RC Detailing to Eurocode 2

Jenny Burridge MA CEng MICE MIStructE Head of Structural Engineering

Structural Eurocodes
BS EN 1990 (EC0): BS EN 1991 (EC1): Basis of structural design Actions on Structures

BS EN 1992 (EC2): BS EN 1993 (EC3): BS EN 1994 (EC4): BS EN 1995 (EC5): BS EN 1996 (EC6): BS EN 1999 (EC9):

Design of concrete structures Design of steel structures Design of composite steel and concrete structures Design of timber structures Design of masonry structures Design of aluminium structures

BS EN 1997 (EC7): BS EN 1998 (EC8):

Geotechnical design Design of structures for earthquake resistance

Eurocode 2 - contents
General Basis of design Materials Durability and cover to reinforcement Structural analysis Ultimate limit state Serviceability limit state Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons General Detailing of member and particular rules Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures Lightweight aggregated concrete structures Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures

Eurocode 2 - Annexes
A. (Informative) B. (Informative) C. (Normative) D. (Informative) E. (Informative) F. (Informative) G. (Informative) H. (Informative) I. (Informative) J. (Informative) Modification of partial factors for materials Creep and shrinkage strain Reinforcement properties Detailed calculation method for prestressing steel relaxation losses Indicative Strength Classes for durability Reinforcement expressions for in-plane stress conditions Soil structure interaction Global second order effects in structures Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry or action (Detailing rules for particular situations) EC2 Annex J - replaced by Annex B in PD 6687

Standards
BS EN 13670 Execution of Structures N.A. BS EN 206-1 Specifying Concrete BS EN 1992 Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: BS 8500 Specifying Concrete Part 1-2: Part 2: Part 3: General & buildings Fire design Bridges Liquid retaining BS 4449 Reinforcing Steels NSCS

BS EN 10080 Reinforcing Steels

PD 6687-1 (Parts 1 & 3) PD 6687-2 ( Part 2) National Annex BS 8666 Reinforcement Scheduling

Specification NSCS, Finishes

NSCS Guidance: 1 Basic 2 Ordinary 3 Plain 4 Special Visual Concrete

Labour and Material (Peri)

24% 58%

18%

Rationalisation of Reinforcement

Optimum cost depends on:

Material cost Labour Plant Preliminaries Finance

Team decision required

Detailing

Reinforcement

Reinforcement

EC2 does not cover the use of plain or mild steel reinforcement

Principles and Rules are given for deformed bars, decoiled rods, welded fabric and lattice girders.

EN 10080 provides the performance characteristics and testing methods but does not specify the material properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2

Properties of reinforcement (Annex C)

Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics

Class
Characteristic yield strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa) k = (ft/fy)k

B
seismic

cold worked

400 to 600 hot rolled 1,15 <1,35 7,5 1,05 2,5

1,05 2,5

1,08 5,0

1,08 5,0

1,15 <1,35 7,5

Characteristic strain at maximum force, uk (%) Fatigue stress range (N = 2 x 106) (MPa) with an upper limit of 0.6fyk

150

100

The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk, = 600 MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and 4483 for normal supply.

Extract BS 8666

www.ukcares.co.uk www.uk-bar.org
UK CARES (Certification - Product & Companies) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Reinforcing bar and coil Reinforcing fabric Steel wire for direct use of for further processing Cut and bent reinforcement Welding and prefabrication of reinforcing

steel

www.ukcares.co.uk www.uk-bar.org A

Reinforcement supply
Coil up to 16mm (2.5T) Bar 12,14,15 and 18m Cut and bent approx 550 to 650/T

Table power bender

Health & Safety

Potential Risk factor Low Medium High

High Risk 33,51,56,63,64 & 99?

