai trung tan khuyech ai tn hieu
t bo ieu che a ti, tan so trung tan sau o c bien oi len tan so cc ngan
nh bo oi tan. Sau o tn hieu c bo khuyech ai tan so cao khuyech ai len
en mc yeu cau e phat en ve tinh .
Cau hnh cua may phat cong suat cao c quyet nh bi loai song mang
va so lng song mang, nhng nhn chung co hai dang thng c thc hien sau :
1. Mot may phat khuyech ai ong thi nhieu song mang (hnh 3-4)

U/C : Bo nang tan
MOD : Bo ieu che
Hnh 3-4 Cau hnh cua bo khuyech ai cong suat cao
s dung mot HPA
Vi cau hnh nay can thoa man cac yeu cau sau :
- o rong bang u rong e khuyech ai mot song mang vi bat ky tan so nao.
- Cong suat ra co o d tr u sao cho meo do ieu che phat sinh t s
khuyech ai ong thi cua nhieu tn hieu di mc quy nh.
Cau hnh nay thuan li trong khai thac .

HPA

combiner
U/C
U/C
MOD
MOD
MOD
U/C
2. Moi song mang c khuyech ai rieng bang mot bo khuyech ai cong
suat cao (hnh 3-5 )

Hnh 3.5 Cau hnh cua bo khuyech ai cong suat cao s dung nhieu bo khuyech ai

Vi cau hnh nay moi bo khuyech ai khong yeu cau phai co bang tan rong
e ieu chnh tan so khuyech ai oi vi moi song mang cho trc. Cau hnh nay
phu hp vi tram co song mang t .
3.2.4. Meo do xuyen ieu che
Bo khuyech ai cong suat cao la bo khuyech ai tuyen tnh nhng no se tr
thanh phi tuyen khi khuyech ai vung bao hoa. Luc o ien ap au ra khong ty le
vi ien ap au vao. Bi vay khi nhieu song mang c khuyech ai ong thi th
se phat sinh cac tap am. Hnh 3-6 minh hoa van e tren, khi khuyech ai ong thi
ba tn hieu vao co tan so f
1
,f
2
, f
3
th au ra ngoai ba tn hieu c ban tren con co
cac tn hieu khac co tan so : (2f
1
-f
2
), (f
1
+ f
2
- f
3
), (f
1
f
2
+ f
3
),( 2f
2
f
1
), ( f
2
+f
3

f
1
).

f
1
+f
2
-f
3
2f
2
-f
1
Pho tan so au vao ac tuyen vao va ra Pho tan so au ra
Hnh 3-6 Meo do xuyen ieu che

Do o oi vi mot bo khuyech ai cong suat cao, khi khuyech ai nhieu
song mang ong thi th iem lam viec cua bo khuyech ai phai c chon sao cho
mc au ra thap hn mc bao hoa khoang 6 en 10dB, nham muc ch e triet tieu
cac tn hieu tap, iem lam viec o c goi la iem lui (back-off).
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
1
f
2
f
3
2f
1
-f
2
f
1
-f
2
+f
3
f
2
+f
3
-f
1

HPA
HPA
Bo
Phoi Hp
U/C
U/C
U/C MOD
MOD
MOD
HPA
HPA

Ngoai ra con co mot phng phap khac e triet tieu nhieu xuyen ieu che,
c goi la tuyen tnh hoa. Phng phap nay la ngi ta chen vao tang trc mot
mach ien co ac tuyen bu vi ac tuyen phi tuyen cua bo khuyech ai e cai
thien tuyen tnh toan bo . Hnh 3-7 minh hoa phng phap tren .

ac tuyen meo trc ac tuyen phi tuyen ac tuyen cua HPA
cua bo tuyen tnh hoa cua HPA sau khi bu
Hnh 3-7 Tuyen tnh hoa

3.3. Cong nghe may thu
3.3.1. Cau truc tram thu
Cau truc cua tram thu c mo ta nh hnh 1-4b thiet b gom co : Anten ,
khoi thu tap am thap , khoi giai ieu che va thiet b a truy nhap .
Trong khoi thu tap am thap gom co : Bo khuyech ai tap am thap, bo oi
tan xuong, bo dao ong, bo khuyech ai trung tan.
3.3.1. Khuyech ai tap am thap
Song bc xa t ve tinh en anten vi cong suat cc ky nho, sau khi c
anten khuyech ai nhng mc o van cha u e thc hien giai ieu che do o can
phai khuyech ai chung len mot mc u ln va ty so S/N phai at ngng cho
phep, do o oi hoi tang khuyech ai nay phai co he so tap am nhiet nho, v ay la
tang khuyech ai au tien. Hien nay co hai loai khuyech ai tap am thap thng
dung la khuyech ai dung GaAs-FET, khuyech ai dung HEMT .
1- Khuyech ai dung GaAs-FET
Khuyech ai dung GaAs-FET la bo khuyech ai nhieu thap co he so tap
am khoang 1,2 en 2dB . Transistor hieu ng trng dung loai ban dan hp chat
gia gali va asenic . Bo khuyech ai nay c s dung rong rai tan so cao vi cac
ac tnh bang tan rong, co he so khuyech ai va o tin cay cao.
2. Khuyech ai dung HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor)
Transistor co o linh ong ien t cao (HEMT) s dung tiep giap pha tron
gia GaAs va AlGaAs (hnh 3-8) , gia dai dan cua AlGaAs co mot sai khac nang
lng, dai nay c kch thch loai n, con GaAs khong c khch thch. V vay
hnh thanh mot lp giau ien t trong AlGaAs gan be mat tiep giap vi GaAs. Khi
at mot ien trng vao lp giau ien t nay, cac ien t se chuyen ong vi o
linh hoat rat cao v chung khong chu s tan xa bat ky cua cac nguyen t cho cua
vat lieu sinh ra chung. HEMT co cac ac tnh tap am thap tot hn so vi GaAs-
FET.

Hnh 3.8- Cau tao cua HEMT

Cac ac tnh noi bac cua HEMT nh bang tan rong, kch thc nho, gia
thanh thap, de bao quan va thuan li cho san xuat hang loat, bi vay no c s
dung rong rai. Bo khuyech ai nay lam viec on nh nhiet o phong nhng co khi
chung c lam lanh nham e cai thien hn na cac ac tnh tap am thap cua
chung.
Bang 3-2 So sanh cac bo khuyech ai tap am thap (LNA)

LNA
Muc
GaAs-FET HEMT
ieu kien lam viec Nhiet o phong Lam lanh Lam lanh

Bang
tan
Bang
4GHz
Xap x 55
0
K Xap x 45
0
K Xap x 52
0
K
Bang
12GHz
180
0
K hoac
thap hn
Xap x 120
0
K Xap x 120
0
K
Bang
20GHz
300
0
K 200
0
K hoac
thap hn
Xap x 160
0
K
Tnh nang Tap am thap
Bang tan rong
Kch thc nho

Tap am thap
Kch thc vo
cung nho

b)
As (AlGa) loai n Khong pha GaAs
ien t Lo tro ng (Si)
a)
Nen GaAs ban da n
GaAs
Nguon
Cong
Ma ng ba o ve
Cc ma ng
Lp ien t
o linh o ng cao
(AlGa)As
Dai dan
Dai hoa tr

CHNG IV
IPAM VE IINH

4.1. Cau hnh tram ve tinh vi mot bo phat ap n gian

Anten phat Anten thu

Hnh 4-1 Cau truc bo phat ap thong thng

Tn hieu t tram phat mat at truyen lan en anten thu cua ve tinh c
anten khuyech ai len roi qua mach loc thong dai e loai bo cac tn hieu ngoai dai
tan cong tac cua bo phat ap, tiep en tn hieu c khuyech ai u ln e thc
hien oi tan, yeu cau cua tang khuyech ai nay la he so tap am thap(LNA). Tan so
tn hieu nay tron vi tan so dao ong noi tao ra cac tan so khac, cac tan so o c
a qua mach loc thong dai e lay ra tan so can thiet (tan so phat xuong). Tn hieu
sau khi qua bo loc c a vao mach khuyech ai cong suat cao (HPA) khuyech
ai tn hieu en mc thiet ke roi a en anten bc xa xuong tram mat at. Linh
kien khuyech ai tang nay cung thng dung en song chay (TWT) hoac transistor
hieu ng trng FET .
4.2. Phan bo dai tan cua bo phat ap
Bang tan phan bo cho bo phat ap ve tinh co the t vai tram MHz len en
vai GHZ. Bang tan nay thng c chia thanh cac bang tan con (theo phan nh
cua ITU). Hau het cac bo phat ap thng c thiet ke vi dai thong 36MHz,
54MHz, hoac 72MHz, trong o dai thong 36MHz la chuan c dung pho bien cho
dch vu truyen hnh bang C (6/4 GHz). Hien nay mot so loai loai bo phat ap co x
ly tn hieu a c a vao s dung va nh vay co the cai thien c chat lng loi
(oi vi truyen tn hieu so ). Trong quy ao a tnh, moi ve tinh c at mot v
tr toa o xac nh va lam viec vi mot bang tan xac nh. V du, trong bang tan C
(6/4GHz) ve tinh c s dung mot phan nh pho rong la 500MHz. Nh vay ve
tinh co the at 24 bo phat ap lien ke nhau va moi bo phat ap s dung dai thong
36MHz trong dai thong phan nh 500MHz. Co the thc hien c ieu o bang
cach bo tr 12 bo phat ap lam viec vi tn hieu song bc xa phan cc ng va 12
BPF
LO
LNA MIX BPF TWT
bo phat ap lam viec vi phan cc ngang. Hnh 4-2 mo ta s bo tr 12 kenh phan
cc doc va 12 kenh phan cc ngang trong dai thong phan nh la 500MHz .

