3 ,

:
.
.
.
.

:
: :
N(A)
P(A) =
=
N()
: = {1, 2, 3, ..., } .
{i} (i) :
0 (i ) 1

( ) = 1
i

i=1

(i) {i}.
= {1, 2, 3, ..., }

(i )
i=1
P() = 0.

= , : P( ) = P(A) + P(B) ( ).
P( ) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A B) ( ).
P(A) = 1 - ()
, : () ()
( - ) = () - ( )

82.

6 ( ):

( ) = () + ().
:
() = () =
+
( ) = + = () + ().
:

P(A B) =

N(A B) N(A) + N(B) N(A) N(B)

=
=
+
= P(A) + P(B)
N()
N()
N() N()

7:

, :
() = 1 ().
:
= , :
P(A A ') = P(A) + P(A ') P() = P(A) + P(A ') 1 = P(A) + P(A ')

P(A ') = 1 P(A)

8 ( ):

: P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)
:

 -
1

83.

() + ()
, :

N(A B) = N(A) + N(B) N(A B)

N(A B) N(A) N(B) N(A B)
=
+

N()
N() N()
N()
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B)

9:
:
() ().
:
: N(A) N(B)

N(A) N(B)

P(A) P(B)
N() N()

10:
:
( - ) =() - ( ).
:

( - ) ( ) = , :
P(A) = P(A B) + P(A B) P(A B) = P(A) P(A B)

84.

.
:
. 144: : 1, 4
. 145: : 5, 7
. 146: : 1, 2, 3
. 155: : 3, 5, 6, 10, 11
. 156: : 12, 13

: 2, 4, 5, 6

.
,
:
. 237 - 242: 2, 4, 8
. 255 - 264: 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 20
:
. 249: : 2, 4, 5
. 250: : 8, 11, 14
. 270: : 4, 6, 7
. 271: : 12, 15, 16, 18
. 272: : 19, 23, 26
. 273: : 30, 31, 32, 33

 -
3

85.

1.
Venn:
. (A B) (A B') =
. (A B') (B A ') = (A B) (A B) '
:
. :
A B
( ) ( ') =
'
. :
A B'
( ) ( ')
'
A B ,
( ) (A B) '
( ) ' , V
: (A B') (B A ') = (A B) (A B) '

2. , 6 , 3 ,
2 1 .
. 2 . .
. ()
.
. () 2 .
:
. -

86.

, .
:
={, , , , , , , }
.
1 2. . :
={, 1, 2, , 1, 11, 12, 1,
2, 21, 22, 2, , 1, 2}
. . . :
={1, 2, , 12, 1, 2, }

3. 50% 25%.
30%. :
. .
. .
:
() = 0,5, () = 0,25 P ((A B) ') = 0,1 .
P(A B) = 1 P ((A B)') = 1 0,3 = 0,7

. :
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A B) = 0,5 + 0, 25 0,7 = 0,05
. P(A B) = P(A) P(A B) = 0,5 0,05 = 0, 45

4. , .
( ), ( ), ( ) () :

(2x 1) 2 (12x 3 + 13x 2 20x + 4) = 0

:

(2x 1) 2 (12x 3 + 13x 2 20x + 4) = 0 (2x 1) 2 = 0 (12x 3 + 13x 2 20x + 4) = 0

1
(2x 1) 2 = 0 (2x 1) = 0 x =
2
Horner, 12x 3 + 13x 2 20x + 4 = 0 .

 -
3

12
12

13
-24
-11

-20
22
2

4
-4
0

87.

-2

: 12x 3 + 13x 2 20x + 4 = 0 (x + 2)(12x 2 11x + 2) = 0

2

x=
(11) 25
3
x = 2 x =
=
2 12
x = 1

A B A A B P(A B) P(A) P(A B)

A B B A B P(A B) P(B) P(A B) , :

P(A B) =

1
1
2
, P(A) = P(B) = P(A B) = .
4
2
3

5. ,
() = 0,4. :
.