Comment Sausage Link. Health and safety risk is high with larger diameter bar. Also the risk increases with small dimensions. When bent on an automatic link bender with small diameter bars the risk is relatively low. When bending on a manual bender the risk is high, especially with larger diameters and non standard formers. Boot Link. Greater risk than shape code 51 as the bars have to cross over twice to achieve the shape. Health and safety risk becomes higher with larger diameter bar. Also the risk increases with small dimensions. See Note SN2. When bent on an automatic link bender with small diameter bars the risk is relatively low. When bending on a manual bender the risk is higher, especially with larger diameters. Designer This shape is designed for producing small to medium sized links in small diameter bar. Do not detail this shape in large diameter bar, try to use an alternative (eg. 2 no. shape code 13s facing each other to create a shape code 33). See Note SN2. Smaller diameter bars cause less of a problem as they can often be produced on an automatic link bending machine. Larger diameter bars have to be produced on a manual power bender with the potential to trap the operators fingers. Try to avoid/minimise the use of shapes which cause a scissor action, especially with larger diameter bars. Fabricator See Note SN2. Great care should be taken when bending this shape. If the operator has concerns when producing this shape he should consult his supervisor.

SC 33

Detail

64

Bending
Minimum Bending & projections Minimum Bends 6mm - 16mm = 2x Dia Internal 20mm - 50mm = 3.5x Dia Internal Minimum of 4 x dia between bends End Projection = 5 x Dia from end of bend
BS8666, Table 2

Tolerances (not in EC2BS8666)

Minimum Cover for Bond

For bars: Bar diameter For post-tensioned tendons: Circular ducts: Duct diameter Rectangular ducts: The greater of: the smaller dimension or half the greater dimension

For pre-tensioned tendons: 1.5 x diameter of strand or wire 2.5 x diameter of indented wire

Structural Fire Design

BS EN 1992-1-2
Scope:
Part 1-2 Structural fire design gives several methods for fire engineering Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5

Reinforcement cover
Axis distance, a, to centre of bar a = c + m/2 + l

Axis Distance

Allowance in Design for Deviation

cdev: Allowance for deviation = 10mm
A reduction in cdev may be permitted: for a quality assurance system, which includes measuring concrete cover, 10 mm cdev 5 mm where very accurate measurements are taken and non conforming members are rejected (eg precast elements) 10 mm cdev 0 mm

Nominal Cover

Nominal cover, cnom Minimum cover, cmin

cmin = max {cmin,b; cmin,dur ; 10 mm}

Allowance for deviation, cdev

Axis distance, a
Fire protection

Procurement

Lead-in times should be 4 weeks for rebar

Express reinforcement (and therefore expensive) 1 7 days

The more complicated the scheduling the longer for bending

Standard Detailing
Practicalities 12m maximum length H20 to H40 (12m H40 = 18 stone/ 118Kg) Health & safety 9m maximum length H16 & H12 6m maximum length H10 & H8 Transport Fixing

Control of Cracking
EC2: Cl. 7.3

In Eurocode 2 cracking is controlled in the following ways: Minimum areas of reinforcement cl 7.3.2 & Equ 7.1 As,mins = kckfct,effAct this is the same as Crack width limits (Cl. 7.3.1 and National Annex). These limits can be met by either: direct calculation (Cl. 7.3.4) crack width is Wk Used for liquid retaining structures deemed to satisfy rules (Cl. 7.3.3) Note: slabs 200mm depth are OK if As,min is provided.

Minimum Reinforcement Area

EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.1, Eq 9.1N The minimum area of reinforcement for slabs (and beams) is given by:

A s,min

0.26 fctm bt d 0.0013 b t d fyk

Crack Control Without Direct EC2: Cl. 7.3.3 Calculation

Provide minimum reinforcement. Crack control may be achieved in two ways: limiting the maximum bar diameter using Table 7.2N limiting the maximum bar spacing using Table 7.3N

Note: For cracking due to restraint use only max bar size

Spacing of bars
EC2: Cl. 8.2 Clear horizontal and vertical distance , (dg +5mm) or 20mm For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer should be located vertically above each other. There should be room to allow access for vibrators and good compaction of concrete.

