3 ,

:
.
, ,
.

.
.
, Arrhenius
Brnsted Lowry.
.
, ,
.
.
()
.
.

(w), .
[3+] [] :
.
.
.

 - -

52.

[3+] [] 25 oC :
.
.
.
pH pOH.
p pOH, : pH + pOH = pKw
pH pOH :
.
.
.
pH pOH 25 oC :
.
.
.
pH ,
.
.

Ka, Kb .

.

Ostwald.

,
.
.
.

.

 -
1

53.

:
.

, .

.
,
, .
, .: aCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl(aq)
, :
. T [M(OH)x]
. T [ (Mx) .. RCOONa]
(.. ) .
:
. ..: Cl + H2O H3O+ + Cl
: .
. ..: 3 + 2
+4 +
, :
. [3 RNH2]
. [ (x) (RCOOH)]
- rrhenius:
+.
.
Arrhenius
.
- Brnsted - Lowry:
:

 - -

54.

. : (+).
. : (+).
.
.
, : 3 + 2
+4 +
:
2: +
3: + .
:
4+: +.
: + 4+.
. .
+
, :

.
+ ,
:

+ .
,
+, ,
+ .
,
, ,

,

.
:
+ +
, . , 2 , :
C + 2
CN + H3O+ (2)
3 + 2
4+ + (1)
(1) 2 (+) 3.
(2) 2 (+) CN.

 -
1

55.

- :
. ,
, .
:
(, a, Ca(OH)2, ...)
T (aCl, KCl, RCOONa, ...)
M : Cl, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4, 2SO4 (1 ).
,
.
. ,
, .
:
: 3, RNH2 ()
: CN, HF, ( )
O : RCOOH, .. CH 3COOH
, .
: + H2O
+ +
:
RNH2 + H2O
RNH3+ + OH :
+ H2O
+ 3+
: RCOOH + H2O
RCOO + 3+
2 ,
2. , 2S:
2S + H2O
HS + H3O+
HS + H2O
S2 + H3O+
To 2SO4
:
2SO4 + H2O HSO4 + H3O+ ,
HS4 + H2O
S42 + H3O+ ,

.
:
, .
a ( ) b ( ).

 - -

56.

:

mol mol
().
, :
n
c
=
=
n
c

, : 0 < < 1

( = 1), .
O :
. .
. .
. .
. C .
. .
, ,
, , .
, .
:
()
(3+). ,
: 2 + 2
3+ +
,
.
(Kw):
: w = [H3O+][OH]
H Kw M2, .
25 C : W = 1014.
w = [H3O+][OH]
.
[3+] []:
. , 25 C, : [H3O+] = [OH] = 107
, : [H3O+] = [OH]
. , 25 C, : [H3O+] > 107 > [OH]

 -
1

57.

, : [H3O+] > [OH]

. , 25 C, : [OH] > 107 > [H3O+]
, : [H3O+] < [OH]
pH :
pH
H3O+ : pH = log[H3O+]
A pH pOH: pH = log[OH]
: pX = -logX. :
pKa = -logKa
pKb = -logKb
pKw = -logKw
pH pOH:

25 C, pH = pKw/2, pH < pKw/2 pH > pKw/2

- a :
.
: + 2
+3+
a :
Ka =

[H 3O + ][A - ]
[HA]

H a mol/L, .
a , .
,
, a .
,
a .
b :
:
+ 2
+ +

 - -

58.

a, b, :
[HB + ][OH - ]
Kb =
[B]
b a.
. b.
b , , . , Kb .
,
a Kb.
Ostwald:
cM
. Ostwald:
2c
Ka =
a = 2c 101 a/c 102
1-
O Ostwald ,
:
2c
Kb =
b = 2c
1-
a b c x,
. :
x2
x2
x2
x2
Ka =
, Kb =
Ka = , Kb =
101 a/c 102, b/c 102
c-x
c-x
c
c
a = 2c b = 2c Ostwald
, :
=

a
b
=
c
c

:
. , . , Ka, Kb ,
.
. c .

.

.
O Ostwald , -

 -
1

59.

, .
a b :
W. : a Kb = Kw
Ka Kb , a , b . :
,
.
:
+
+
.
a, Kb.
:
. :

. (pH = 7
25 oC), pH .
. :
, ,
(NaCN, KF, RCOONa) .
(pH > 7 25 oC), pH
, Brnsted - Lowry.
. :

(43, RNH3Cl). (pH < 7 25 oC), pH
, Brnsted - Lowry.
. :
(RCOONH4, NH4CN, NH4F).
, , a b, .
:
1. a > Kb [3+] > [], pH < 7, 25 C.
2. a = Kb [3+] = [], pH = 7, 25 C.
3. a < Kb [3+] < [], pH > 7, 25 C.

 - -

60.

