:

[ : , , , . , ,
, , , .

[ , .

[ .
[ ,
.

[
.

[
.

[ .
[ .

[ ,
.

[
.

[ .

10.

: -
-

JJJG JJJG
AB = .
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
AB = A = = =
G G G
, , , R :

G G G G G G
2. ( + ) + = + ( + )
G
G G
4. + ( ) = 0
G G G
G G
6. + x = x = 0
G
G G
G
8. ( + ) = ( ) + ( )
JJJG JJJG JJJG
9. AB = B A
G G
G G G G
10. + +
G
G
G G
G G
G
G G G G G
: + = + = +
G G
G
G G
G G
G
11. 0 = 0 , 0 = 0
12. ( + ) = +
G
G
G
G
G
13. ( + ) = +
14. ( ) = ( )
G
G
G G
15. 1 =
16. G = 0 = 0 G = 0
G
G
G G
G
17. ( ) G = ( G ) = ( G )
18. ( ) =
G
G
G
G
G
G G
19. ( ) =
20. = 0 =
G
G
G G
21. = 0 =
G G G G
1. + = +
G G G
3. + 0 =
G G G G
G G
5. + = + =
G G G
G
G
7. + x = 0 x =

:
G
G G
G G
G
// = R , 0
G
G G
G G
// ,
G
G
G
G
, R = + . G
G
.
JJJG JJJG
JJJJG +
( )
: =
2

 11.

G
xy
G
, = ( x1 , y1 ) x1 , y1 G
G
G
= x1 i + y1 j .
G
G
G G
1. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x 2 , y 2 ) = x1 = x 2 y1 = y 2
G
G
G G
2. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x 2 , y 2 ) + = ( x1 + x 2 , y1 + y 2 )
G
G
3. R = ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x1 , y1 )
4. ( x1 , y1 ) , ( x 2 , y 2 ) :
JJJG
JJJG
2
2
= ( x 2 x1 ) + ( y 2 y1 )
= ( x 2 x1 , y 2 y1 )

x1 + x 2
y1 + y 2
, y=
2
2
G
x
y
G
G
G
1
1
= 0 x1 y 2 x 2 y1 = 0
5. = ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x 2 , y 2 ) : ||
x 2 y2
y
G G
y
G = 1 , G = 2 x1 0 , x2 0 || G = G , G , G
x1
x2
(x,y) : x =

G G

G G

G G
n

G G

GG

= (, ) ,(, 0). A = 0 = 0, = 0
G
G
= ( x1 , y1 ) , = ( x 2 , y 2 )

G G
= x1 x 2 + y1 y 2

G G
:
x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
G G

(, ) = G G =

x12 + y12 x 22 + y 22

G G G G G G G
G G
GG G G
G G G G
1. =
2. ( ) = ( ) = ( ) 3. ( + ) = +
4. G 2 = G G = G 2 .
.

G G

G G

5. =

G G

7. = 0

G G

G G

6. =

8. x1 x 2 + y1 y 2 = 0

9. G G = 1

G , G
G
G
G G G G
10. = 1 ( 1 = G )

12.

G
G
a E .

G
G
D E

.
.

o
G
OA
G
o
AM .
o
G
O c O cAc

G
G
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
G
AcM c . OA O cAc AM AcM c , OO c AAc
o

AAc MM c . , OO c MM c , OM O cM c .

Mc

E
o

a

a

Oc

, o :

 13.

A
o

G
o
G
OA OB ,
G G
D  E o

O0

a E

O$ 2% .

.
(1)
(2)

G G G G
a  
G G G G G
(  )   (  )

( )

( )

(1)

G G o o o
 OA AM OM

E
o

a E

G G o o o
 OB  BM OM .
G G G G
D  E E  D .

(D  E )  J

G G
G
a  (E  J ) .