Hnh 4.2- Phan bo dai tan cua bo phat ap ve tinh 6/4GHz
Cac ve tinh loai nay chu yeu chuyen tiep cho tn hieu hnh. e cac ve tinh
a tnh khong gay nhieu lan nhau thng phai at toa o cach nhau 2
0
cho ve tinh
bang C, cach nhau 3
0
cho bang Ku.
4.3. Cac mang ve tinh nhieu chum
Cac mang ve tinh mot chum tia co the cung cap mot vung bao phu toan bo
khu vc trai at ma co the nhn thay ve tinh va do vay co the thiet lap c cac
tuyen lien lac c ly xa. Nhng trong trng hp nay o tang ch cua anten b gii
han bi goc m cua chum tia .
oi vi ve tinh cung cap vung bao phu ch gom mot phan cua trai at (mot
vung hoac mot quoc gia ) nh mot chum tia hep ( mot chum tia vung hoac mot
viec). Th o tang ch anten c cao hn nh s giam goc m cua cua chum tia
anten (hnh 4-3).

C1 C3 C5 C7 C9
Dai tho ng 36 MHz
Dai tho ng 500 MHz
3700
3720
3760
3800
3840
3900
3880
3920
3960
4000
4040
4080
4100
4120
4160
f(MHz)
4200
a) Pha n c c ngang
C2 C4 C6 C8
3700
3740 3780
3800
3860
3900
3940
3980 4020
4060
4100
4140
4180
4200
3820
b) Phan cc ng
f(MHz)

Hnh 4.3- Vung bao
phu toan cau va
vung bao phu cua
mot so chum hep
3
d
B
=
1
7
,
5
O
3
d
B
=
1
,
7
5
O
4.3.1.u iem cua ve tinh nhieu chum
- Khi thay oi t mot ve tinh co vung bao phu toan cau sang mot ve tinh
nhieu chum th cho phep tiet kiem c kch thc tram mat at dan ti giam gia
thanh tram mat at .
- Cho phep tai s dung tan so.
Tai s dung tan so la viec s dung nhieu lan cung mot dai tan theo mot
cach thc sao cho lam gia tang tong dung lng cua mang ma khong lam gia tang
dai tan c phan phoi. Trong ve tinh mot chum viec tai s dung tan so nh vao
phan cc trc giao, con trong ve tinh nhieu chum tnh tach biet cua hng tnh
anten co the c khai thac e tai s dung cung mot dai tan trong cac chum khac
nhau.
Trong trng hp tai s dung tan so nh phan cc trc giao, dai thong B ch
c s dung hai lan. Trong trng hp tai s dung nh tach goc, dai tan B co the
c tai s dung cho bao nhieu luong cung c neu mc can nhieu cho phep.
Ve mat ly thuyet mot ve tinh co M chum, dai tan B, ket hp hai kieu tai
s dung tan so noi tren th he so tai s dung tan so la 2M.
4.3.2. Lien ket gia cac vung bao phu
Mot he thong ve tinh a chum phai at mot v tr e lien ket tat ca cac
tram mat at cua mang do vay phai cung cap viec au noi qua lai gia cac vung phu
song. Khi s dung bo phat ap thong thng co ba ky thuat lien ket cac vung phu
song:
- Lien ket bang bc nhay bo phat ap .
- Lien ket bang chuyen mach tren ve tinh.
- Lien ket bang quet chum.
1. Lien ket nh bc nhay cua bo phat ap
Bang tan phan phoi cho he thong c chia thanh so bang tan con bang vi
so chum. Mot nhom cac bo loc tren ve tinh se phan cach cac song mang theo bang
tan con ma chung chiem. au ra moi bo loc c ket noi ti anten cua chum ch
qua mot bo phat ap. Nhat thiet phai s dung mot so lng bo loc va bo phat ap t
nhat cung bang bnh phng cua so lng cac chum. Hnh 4-4 minh hoa khai niem
nay cho mot th du vi hai chum . Vi kieu lien ket nay, cac tram mat at phai co
kha nang phat va thu tren nhieu tan so va nhieu phan cc nham nhay t bo phat
ap nay sang bo phat ap khac .


Hnh 4.4- Lien ket chum nh bc nhay cua bo phat ap
2. Lien ket nh chuyen mach tren ve tinh (SS/TDMA)
Nguyen ly chuyen mach tren ve tinh c minh hoa trong hnh 4-5 .

Hnh 4.5- Nguyen ly cua chuyen mach tren ve tinh (SS-TDMA)

Phan tai bao gom mot ma tran chuyen mach co the c lap trnh co so
au vao va au ra bang vi so cac chum. Ma tran nay ket noi moi chum thu vi
moi chum phat nh mot may thu va mot may phat. So lng cac bo chuyen tiep do
vay bang so chum. Khoi ieu khien phan bo ket hp vi ma tran nay e thiet lap
VE TINH
Chum Tia 1 Chum Tia 2
1 t i 1
1 t i 2
B
11
B
12
Tan so
Thi gian
2 t i 1
2 t i 2
B
21
B
22
Tan so
Thi gian
1 ti 1
B
11
B
21
Tan so
Th i gian
2 ti 1
2 ti 2
B
12
B
22
Tan so
Th i gian
TUYEN XUONG
BPF
BPF
BPF
BPF
B
11
t
11
B
12
t
12
B
21
t
21
B
22
t
22
1 ti 2

Kho i ieu khien
pha n bo
Ma tra n
chuyen
ma ch
Ma y thu Ma y phat
Ma y phat Ma y thu
Ve tinh
Tuye n xuo ng
t i vung 1
Tuye n xuo ng
t i vung 2
Tuye n le n
t vung 1
Tuye n le n
t vung 2
chuoi cac trang thai ket noi gia moi au vao va cac au ra trong thi gian mot
khung theo cach thc la cac song mang ti ve tinh trong moi chum se c nh
tuyen ti cac chum ch. Do viec lien ket gia hai chum la tuan hoan, cho nen cac
tram phai lu tr lu lng t cac thue bao va phat no i di dang cac khoi bit khi
viec lien ket gia cac chum c thc hien. Do vay tren thc te, ky thuat nay ch
co the c s dung vi truyen dan so va truy nhap kieu TDMA.
3. Lien ket nh quet chum
Moi khu vc phu song c chieu roi nh ky bi mot chum anten ma viec
nh hng no c ieu khien bi mot mang tao chum la mot phan cua he thong
anten phu at tren ve tinh. Cac tram cua vung phat hoac thu cac khoi cua chung
khi vung c mot chum chieu roi. Khi khong co bo nh tren ve tinh, t nhat co hai
chum c can en tai mot thi iem xac nh. Mot e thiet lap tuyen len va mot
e thiet lap tuyen xuong. Thi gian chieu roi ty le thuan vi lng tai can van
chuyen gia hai vung. Hnh 4-6 minh hoa cho khai niem nay.

Hnh 4.6- Lien ket nh quet chum

4.3.3. Cac tuyen noi lien ve tinh
Cac tuyen noi lien ve tinh (ISL Intersatellite Links) co the c xem nh cac
chum ac biet cua cac ve tinh a chum. Cac chum trong trng hp nay khong phai
hng ti trai at ma hng ti cac ve tinh khac. Co ba loai tuyen noi lien ve tinh :
- Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh quy ao a tnh va quy ao thap .
- Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh a tnh .
- Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh quy ao thap .
1. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh a tnh vi ve tinh quy ao thap
Kieu tuyen noi nay co nhiem vu thiet lap mot tram chuyen tiep co nh qua
mot ve tinh a tnh gia mot hoac nhieu tram va mot nhom cac ve tinh chuyen
ong tren mot quy ao thap. V nhng ly do kinh te, chnh tr, ngi ta khong lap
Bo pha t ap
BFN BFN
Chum quet
Vu ng cua chum e u an
at mot mang cac tram mat at qua ln e tai moi thi iem t nhat co mot tram
mat at nhn thay ve tinh i qua. Do vay mot ve tinh a tnh c s dung e c
nhn thay thng xuyen va ong thi t cac tram mat at va t cac ve tinh quy ao
thap. Chung c s dung e chuyen tiep thong tin.
2. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh a tnh
Mot tuyen noi lien ve tinh ket hp vi mot cau hnh tram mat at phu hp lam
gia tang dung lng cua mot he thong ma khong phai au t ln cho phan mat at.
Mot tuyen noi lien ve tinh a tnh cho phep cac tram mat at cua hai mang
c lien ket va do vay m rong vung phu song cua he thong .
Cac tuyen noi c ly xa qua mot ve tinh duy nhat dan ti goc ngang cua
tram mat at nho de b can nhieu. Neu tuyen noi nay i qua hai ve tinh a tnh noi
vi nhau bang mot tuyen noi lien ve tinh th goc ngang se tang len.
Hnh 4-7 trnh bay thiet ke cua mot mang toan cau da tren 9 ve tinh a
tnh STAR ; 9 ve tinh nay thiet lap nen mot c s e truyen thong toan cau va mot
tap hp cac ve tinh cuc bo c ket noi vi chung qua cac tuyen noi lien ve tinh
khu vc.

