:

[ Thomson .

[ Rutherford. -

Thomson,
, .

[ Rutherford.
[

() .

[ Rutherford.
.

[ Bohr. Bohr -

Rutherford .

n- .

[ ,

[
.

36.

[ , ,
.

[ .

1, 2 n > E3.

[ , .

[
(
).

[

.

[ .

[
.

[ .
[
.

[ f X.
[
max

min

[
.

37.

2
Bohr
n : L n = n L1 = m n r n = n

h
= n

2

: E = E = h f

: rn = n 2 r1
: E n =
: n = e

Kn = k

e2
2rn

E1
n2

k
mrn

e2
rn

En = k

Un = k

e2
2rn

: E = n ( E n = E1 E = 1 )

: E = K

: min =

ch
eV

38.

:
1.
.
f (
) : =

2r
= 2rf .
T

2. -

n = + 1 . 2
n = 3 .
-
n = .
3.
:
E , E = , =

:
< 2 1 .
2 1 < 3 1 ,
E = 2 1 2 .

: , = + , .
3 1 < 4 1 ,
E = 2 1 2
E = 3 1 3

: , = + ,
............

E = : = + e

39.

4.
:
E = E , , E = , =

:
, < 2 1 .
, = 2 1 2 .
2 1 < , < 3 1 .
, = 3 1 3 .
3 1 < , < 4 1

,
E = E ,

: , = + e
5. ( n = 1 )
. ( n = 2 )
.
( n = 3 n = 4 )
.
6.
V
: W = q V . ..
: W = e V ,
, ( 42 He )
W = 2e V .

40.

7.

q q = Ne
Ne
I=
t
t
V
,

: I =

: W = V t .

= V
: P = V P =
t

8. W
Wx .
=

Wx
,
W

,
=

Px
.
P

41.

e
.

, , . :

FC = F k

e2
e2
2
ke 2
k
2
=

=
=e
m

k
m

2
2
r
r
r
mr
mr

e
.

K = m2
2
1
e2

2 k
K=k
K = me
2
mr
2r
k
=e

mr

e
.

42.

K = k
: E = K + U E = k

e2
e2
U = k .
2r
r

e2 e2
e2
+ k E = k
2r
r
2r

1 , 2 , 3

, .
:

1
1
1
.
=
+
1 2 3

... : E 1 = 2 + 3 h f1 = h f 2 + h f3

1
1
1
= +
1 2 3

c0 c0 c0
= +
1 2 3

43.

fmax .

f max ,
.
: E = h f max = e V f max =

eV
.
h

min .

min , .
: E = h f max = e V h

c
min

= eV min =

hc
eV

44.

.
2003.
. 65: 5, 6, 9,
. 66: 10, 11, 12

.


.65: 12
. 66: 17
.67: 18
.69: 27
.71: 31
.72: 32
.73: 34, 35
.88: 4
.89: 6
.93: 20
.95: 24

1.

45.

rn = 8 1010 m . :
. n,
.
.
.

.


. ,
, .
: E1 = 13,6eV Bohr r1 = 0,5 1010 m
Planck h = 6,6 1034 Js .

:
. rn = n 2 r1 n =
. E n =

rn
n = 16 n = 4
r1

E1
E 4 = 0,85eV
n2

. L = n
L 4 = 4

h
h
6,6 1034 J s
L4 = 2 L4 = 2

3,14
2

46.

L4 = 4, 2 1034 Kg m2 / s
. K =

ke 2
2r

(1) ,

E=

ke 2
2r

(2)

(1), (2): K = E K A = E A K A = 0,85eV

.
:
= = 13,6eV ( 0,85eV ) = 12,75eV .

. / .
. E 5 =

E1
= 0,544eV
52

E = (45) = 5 4 = 0,544eV + 0,85eV (45) = 0,306eV

2.

, U n = 6,8eV .
. :
.
. n,

. .
;
.
2,55 eV. :
.
.
.

. .
:
E1 = 13,6eV Bohr r1 = 0,5 1010 m Planck h = 6,6 1034 Js .

47.

:
.. U =

ke 2
r

:
. E n =

(1)

E =

ke 2
2r

( 2 ) . (1) (2)

U
U
U
= 2 E = E n = n = 3, 4eV
E
2
2

E1
E1
n=
n=2
2
n
En

. E (2 ) = E E 2 E (2 ) = 3, 4 eV
.. n = E 2 + n = 3, 4eV + 2,55eV E n = 0,85eV

En =

E1
n=4.
n2

. : K =

ke 2
ke 2
E =

2r
2r

E = K K = E K n = 0,85eV

. : r = r4 r2 = 42 r1 22 r1

r = 12 r1 = 6 1010 m
. L = L4 L2 L = 4
2
= 2

3.

h
L = 2,1 1034 Kg m 2 / s
2

n = 3 . :
.
,
n = 3
. ,
rn = 8 1010 m
.
n = 3 ,
K e = 2,49eV
.