(2) :
o
o
o
o
G G G o o
(  )  (OA AB)  B* OB  B* O*

o
o
o
G G G o o o
 (  ) OA ( AB  B* ) OA A* O* .

EJ

a E

a E J

. :

14.

. -


o

2A ,

. $%
o


o


o 
o

OA AB OB AB = OB- OA .
G
G
D E
G G
G G G G
|D || E | d|D  E | d|D || E |

| (OA)  ( AB) |d (OB) d (OA)  ( AB)

G

a E

|D || E | d|D  E | d|D || E |

G G
G G
D , E , E z 0 ,
G
G G
G
D // E D OE , O R .

G
G G
G
G
D E , E z 0 , D

OE ,

. (

 15.

G
G
). . , D E
G G
E z 0 , O :
G

D
N

OE .

G
G
G
|D |
G , | D | N | E | :
|E|
G
G
G
G
x D nn E , D NE .

G
G
G
D np E ,
G
G G
D 0 , D

x
x

 .
G
0 E .

O , ,
G
G
D OE .
o

OM
:

o


o

OM


o

OA OB
2

AB

.
o

OM

:
o

OM OA AM (1) OM OB  BM (2)

, (1)
(2) :
o

OA OB
.
2 OM OA AM  OB  BM OA OB . OM
2
o

16.

G
, D ,
G G i j .

G
Oxy D

. o
G
OA . A1 A2

x cx y cy ,

OA OA1  OA2

(1)

A1

x, y A ,
o
o
G
G
: OA1 x OA2 yj . (1)

G
G
xi  yj (2)

G
G
G
D i j .

x y .
G
G
G
D i j
G
. , D ::
G

D
(2) (3) :

G
G
x ci  y cj (3)

G G
xi  yj
G
( x  x c)i

G
G
x ci  y cj
G
( y c  y) j

G
x z x c , x  x c z 0 , i

yc  y G
j
x  xc

G
G
G G
, , i / / j , , i j
. x

x c , y

yc .

 17.

G
G
D E
,
G G
G
 , , R
G
G

G
G
D E .

G
G
D ( x1 , y1 ) E ( x 2 , y 2 ) , :
G
G
G
G
G
G
G G
x D  E ( x 1 i  y1 j )  ( x 2 i  y 2 j ) ( x1  x 2 ) i  ( y1  y 2 ) j
G
G
G
G
G
x OD O ( x1i  y1 j ) (Ox1 )i  (Oy1 ) j
G G
G

D  E ( x 1  x 2 , y1  y 2 )

OD ( Ox1 , Oy1 )

( x1 , y1 )  ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x1  x 2 , y1  y 2 )

O ( x1 , y1 ) (Ox1 , Oy1 )
G
G
, OD  PE :
G
G
OD  PE (Ox1 , Oy1 )  ( Px 2 , Py 2 ) (Ox1  Px 2 , Oy1  Py 2 ) .

$ ( x1 , y1 ) % ( x 2 , y 2 ) ( x, y ) .

x1  x 2
2

y1  y 2
.
2

$ ( x1 , y1 )

% ( x 2 , y 2 )

B(x2,y2)
(x,y)

( x, y )
A(x1,y1)

.
:

18.

OM

1 o o
(OA OB) ,
2

( x, y )

OM ( x, y ) , OA ( x1 , y1 ) , OB ( x 2 , y 2 ) ,

1
x x y y
[( x1 , y1 )  ( x2 , y 2 )] 1 2 , 1 2
2
2
2

x1  x 2
2

x
10

y1  y 2
.
2

( x, y ) A( x1 , y1 ) % ( x2 , y 2 ) : x x 2  x1 y y 2  y1 .

$ ( x1 , y1 )
% ( x 2 , y 2 )
( x, y ) -

y
B(x2,y2)
A(x1,y1)

AB .
o

, AB OB  OA , AB ( x, y ) ,
o

OB ( x 2 , y 2 ) , OA ( x1 , y1 ) ,
:
( x, y ) ( x 2 , y 2 )  ( x1 , y1 )
:

( x 2  x1 , y 2  y1 )

( x, y ) A( x1 , y1 )

% ( x2 , y 2 )
x
11

x 2  x1

y 2  y1 .