Hnh 4.7- Mot mang ve tinh toan cau

3. Cac tuyen noi gia cac ve tinh quy ao thap
Vi nhng li the cua cac ve tinh quy ao thap va s tac nghen cac quy
ao ve tinh a tnh cang ngay cang gia tang a dan ti s phat trien tiep theo cua
cac ve tinh quy ao thap. Cac nhc iem cua mot ve tinh quy ao thap (nh o
dai thi gian truyen thong b han che va vung phu song tng oi hep) co the c
giam i trong mot mang cha mot so lng ln cac ve tinh c lien ket vi nhau
bang cac tuyen noi lien ve tinh va c trang b c che chuyen mach gia cac
15 W
O
60 W
O
Cha u Au
Nam My
95 W
O
Bac va
Trung My
135 W
O
Bac My
175 W
O
Cac a o Thai Bnh Dng
145 E
O Uc va Indonexia
105 E
O
ong A
Tay A
65 E
O
Cha u Phi
25 E
O
1
2
0
m
S
2
7
6
m
S
2
4
2
m
S
1
8
0
m
S
96m
S
Cac ve
tinh cuc bo
1
2
0
m
S
0
O
E
W
chum. Nh mang IRIDIUM dung cho dch vu thong tin ca nhan thuoc mang te bao
toan cau. He thong nay ket hp mot chum 77 ve tinh.
4.4. Cac mang ve tinh tai tao
4.4.1. Bo phat ap tai tao
Hnh 4-8 mo ta cau truc mot bo phat ap tai tao

Hnh: 4.8- Cau truc cua bo phat ap tai tao

T hnh 4-1 mo ta cau truc cua mot bo phat ap thong thng ta thay s
khac nhau gia hai bo phat ap la : Vi ve tinh tai tao cac tn hieu bang tan goc, a
dung e ieu che song mang tuyen len, co mat tai au ra bo giai ma ieu che va
cac tn hieu nay c s dung e ieu che song mang cho tuyen xuong. Do vay, s
thay oi tan so t tuyen len sang tuyen xuong at c la do ieu che mot song
mang mi. Con oi vi bo phat ap thong thng tan so song mang tuyen xuong
at c nh s tron tan vi bo dao ong noi tren ve tinh.
4.4.2. ac iem bo phat ap tai tao
Vi ac iem co san cac so nh phan tren bo phat ap nen tao ieu kien x
ly cac so o trc khi phat lai. V vay ve tinh tai tao co cac ac tnh sau :
- Cho phep chuyen mach gia cac anten thu va phat khong con la chuyen
mach tan so vo tuyen ma la chuyen mach tai bang tan goc. Do o ma tran chuyen
mach tan so vo tuyen c thay the bang bo nh, tiep sau la ghep kenh cac so nh
phan c lu tr trc khi truyen dan tren cac tuyen xuong khac nhau. ieu nay
cho phep cac tram mat at phat i toan bo thong tin cua chung theo cung mot khoi
bit va do vay ch phat i mot khoi bit duy nhat cho moi khung. So lng khoi bt
cho moi khung giam xuong va hieu qua cua khung tang len .
- Cho phep chuyen oi toc o gia tuyen len va tuyen xuong nh giai ieu
che tren ve tinh, cac so nh phan cua lu lng gia cac mang, c thu theo cac
song mang co cac toc o khac nhau co the c chuyen mach tai bang tan goc va
c ket hp lai trc khi phat ti cac tuyen xuong khac nhau phu hp vi ni en
cua chung va khong phu thuoc vao dung lng cua song mang hnh 4-9 minh hoa
cho van e nay.
Bo phat a p tai ta o
TUYEN LEN
TUYEN XUONG
LNA

-Thay the cac ve tinh a chum bang cac ve tinh n chum, chum nay quet
lan lt cac khu vc khac nhau cua vung phuc vu. Tap hp cac khu vc c chum
tia quet en hnh thanh vung phu song cua he thong. Khi chum nay nam tai mot
khu vc quet nao o, th thong tin danh san cho cac tram trong khu o se c tach
ra khoi bo nh tren ve tinh va c phat i trong dang ghep kenh. ong thi cac
tram trong khu vc o phat cac thong tin danh cho tat ca cac tram khac cua mang
ti ve tinh. Cac thong tin nay c lu tr trong bo nh tren ve tinh e phat i sau
o tai thi iem khi chum i qua vung ch (hnh 4-10).

Ve tinh thong thng

Bo phat ap
toc o cao
Bo phat ap
toc o thap
Tram toc
o thap
Tram toc
o cao
Ve sinh tai tao
Tram toc
o cao
Tram toc
o thap
Tram toc
o cao
Tram toc
o thap
Dong toc o cao Dong toc o cao
T tram
toc o cao
Ma tran chuyen
mach viba
Ti tram
toc o cao
Giai ieu che
Bo phan phoi
Ma tran
chuyen
mach
bang
tan goc
Bo ket hp

Tai ieu che
Giai ieu che
Giai ieu che
Tai ieu che
Tai ieu che
T cac tram
toc o thap
Cac dong
toc o thap
Cac dong
toc o thap
T cac tram
toc o thap
Hnh 4.9: Lien ket hai mang vi cac song mang co dung lng khac nhau.
a) Trng hp ve tinh trong suot b) Trng hp ve tinh tai tao

- Nham tao thuan tien cho viec lap at cac tram mat at gia thanh thap, s
dung ve tinh tai tao vi ng len dung phng phap a truy nhap FDMA con
ng xuong dung ky thuat TDM. Vi giai phap nay cho phep bo phat ap lam
viec che o bao hoa dan en EIRP cc ai va he so pham chat G/T cua tram mat
at co the giam i c. Giai phap nay c mo ta hnh 4-11 .

Giai ieu che Giai ieu che
Bo nh
(RAM)
ieu khien
BFN
Chum quet
Vung chum
c tru
Hnh 4.10: Mang ve tinh quet n chum kieu tai
Thi gian
Tan so
Che o lien tuc
1 2 M
Thi gian
Tan so
1
2
M
Che o lien tuc
Tuyen len FDMA
DEM: Giai ieu che
MOD: ieu che

Tuyen xuong TDM
Hnh 4.11: Mang lien quan en mot bo phat ap tai tao
T
A
C
H

K
E
N
H

M
a

t
r
a
n

c
h
u
y
e
n

m
a
c
h

b
a
n
g

t
a
n

g
o
c

G
h
e
p

k
e
n
h

T
M
D

DEM
DEM
DEM
DEM
1
2
M
f
2
1
M
LNA
L0
f
f
f
MOD
TWT
TDM
f
1
f
2
f
M
FDMA
Tom lai so vi he thong ve tinh thong thng th ve tinh tai tao chu c
mc can nhieu cao hn. Nh x ly tren ve tinh nen dan ti n gian hoa trang thiet
b tram mat at. Tnh toan thiet ke tuyen thuan li cho phep giam bt cac yeu cau
ky thuat thu phat cua tram nen gia thanh giam. Do vay, he thong nay tao thuan tien
cho viec m rong cac mang co mot so lng ln cac tram nho gan vi ngi s
dung.

CHNG V
IHIEI kE IUYEN IHONG IIN VE IINH

5.1. Gii thieu
Tuyen thong tin ve tinh la ng noi lien mat at khong gian - mat at
gom co nhieu thanh phan khac nhau nh bo phat ap ve tinh, ng truyen dan,
may thu phat tram mat at. Tai moi phan, chat lng cua tuyen b giam mot mc
o nao o do tap am sinh ra trong phan o. CCIR (Uy ban t van ve thong tin vo
tuyen quoc te) a ra mot tieu chuan lien quan en cong suat tap am cho phep oi
vi viec truyen dan cac tn hieu thoai va truyen hnh trong dch vu ve tinh co nh.
Thiet ke tuyen co the c xem nh la viec phan phoi cong suat tap am trong tng
phan cua tuyen thong tin e phu hp vi cac yeu cau ve tap am a neu trong cac
khuyen ngh cua CCIR. Mot iem quan trong na la khi thiet ke ng truyen sao
cho at hieu qua cao nhat ngha la chat lng tuyen cao nhng gia thanh phu hp .
5.2. Cac ch tieu chat lng
CCIR thiet lap cac ch tieu chat lng e thoa man cho nhieu loai hnh dch
vu va thc hien cac qua trnh ieu che. CCIR a ra ba ngng chat lng khong
c phep vt qua trong mot phan tram thi gian cho trc. oi vi thong tin
thoai cac ngng chat lng c tom tat trong bang 5-1 .