48.

n = 3
. n = 3 n = 2 .
;
.
n = 4 . , / ;
: Planck h = 6,6 1034 Js ,
E1 = 13,6eV ,
Bohr r1 = 0,5 1010 m ,

c = 3 108 m / s 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J .

:
. E = (13) = 3 1

= ( 1,51eV ) ( 13,6eV )
(1 3)

13,6
= 1,51eV (13) = 12,09eV
3 = 21 = 1 =
3
9
9

. rn = n 2 r1 n =

rn
n = 4
r1

E = (1 4) = 4 1

= 12,75eV
1
4 = 2 = 0,85eV

. E (3 ) = E E 3 = E 3 = 1,51eV
= E (3 ) + e = 1,51eV + 2, 49eV E = 4eV

. E = h f = f31 =

f31 = 2,9 1015 Hz

E 3 E1 12,09 1,6 1019 J

=

h
6,6 1034 J s

. E = h f3 2 = E3 E 2 h
3 2 =

c
3 2

49.

= 3 2

hc
6,6 1034 J s 3 108 m / s
3 2 =
3 2 = 6,54 107 m
19
E3 E 2
1,89 1,6 10 J

3 2 = 654 109 m 3 2 = 654 nm . 400nm

700nm 3 2 . .
. 4 . 6
:
f , f , f
/ .
f f /

f / .

4. (n = 1) ,
E1 = 13,6eV . ' - V . ,
rn = 9r1 , r1
.
-

1
K = , :
4
.

. Coulomb
. V -
.
. -

50.

. ,
;
: Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s ,

c0 = 3 108 m / s

1eV = 1,6 10 19 J

m e = 9 1031 Kg .

:
. rn = n 2 r1 n =

E
rn
n = 3 E 3 = 1 E 3 = 1,51eV .
9
r1

: E = (13) = 3 1 E = 12,09eV

Fc(1)
Fc(3)

ke 2
2
2
Fc(1)
r32 r3 r1 32
r12
= 2 = 2 = =
= 81
= 81
ke
r1 r1 r1
Fc(3)
r32

. E = E =

3

4

4
4
= = 12,09eV = 16,12eV
3
3
(..): eV = V = 16,12V
. K =

1
K = 4,03eV :
4

2
1
2 4,03 1,6 1019 J
=

m 2 = =
2
m
9 1031 Kg

= 1, 2 106 m / s

51.

. :

f =

3 1 12,09 1,6 1019 J

=
f = 2,9 1015 Hz
34
h
6,6 10 J s

c
= 1,034 107 m = 103, 4nm .
f
.
=

.

f .

5.

(n = 1) ,

E1 = 13,6eV ,
.
K n = 1,51eV . :
. n,

. f
. , , . .
. ;
. f = 2f ,

; ,

, .

52.

: Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s , c = 3 108 m / s 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J .

:
. E n =

E1
n=
n2

E1
En

n = 3 E n = K n = 1,51eV

. E = (13) h f = 3 1 f = 2,99 1015 z

.
3 2

(
)

3 2 =

hc
3 2 = 654,7 nm . / .
E3 E 2

. E () = h f E () = 24,18eV

E () > E (1 ) 24,18eV > 13,6eV . . E () = E (1 ) + K K = E () E (1 ) K = 10,58eV .

6.

. 90% .

= 102,8nm . :
.
.
.
.

. .
h = 6,6 1034 J s ,

:
1eV = 1,6 10

19

J m e = 9 10

31

c = 3 108 m / s ,
Kg .

E1 = 13,6eV ,

53.

:
c

. E = h f = h = 12,09eV
. E = E n E1 n = E + 1 E n = 1,51eV
En =

E1
E1
13,6eV
n=
n=
n=3
2
n
En
1,51eV

. E = E E =

90
100
=
= 13, 43eV
100
90

. = W K = e V V = 13, 43V
. : K = 10% K = 0,1 13, 43eV K = 1,343eV
1
2K
K = m2 =
= 6,9 105 m / s .
2
m

7.

min = 12, 375 1011 m .

I = 20mA t = 0, 2s :
. V1

.
.

.
.
.
V2 ,
, . 2 = 21 , :
. V2

54.