G
D ( x, y ) .
:
G
|D |
x2  y2 .

 19.

G
D

( x, y ) -

G
OA . $1
o

A(x,y)

A1

$2 x cx
y cy .

x y , (2$1 ) | x | (2$2 ) | y | . 1 :

G
| D | 2 (2$ ) 2

(2$1 ) 2  ($1$ ) 2

(2$1 ) 2  (2$2 ) 2 | x | 2  | y | 2

x2  y2 .

G
|D |

12

x2  y2

$( x1 , y1 )

% ( x 2 , y 2 ) ($% )

( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 .

$( x1 , y1 )

B(x2,y2)

% ( x 2 , y 2 ) .
($% )
A(x1,y1)

AB ( x 2  x1 , y 2  y1 ) ,

( )

JJJG

AB

( x2  x1 )2  ( y2  y1 )2

:
$( x1 , y1 ) % ( x 2 , y 2 )

($% )

( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 .

20.

G G
D , E ,
G
G
D ( x1 , y1 ) E ( x2 , y2 ) G G
// 1 2
O1 O2 :

13

G
D

G
( x1 , y1 ) E

( x2 , y2 ) O1

O2 , :
x
G G
// 1
x2

14

y1
y
0 x1 y2 x2 y1 1
y2
x1

y2
1 2 .
x2

G
G
D ( x1 , y1 ) E ( x2 , y2 )
.

G
o
o
G
OA OB .

($% ) 2 (2$ ) 2  (2% ) 2  2(2$ )(2% )$2%

(x2,y2)

y
(x1,y1)

,, .

( $% ) 2

( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2 , (2$) 2

, :

x12  y12 (2% ) 2

x22  y22 .

 21.

( x 2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2 x12  y12  x 22  y 22  2(2$ )(2% )$2 %

x12  x 22  2 x1 x 2  y12  y 22  2 y1 y 2 x12  y12  x 22  y 22  2(2$ )(2% )$2 %

G G
(2$ )(2% )$2 % , :
G G
D E x1 x 2  y1 y 2

15

:
G G G
G G
x ( ) ( ), R
G G G G G G G
x (  ) 

G G

x A 1 2 = -1 , 1 G 2 G , ( , // y cy )

G
G
G
D ( x1 , y1 ) , E ( x 2 , y 2 ) J ( x3 , y3 ) , :
G G
G G
( OD ) E (Ox1 , Oy1 )( x2 , y2 ) ( Ox1 ) x2  (Oy1 ) y2 O ( x1 x2  y1 y2 ) O (D E )
G
G
G G
D ( OE ) ( x1 , y1 )(Ox 2 , Oy 2 ) x1 (Ox 2 )  y1 ( Oy 2 ) O ( x1 x 2  y1 y 2 ) O (D E ) .
,

G
G G G
( OD ) E D (OE )

G G

O (D E )

( x1 , y1 )( x 2  x 3 , y 2  y 3 ) x1 ( x 2  x 3 )  y1 ( y 2  y 3 )
( x1 x2  x1 x3 )  ( y1 y2  y1 y3 ) ( x1 x2  y1 y2 )  ( x1 x3  y1 y3 )
G G G G
D E  D J .
y y
G G G G
A 0 x1 x 2  y1 y 2 0 y1 y 2  x1 x 2 1 2 1 1 2 1
x1 x 2

D (E  J )

16

G
D

G
( x1 , y1 ) E

( x 2 , y 2 ) -

. A

x1 x 2  y1 y 2
x 12  y12 x 22  y 22

22.