() = 0,8

. 0, 2 P(A B) 0,4

:
. , . :
P(A B) = P(A) + P(B) = 0,8 + 0, 4 = 1, 2 > 1 .
.
. E A B B P(A B) P(B) P(A B) 0, 4

(1)

:
P(A B) 1 P(A) + P(B) P(A B) 1 P(A B) P(A) + P(B) 1

P(A B) 0, 4 + 0,8 1 P(A B) 0, 2

(2)

(1) (2) : 0, 2 P(A B) 0, 4

6. = {1, 2, 3, 4}

= {1, 2}
() = 1/4, = {2, 3} () = 1/8 = {2} () = 1/12.
(4).

88.

:
: (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = 1
(1 ) + (2 ) + (3 ) + (4 ) = 1 (4 ) = 1 (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) =

1 1 1 17
1

= 1 ((1 ) + (2 ) ) (2 ) = 1 + =
4 8 12 24
8

7. 40 () ()
(). 25%
35% :
.
. .
:
. , , , , () = x () = y
. ,, :
40
40
( ) + ( ) + () = 1 0, 25 + 0,35 +
=1
= 0, 4
x + y + 40
x + y + 40
x + y + 40 = 100. 100 .
. x + y = 60 :
x
( ) = 0, 25
= 0, 25 x = 25 . 25 .
100
K y = 60 - 25 = 35 .

8. .
:
A = {x : ''x 3 , 5 - 2x 2 , 7 - 2x 2 , - 12, - 7x'' x = -2}
:
x 3 + 5 2x 2 + 7 2x 2 12 7x x 3 4x 2 7x
=
= 2
5
5
: x 3 4x 2 7x = 10 x 3 4x 2 7x + 10 = 0

: x =

Horner :

1
1

-4
1
-3

-7
-3
-10

10
-10
0

 -
3

89.

2
: (x 1)(x 3x 10) = 0
x = 5
( 3) 49
= ( 3) 2 4 1 ( 10) = 49
1
x1,2 =
2 1
x 2 = 2
( ) 2 1
= =
= {1, 5} ( ) =
( ) 6 3

9. :
30 10 1,2 3.
40 10 1,2,3 4.
20 5 2,4,6 8.
30 5 1,2,3,4,5 6.
:
: .
: .
: .
:
:

. 1
2

10 10

10 10

0
5

5
5

25 30

:
3
4
5
6
10
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
5
0
5
5
5
5
5
25
20
5
10

N(A) 30 + 20 + 10 + 5 65
=
=
N()
120
120
N(A ) 10
1
=
=
P() = ( ) =
N()
120 12
P(A) =

7
0
0
0
0
0

8
0
0
5
0
5

30
40
20
30
120

N(B) 30 1
=
=
N() 120 4
N() 30
=
P() =
N( ) 65
P(B) =

10. 3 , 2 1 .
. :
. : . f :
x 2 + [P(B) + P(A)]x
,
x0

f(x) =
x3 + x
P(A B),
x=0

f x0 = 0 , :
.
.

90.

:
0 :
x 2 + [P(B) + P(A)]x 0 / 0
x[x + P(B) + P(A)]
x + P(B) + P(A)
= lim
= lim
=
lim f (x) = lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x3 + x
x(x 2 + 1)
x2 + 1
= P(B) + P(A) f (0) = P(A B)
f , , P(B) + P(A) = P(A B) .
.
(,)
: A B .
: P(A) + P(B) = P(A B) + P(A B) , :

lim f (x) f (0) , f 0.

x 0

.
(,) . A B = . :
P(A) + P(B) = P(A B) , lim f (x) = f (0)
x 0

f 0.

11.

0 < () < 1 :

1
1
+
4.
() (')

( ') + ( )
1
1
+
4
4 () + () 4() ()
( ) ( ')
( ')( )
1 4() [1 - ()] 1 4() - 42() 42() - 4() + 1 0
(2() - 1)2 0, .

12.
(x - 10) (x - 11) ... (x - 20) = 0.
,
y2 - 8y + = 0 .
:
:
(x - 10) (x - 11) ... (x - 20) = 0
: = {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}.

 -
3

91.

: y2 - 8y + = 0 < 0 , .
(-8)2 - 4 < 0 64 - 4 < 0 - 4 < - 64 > 16
= {17, 18, 19, 20}.
: ( ) =

( ) 4
= = 0, 4 .
() 10

13. , (X) + 2 - (X) - 3 = 8 ,

R
:

1
.
8

0 () 1 2 () + 2 3.