Bang 5-1 Cac ch tieu chat lng oi vi thoai

Thoai tng t
Thoai so
(PCM)
Cac ieu kien o Cong suat tap am
tai mc chuan
BER
20% cua thang bat ky (gia tr trung bnh 1 phut)
20% cua thang bat ky (gia tr trung bnh 10 phut)
0,3% cua thang bat ky (gia tr trung bnh 1 phut)
0,01% cua nam bat ky (gia tr tong tren 5ms)

0,01% cua thang bat ky (gia tr trung bnh 1s)

10.000 pWOp
----
50.000 pWOp
1.000.000 pWOp
( khong trong so)
------
---
10
-6

10
-4
----

10
-3

oi vi truyen hnh ve tinh, ch tieu chat lng la ty so tn hieu tren tap am
(S/N) (trong so ) phai bang hoac ln hn 53dB trong 99% thi gian va 45dB trong
99,9% thi gian.
Khi co thong ke suy hao do cac ieu kien kh quyen, th co the tnh c ty
so tn hieu tren nhiet tap am nhan c tai au vao may thu tram mat at cho cac
phan tram thi gian khac nhau, t o kiem tra he thong co thoa man tieu chuan
chat lng a e ra khong. Tuy nhien khi tnh toan ta phai e ra mot d tr nhat
nh do co s sai khac gia ly thuyet va chat lng thiet b thc te va e e phong
s giam tn hieu hoac tang tap am (nhieu do cac mang khac, nhieu a ng truyen
hoac nhieu do cac kenh lan can ) .
5.3. Cac ch tieu san sang
Mot tuyen thong tin ve tinh co nh c xem la khong san sang neu nh
mot trong cac ieu kien sau ton tai thiet b thu au cuoi cua tuyen .
- 0,2% cua nam trong trng hp hong hoc (thi gian ngng tre dch vu
phai nho hn 18 gi / nam).
- 0,2% cua thang bat ky neu dch vu b ngng tre do truyen song .
- Trong truyen dan tng t kenh thoai, cong suat tap am khong trong so
tai mc 0 tng oi, vi thi gian tch hp la 5ms, vt qua 10
-6
pWOp .
- Trong truyen dan so, BER vt qua 10
-3
.
5.4. Quan he gia chat lng va C/N
Chat lng cua mot kenh thong tin vo tuyen c anh gia bang ty so song
mang tren tap am (C/N) va lng meo tn hieu thu. Trong tuyen thong tin ve tinh,
anh hng kh quyen gay ra meo tn hieu thu la nho, v the chat lng ng
truyen co the ch can xac nh bang C/N cua ng truyen .
Quan he gia C/N va BER (trong he thong PSK so) hoac S/N (trong he
thong FM tng t ) tn hieu thu tuy thuoc vao ieu che va giai ieu che trong he
thong. V the co the tnh C/N can thiet t ng cong C/N S/N hoac C/N BER
oi vi chat lng tuyen yeu cau (BER hoac S/N), nh tren hnh 5-1.

Khi kha nang khong san sang do ma la chu yeu, th ta phai xac nh moi
quan he gia gia tr lng ma theo gi va xac suat xay ra ma (da vao thi gian
thong ke lng ma hang nam cua vung o). V du nh chau Au cng o ma
30mm/h co xac suat 0,01% nam tng ng vi 53phut/nam. Con khu vc a
Trung Hai th xac suat 0,01%nam la 50mm/h. Cac vung xch ao xac suat 0,01%
C/N can thiet
a) ieu che PSK
BER

BER
can
thiet
I
I
C/N can thiet
b) ieu che FM
S/N

S/N
can
thiet
I
I
Hnh 5.1: Quan he bnh thng gia C/N can thiet va chat lng tuyen truyen
nam la 120mm/h. Hnh 5-2 bieu dien cac ng ang mc cng o ma vt qua
0,01% thi gian trong nam.

e xac nh suy hao do ma ngoai cac yeu to cng ma, xac suat ma con
mot so yeu to khac nh tan so song, chieu dai oan ng thc te song i trong
ma (phu thuoc vao o cao cn ma, v o iem thu, goc ngang anten). c xac
nh theo cong thc :

R
=
R
L
S

Trong o :
R
: o suy giam tren mot n v chieu dai (dB/km), phu thuoc vao tan so
cong tac va cng o ma, co the c xac nh bang o bieu. Hnh 5-3 la o bieu
do CCIR cung cap e tnh he so nay.

L
S
: Chieu dai oan ng thc te song i trong ma, phu thuoc vao goc
ngang va o cao cn ma.
L
S
=
E
h h
S R
sin

h
R
: o cao cn ma (h
R
= 4km vi 0 < v o <36
0
)
h
S
: o cao anten so vi mat nc bien

R

:

o suy hao do ma

5.5 C/N TONG
Ty so C/N tai may thu la mot yeu to quan trong trong viec thiet ke mot
tuyen thong tin e am bao chat lng yeu cau. C/N may thu la ty so cong suat
song mang tren cong suat tap am tai au vao may thu. e tnh c C/N tong trong
thong tin ve tinh, trc het ta phai tm C/N tuyen len va C/N tuyen xuong rieng
biet. Sau o C/N tong gia hai tram co the c bieu th bi phng trnh :
(C/N)
T
= -10 log
( ) ( )
+

10
/
10
/
10 10
D U
N C N C
(5.1)
Trong o :
(C/N)
T
: C/N tong (dB)
(C/N)
U
: C/N ng len (dB)
(C/N)
D
: C/N ng xuong (dB)
5.6. Cong suat song mang

Cong suat thu la yeu to quan trong nhat trong viec xac nh chat lng cua
mot tuyen thong tin ve tinh. c bieu th qua phng trnh sau :
P
R
= P
T
L
T
+ G
T
- L
P
+ G
R
- L
R
(dB) (5.2)
Trong o :
P
R
: Cong suat thu

P
T
: Cong suat phat
G
R
: He so tang ch anten thu
G
T
: He so tang ch anten phat

L
T
: Ton hao he thong tiep song phat
L
R
: Ton hao he thong tiep song thu
L
P
: Ton hao ng truyen
Trong thong tin ve tinh ngi ta thng s dung anten parabol. He so tang
ch anten parabol nh a c neu phan 3.1.4 c mo ta qua bieu thc :
G=
2
D
(5.3)
He so tang ch cua anten ve tinh thng khoang 15dB oi vi mot anten
phu song toan cau tan so 6GHz hoac t 30 en 40 dB cho tan so 14GHz .
He thong tiep song c thiet ke sao cho ton hao cang nho cang tot. Trong
thc te ton hao he thong tiep song tram mat at thng t 1 en 2 dB va ve tinh
khoang 1dB hoac nho hn .
(P
T
L
T
+ G
T
) trong phng trnh (5.2) bieu th cong suat thc te phat ti
may thu. Ngha la, no tng ng vi cong suat phat can thiet khi s dung anten
khong co tang ch va he thong tiep song khong co ton hao. Cong suat o c goi
la EIRP (cong suat bc xa ang hng tng ng ) va c bieu th bang phng
trnh :
EIRP = P
T
- L
T
+ G
T
(dB) (5.4)
EIRP thng c s dung e bieu th kha nang cua mot phng tien
truyen dan cua oi vi thong tin ve tinh .
Ton hao truyen song la ten chung oi vi ton hao khong gian t do xac nh
bang c ly truyen song va ton hao xay ra do hap thu bi tang ien ly, khong kh va
ma. No c bieu dien bang phng trnh (5.5)
L
P
=

+ L
I
+ L
A
+ L
R
(5.5)
Trong o :
L
P
: Ton hao truyen song
L
I
: Ton hao hap thu trong tang ien ly
L
A
: Ton hao hap thu trong khong kh
L
R
: Suy hao do ma
: Ton hao khong gian t do
=
2
4
R

R : C ly truyen song
: Bc song vo tuyen
Trong thong tin ve tinh ton hao khong gian t do chiem phan ln ton hao
ng truyen, ton hao do hap thu bi tang ien ly va khong kh la khong ang ke
va co the bo qua trong thiet ke. Tuy nhien, neu s dung tan so ln hn 10GHz th
suy hao do ma la yeu to quan trong nhat quyet nh en chat lng tuyen.
Hnh 5.4 bieu dien s thay oi cong suat song mang tuyen xuong cua thong
tin ve tinh. Qua o ta thay ton hao ng truyen la ang ke .


----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-50 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-100 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-150 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dBm ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5.7. Cong suat tap am nhiet
Tap am nhiet c tao ra trong may phat va no ket hp vi tap am ben
ngoai i vao anten thu va tap am ben trong tao ra t trong may thu, anten, he thong
tiep song. Mac du so lng tap am c tao ra may phat la ang ke, nhng no
giam doc theo ng truyen lan, v the khong can xet en loai tap am nay. Ta ch
can xet en tap am ben trong va tap am ben ngoai nh hnh 5.5 .

Hnh 5.5- Phan loai nguon tap am (ng xuong)
Tap am
ben trong
Pha phat
Tap am
may phat
Tap am ben ngoai
May thu
Anten ve tinh
Tang ch
anten phat
au ra may
phat ve tinh
Ton hao truyen song
Ton hao bo
truyen song
Cong suat au vao
tram thu mat a t
Tang ch anten thu
Cong suat au
vao tram mat at
Hnh 5.4: S thay oi cong suat song mang (ng xuong)
M
c

c
o
n
g

s
u
a
t

5.7.1. Tap am ben ngoai
Tap am ben ngoai bao gom tap am khong gian, tap am be mat trai at, tap
am kh quyen va tap am ma. Tap am hieu dung tai mat at chu yeu la tap am
ma la nguyen nhan chnh cua suy hao tn hieu. Khi bau tri trong, tap am gay ra la
do kh quyen va khong gian. Tap am nay co nhiet o o c nho hn 10
0
K, v vay
ta co the bo qua khi thiet ke tuyen s bo .
Tap am t be mat trai at khong anh hng en tram mat at bi v ta s
dung anten co hng, nhng no anh hng en ve tinh thong tin v anten cua no
hng ve trai at. Nhiet o tap am cua tap am be mat trai at thu bang ve tinh
thong tin gan giong nh cua be mat trai at .
5.7.2. Tap am ben trong
Tap am ben trong xay ra trong cac anten, cac he thong tiep song va cac may
thu, tong tap am o la toan bo cong suat tap am ben trong. Tuy nhien tap am xay ra
tai cac iem khac nhau co anh hng khac nhau, v the cong suat tap am tch hp
khong the anh gia mot cach n gian bang viec xac nh tr so tap am. V C/N la tr
so au vao may thu, nen ta phai bien oi tap am xay ra tai anten va trong he thong
tiep song thanh mot tr so tai iem au vao may thu nh cho thay tren hnh 5-6 .