G G G G
D E |D | | E |VXQT

G G
D E
,

x1 x 2  y1 y 2 ,

G
|D |

17

G G

G G .
| || |

x12  y12

G
|E |

x 22  y 22 .

x1 x 2  y1 y 2
x 12

 y 12 x 22  y 22

G G
G G
, v z 0 .
G G G
G
G .

o
o
G
G
OA OM .

M
o

OA M 1
.
o
G
G
OM 1
G
G :
o

OM 1

M1

G
G .

G
G
(H
).
G
G
:
o
G G G o
G o G o
G o G
G
v (OM 1  M 1 M ) OM 1  M 1 M OM 1 G

:
G G G
G
G

 23.

.
2003.
1.3

6, 7, 9

: 5, 6, 8
1.4

3, 5, 6, 8

: 2, 3, 5
1.5

6, 7, 12, 13

: 2, 4, 5
:

1, 3

.


1:
:

3, 5

: 7, 11
2:
:

: 1, 5, 6
3:
:

1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 12

: 3, 4, 5

24.

1.
x :
JJJG 1 JJJG
A = AB ,
3

JJJG 1 JJJG
JJJG
JJJG
A = A ,
=
5
JJJG
JJJG
i.
JJJG G
JJJG G
AB = A = , ,

JJJG

JJJG

ii.
.
:
JJJG

JJJG

A = 1 AB = 1

JJJG

JJJG

A = 1 A = 1

5
5
JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG G G
= = + AB = AB A =
JJJG

JJJG JJJG

JJJG

JJJG

G G

i. = + = B 2A = 2 = 5
3

JJJG

JJJG JJJG

JJJG JJJG

(1)

JJJG

= + = A = 1 1 = 1 5 G = 1

5
3
5
3
5
JJJG JJJG
&

, , .
JJJG

JJJG JJJG

1G G
5

ii. = + A =
JJJG JJJG

1G G

1G G

=

5
3

JJJG

JJJG JJJG

JJJG JJJG

1G G
3

= + A = A A =

 25.

1 G G 1 G 2 1 G 2 G G 16 G G 1 G 2 1 G 2
+ =
15
5
3
15
5
3
G G

G G

x : = 600 =

JJJG JJJG

x 1
x
( G = = x ) = 16
15 2 5
2

x2
.
2

1
x 2 = 0 . BE
3

2. (6,-1), (1,3), (1,2), (-1,-1) (1,-1).

i.
JJJJG
JJJJG
= , 1 .
ii. , .
JJJG
JJJG
JJJG JJJG
iii. , = , =
JJJJG
JJJJG
= , = 1 .
:
i. (x,y).
JJJJG
JJJJG
x 1 = (6 x )
= ( ) ( x 1, y 3) = (6 x, 1 y )
y 3 = ( 1 y )

3
1 + 6
y =
(1)
1+
1+
JJJG
JJJJG
ii. = ( x 1, y 2 ) M = ( x + 1, y + 1)
: x =

JJJG JJJJG
x 1
& M
x +1

y2
y +1

= 0 3x 2y + 1 = 0 (1) :

1 + 6
3
2
2
+1 = 0 =
1+
1+
21

JJJG
JJJG
2
iii. = k ( 2,0 ) = k ( 7,0 ) =
7

JJJG
JJJG
1
= (0,1) = (0, 3) =
3
JJJJG
JJJJG 105 84 10 8
21
=
, = , =
2
23 23 23 23

26.

2 1 21
= = 1
7 3 2

3.i. (3,2)
(-1, 4).
ii. A (,5) , .
:
i. (x,y) .
:
3+ x

3 + x = 2 x = 5

2
A( 5,6 )
2+ y
4=
2+ y =8 y=6

1 =

ii. , A, :
JJJJG JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
(1)
A & det A, A = 0
JJJJG
JJJG
= ( 8, 4 ) = ( 3, 3) (1) :

3 3

= 0 24 4 + 12 = 0 4 = 12 = 3

G
4. ,
0 .