. .
;
: c = 3 108 m / s ,
Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s m e = 1030 Kg
e = 1,6 1019 C .
:
. min =

hc
hc
V1 =
V1 = 10KV
e V1
e min

. P = V1 P = 200W

P =
. I =

W
W = P t W = 40J
t

N e
N
N
q
I
20 103 A
= e e = =
e = 1, 25 1017 / s
19
t
t
t
e 1,6 10 C
t

N
N e = e t = 1, 25 1017 / s 0, 2s = 2,5 1016
t
. = e V = 10KeV
1
2eV
2 1,6 1019 C 104 V
=
= 4 2 107 m / s
m 2 = eV =
2
m
1030 Kg
2eV1

1
m
=

2
2eV2
V2 2 =
m

. V1 1 =

V1

V2

( 21 ) =
2 V
2
1 2 = 1 V2 = 22 V1 V2 =
V2 4V1
2
V2
1
12
2

V2 = 40KV
. : min (2) =

hc
h c min
.
min (2) =
=
eV2
4eV1
4

min (2 ) .

55.

8. , = 158,4W . 5 1016 , :
.
. .
.
. , 7,92 W

. 5s
. , 25%.
: c = 3 108 m / s ,
Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s e = 1,6 10 19 C .
:
. I =

q Ne e Ne
=
=
e = 5 1016 / s 1,6 10 19 C = 8 10 3 A I = 8mA
t
t
t

. = V V =
. min =
. =

V = 19,8 103 V

h c 6,6 1034 J s 3 108 m / s

=
min = 6, 25 1011 m
e V 1,6 1019 C 19,8 103 V

x
100% = 5%
P

= P x = (158, 4 7,92 ) W = 150, 48W

. x =

Wx
Wx = x t Wx = 39,6J
t

N
N e = e t = 5 1016 5 N e = 25 1016
t

56.

. =

VT VA
100%
VA

min (A ) =

hc
hc
VA =
e VA
e min (A )

min (B) =

V
hc
hc
hc
hc
VB =
=
=
= A
e VB
e min (B) e 1, 25 min (A ) 1, 25 min (A )e 1, 25

VA
VA
0, 25
1

1, 25
=
100% =
1 100% =
100%
VA
1, 25
1, 25
= 20% . 20%.

9. , 2 . 3/5 2 . = 3, 3 1011 m .
:
.
. 2

. V -
1 = 2 1015 Joule
.
V
. = 3, 3 1011 m .
:

h = 6,6 1034 J s ,

m e = 9,1 1031 Kg .

c = 3 108 m / s ,

e = 1,6 1019 C ,

. E = h f = h

57.

c
= 6 1015 J

3
5
. E = K 2 K 2 = E 2 = 1014 J
5
3
2 2
1
m
 1,5 108
K 2 = m2 =
2
m
s
K 2 K1
V = 50000 volt
e
. :
. : = W K 2 K1 = e V V =

min =

hc
min = 2, 475 1011 m
eV

x
c
h
x
E

h
f
. =
= t = x =
= = 0,75 = 75%
P W W e V e V
t

10.
1 = 11,1eV , 2 = 6, 2eV , 3 = 4,4eV 4 = 2, 3eV .

. .
. 6,7eV .


;
. . .
. , ,
7,68 1019 J .
: e = 1,6 1019 C , h = 4,125 10 15 eV s , c = 3 108 m / s .
:
. E = 1 = = 11,1eV

58.

. E = n E1 E n = E + E1
E n = 6,7 eV 11,1eV E n = 4, 4 eV .

E 3 .
E 1 = 3 1 1 = 6,7 eV
E 2 = 3 2 2 = 1,8eV
E 3 = 2 1 3 = 4,9eV

. max E E 2 .
E 2 =

max =

hc
hc
max =

max
E 2

4,125 1015 eV s 3 108

1,8eV

m
s = 6,875 107 m
max

7,68 1019
K = 4,8eV
1,6 1019
:

. K =

E ,min = E 2 E1 E ,min = 4,9eV . K < E ,min , -

1.

59.

(n = 1) ,
E1 = 13,6eV . :
.

. ,
10,2eV
. n, ,
, 13,56eV
. ()
13,56eV
.
() .
: r1 = 0,5 1010 m . Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s , c0 = 3 108 m / s 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J .
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

60.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

2.

.
E ( ) = 0,544eV . E(1 ) = 10, 2eV . :
n A
n B



Coulomb
.
c0 = 3 108 m / s

:
h = 6,6 1034 J s ,
E1 = 13,6eV ,

.
.
.
.
.
.

1eV = 1,6 10 19 J .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

3.

,
(n = 1) E1 = 13,6eV E = 37,78eV ,
,

61.

. ,
. .
:
.
.

.
. .

.
.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

4.