Va c bieu dien vi phng trnh sau :
T
IN
=
R
F F
A
T
L
T
L
T
+
+
1
1
0
(5.6)
Trong o :
T
IN
: Tong tap am ben trong
T
A
: Nhiet tap am anten
T
R
: Nhiet tap am may thu
T
0

F
L
1
1 : Tap am he thong tiep song
T
0
: Nhiet o moi trng
May thu
To
T
A

Fi
L
FRX
T
R

T
IN

Anten
Hnh 5.6: So tap am he thong thu
L
F
: Suy hao he thong tiep song
Phng trnh (5.6) tnh cac tap am xay ra trong moi phan quy vao au vao.
Noi chung, tap am c sinh ra moi ni trong thiet b, nhng ch dung cac tr so quy
ve au vao cua cac tap am tao ra tai moi au vao trong thiet b.
Tap am he thong tiep song c bieu dien bang T
0

F
L
1
1 . o la cong
suat tap am quy ve au vao tren mot ien tr, o cong suat tn hieu khi chay qua
no giam xuong L
F
tai nhiet o moi trng. V vay, T
0

F
L
1
1 tang khi L
F
he thong
tiep song tang, co ngha la cong suat tap am ben trong gay ra bi he thong tiep
song tang. Do o can phai thiet ke he thong tiep song ngan nhat, e giam bt tap
am .
Nguyen nhan chnh gay ra tap am anten la tap am nhiet xay ra tai anten va
no co nhiet o khoang 30 100
0
K . Trong mot tram VSAT, o co nhiet tap am
may thu cao nen co the bo qua tap am anten, nhng oi vi mot tram mat at ln
ngi ta s dung cac thiet b thu chat lng cao, v the anh hng do tap am anten
la ln trong toan bo he thong .
Nhiet tap am oi vi mot may thu bang tong nhiet tap am xuat hien trong
moi phan. oi vi cac bo khuyech ai noi tiep cho trong hnh 5-7

c bieu dien nhiet tap am may thu theo phng trnh :

1 3 2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
...
...
+ + + + =
K
K
R
G G G G
T
G G
T
G
T
T T (5.7)
V tn hieu tr nen ln hn khi i qua moi tang khuyech ai, nen tac ong
cua tap am tai moi tang lai nho i. T phng trnh (5.7) ta thay neu he so khuyech
ai tang au u ln, th tap am xay ra tang th hai va cac tang khuyech ai tiep
theo co the bo qua. V vay, khi can phai giam tap am trong may thu xuong nho hn
nh la trong he thong thong tin ve tinh, th phai s dung tang khuyech ai au tien
co he so khuyech ai cao va khuyech ai tap am thap. Do o, cac may thu thong
tin ve tinh s dung bo khuyech ai tap am thap (LNA), vi nhiet tap am au vao
cua tang au tien la thap.

G
1
Bo khuech ai 1
Nhiet tap am T
1

G
2
Bo khuech ai 2
Nhiet tap am T
2

G
3
Bo khuech ai 3
Nhiet tap am T
3

G
K
Bo khuech ai K
Nhiet tap am T
K

Hnh 5.7: Bo khuech ai noi tiep

5.7.3. Tap am he thong
Tap am ngoai va tap am ben trong eu ton tai trong mot he thong, v the
tap am tong oi vi he thong o bang tong cong suat tap am ben ngoai va ben
trong cua no. ieu nay cho thay phng trnh :

( )
R
F
F A S
SYS
T
L
L T T T
T +
+ +
=
1
0
(5.8)
Trong o :
T
SYS
: Nhiet tap am he thong
T
S
: Nhiet tap am ben ngoai
T
A
: Nhiet tap am anten
T
R
: Nhiet tap am may thu
T
0
: Nhiet o moi trng
L
F
: Ton hao he thong tiep song
Vi phng trnh tren ta s dung e tnh tap am ng xuong con oi vi
ng len cac nguyen nhan chnh gay ra tap am la tap am may thu va tap am ngoai
(tap am be mat trai at ), v the ta co the bo qua tap am he thong tiep song va tap am
anten. Nh vay ta co the bieu dien nhiet tap am oi vi ng len bang phng trnh
:
T
SYS
= T
S
+ T
R
(5.9)
Nh vay ta co the s dung nhiet tap am(T
SYS
) e tnh cong suat tap am
(N
SYS
) cho toan bo he thong nh bieu th phng trnh :
N
SYS
= 10log(k.T
SYS
.B) (dBW) (5.10)
Trong o :
k : Hang so Boltzmann = 1,38 x 10
-23
(W/Hz/
0
K)
= -228,6 (dBW/HzK)
B : o rong bang tan
S dung N
SYS
nay va P
R
t phng trnh (5.2) ta co the bieu th ty so C/N :
C/N = P
R
N
SYS
= P
T
L
T
+ G
T
L
P
+ G
R
L
R
- N
SYS
(5.11)
Vi phng trnh tren ta thay (G
R
L
R
- N
SYS
) bieu th ac tnh may thu.
Tuy nhien thong so G/T dung T
SYS
thay cho N
SYS
e bieu th chat lng may thu,
vi phng trnh sau :
G/T = G
R
10logT
SYS
L
R
(5.12)
5.8. Cong suat tap am nhieu
5.8.1. Can nhieu tap am khac
Nh a mo ta phan 2.3.8 . Co bon cach trong o cac tuyen thong tin ve
tinh co the can nhieu vi nhau. Trong so nay, nhieu ln xay ra gia tuyen viba mat
at va tram ve tinh mat at, nhieu t tuyen viba mat at en he thong ve tinh la
khong ang ke. Trong thiet ke tuyen ta can chu y v tr at tram sao cho nhieu xay
ra t nhat va s dung anten co ac tnh bup song phu tot. Nhieu t cac tn hieu co
the xem nh la tng ng vi tap am neu nh mc cong suat tn hieu la u thap.
T o viec tnh toan C/N co the ap dung oi vi tap am nhieu (I) .
Xac nh C/I giong nh xac nh C/N :
C/I = P
R
- I (5.13)
Ta cung co the tnh c I nh tnh tap am neu nh ta biet cac ac tnh bup
song phu anten va cac thong so nh la khoang cach ng truyen oi vi tram gay
nhieu. Ngoai ra, nhieu co the c xac nh bang phep o thc te theo nhieu cach .
Khi o, cac ty so C/I va C/N c phoi hp e tm ra (C/N+I) bang phng trnh :

[C/N+I] = -10 log 10 [ 10
(-1/10)C/N
+ 10
(-1/10)C/I
] (5.14)
5.8.2. Nhieu cung tuyen
Nhieu co the t cac tuyen thong tin khac, nhng nhieu cung co the sinh ra
ngay trong tuyen va c goi la nhieu cung tuyen. Cac nguyen nhan gay ra nhieu
cung tuyen nh :
- Tap am nhieu kh phan cc
- Tap am nhieu kenh lan can
Nh ch ra tren hnh 5-8

Nhieu kh phan cc xuat hien trong cac he thong thong tin phan cc kep.
Loai nay b chi phoi bi ac tnh anten, con oi vi nhieu kenh lan can th do ac
tnh bo loc may thu .

Nhieu Nhieu
Tan so
Song phan cc ng
Song phan cc
ngang
Nhieu
Nhieu
Tan so
Hnh 5.8: Nhieu khi phan cc va nhieu kenh lan can
5.9. Phan phoi tap am
Trong mot tuyen thong tin ve tinh cac loai tap am va phan bo cua chung
c bieu th nh tren hnh 5-9 .

Hnh 5-9 Phan bo tap am
Da vao phan bo tap am ta co the cai tien chat lng bang viec thay oi
thiet b sao cho phu hp gia chat lng va kinh te
5.10. Tnh toan o san sang
Khi s dung cac tan so ln hn 10GHz trong cac tuyen thong tin ve tinh, chat
lng tuyen c quyet nh bang kha nang khong san sang do ma. Do o ta phai
xet en lng tang ve tap am bau tri va nhieu kh phan cc do ma va suy hao
cong suat thu. e xac nh ty so thi gian khong san sang, ta can phai tm ra lng
ma cho phep t cac ac tnh ma tram mat at. T o thiet ke he thong co cac ch
tieu ky thuat oi vi thiet b oi hoi co chat lng tuyen cao hn bnh thng.
C/N + I tch
hp khi
at c
chat
lng
tuyen theo
yeu cau
C/N + l
oi vi
ong len
C/N + l
oi vi
ong
xuong
Tap
am
nhiet
C/N
Tap
am
nhieu
C/l
Tap
am
nhiet
C/N
Tao
am
nhieu
C/l
Tap am
noi bo
Tap am
may thu
Tap am ngoai
Tap am be
mat mat
at
Nhieu khac he
thong
Nhieu cung he
thong
Nhieu kh
phan cc
Nhieu kenh
lan can
Tap am
noi bo
Tap am
ngoai
Nhieu
khac
h th
Nhieu
cung
he thong
Tap am may
thu
Tap am anten
Tap am he
thong tiep song
Tap am bau
tri
Tap am ma
Nhieu ng
viba tren mat
t
Nhieu kh
phan cc
Nhieu kenh lan
can
Tuy theo loai hnh thong tin ma chap nhan mot mc o khong san sang nao
o. Nham e giam tnh khong san sang ta lap at mot tram mat at cach nhau vai
chuc km va au noi chung bang tuyen thong tin tren mat at. Ky thuat nay goi la
phan tap iem c bieu dien tren hnh 5-10 . Yeu to khong san sang ngoai ma
con co nhieu mat tri va s co thiet b. oi vi nhieu mat tri o khong san sang
mot vai phut tren ngay trong 2 hoac 3 ngay vao luc thu phan va xuan phan. oi vi
thiet b, s co cho phep t 0,01 0,1% thi gian hoat ong vi tram khong co d
phong, t 0,001 0,1% thi gian hoat ong oi vi tram co d phong .