: ( x ) + 2 = ( x ) + 2 .

0 () 1 -3 () - 3 -2. : ( x ) 3 = ( x ) + 3 .

() + 2 - (-() + 3) = 8 () + 2 + () - 3 = 8
8 + 1
.
2() = 8 + 1 (x) =
2
8 + 1
: 0 () 1 . 0
1 0 8 + 1 2 -1 8 1
2
1
-1/8 1/8
8

14.
50% , 70%
80% . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. ( ).
:
:

92.

: , : : .
: , : :
.
Venn
.
70
50
, P(B') =
P(A ') =
100
100
: .

30

20

10

40

( ): . : P((A B) ') =

80
100

50 50
=
100 100
70 30
. () = 1 - () : P(B) = 1
=
100 100
. : . : ( ) = 1 - (( ))
80
20
: P(A B) = 1
=
100 100
. : .
: ( ) = () + () - ( )
50 30 20
60
: P(A B) =
+

=
100 100 100 100
. - = : ( - ) = () - ( )
50
20
30

=
: P(A B) =
100 100 100
. : - =
: ( - ) = () - ( )
30 20 10
: P(B A) =

=
100 100 100
. ( )
60
40
: (( )) = 1 - ( ) : P((A B)') = 1
=
100 100
. : ( - ) ( - ).
- , - .
(( - ) ( - )) = ( - ) + ( - ) :
30 10 40
P((A B) (B A)) =
+
=
100 100 100
. () = 1 - () : P(A) = 1

 -
3

93.

15. 1/6
4/5. 1/10.
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
:
:
:
:
1
4
4
1
1
( ) =
( ) = 1 ( ) = ( ) =
: ( ) =
10
5
5
5
6
5 6 3
1 1 1
5 + 6 3 80 4
. ( ) = ( ) + ( ) P(A B) 8 9 :
=
=
=
6 5 10
30
30 15
5 3
2
1
. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) = 1 : 1 =
=
6 10 30 15
2 1
1 1
1
=
. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( ) = :
5 10 10
. [( ) ( )] = ( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) =
= ( ) ( ) + () ( )
5 6
3
1 1
1 = 5+66 = 5 = 1
= ( ) + ( ) 2 ( ) 8 9 : 2
30
30 6
6 5
10
15 1
4 11
. ( ) = 1 ( ) = 1 : 8
15 15
1
9
. ( ) = 1 ( ) = 1 =
10 10

94.

16. , ( ) = 0,6
P( ) = 0,4. , .
:
, .
: ( ) 0
( ) = 0,6 ( ) ( ) = 0,6 ( ) = 0,6 + ( ) (1)

: ( ) = 0, 4 ( ) ( ) = 0, 4 ( ) = 0, 4 + ( ) (2)
( ) = ( ) + ( ) ( ) (1) (2) :
( ) = 0,6 + ( ) + 0, 4 + ( ) ( )
( ) = 1 + ( ) > 1 .

, ( ( ) 0 ).

17. :
f(x) = 4(x 1)(x2 5x + 6) g(x) = 1/3x3 5x2 + 16x + 2004
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} .
/ f(x) = 0}
: = {x
/ y g(x)}.
B = {y
: A, B, A B, A B,
A B, B A
:

f ( x ) = 0 4 ( x 1) ( x 2 5x + 6 ) = 0 x = 1 x 2 5x + 6 = 0
x =1 x = 2 x = 3
: = {x / f(x) = 0} = {1, 2, 3}
g( x ) = x 2 10x + 16 g( x ) = 0 x 2 10x + 16 = 0 x = 8 x = 2
B = {y / y g(x)} = {2, 8}. :
N (A ) 3
N (B) 2 1
=
= =
P (A ) =
P (B) =
(
)
N 10
N ( ) 10 5
: A B = {2} P ( A B ) =

N (A B) 1
=
N ( )
10

 -
3

95.