G G G
G G G
& + & ( + )

G G G
& + .

:
G G G
& + R :
G G G
& ( + ) R :

(1) (2) :
G
G
G
G G
G
+ = + (1 + ) = ( + 1)

G G
G
+ =
G
G G
+ =
G G G
+

(1)

(2 )
G
G
G
=

(3 )

1 + 1 + , 1 + 0

 27.

G ( + 1) G
G G
(3) : =
. & , .
1+

1 + = 0 = 1 1 + = 0 = 1 ,
G G
G
G G
G
G G G
(1): + = = ( + ) . & +

5. (x ,y ) (x ,y ) (x ,y ) :
1

JJJG JJJG JJJG

x 2 - x1 = x 3 - x 2 . 1, 2, 3 , ,

, :

1 + 2 = 2 3

JJJG
y y2
y y1 JJJG
= ( x 2 x1 , y 2 y1 ) , 1 = 2
, = ( x 3 x 2 , y3 y 2 ) , 2 = 3
,
x3 x 2
x 2 x1
JJJG
y y1
A = ( x 3 x1 , y3 y1 ) , 3 = 3
x 3 x1
1 + 2 =

y 2 y1 y3 y 2 y 2 y1 + y3 y 2
+
=
x 2 x1 x 3 x 2
x 2 x1

( x 2 x1 = x 3 x 2 ) (1)

x 2 x1 = x 3 x 2 2x 2 = x1 + x 3 x 2 =

x1 + x 3
(2)
2

(1) (2) :
1 + 2 =

6. ,

y3 y1
y y1
y y1
= 3
=2 3
= 2 3
x1 + x 3
x 3 x1
x 3 x1
x1
2
2

G
G
= ( 2,1) = ( 3,1)

xx , :
:

= 1 =

1
1
= 2 =
2
3

=
+

.
4

28.

1 1
5
5
+
+

( + ) =
= 2 3 = 6 = 6 = 1 =
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
4
2 3
6 6

= .
+
4

7.

G G G
G G G
G G GmG

, , : = = = 1 , , (,
) =
6
G
G
G
G
GmG

, = , 3 + 2
3
G
G
.

( )

:
G G
G2
3 + 2 =

G G
G
3 + 2

GG
G G
GG
GG
G
= 3 2 + 2 + 4 2 + 2 3 4 3 4 =

G G
G G
G G
G G
2
2
2
= 3 + + 4 4 3 (, ) 4 ,

( )

= 3 1 + 1 + 4 1 4 3 1 1

3
1
4 1 1 = 8 6 2 = 0 .
2
2

G G G
3 + 2 = 0

8.
G G
& .

G G
3G 1G
G G
G
3 + 2 = 0 =
+ .
2
2

G G G G
, , x, y , ,

G G G G
G G G G
. x = y x = y , ;
G G
G G
G G
ii. x y
iii. x = y
i. x & y
G 2 G
G
. = 1 , :
(G ) 2

:
G G G G
G G G G
G G G
. x = y x y = 0 ( x y ) = 0
G
G G
G G
G G
= 0 x = y (x y)

 29.

G G G G
G G G G
G G G
x = y x y = 0 ( x y ) = 0
G
G G
G G
G G
= 0 x = y (x y) .
G
G
G G
= 0 = 0 ,
G
G
G G
G G
G G
( x y ) ( x y ) &
.
G G
x = y .

G G 2 G
G G2 G2
G G
GmG
. ( ) = 2 = ,

( )

G2 G2
GmG
,

G2
=

GmG
( ) = G (,
) =1
G
GmG
GmG
(,
) = 1 (,
) = 1 G & G . (G )
2

=1

G
2

G
G
. G
G
G
, : G + = (1)
G
G
G
G G
+ G = (2) :
=.

9.