.
:
. 143: 18, 19
. 144: 26, 32, 35
. 145: 36, 39, 40, 41

. 146: 44, 45, 46, 49, 50

. 147: 52, 55, 56, 57

. 5, 6 7
(
, )
:
(5 )
. 126: 3
. 127: 5
(6 )
. 141: 1
. 144: 5
. 146: 1, 2

(7 )
. 163: 2
. 165: 3
. 167: 4
. 170: 2
. 171: 3
. 173: 4

:
(5 )
. 133: : 4, 6, 7
. 134:
(6 )
. 153: : 2, 4, 10, 11
. 154: : 13, 14, 15
. 154:

(7 )
. 178: : 4, 6, 8
. 179: : 13, 14, 16
. 180: : 20, 21
. 180:

 -
3

61.

1. 500 mL () NaOH pH = 13.

. () 1500 mL ClO 4 1/15 .
pH ;
. mol HBr ()
pH = 12.
. mol HBr ()
pH = 7.
w = 1014, log0,025 = 1,6, r
.
:
(), NaOH :

pH + pOH = pKw pH + pOH = 14 13 + pOH = 14 pOH = 1

pOH = log[OH] 1 = logc1 c1 = 101 M
. : n = cV mol NaOH HClO4,
:
nNaOH = c1V1 = 101 M 0,5 L = 0,05 mol
nHClO4 = c2V2 = 1/15 M 1,5 L = 0,1 mol
aOH HClO4 :

0,05 mol HClO4 0,05 mol NaClO4. O

: V = V1 + V2 = 0,5 L + 1,5 L = 2 L

 - -

62.

To NaCl4 pH ,
.
HClO4 :
cT(HClO4 ) =

n T(HClO4 )
VT

0,05mol
= 0,025M
2L

ClO4 , :

pH = log[H3O+] = log0,025 = 1,6

. x mol HBr. , :
nNaOH > nHBr. : x < 0,05.
H NaOH HBr :

NaBr pH ,
.
aOH :
cT(NaOH) =

n T(NaOH)
V1

(0,05 x)mol
= (0,1 2x)M
0,5L

NaOH :

pH + pOH = pKw pH + pOH = 14 12 + pOH = 14 pOH = 2

pOH = log[OH] 2 = log(0,1 2x) (0,1 2x) = 102 x = 0,045
0,045 mol HBr.
. (pH = 7) mol
mol . : nHBr = nNaOH = 0,05 mol

 -
3

63.

2. Y 0,1 200 mL pH = 4.
. a .
. 100 . pH ;
. mL 2 ,
10 ;
.
:
. :

pH = 4 logx = 4 x = 104.
c . x 104
= =
= 10 3
c. c1 101
1 = 103 < 101, : a = 12c1 = (103)20,1 = 107

O : 1 =

. , : V2 = 100V1. c2
, : c1V1 = c2V2 c2 = c1/100 c2 = 103 M
:

E a/c2 = 107/103 = 104 < 102, : a = y2/c2 y =

K a c 2 = 105

pH = log[H3O+] = logy = log105 = 5

. M , . , 3 : 3 = 1/10 = 104
3 = 104 < 101, : a = 32c3 c3 = Ka/32 = 10 M
A V3 o , :
c1V1 = c3V3 V3 = c1V1/c3 = 2 mL
2 : V = V1 V3 = 200mL 2mL = 198 mL

 - -

64.

3. () CH3COONa 102 pH = 9.
. a CH3COOH.
. mol CH3COONa 500 mL (), , pH 1 ;
. mL 2 40 mL ()
pH 1 ;
25 C.
:
. H CH3COONa :

a+ ,
aOH. A, C3COO
C3COOH.
O C3COO :

pH + pOH = pKw 9 + pOH = 14 pOH = 5

pOH = log[OH] 5 = logx x = 105
c
x 105
3
O CH3COO : 1 = . = = 2 = 10 < 101, :
c. c1 10
2
5
2
2
8
b = x /c1 = (10 ) /10 = 10
CH3COOH CH3COO :
a Kb = Kw Ka = Kw/Kb = 1014/108 = 106
. y M CH3COOa
.
CH3COONa pH ,
CH3COO. ,
pH = 10 pOH = 4.
pOH = 4 log[OH] = 4 log = 4 = 104
O CH3COO ,
, Ostwald:

 -
3

65.

b = 2/y y = 2/Kb = (104)2/108 = 1 M

CH3COONa 1 .
mol CH3COONa :
n. = cV = 1M 0,5L = 0,5 mol
T mol CH3COONa :
n. = c.V = 102M 0,5L = 0,005 mol
0,5 0,005 = 0,495 mol CH3COONa.
. z M CH3COOa .
2 pH , CH3COO. , pH = 8 pOH = 6.
pOH = 6 log[OH] = 6 log = 6 = 106
b = 2/z z = 2/Kb = (106)2/108 = 104 M
CH3COONa 104 M.
b/c = 108/104 = 104 < 102,
Ostwald.
:
c.V. = c.V. V. = c.V./c. = 4000 mL
O 2 : V = .V. V. = 3960 mL

 - -

66.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1.
5 L NaOH p = 13.
.......................................................................................................................................
, :
.......................................................................................................................................
. H2O p
.......................................................................................................................................
1 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. L HCl S.T.P.
, p 1 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. g OH
.......................................................................................................................................
p 1 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. p = 0
.......................................................................................................................................
p 1 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: w = 1014, ArK = 39, ArO = 16, ArH = 1.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

67.

