-

( ).

,
.
.
.
'
. H , :
1 kJ = 103 J. 1 kcal =103 cal 1 kcal = 4,184 kJ
,
.
H.
H ,
.
:
H = - H > 0 > H
:
H = - H < 0 H >
-
+ + , H
, mol mol
mol A mol B.
:
1.
,
C() + O2(g) CO2(g) = -393,5 kJ
C() + O2(g) CO2(g) = -395,4 kJ
2.
:
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) = 890 kJ
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) = 802 kJ
3. ,
.
, H

,
.
.
:

H ( )
25C 1 atm c = 1 M
,
.
.
Hf
, f,
1 mol , .
.. C() + 2(g) C2(g) Hf = -393,5 kJ
H Hf
.. Hf () = 0, Hf () 0 .
Hf
:

o = of () - of ()

.. : 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) = 2f SO3 2f SO2

, Hf , (
).
HoC
, HoC,
1 mol , .
.. C3H8 2220 kJ mol1
1 mol C3H8 2220kJ.
,
Hoc < 0.
Hon
, Hn ,
( ) 1mol H+ 1 mol OH
, .
Hn . ,
.
Hn
, . ,
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) n = 57,1 kJ
HNO3(aq)+ KOH(aq) KNO3(aq)+ 2(l) n = 57,1 kJ
( )
:
H+(aq) + OH(aq) H2O(l) n = 57,1 kJ

( ) .
.. HCN(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCN(aq) + H2O(l) Hn = 10,6 kJ
:


H
,

.
,
H,
q,

.
Av
(
.. ),
, q,
,
,
(
). ,
:
q = m c T
m c : , J/oC cal /oC
c : , J/(g oC) cal /(g oC).
T: C K.

1g 1C.
Av , :
q = (mc + C) T, C : .

Lavoisier-Laplace
O ,

To 1 mol
,
1 mol
.
,
Av 1 mol 1,
1 mol H2 = -1.
H1 ,
H2 (H2 = 1).
Hess
To ,
.
: C() + 2(g) C2(g) H = 393,5 kJ
:

 :
C() + 1/2 2(g) C(g) 1 = 110,5 kJ
C(g) + 2(g) C2(g) 2 = 283,0 kJ


. H = H1 + 2
Hess
H
. , ,
, (.. ,
).
, Hess
( ),
.
Hess ( )
To ,
,
, .
,

.. .

Hess
: = 1 + 2 + 3 ()