,
, E1 = 13,6eV .
() K 1 = 16,12eV .
, ,
.
. -

62.

.
. :
. n = 2
. ( )

.
.
.

. K = 12,8eV .
h = 6,6 1034 J s , c = 3 108 m / s , 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J , = 3,14 .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

5.

63.

,
.

n

n = 5,45 1019 J .
f A = 4,4 1014 Hz () 0( ) = 484,4 109 m .
. :
. n
.

. En( ) n(B )

) -

n,

. n n .
. ()
d, ,
. c A =

c0
1,48

cB = 2 108 m / s :
.
.
. d
.
.
: h = 6,6 1034 J s c0 = 3 108 m / s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

64.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

6.

() K = 16eV
, E1 = 13,6eV . .

0 .
d = 4,42cm .
K = 105 . :
. ( )
.
. .

.

. 0 . -

65.

;
. n
.
.
. , K e = 0,4eV
K = 0,5eV .
: h = 4,1769 10 15 eV s , c0 = 3 108 m / s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

7. X
6,6 0,8
108 m / s .
9

.

66.

. :
.
.
. .
.

Ne
= 2,5 1017 / s
t
= 2% , :
.
.
.
.
= 6,6 10 11 m
. .
: e = 1,6 1019 C , m e = 9 1031 Kg , Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s , c = 3 108 m / s 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

8. . ,

f A = 5 1014 Hz , -

= 200 / 3W , -

67.

c1 = 2,4 108 m / s ,
c = 0,4 108 m / s .
:
.
.
. 1 2
.
.
().
. ,
V. H
1000
. = 40mA

t = 1s 0,832 J,
:
.
.
.
: c = 3 108 m / s ,
Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s
e = 1,6 1019 C .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

68.

9. , = 495W V = 24,75KV
= 5% . :
.
.

.
t = 0, 2s
. % , 25%
. % .

.
: c = 3 108 m / s ,
Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s
e = 1,6 1019 C .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

10. . ,

Px = 1KW ,

t = 0,1s . V = 31, 25KV . -

69.

, :
. f1
.
. , .
. f2 = 7, 2 1018 Hz
:
.
.
.
: h = 6,6 1034 J s , m e = 1030 Kg , e = 1,6 1019 C .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

11. .
.
. .
. 40eV.
-

70.

.

;
. K = 70eV 80% . .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

12.

,

E1 = 13,6eV .
16,12eV.
, ( n = 3 ) .
.
( n = 3 ) .
.
n = 3
n = 2 .
. ( )
.
.
n = 3 .

: c0 = 3 108 m / s ,

71.

Planck h = 6,6 1034 J s , 1eV = 1,6 10 19 J = 3,14 .

( 2003)
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................

72.

1
. :
1. :
. , .
. .
. , .
. ,
.
2. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
3. :
. .
. .
. .
. .
4.
, :
. f 3 = f1 + f 2

. 1 = 1 + 1
3 1 2

. 3 > 2

. 2 < 1

73.

. () ().
1.
, . ( )
2.
13,6eV . ( )
3.
.
( )

( 25)
20
.
, :
1.

1
=4
2

2.

U1
=4
U2

3.

L1 1
=
L2 2

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.1.

.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
2. , 50%
, V :

74.

. 2V

. 1,5V

1
1,5V

1
2V

( 25)
30

V = 33KV . . :
.
.
.
, , X
f max .
:

h = 6,6 10 34 J s ,

E1 = 13,6 eV ,

1eV = 1,6 1019 J ,

A r = 1 , = 6,02 1023 .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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75.

40
V
, . ,
= 2 106 m / s ,
,
, K = 1eV .
. ;
. ;
. ;
: E1 = 13,6 eV , me = 9 1031 Kg , 1eV = 1,6 1019 J
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76.

10
. :
1. E1 = 13,6 eV .
, :
. 13,6eV
. 10,2eV
. 12,09eV
. 12,75eV.
2.
, :
. .
. .
. .
. .
3. Bohr :
.
.
. , .
. , .
.
.
4. :
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
. ()
().
1.

. ( )
2. . ( )
3.
. ( )

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77.

20
. 1. , :
. .
. .
. .
. .
2. .
. ,
1
2 3 .

1
1
1
= + .
1 2 3

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30
f max = 2 1019 Hz ,
P = 82,875 W . = 2% .
. ;
. ;
. t = 0,5s ;
: h = 6,63 10 34 J.s , e = 1,6 10 19 C

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78.

40
V = 12,5V
.
.
. ; ;
. ;
. , ;
.
,
;
: E = 13,6eV , c0 = 3 108 m / s , h = 6,6 1034 J.s , 1eV = 1,6 1019 J
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