N (A B) 4 2
=
=
N ( )
10 5
N (A B) 2 1
= =
A B = {1,3} P ( A B ) =
N ( )
10 5
(
)

1
= .
= {8} ( ) =
(
)

10

A B = {1, 2,3,8} P ( A B ) =

18. ,
.
. 25 ,
1/3 1/4,
.
:
:
: : N(E) = 25
: : N() = x P() = 1/3
: : () = y P(A) = 1/4.
1
( ) 1
x
1
: P ( ) =
=
= 3x = x + y + 25 2x y = 25 (1)
(
)
3
3
x + y + 25 3
( A) 1
1
N
y
1
: P ( A) =
=
= 4y = x + y + 25 x + 3y = 25 (2)
4
N ( ) 4
x + y + 25 4
x = 20
2x y = 25

(1) (2) :
y = 15
x + 3y = 25
: x + y + 25 = 20 + 15 + 25 = 60

19. = {1, 2, 3, ..., } .

:
3 - 1
= 1, 2, 3, ..., .
( ) =
40
. .
. = {1, 3, 5}.
:
. P() = 1 (1) + (2) + (3) + ... + () = 1

2
5
8
3 1
+
+
+ .....
= 1 2 + 5 + 8 + ......... + (3 1) = 40
40 40 40
40

96.

( 2 + 3 1)
32
= 40 (3 + 1) = 80 3 2 + 80 = 0 = 5 =
2
6
= 32/6 .

= {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 }
. ( ) = (1 ) + (3 ) + (5 ) =

2
8 14 24
3
+
+
=
( ) =
40 40 40 40
5

20. :
P(1) = 3P(2) = 3P(3) = 4P(4) = 6P(5) = 2P(6) (1)
. .
. :
1
= {x / x f(x) = x 3 - 2x 2 + 3x + 2004}
3
. :
/ x 2 + x + 1 = 0 2 = {
}.
:
. = {1, 2,3, 4,5,6} ( ) = 1

(1) + ( 2) + (3) + ( 4) + (5) + (6) =1

1
1
1
1
1
(1) + (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) + (1) = 1
3
3
4
6
2
12
12 (1) + 4 (1) + 4 (1) + 3 (1) + 2 (1) + 6 (1) = 12 31 (1) = 12 (1) =
31
(1) :
1
1 12 4
4
( 2 ) = (1) = = ( 2 ) =
3
3 31 31
31
1 ( ) 1 12 4
4
(3 ) = 1 = = (3 ) =
3
3 31 31
31
1
1 12 3
3
( 4 ) = (1) = = ( 4 ) =
4
4 31 31
31
1 ( ) 1 12 2
2
( 5 ) = 1 = = (5 ) =
6
6 31 31
31
1
1 12 6
6
(6 ) = (1) = = (6 ) =
2
2 31 31
31

 -
3

. f(x) = x2 4x + 3
f(x) = 0 x2 4x + 3 = 0

97.

x=1 x=3

f(x)

: = {1, 3}

f(x)

:<

9<

12 4
16
+ ( ) =
31 31
31
2
. : x + x + 1 = 0 2 :
( ) = (1) + (3) =

> 0 2 4 > 0 ( , 2 ) ( 2, + )
, :
= 3 = 5 = 6.
: = {3, 4, 5, 6}
:

( ) = (3) + ( 4 ) + (5 ) + ( 6 ) =

x
2

-4

-2

:<

4 3 2 6
15
+ + + () =
31 31 31 31
31

9<

98.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1.
2 , 2 .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. : .
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

99.

2.
.......................................................................................................................................
, .
.......................................................................................................................................
, .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
:
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

100.

3.

.......................................................................................................................................
4 3 . .......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
15 10 ,
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

101.

4.
5 1, 15 .......................................................................................................................................
2, 20 3 30
.......................................................................................................................................
4. . .......................................................................................................................................
:
.......................................................................................................................................
: .
.......................................................................................................................................
: .
.......................................................................................................................................
: .
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

102.

2
1
1
5.
P(A-B)= , P(A B)=
P(A B)= () ().
.......................................................................................................................................
3
5
10
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

103.

6.
, :
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
2[P(A)]2 +2P[(B)]2 2P(A B)-1
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

104.