2.
0,896 L HCN S.T.P.
.......................................................................................................................................
400 mL, [3+] = 104 .
.......................................................................................................................................
. Ka CN.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 200 mL 600 mL 2. .......................................................................................................................................
;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 200 mL CN,
.......................................................................................................................................
pH
.......................................................................................................................................
0,5. g HCN ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: ArH = 1, ArC = 12, ArN = 14.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3.
Y 1 c1 = 102 M 2
.......................................................................................................................................
c2 = 105 pH 5.
.......................................................................................................................................
. .
.......................................................................................................................................
. b 25 C.
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH ,
.......................................................................................................................................
1, 2 .

 - -

68.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4.
O CH3H2 0,2 4 104.
.......................................................................................................................................
, 2 L :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 0,2 mol CH3H2, .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 1000 mL 2.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 10 L CH3H2 = 8 104.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

69.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
5.
1,12 L Cl S.T.P.
.......................................................................................................................................
500 mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 10 mL
.......................................................................................................................................
100 mL. pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 100 mL aOH
0,03 M, pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - -

70.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
6.
25 mL 2 V
.......................................................................................................................................
mL 3 2 .
.......................................................................................................................................
. N V.
.......................................................................................................................................
. :
.......................................................................................................................................
1. 15 mL 3 2
.......................................................................................................................................
2. 50 mL 3 1
.......................................................................................................................................
pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. 5,6% w/v
25 mL 2 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: log2 = 0,3, rKOH = 56.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
4

71.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
7.
3 aOH .......................................................................................................................................
pH = x pH = 14. To V
45V.
.......................................................................................................................................
. A pH = 12, x.
.......................................................................................................................................
. 3 x = 0, pH .......................................................................................................................................
, .
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 C.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - -

72.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
8.
COOH 92% w/w, 1,2 g/mL.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
, 1 L 1 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
. pH = 2, a HCOOH;
.......................................................................................................................................
. mL 2 50 mL ,
pH 0,5 ;
.......................................................................................................................................
: = 25 C, log2 = 0,3, MrHCOOH = 46.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

73.

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1
.......................................................................................................................................
.
; .......................................................................................................................................
2 .
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
:
.......................................................................................................................................
1 + 2
2 + 1
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
:
H
Kw .................... ,
.......................................................................................................................................
...................., ....................
.......................................................................................................................................
....................,
.......................................................................................................................................
w ....................
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
2
.......................................................................................................................................
. CO3 :
.......................................................................................................................................
. HCO3
. CO2
. CO
. 2CO3
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................
3

E.
Y CH3COONa 10 M 25 C
.......................................................................................................................................
pH :
.......................................................................................................................................
. 12
. 11
. 10
. 5
.......................................................................................................................................
( 5)
.......................................................................................................................................

 - -

74.

2
.......................................................................................................................................
.
a b .......................................................................................................................................
: a Kb = Kw
.......................................................................................................................................
( 6)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
4F 25 C c M.
.......................................................................................................................................
, , bNH3 = 106 KaHF = 108.
( 9)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.
N pH HCl 108 M.
.......................................................................................................................................
: w = 1014, log10,5 = 1,02, 4,01 2
( 10)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 -
5

75.

3
.......................................................................................................................................

() HCl 36,5 103% w/v.

.......................................................................................................................................
.
pH .
.......................................................................................................................................
.
200 mL 0,04 g aOH, .
.......................................................................................................................................
pH ;
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.......................................................................................................................................
2 10 2 M, pH = 12;
.......................................................................................................................................
: rH = 1, ArCl = 35,5, ArNa = 23, ArO = 16 log5 = 0,7, = 25 oC.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 25)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

 - -

76.

4
.......................................................................................................................................
3
Y
() 10 pH = 4.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
.
.......................................................................................................................................
.
600 mL 450 mL . .......................................................................................................................................
pH 1 .
.......................................................................................................................................
. 400 mL 1600 mL aOH 2,5 104 .
.......................................................................................................................................
pH 2 .
.......................................................................................................................................
: log2 = 0,3 w = 1014.
.......................................................................................................................................
( 25)
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................