G
G
GG
G G .
(1) : G + =
G G
G G
G
GG
G2
+ = 2 ( + ) = (3)
G G
G
G G .
G
(2) : + G =
G
G2
G G
G G
G G
+ = 2 ( + ) = (4)
G2 G2
G G
(3) (4) : = = .

10.

G
G G
G G

GmG
= + .
, ,
=

( )

G3
G
. : 2G = .
G
G
. .

30.

G
G
G
G
G
1G
1G
2.G = .G = , .G = 2
2
2
G G
G G
G
GG
G2
1 G2
1 G2
1 G2
= ( + ) = + =
2
2
2
G G
G2
GmG
1 G2
G G
, + = = = 1
2

1
1
1
:
1 1 + 1 = 1 + = = 1
3
2
2
2
G
G G
. = 1 :
=
G G
G G G GG G
GmG
( ) 2 ( )
, = G G = G G = G G
1

. :

( )

( )

G G G
G G
G2
1
1
: 2 = = 1 1 1 =
3
2
2
G
G
G
G
2
2
G2 G
G
G
G
G2
1 G2
= = ( ) = 2 2 + 2 = 2 +
2
G
= 1 1 + 1 = 1 = 1
1
GmG 2
GmG
1
2
= , : ,
(1) : , =
= =
1 1
2
3 3

( )

( )

G
G G
, :
G
G
G = ( 1, 2 ) G = (2,1)
G
G
i. .
G
ii. .
:

11.

G G
G
G R G
i. G || G = = (1, 2 )
*

*
G G
G
G R G
G || G = = (2,1)
G G
:
= (1, 2)(2,1)

G G G

0
, 0
GG
GG
GG
G G
= 1 2 + 2 1 = 0 = 0

 31.

JJG
G
JJG
G
G G
ii. 1 = G 2 = G :
G JJG JJG
= 1 + 2 = (1, 2 ) + (2,1) = (1 + 2, 2 + 1) = (1,3)

12. , , , , .

JJJG JJJG JJG JJJG JJJG JJG

i. : 2 + 2 + 2 = 2 ( AB A + B B + A )
JJG
JJG
ii. = ,
:
2 = ( 1) 2 + 2 + (1 ) 2

JJG 2 JJG 2 JJG JJJG 2 JJG 2

JJG JJJG JJJG 2
i. 2 = 2 = = = (A AB) = A 2A AB + AB =
JJG 2
JJG JJJG JJJG 2
JJG JJJG
2 B + B = 2 2 B + 2
JJJG JJG
JJG JJJG
: 2 = 2 2 B + 2 , 2 = 2 + 2 2 (1)
:
JJJG JJG
JJJG JJG
2A = 2 + 2 2 (2) 2 B = 2 + 2 2 (3) .
(1), (2) (3) :
JJJG JJG
JJG JJJG
JJJG JJG
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 + 2B BA + 2A B = + + + + +
JJJG JJG JJG JJJG JJJG JJG
2 ( + + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 .
JJJG 2 JJJG JJJG 2 JJJG
JJG 2
ii. 2 = = (B + B ) = (B + ) =
JJJG JJG 2 2
JJJG 2
JJJG JJG
JJG 2 JJJG 2
JJJG JJG
JJG 2
2
+ 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 +
JJJG JJG
2A = 2 + 2 2 ( (2) i.) :
A2 = 2 ( 2 + 2 2 ) + 2 2 = 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 =

= ( 1) 2 + 2 + (1 ) 2 .

32.

G
G
G
G G
G
R = = 2 + 3
.
G

1. G //

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

2.

G G G
G G G
, , . // ( )
G G G
G G G
// ( ) = + .
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

3.

JJJG
JJJG
JJJG G
JJJG G
, = = = 2 . ,
JJJG JJJG
JJJJG
, JJJG
JJJJG
G
G
. = 2 .
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

 33.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
JJJG G
JJJG JJJG JJJG G
= , = = :
JJJG
i. = ;
G G
G G
G G
. +
. ( + )
.
JJJG
ii. = ;

4.