Ultimate bond stress

EC2: Cl. 8.4.2 The design value of the ultimate bond stress, fbd = 2.25 12fctd where fctd should be limited to C60/75 1 =1 for good and 0.7 for poor bond conditions 2 = 1 for 32, otherwise (132- )/100
Direction of concreting Direction of concreting

250

a) 45 90
Direction of concreting

c) h > 250 mm
Direction of concreting
300

b) h 250 mm

d) h > 600 mm

unhatched zone good bond conditions hatched zone - poor bond conditions

Basic required anchorage length

EC2: Cl. 8.4.3

lb,rqd = ( / 4) (sd / fbd) where sd is the design stress of the bar at the position from where the anchorage is measured. For bent bars lb,rqd should be measured along the centreline of the bar

Design Anchorage Length, lbd

EC2: Cl. 8.4.4 lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb,rqd lb,min However: (2 3 5) 0.7 lb,min > max(0.3lb,rqd ; 10, 100mm)

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Anchorage of links
EC2: Cl. 8.5

Design Lap Length, l0 (8.7.3)

EC2: Cl. 8.7.3 l0 = 1 2 3 5 6 lb,rqd l0,min 1 2 3 5 are as defined for anchorage length 6 = (1/25)0,5 but between 1.0 and 1.5 where 1 is the % of reinforcement lapped within 0.65l0 from the centre of the lap Percentage of lapped bars relative to the total crosssection area 6 < 25% 33% 50% >50%

1.15

1.4

1.5

Note: Intermediate values may be determined by interpolation. l0,min max{0.3 6 lb,rqd; 15; 200}

Worked example
Anchorage and lap lengths

Anchorage Worked Example

Calculate the tension anchorage for an H16 bar in the bottom of a slab: a) Straight bars b) Other shape bars (Fig 8.1 b, c and d)

Concrete strength class is C25/30 Nominal cover is 25mm

Bond stress, fbd

fbd = 2.25 1 2 fctd 1 = 1.0 Good bond conditions 2 = 1.0 bar size 32 fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c ct = 1.0 c = 1.5 EC2 Table 3.1 fctk,0,05 = 0.7 x 0.3 fck2/3 = 0.21 x 252/3 = 1.8 MPa fctd = ct fctk,0,05/c = 1.8/1.5 = 1.2 fbd = 2.25 x 1.2 = 2.7 MPa EC2 cl 3.1.6(2), Equ 3.16 EC2 Equ. 8.2

Basic anchorage length, lb,req

lb.req = (/4) ( sd/fbd) EC2 Equ 8.3

Max stress in the bar, sd = fyk/s = 500/1.15 = 435MPa. lb.req = (/4) ( 435/2.7) = 40.3 For concrete class C25/30

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) For concrete class C25/30

Alpha values
EC2: Table 8.2 Concise: 11.4.2

Table 8.2 - Cd & K factors

EC2: Figure 8.3 Concise: Figure 11.3

EC2: Figure 8.4

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) 1 = 1.0 3 = 1.0 4 = 1.0 5 = 1.0 conservative value with K= 0 N/A conservative value For concrete class C25/30 a) Tension anchorage straight bar

2 = 1.0 0.15 (cd )/ 2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 16)/16 = 0.916 lbd = 0.916 x 40.3 = 36.9 = 590mm

Design anchorage length, lbd

lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 lb.req lb,min lbd = 1 2 3 4 5 (40.3) 1 = 1.0 3 = 1.0 4 = 1.0 5 = 1.0 For concrete class C25/30 b) Tension anchorage Other shape bars cd = 25 is 3 = 3 x 16 = 48 conservative value with K= 0 N/A conservative value

2 = 1.0 0.15 (cd 3)/ 1.0 2 = 1.0 0.15 (25 48)/16 = 1.25 1.0 lbd = 1.0 x 40.3 = 40.3 = 645mm

Worked example - summary

H16 Bars Concrete class C25/30 25 Nominal cover Tension anchorage straight bar Tension anchorage Other shape bars lbd = 36.9 = 590mm lbd = 40.3 = 645mm

lbd is measured along the centreline of the bar Compression anchorage (1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 1.0) lbd = 40.3 = 645mm Anchorage for Poor bond conditions = Good/0.7 Lap length = anchorage length x 6

