Aerobic Respiration Pyruvateentersmitochondrionbyactivetransport preKrebscycle/transitionphase Pyruvate+coenzymeAacetylCoA+NADH+CO2

NamedafterHansKrebwhodiscovereditinthe1930s. Krebscycle/Citricacidcycle o 8enzymemediatedsteps o Startsandendswithoxaloacetate(cycle) o Firststep Acetyl CoA (2 C) + oxaloacetate (4 C) citrate (6 C) o 3NADH,1FADH2,ATParemadeperpyruvate o 2CO2released(whatanimalsexhalewhenbreathe) o OccursinMitochondriamatrix Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle


http://highered.mcgraw

hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__how_the_krebs_cycle_works__q uiz_1_.html

Percycle 1ATP 3NADH 1FADH2 2CO2 Oxaloacetateregenerated

Perglucose(2cycles) 2ATP 6NADH 2FADH2 4CO2 Oxaloacetateregenereated

Precycle:1CO2and1NADHform/pyruvatemolecule

AerobicRespiration,continued! Oxidative Phosphorylation processofextractingATPfromNADHandFADH2

PartI:ElectronTransportChain(ETC)

Thecristaegreatlyincreasetheavailablesurfaceareaforchemical reactions. TheETCextractsenergyfromhydrogenatomsandelectrons containedinNADHandFADH2. ItseparatesNADHandFADH2intoNAD+,FAD,H+andelectrons. Energyisharvestedfromtheelectrons,andisusedtopumpH+ ionsintotheintermembranespace. TheH+iongradientprovidesenergytotransformADPintoATPviaa processcalledchemiosmosis.

http://highered.mcgraw hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_atp_syn thesis__quiz_1_.html

EVENMOREABOUTTHEETC IntheETC,electronspassfromoneproteintoanotherinalternating reduction/oxidationreactions. NADHunloadsitsH+andelectronsatthehighestpointintheelectron chain(atFMN). FADH2unloadsatubiquinone. Therefore,NADHliberatesmoreenergy. Cellsget3ATP/NADHandonly2ATP/FADH2. Purpose:formaH+gradient

http://highered.mcgraw on_of_atp__quiz_1_.html http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ETS.html

hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter25/animation__electron_transport_system_and_formati

PartII:Chemiosmosis:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Idy2XAlZIVA A hydrogen ion gradient is established by the ETC. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 supply energy to pump H+ into the intermembrane space You get a very strong H+ ion gradient. As a result, H+ tends to flow back into the matrix via diffusion. H+ diffuse slowly across the lipid portion of the membrane, but can easily cross at a protein channel called ATP synthase. H+ takes the path of least resistance.

ATPSynthasegeneratesATP o Innermembraneofmitochondria o Allowsprotonstoflowbackintothematrix: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Idy2XAlZIVA o ThisflowgeneratesenergyforformationofATP

ATP synthase has 3 components: 1) Rotor in inner membrane (to pass H+), 2) knob poking into matrix (joins P to ADP) and 3) rod connecting rotor to knob (activates sites on knob). Flow of H+ through ATP synthase is exergonic, creating ATP from ADP and P.

TotalATPproduction: Source FADH2 NADH ATP ATP produced produced produced Yield Glycolysis 2(x2b/c 4(2 6 transfer) used)=2 Pyruvateto 2 6 acetylCoA CitricAcidcycle 2(x2) 6(x3) 2 24 ETC/oxidative phosphorylation Total 36 Howeverthisactuallyhoversaround3034ATPduetovariationsin mitochondriaefficiencies. About40%ofenergycontentinGlucoseisconvertedtoATPincellular respiration! Howefficientiscellularrespiration?

 TwotypesofPhosphorylation

Substratelevel:duringglycolysis;phosphategroupanditsEis transferredtoADPtoformATP Oxidative:phosphategroupaddedtoADPtoformATP,butEis suppliedfromelectrontransportchainwhichwasusedtogenerate H+gradient,whichenergizedtheATPsynthases

FeedbackLoops ATPproductionisregulatedbythecellbasedondemand

Phosphofructokinase:therateofthisstep(3)iscontrolled,speeding uporslowingdownglycolysis allostericenzyme

o o o Review: http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/Biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06/0602002.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRAhKj_OEdUabout@3min

inhibitedbyATP&stimulatedbyADP alsosensitivetocitrate o helpssynchronizerateofglycolysisandcitricacidcycle