7.
, A B = ,
.......................................................................................................................................
: 2P(A B) P(A) + P(B) 1 + P(A B)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

105.

5
3
8.
, P(A) =
P(B) =

.......................................................................................................................................
12
4
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
2
5
.......................................................................................................................................
P(A B)
.
12
12
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

106.

9.
, P(AB) = 3P(AB)
.......................................................................................................................................
N(A B)
.......................................................................................................................................
() = 2() :
N(A)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

107.

2
1
10.
, P(A') = P(B') =
.......................................................................................................................................
3
2
.
.......................................................................................................................................
11
.......................................................................................................................................
P(A' B')
. P(A' B') =
12
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. P(A B') P(A B')
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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108.

11.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4}
.......................................................................................................................................

= { 1, 2} = { 2, 3}.
.......................................................................................................................................
1
5
2
1
P(A) =
, P(B) = , P(A B) = P(A - B) =

.......................................................................................................................................
12
12
3
3
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1, 2, 3 4.
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.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

109.

12.
, () = 3/4 () = 3/8
.......................................................................................................................................
:
.......................................................................................................................................
. ,
. ( ) 3/4
. 1/8 ( ) 3/8
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.......................................................................................................................................

110.

13.
, (), ()
.......................................................................................................................................
: 6x3 + 5x2 - 12x + 4 = 0 () < () :
.......................................................................................................................................
) ,
) 1/6 ( ) 1/2
) 2/3 ( ) 1
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.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

111.

14.
300
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.
.......................................................................................................................................
40 , 70
.......................................................................................................................................
220
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:
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

112.

15.
40%
.......................................................................................................................................
, 50% .......................................................................................................................................
15% .......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
. 12 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

113.

16.
. .......................................................................................................................................
20% , .......................................................................................................................................
90%
.......................................................................................................................................
10%. .......................................................................................................................................
.
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

114.

17.
O .
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
75%. .
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

115.

18.
= {2, 6, 10,.410} x P(x) = x, R .
.......................................................................................................................................
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116.

19.
= {2, 4, 6, ..., 2}, *
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
x = 9 :
.......................................................................................................................................
. * .
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. s 2 = x + 3
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
: 4 .
.......................................................................................................................................
(x 2 - 6x + 8)(x - 3)
.......................................................................................................................................
:
=0
x-2
.......................................................................................................................................
P(A), P(B), P(A B), P(A B), P(A - B)
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

117.

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.......................................................................................................................................

118.

20.
f f(x) = e - x.
.......................................................................................................................................
x

. .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
eP(A) - P(A) = P(B) () = f(P(A))
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
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 -
4

119.

21.
5 .
.......................................................................................................................................
1, 2, 6, 9 :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 6
. 6,5
. 5
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

120.

.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1

5 1 5. .......................................................................................................................................

. .......................................................................................................................................
.
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. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. :
.......................................................................................................................................
: 3 .
.......................................................................................................................................
: 5
.......................................................................................................................................
: 2
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.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

121.

2
.......................................................................................................................................
.
x
.......................................................................................................................................
, y 6.
.......................................................................................................................................
x - y.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
. 5 .
.......................................................................................................................................
1, 2, 6 9
.......................................................................................................................................
6.
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

122.

3
.......................................................................................................................................

= {0, 1, 2, 3} f(x) = x4 + 2x2 - 5, .

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
f (1, f(1))
.......................................................................................................................................

xx.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

123.

4
.......................................................................................................................................

15%
.......................................................................................................................................
,
.......................................................................................................................................
. 20%
.......................................................................................................................................

, . 50%
.......................................................................................................................................

. 40%

.......................................................................................................................................

. .......................................................................................................................................
;
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.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

1. . 21

!!!

...

2. . 22
3. - / . 30
4. . 31
5. - / . 32
6. . 33
7. . 34
8. . 35
9. - / . 36
10. . 37
11. - / . 38
12. . 39
13.
( ) . 52

...
.

.
-

1. -
. 12, : 12
2. ()
. 13, : 9
3.
. 14, : 11
4.
. 27
5.
. 15, : 10
6.
. 17, : 10
7.
- / . 18
8. -
. 25
9.
. 16, : 9
10.
. 28
11.
- / . 29