Anchorage & lap lengths

How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.2, Fig 8.7

If more than one layer a maximum of 50% can be lapped

Arrangement of Laps
EC2: Cl. 8.7.3, Fig 8.8

Transverse Reinforcement
Anchorage of bars

There is transverse tension reinforcement required

Transverse Reinforcement
Lapping of bars

F tan

F tan F/2 F/2

There is transverse tension reinforcement required

Transverse Reinforcement at Laps Bars in tension

EC2: Cl. 8.7.4, Fig 8.9

only if bar 20mm or laps > 25%

Where the diameter, , of the lapped bars 20 mm, the transverse reinforcement should have a total area, Ast 1,0As of one spliced bar. It should be placed perpendicular to the direction of the lapped reinforcement and between that and the surface of the concrete. If more than 50% of the reinforcement is lapped at one point and the distance between adjacent laps at a section is 10 transverse bars should be formed by links or U bars anchored into the body of the section. The transverse reinforcement provided as above should be positioned at the outer sections of the lap as shown below.

Ast /2
l 0 /3
F s

Ast /2
l 0 /3 150 mm F s l0

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

As,min = 0,26 (fctm/fyk)btd but 0,0013btd

As,max = 0,04 Ac Section at supports should be designed for a hogging moment 0,25 max. span moment Any design compression reinforcement () should be held by transverse reinforcement with spacing 15

Beams
EC2: Cl. 9.2

Tension reinforcement in a flanged beam at supports should be spread over the effective width (see 5.3.2.1)

Shear Design: Links

EC2: Cl. 6.2.3

Variable strut method allows a shallower strut angle hence activating more links. As strut angle reduces concrete stress increases

V z x
Angle = 45 V carried on 3 links

s d x

V z d

Angle = 21.8 V carried on 6 links

Short Shear Spans with Direct Strut Action

EC2: Cl. 6.2.3 (8)
d av av

Where av 2d the applied shear force, VEd, for a point load (eg, corbel, pile cap etc) may be reduced by a factor av/2d where 0.5 av 2d provided:
The longitudinal reinforcement is fully anchored at the support. Only that shear reinforcement provided within the central 0.75av is included in the resistance.

Note: see PD6687-1:2010 Cl 2.14 for more information.

Shear reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.2

Minimum shear reinforcement, w,min = (0,08fck)/fyk

Maximum longitudinal spacing, sl,max = 0,75d (1 + cot) For vertical links sl,max = 0,75d Maximum transverse spacing, st,max = 0,75d 600 mm

Shear Design
EC2: Cl. 6.2.3

V z x s x V z d d

Curtailment of reinforcement
EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.3, Fig 9.2
Envelope of (M Ed /z +N Ed ) Acting tensile force Resisting tensile force
Ftd lbd lbd lbd

al

lbd

al Ftd lbd lbd lbd lbd

Shift rule

For members without shear reinforcement this is satisfied with al = d For members with shear reinforcement: al = 0.5 z Cot But it is always conservative to use al = 1.125d

Anchorage of Bottom Reinforcement at End Supports

EC2: Cl. 9.2.1.4
Tensile Force Envelope al

Shear shift rule

Simple support (indirect)

Simple support (direct)

As bottom steel at support 0.25 As provided in the span lbd is required from the line of contact of the support. Transverse pressure may only be taken into account with a direct support.

Simplified Detailing Rules for Beams

Supporting Reinforcement at Indirect Supports

EC2: Cl. 9.2.5
A B supporting beam with height h1 supported beam with height h2 (h1 h2)

B
h 2 /3

h 2 /2

Plan view The supporting reinforcement is in addition to that required for other reasons
h 1 /3 h 1 /2

The supporting links may be placed in a zone beyond the intersection of beams

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Curtailment as beams except for the Shift rule al = d may be used Flexural Reinforcement min and max areas as beam Secondary transverse steel not less than 20% main reinforcement Reinforcement at Free Edges

Solid slabs
EC2: Cl. 9.3

Where partial fixity exists, not taken into account in design: Internal supports: As,top 0,25As for Mmax in adjacent span End supports: As,top 0,15As for Mmax in adjacent span This top reinforcement should extend 0,2 adjacent span

Particular rules for flat slabs Distribution of moments

EC2: Table I.1

Particular rules for flat slabs

EC2: Cl. 9.4

Arrangement of reinforcement should reflect behaviour under working conditions. At internal columns 0.5At should be placed in a width = 0.25 panel width. At least two bottom bars should pass through internal columns in each orthogonal directions.