Hnh 5.10- Lap at cac tram mat at phan tap a iem

5.11. Tnh toan ket noi a truy nhap
Mot ac tnh cua tuyen a truy nhap la song vo tuyen phat t mot so tram
mat at i vao mot bo phat ap tai cung mot thi iem. V vay khi thiet ke tuyen
ng len t tram mat at en ve tinh, ta phai xet en hai iem sau :
- Tai iem au vao ve tinh thong tin, cac mc cong suat thu t moi tram
mat at phai giong nhau.
- Khi s dung he thong a truy nhap theo tan so (FDMA), phai s dung
mc lui au vao e tranh nhieu xuyen ieu che trong cac bo khuyech ai truyen
dan cua cac bo phat ap .

Tho ng tin ve tinh
ng xuong
Pha n tap a ie m
(kho ng gian)
n
g

l
e
n
Tuye n thong tin ma t at
Tram mat
at phat
Tram mat
at thu
Tram mat
at thu
Ma
CHNG VI
INH IOAN IUYEN IHONG IIN

6.1. Gii thieu chng
Trong thiet ke tuyen thong tin ve tinh a tnh, quan trong nhat la viec tnh
toan, la chon cau hnh va kch c cac tram sao cho gia thanh thiet b, chi ph thue
kenh ve tinh la nho nhat. Ngoai ra, nh mot ac iem ln cua thong tin ve tinh,
moi trng truyen song co anh hng ln en chat lng tn hieu va ban than no
lai thng thay oi. V vay khi la chon cac tham so cua tram can tnh en he so d
phong e duy tr mc tn hieu luon luon trong gii han cho phep vi mot dai thay
oi rong cac ieu kien kh hau, ac biet khi co ma ln .
Sap ti nc ta se phong ve tinh noi a rieng cua mnh th cac dch vu vien
thong qua ve tinh se phat trien nhanh chong va pho cap rong rai nh truyen hnh,
ien thoai, truyen so lieu e lap at ung mot anten tram mat at va tnh toan s
bo mot tuyen thong tin ve tinh, di ay trnh bay mot phng phap tnh toan n
gian va de thc hien .
6.2. Tnh toan tuyen thong tin ve tinh
6.2.1. Cac thong so can cho tnh toan
Cau hnh tram mat at can chon chu yeu la cac tham so :
Loai anten (ng knh, hieu suat, nhiet o tap am).
Cong suat may phat .
Viec tnh toan da tren mot so gia thiet cho trc nh :
Chat lng tn hieu yeu cau .
Cac tham so suy hao .
He so d tr.
Cac tham so s dung trong tnh toan thiet ke co the phan chia theo thanh
phan he thong lien quan nh :
1- Tram mat at
- V tr a ly cua tram, tnh toan cac tham so nh suy hao do ma, goc
ngang anten, c ly thong tin, suy hao ng truyen .
- Mc cong suat phat xa ang hng tng ng (EIRP), cong suat phat
xa, he so pham chat (G/T).
- Nhiet tap am he thong.
- Anh hng tap am ti ty so tn hieu tren tap am .
- Cac ac iem thiet b (suy hao fi, suy hao phan cc anten, ac tnh bo
loc ) e biet he so d tr ket noi .
2 - Ve tinh
- V tr cua ve tinh tren quy ao.
- Mc EIRP cua ve tinh, he so pham chat cua ve tinh.
- Bang thong bo phat ap, phan cc song, dai tan lam viec .
- Mat o thong lng cong suat tai ve tinh.
- Mc lui cong suat au vao (IBO), au ra (OBO).
6.3. Tnh toan
6.3.1. C ly thong tin, goc ngang va goc phng v cua anten tram mat at
1 C ly thong tin
d = ( ) ( ) cos 2
2 2
h R R R h R + + + (6.1)
trong o :
[ ] cos cos arccos =
d : Khoang cach t tram mat at en ve tinh.
R : Ban knh trai at (R = 6.341km).
h : o cao ve tinh so vi be mat trai at tai xch ao (h = 35.587km).
: V o cua tram mat at.
: Hieu so gia kinh o tram mat at (
E
) va kinh o ve tinh (
S
) :
= (
E
-
S
)
: goc tao bi gia hai ng thang tam trai at tram mat at va tam
trai at ve tinh (hnh 6-1)

Hnh 6.1
2- Goc ngang anten
E : la goc c tao bi gia ng thang noi t ve tinh en tram mat at va
mat phang tai tram mat at, c goi la goc ngang (hnh 6-2) va c tnh theo
bieu thc :
E =
( )

sin
1
h R
R
tg
arctg (6.2)

Tram mat at
Tam qua
at
Ve
tinh
R

Anten
Parabol
ng ngang
Goc ngang E
Hnh 6.2- Goc ngang anten
3- Goc phng v

a
la goc phng v tai iem thu c xac nh bi goc gia ng thang
hng ve phng bac va hnh chieu cua ng thang noi tram mat at - ve tinh len
mat phang tai tram mat at theo chieu kim ong ho, c tnh theo bieu thc :
Neu kinh o tram thu nho hn kinh o ve tinh (
E
<
S
) :

a

tg
tg
arccos (6.3)
Neu kinh o tram thu ln hn kinh o ve tinh (
E
>
S
) :

a
= 360
0
- arccos

tg
tg

6.3.2. Tnh toan cac thong so c ban
1- He so khuyech ai anten

2
D
G
MAX
(6.4)
[ ]
2
log 10
D
G
MAX
(dB)
G
MAX
: o tang ch anten.
: Hieu suat anten ( = 0,6).
D : ng knh anten parabol.
: Bc song.

( )
[ ] [ ]
2
3
12

=
dB
MAX
G G
(dB)
G
()
: o tang ch anten hng lech vi truc mot goc
3dB
: o rong bup song na cong suat

2. Cong suat bc xa ang hng tng ng
EIRP =
FT
T T
L
G P
(6.5)
[EIRP] = [ P
T
] [L
FT
] + [G
T
] (dB)
EIRP : Cong suat bc xa ang hng tng ng (dBW)
P
T
: Cong suat au ra may phat (dBW)
L
FT
: Ton hao bo tiep song pha phat (dB)
G
T
: He so tang ch anten phat (dB)
3. Mat o cong suat

( )
2 2
4 4
1
R
EIRP
R L
G P
e
FT
T T

= = (6.6)
: Mat o cong suat (W/m
2
)
R : Khoang cach t anten phat en anten thu
4. Suy hao ng truyen
L
P
=

+ L
I
+ L
A
+ L
R
theo bieu thc (5.5)
Trong o :
L
P
: Ton hao truyen song
L
I
: Ton hao hap thu trong tang ien ly
L
A
: Ton hao hap thu trong khong kh
L
R
: Suy hao do ma
Vi ton hao khong gian t do la c ban :
=
2
4
R

5. Cong suat song mang thu
[P
R
] = [C] = [ EIRP]
e
[L
P
] + [G
R
] [L
FR
] (dB) (6.7)
Trong o :
C : Mc cong suat cua song mang thu c (dBW)
G
R
: He so tang ch cua anten thu
L
FR
: Ton hao bo tiep song pha thu
6. Cong suat tap am
N = k.T.B (6.8)
Trong o :
N : Cong suat tap am (W)
k : Hang so Boltzmann (1,38 x 10
-23
W/Hz .
0
K)
T : Nhiet tap am he thong tng ng (
0
K)
B : o rong bang thong (Hz)
7. Nhiet tap am he thong thu
T = T
A
+ ( L
F
1 )T
0
+ L
F
T
R
(6.9)
Trong o :
T : Nhiet tap am tng ng cua he thong thu (
0
K)
T
0
: Nhiet cua bo tiep song (
0
K) (Nhiet cua moi trng )
L
F
: Ton hao cua bo tiep song (>1)
T
R
: Nhiet tap am tng ng cua may thu
T
A
: Nhiet tap am tng ng cua anten (
0
K) va c tnh :
- oi vi tuyen len, tap am nhan c bi anten la tap am t mat at
va tap am t khong gian ben ngoai co gia tr khoang 290K
- oi vi tuyen xuong tap am gay ra cho anten bao gom tap am t bau tri,
tap am do bc xa t mat at va tap am do ma (hnh 6-3) c tnh theo bieu thc :

GROUND
R
m
R
SKY
A
T T
T
T +
+ =

1
1
T
SKY
: Nhiet tap am bau tri, phu thuoc vao goc ngang va tan so
T
GROUND
: Nhiet tap am mat at (290K)
T
m
: Nhiet o vung ma co gia tr t 260K en 280K

R
: Suy hao do ma

Hnh 6.3- Cac anh hng cua nhiet tap am tram mat at

Neu tri khong ma th nhiet tap am anten :
T
A
= 50K oi vi 0
0
< E < 10
0
(E la goc ngang)
T
A
= 10K oi vi 10
0
< E < 90
0

Ngoai ra ngi ta thng dung thong so he so tap am (F) e bieu dien
nhiet tap am cua mot thiet b :

0
1
T
Te
F + =
T
e
: Nhiet tap am cua phan t
T
0
: Nhiet tap am chuan (T
0
= 290 K)
8. Ty so cong suat song mang tren cong suat tap am

kTB
C
N
C
= (6.10)
N : Cong suat tap am tao ra trong mot may thu co o rong bang B va tap
am nhiet tng ng T.
Ngoai ra con dung ty so cong suat song mang tren mat o cong suat tap am
C/N
0
e tnh mc tap am tng oi trong mot n v o rong bang (1Hz)

kT
C
B
N
C
N
C
= =
0
(Hz) (6.11)
[C/N
0
] = [C/N] + 10logB (dB-Hz)