1 G G
( + )
2

1G G
+
2

1G G
+
2

G G
.

1 G G
( + )
2

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

G
= (3,5 + x) 2 G
= (12, x 4) , x : 1 + 2 2 = 3 .

5.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

6.
(2,1), (6,4) (5,5).
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

34.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

7. (2,5)
. (6,4)

JJJG
= (6,4) :
. (8,9)
. (4,9)
. (8,1)

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

8.

JJJG JJJG
JJJG G
JJJG
G
G G
= + 2 = 2 . ,

G
G G 2 G G
= ( 2 2 ) . = 4
3
G
GmG
= 5 ( = , ).

( )

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

9. (,) (,) .

JJJG
JJJG
n
, ,
.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

 35.

10.

G G
G
= (1, 3) ,
G G
G
G G
G G
G
= 2 = 1 . = 2 + 3
G
.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

11.

G
G
G G
G G
, = i + 2 j = 1

GmG
(,
) = 6 . u,G G

G
G
G
u = 2 + 3

G
G G
= 2 .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
G

G
12. ,
:

G
G
G
G
2 = 2 , + 2 = 8

G G
G
G
G

n
G
+ 2, 2 = . .
3

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

36.

13.

G
R = ( 3,4 1)
G
= (3 + 9, 3) .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

14.

JJJG

G JJJG

JJJG

= , B = = ,
G

: = = 3 , = 7 , + 2 3 = 0
. , , .
G G GG G G

(G G)
G G
G G
( x + ) ( + ) :

m .
. , , ,

G G

. x x & ( )
G

i. N : x =

21 G G

ii. x

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

15. AB

JJJG
G
G
G G JJJG
= 2 + , = 3 ,

G
G
GmG
2
G
. :
= = 1 , =
3

( )

 37.

. :
GG

G G

ii. 4 + 2

i.

JJJJG

JJJG

. AM , B ,
JJJJG
JJJG
JJJJG JJJG
G
AM B AM B .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

16.

(0,3), (2,1) 2 3,1 .

:

JJJG JJJG

JJJJG

ii.
iii.
i.
............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

17.

G
G G G
G G
G
. , = G 2

G
. v = (1, 2 )
G
u = ( 3, 4 ) .

. ()=, ()=.
:

JJJG

JJJG

( ) + ( ) = 0

38.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

18.

G
, 0 G = 2 ,
G 3G
G = .
8
G
G G
3G
= 2 2 = 2
8
G

3
. :
G =

4
GmG
. = , .
G
G G
G G G
. v = + w = R .

. :

( )

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

 39.

G G
.1. i , j xx yy
G G
G
G
= ( x, y ) = xi + yj .
G
G
G
i j .

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 5)
G G
G
2
2. = ( , 3 + 2 ) i , j .
(i + j) :
. = 2
. = 1 = 2
. = 3
.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 8)
.
:
1. (1, 2 ) , ( 2,3) (6, ) :

40.

. = 1
. = 0 =

. = 0 = 2

2
3

. = 7

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 7)
2. () () .
G G
, :
G
G G
G G
G
G G G G
. = =
. // =
G
G G G G
G
G G
G G
. =
. = =
G G G G
. =
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

( 5)
20

G
G
G
G G
G
, 2 + 4 = (3, 2 ) 4 = (9, 4 ) .
G
G
5 1
. = ( 4, 2 ) = , .
4 2

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 7)

 41.

G
G G
G
. + 8 + 4 .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 8)
G
G
. .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 10)

30
G
G
G
G G
G G G
. , = . ( 2 ) .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
( 10)
. , ( ) = 3
JJJG JJJG
JJJG JJJG
= 9 . .
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................

42.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
( 15)

40

G
G
G
G
= (3, 5) , = ( 2,1) = (3, 1) .
G

G
.

............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
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( 25)