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.2

h 4b min 12 As,min = 0,10NEd/fyd but 0,002 Ac As,max = 0.04 Ac (0,08Ac at laps)

Minimum number of bars in a circular column is 4. Where direction of longitudinal bars changes more than 1:12 the spacing of transverse reinforcement should be calculated.

Columns
EC2: Cl. 9.5.3
150mm

scl,tmax

150mm

scl,tmax = min {20 min; b ; 400mm} scl,tmax should be reduced by a factor 0,6: in sections within h above or below a beam or slab near lapped joints where > 14. A min of 3 bars is required in lap length scl,tmax = min {12 min; 0.6b ; 240mm}

Walls
Vertical Reinforcement As,vmin = 0,002 Ac (half located at each face) As,vmax = 0.04 Ac (0,08Ac at laps) svmax = 3 wall thickness or 400mm Horizontal Reinforcement As,hmin = 0,25 Vert. Rein. or 0,001Ac shmax = 400mm Transverse Reinforcement Where total vert. rein. exceeds 0,02 Ac links required as for columns Where main rein. placed closest to face of wall links are required (at least 4No. m2). [Not required for welded mesh or bars
16mm with cover at least 2.]

Detailing Comparisons
Beams Main Bars in Tension
As,min As,max

EC2 Clause / Values

9.2.1.1 (1): 0.0013 bd 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.26 fctm/fykbd 0.04 bd

BS 8110 Values
0.0013 bh 0.04 bh

Main Bars in Compression

As,min As,max -9.2.1.1 (3): 0.04 bd 0.002 bh 0.04 bh

Spacing of Main Bars

smin Smax 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or or 20mm dg + 5 mm or Table 3.28 Table 7.3N

Links
Asw,min sl,max st,max 9.2.2 (5): 9.2.2 (6): 9.2.2 (8): (0.08 b s fck)/fyk 0.75 d 0.75 d 600 mm 0.4 b s/0.87 fyv 0.75d d or 150 mm from main bar

9.2.1.2 (3) or 15 from main bar

Detailing Comparisons
Slabs Main Bars in Tension
As,min As,max As,min As,max

EC2 Clause / Values

9.2.1.1 (1): 0.04 bd 0.26 fctm/fykbd 0.0013 bd

BS 8110 Values
0.0013 bh 0.04 bh

Secondary Transverse Bars

9.3.1.1 (2): 9.2.1.1 (3): 0.2As for single way slabs 0.04 bd 0.002 bh 0.04 bh dg + 5 mm or 3d or 750 mm

Spacing of Bars
smin Smax 8.2 (2): dg + 5 mm or or 20mm 9.3.1.1 (3): main 3h 400 mm secondary: 3.5h 450 mm places of maximum moment: main: 2h 250 mm secondary: 3h 400 mm

Detailing Comparisons
Punching Shear Links Asw,min Spacing of Links Sr St 9.4.3 (1): 9.4.3 (1): within 1st control perim.: 1.5d outside 1st control perim.: 2d Columns Main Bars in Compression As,min As,max Links Min size Scl,tmax 9.5.3 (1) 0.25 or 6 mm 9.5.3 (3): min (12min; 0.6 b;240 mm) 9.5.3 (6): 150 mm from main bar 0.25 or 6 mm 12 150 mm from main bar 9.5.2 (2): 0.10NEd/fyk 0.002bh 9.5.2 (3): 0.04 bh 0.004 bh 0.06 bh 0.75d 0.75d 1.5d EC2 Clause / Values 9.4.3 (2): (fck)/fyk Link leg = 0.053 sr st BS 8110 Values Total = 0.4ud/0.87fyv

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Detailing

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