Moi quan he gia C/N ; C/N
0
; C/T :
[C/N] = [C/T] - 10logk -10logB (6.12)
[C/T] = [C/N
0
] +10logk (6.13)
Trong o :
C/T : Cong suat song mang tren nhiet tap am
N
0
: Mat o cong suat tap am
B : o rong bang tap am tng ng

Ma t at
Bau tri
T
GROUND
T
Sky
Ma t at
Bau tri
T
GROUND
T /
Sky
T (1-1/ ) m
T m
R
9. Ty so tn hieu tren tap am S/N tai au ra bo giai ieu che FM
oi vi tn hieu ieu che co o rong pho (0 -f
max
), cong suat tap c o
trong dai thong B
N
= f
max

S/N =
0
2
max
max
max
2
3
N
C
f
F
f

(6.14)
max
F : o lech tan cc ai
f
m
: Tan

so cc ai cua tn hieu
Neu may thu co dai thong tap am tng ng B
N
bang vi o chiem dung
pho cua song mang (B
N
= B) th :
S/N =
N
C
f
F
f
B
N
2
max
max
max
2
3

B : o rong bang truyen dan B = 2(
max
F + f
m
)
10. Mc ngng
Khi ty so C/N au vao bo giai ieu che u ln, th S/N au ra ty le thuan
vi C/N au vao . Con neu C/N nho hn mot gia tr gii han nao o hay mot
ngng nao o ma lam cho moi quan he 1:1 cua au vao va ra cua bo giai ieu
che mat i va S/N au ra giam rat nhanh so vi s giam nho cua C/N au vao,
iem o goi la iem ngng. Trong thc te iem lam viec luon co C/N ln hn so
vi mc ngng. o chenh lech o c goi la o d tr ngng.
11. Tap am nhiet ng len
Tap am nhiet ng len chu yeu la do may thu ve tinh tao ra. Tap am nhiet
c tnh bang ty so cong suat song mang tren cong suat tap am C/N tai au vao
may thu ve tinh.
C/N =
( )
kTB
G
L
EIRP
S
U
e
(6.15)
Hoac
( )
T
G
L
EIRP
T
C
S
U
e
=
Bieu th (6.15) dang dB
[C/N] = [EIRP]
e
- [L
U
] + [ G/T]
S
- [K] [B]
[C/T] = [EIRP]
e
- [ L
U
] + [ G/T]
S

Ta cung co the bieu th [C/T] theo mat o cong suat tai ve tinh :
[C/T] = [] 10log(4 /
2
) [IBO] +[G/T]
S
(6.16)
: Mat o cong suat (bieu th cong suat bao hoa cua tram phat ap ve
tinh khi thu nhieu song mang, con EIRP c s dung e tnh vi mot song mang).
IBO : He so lui au vao
(G/T)
S
: He so pham chat tram thu ve tinh

12. Tap am nhiet ng xuong
Cac nguon tap am nhiet cua ng xuong chu yeu la tap am nhiet do anten
thu c t ben ngoai va tap am nhiet cua may thu tram mat at. c tnh bang
ty so cong suat song mang tren cong suat tap am tai au vao bo giai ieu che cua
may thu tram mat at .
C/N =
( )
kTB L
G EIRP
d
e S
(6.17)
Bieu dien di dang dB
[C/N] = [EIRP]
S
[L
d
] + [G/T]
e
[k] [B]
[C/T] = [EIRP]
S
- [ L
d
] +[G/T]
e
Trong o :
(EIRP)
S
: EIRP cua ve tinh
G
e
: He so tang ch anten thu tram mat at
L
d
: Ton hao trong khong gian t do cua ng xuong
13. o lui au vao va au ra bo phat ap
Vi bo phat ap thong thng gia cong suat vao (P
i
) va cong suat ra(P
0
)
luon co moi quan he theo mot ac tuyen nao o v du nh (hnh 6-4).

Hnh 6.4- at tnh truyen at cong suat cua bo phat ap ve tinh

P
i
P
o
L
FR
L
FT
Tuyen xuong Tuyen le n
Bo pha t ap
M c ra tai iem bao ho a
o lui au ra
o lui au vao
M c vao tai ie m ba o hoa M c vao tai ie m la m viec
M
c

r
a
M c vao
M c ra tai
iem lam
viec

Khi cong suat vao mc bao hoa (P
i
)
sat
th cong suat ra cung mc bao
hoa (P
0
)
sat
, luc o ta co he so khuyech ai cong suat bao hoa (G
sat
) cua bo phat ap
:
G
sat
=
( )
( )
sat i
sat
P
P
0

Nh chung ta biet khi bo phat ap lam viec che o nhieu song mang tai
iem lam viec bao hoa th tap am nhieu xuyen ieu che kha ln. Do o phai lui
iem lam viec mot he so nao o khi o ta co :
- o lui au vao: IBO =
( )
sat i
i
P
P
(6.18)
- o lui au ra : OBO =
( )
sat
P
P
0
0
(6.19)
Nh vay tai bat ky mot iem lam viec nao he so khuyech ai cong suat cua
bo phat ap co gia tr :
G =
( )
( )
sat
sat i
sat
i
G
IBO
OBO
P IOB
P OBO
P
P
= =
0 0
(6.20)
Bo lap c bieu th bi hai ai lng sau :
- EIRP bao hoa lam viec vi song mang n (EIRP
sat
)
SL
, cung giong nh
cong thc (6.5) va thay the P
T
bi (P
0
)
sat
ta co :

FT
T sat
SL sat
L
G P
EIRP
max 0
) (
) ( = (W)

- Mat o thong lng cong suat gay cho bo phat ap bao hoa (
sat
)
SL
. Ket
hp t cong thc (6.6) , (6.7) va thay P
R
bi (P
0
)
sat
, ta co :
( )
( )
2
max
4
U
R
FR sat i
SL sat
G
L P
= (W/m
2
)
Moi quan he gia he so khuyech ai cong suat, EIRP, va mat o cong suat
bao hoa ve tinh :
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
SL sat
SL sat
U
R T
FT FR
sat i
sat
sat
EIRP
G G
L L
P
P
G
= =
2
max max
0
4
(6.21)
Trongo :
G
sat
: He so khuyech ai cong suat bao hoa bo phat ap .
L
FR
, L
FT
: Suy hao cua bo tiep song phat va thu cua ve tinh.
G
Tmax
, G
Rmax
: He so tang ch cua anten phat va thu cua ve tinh.
EIRP
sat
: EIRP bao hoa cua ve tinh .
sat
: Mat o cong suat bao hoa ve tinh.

u
: Bc song phat ng len.
14. Tong tap am ng truyen
Tong tap am ng truyen bao gom tap am nhiet ng len, tap am xuyen
ieu che cua mot tram phat ap ve tinh, tap am nhiet ng xuong va tap am
nhieu trong he thong .
1. Xet trng hp ch co tap am nhiet ng len va tap am nhiet ng xuong.
Cong suat cua tn hieu thu tai au vao cua may thu tram mat at la C
D
.
Tap am tai au vao may thu tram mat at tng ng vi tong sau :
(N
0
)
T
= (N
0
)
D
+ G (N
0
)
U

Trong o :
(N
0
)
T
: Tap am tong.
(N
0
)
D
= kT
D
: Tap am tuyen xuong (ng vi nhiet tap am cua he thong thu T
D
).
(N
0
)
U
: Tap am tuyen len.
G =
FR D FT
R T LS
L L L
G G G
la he so khuyech ai cong suat tong gia au vao
may thu ve tinh va au vao may thu tram mat at c hnh thanh bi he so
khuyech ai cua bo lap G
SL
, he so khuyech ai cua anten phat ve tinh G
T
, he so
khuyech ai anten thu tram mat at G
R
, suy hao tuyen xuong L
D
, va suy hao bo
tiep song phat ve tinh, thu tram mat at (L
FT
, L
FR
) .
Ta thay :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
+ =
+
= =
G
C
N
C
N
C
N G N
C
N
C
N
D
U
D
D
D
U D
D
T
T
0 0 0 0 0 0

Trong bieu thc tren so hang
G
C
D
bieu th cho cong suat tn hieu tai au
vao may thu ve tinh do o :
( )
U D
U
C
N
G
C
N
0 0

Vay :
D U T
C
N
C
N
C
N
0 0 0

Hay :
D U
T
N
C
N
C
N
C
0 0
0
1 1
1
(6.22)
Tng t nh cach tnh tren khi co nhieu he thong va nhieu xuyen ieu
che th c tnh theo bieu thc sau :

D I IM U
T
T
C
T
C
T
C
T
C
T
C
1 1 1 1
1
(6.23)
Trong o :
(C/T)
U
: Tap am nhiet ng len
(C/T)
D
: Tap am nhiet ng xuong
(C/T)
IM
: Tap am xuyen ieu che tram ve tinh
(C/T)
I
: Tap am nhieu trong he thong
6.4. Tnh toan d tr tuyen tram thu truyen hnh qua ve tinh (TVRO)
e tnh toan d tr tuyen ta gia thiet co mot he thong thu tn hieu truyen
hnh Viet Nam qua ve tinh vi cac thong so :
Ve tinh : MESAT 1
Quy ao : a tnh
V tr : 91
0
5 kinh o ong
Bang tan len : 6GHz
Bang tan xuong : 4GHz
EIRP (Viet Nam) : 36dBW
au cuoi TVRO
Toa o tram mat at : 109
0
5E ; 12
0
8N (Phu yen)
Anten
Kieu Anten : Parabol ng knh 3m
Suy hao bo tiep song : 0,1dB
Bo khuyech ai tap am thap : Loai SIDEKICK
TM
II
Nhiet o tap am : 30K
He so khuyech ai : 65dB
May thu : Loai Echostar LT- 830
Mc tn hieu vao : -63 en -25dBm
Dai thong IF : 27 MHz
Ngng FM : 7dB C/N
Bay gi ta tnh toan ty so C/N tai may thu at c va so sanh vi mc
ngng, t o ta anh gia he thong co at chat lng khong.
Trc het ta tnh cac thong so goc ngang anten, goc phng v va c ly
truyen song cua tram mat at vi ve tinh.
1- C ly thong tin
Theo (6.1) ta co
d = ( ) ( ) cos 2
2 2
h R R R h R + + +
vi :
[ ] cos cos arccos =
= 12
0
8 N (v o tram thu )
= 109
0
5 91
0
5 = 18
0
(Hieu kinh o )
= arccos[cos12
0
8 cos 18
0
]
0
22
R = 6.340km( ban knh trai at )
H = 35.587km (o cao ve ttinh a tnh )
d = ( ) km 36127 22 cos ) 41927 )( 6340 ( 2 ) 6340 ( 41927
0 2 2
= +
d = 36127km
2. Goc ngang anten tram thu
Theo cong thc (6.2)

+
=
sin ) (
1
h R
R
tg
arctg E
23 64
) 22 sin( 41927
6340
22
1
0
0 0
=
=
tg
arctg E

3. Goc phng v
Theo (6.3) ta co

tg
tg
a
arccos
2 124
22
8 12
arccos
0
0
0
=
=
tg
tg
a

V tram thu co kinh o ln hn kinh o ve tinh nen goc phng v :

a
= 360
0
- 124
0
2 = 235
0
8
Vay e thu c chng trnh truyen hnh Viet Nam phat qua ve tinh MESAT1
th cac anten thu phu yen co goc ngang E = 64
0
23 ; goc phng v
a
= 235
0
8
e tnh ty so cong suat song mang tren cong suat tap am theo (6.17) ta co :
[C/N] = [EIRP] [L
d
] + [G/T] [k] [B] (dB)
L
d
la ton hao ng truyen vi khoang cach 36.127km tai tan so 4GHz la :
[L
d
] = 10 log
2
4
d

= 20log
8
9 3
10 . 3
) 10 . 4 ).( 10 . 36127 ).( 14 , 3 .( 4
= 195,6 dB
= c/f vi c : la van toc anh sang bang 3.10
8
m/s
f : tan so song t ve tinh phat xuong
Anten thu parabol co ng knh 3m vi tan so 4GHz co o tang ch la :

2
8
9
2
10 . 3
) 10 . 4 .( 3 ). 14 , 3 (
6 , 0 log 10 log 10 ] [

D
G = 39,7dB
Nhiet o tap am he thong :
T = T
A
+ ( L
F
1 )T
0
+ L
F
T
R
T
A
nhiet tap am anten vi goc ngang E = 64
0
23 , nen theo muc (6.3.2.7.) ta co
T
A
= 10K
Tap am nhiet do suy hao bo tiep song :
(L
F
1)T
0
= (1,023 1) 290 K = 6,67K
vi : L
F
= 0,1dB = 10
0,1/10
= 1,023
T
0
= 290K (nhiet o moi trng)
Tap am may thu :
Ta biet rang tap am may thu chu yeu la do tang LNA quyet nh do o :
T
R
= L
F
T
LNA
= (1,023). 30 = 30,69K
Vay nhiet o tap am he thong la:
T = 10 + 6,67 + (1,023). (30,69) = 48,06K
T = 48,06K [T] = 10log 48,06 = 16,8dB
He so pham chat tram thu :
[G/T] = [G] [T] = 39,7 - 16,8 = 22,9dB/K
Dai thong : B = 27MHz => [B] = 10log27.10
6
= 74,3 dB
Hang so Bolzmann : k =1,38062 . 10
-23
(W/ HzK)
[k] = 10log 1,38062 . 10
-23
= -228,6 dB (W/HzK)
[C/N] = 36 - 195,6 + 22,9 74,3 + 228,6 = 17,6 dB
Vay ty so song mang tren tap am C/N au vao may thu la 17,6dB
Cong suat song mang tai au vao may thu :
[P
R
] = [EIRP] [L
d
]+ [G
A
] [L
FR
]+ [G
LNA
]

= 36 -195,6 + 39,7 0,1 + 65 = -55 dBW = -25dBm
So sanh cac thong so at c sau tnh toan va cac yeu cau thiet b
(S/N = 7dB , P
R
t -63 en -25dBm). Trong ieu kien thi tiet tot vi he thong nay
at chat lng tot .
o d tr ngng :
E = 17,6 7 = 10 dB
Xet trng hp co ma.
Khi co ma ngoai cac ton hao va nhiet tap am tren con co them ton hao do
ma va tap am nhiet do ma gay ra.
Suy hao do ma :
Da vao ban o cng o ma R
0,01
tai khu vc Chau A Thai bnh dng
, Viet Nam R
0,01
= 120mm/h. T o s dung bieu o e xac nh suy hao
(dB/km) vi tan so 4GHz phan cc ngang ta co :
R
= 0,15dB/km
Chieu dai song i trong ma : L
S
= H
0
/ sinE
H
0
= h
R
h
s
= 4km 0,05km = 3,95km
h
R
: o cao cn ma 4km
(theo mo hnh 86 cua CCIR vi cac v tr tram v o <36
0
)
h
S
: o cao tram thu (chon 50m)
E : Goc ngang anten tram thu E = 64
0
23 ( nh a tnh phan tren)
L
S
= 3,95/sin64
0
23 = 4,386 km
Suy hao do ma :
R
=
R
.L
S
= (0,15). (4,386) = 0,65dB = 1,16
Nhiet tap am do ma gay ra bang :
T
m
(1 1/
R
) = 270 ( 1 1/1,16) = 37,53K
Vi T
m
la nhiet o am ma khoang 270K

Vay tap am nhiet he thong khi co ma :
T = 48,06 + 37,53 = 86,13 K = 19,35dB
[G/T] = 39,7 19,35 = 20,3 dB/K
[C/N] = 36 (195,6 +0,65 ) + 20,3 74,3 + 228,6 = 14,35 dB
o d tr ngng : E = 14,35 7 = 7,35dB
Vay vi he thong thu nay khi thi tiet co ma van thu tot

KET LUAN E TAI

Vi nhng van e a c trnh bay trong o an, ta thay rang thong tin ve
tinh la he thong vo cung quan trong trong thong tin lien lac hien nay, co rat nhieu
ng dung trong cuoc song chung ta ve chnh tr, kinh te, van hoa v.v
Nhu cau thong tin cua con ngi ngay cang gia tang do o oi hoi ky thuat
ve tinh cung phai phat trien khong ngng, nham phat huy tnh nang u viet cua
thong tin ve tinh va vt qua cac han che ma thong tin ve tinh gap phai nh suy
hao ng truyen ln, tap am cao va gii han quy ao a tnh . Bang cach tang
cong suat may phat tram ve tinh, s dung cac linh kien co ac tnh tap am thap, s
dung cac he thong ve tinh co quy ao thap v.v
Vi e tai nay cho ta thay mc o cua cac loai suy hao, cac nguyen nhan
sinh ra tap am va cach tnh toan mot tuyen thong tin t tram en tram thong qua ve
tinh, e t o ta thiet lap mot tuyen thong tin sao cho at chat lng va phu hp vi
nhu cau thong tin, tnh kinh te cao.

CAC T VIET TAT

FDMA Frequencies Division Multiple Access a truy nhap phan chia theo tan so
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhap phan chia theo thi gian
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhap phan chia theo ma
SSMA Spread Spectrum Multiple Access a truy nhap trai pho
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power Cong suat bc xa ang hng
tng ng
TWTA Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier Bo khuyech ai en song chay
VSAT Very Small Apertur Terminal Tram au cuoi rat nho
TVRO Television Receive only Tram ch thu truyen hnh
CCIR Comite Consultatif International des
Radiocommunications
Uy ban t van vo tuyen Quoc te
HPA High Power Amplies Bo khuyech ai cong suat cao
INTERSAT International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization
To chc ve tinh vien thong Quoc te
ITU International Telecommunications
Union
Lien minh vien thong Quoc te

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1- Bien dch : KS. Nguyen nh Lng
Thong tin ve tinh
Nha xuat ban bu ien nam 2001
2- Bien dch : KS. Nguyen nh Lng - KS. Nguyen Thanh Viet
Cac he thong thong tin ve tinh ( tap 1)
Nha xuat ban bu ien nam 2001
3- PGS.TS. Thai Hong Nh TS. Pham minh Viet
He thong vien thong (tap 1 ,2)
Nha xuat ban giao duc nam 2001
4- GS. TSkt. Phan Anh
Trng ien t va truyen song
Nha xuat ban ai hoc quoc gia Ha noi 5/2000
5- Vu nh Thanh
He thong vien thong
Trng ai hoc bach khoa Tp. Ho Ch Minh nam 1996
6- TS. Nguyen Kim Sach
Thu truyen hnh trc tiep t ve tinh
Nha xuat ban khoa hoc ky thuat nam 1991
7- KS. Ngo Anh Ba
Truyen hnh ve tinh
Tap ch ien t nam 1994

Thong Tin Ve Tinh2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thong Tin Ve Tinh2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://www.ebook.edu.

You might also like