Li Thuyet Bai Tap Dien Phan Chuyen de Boi Duong

L 1HUE1 |EN PHAN VA 8A| 1AP |EN PHAN
Trang 1

2009
MC LC
A. L THUYT IN PHN ........................................................................ 2
|. 1HE PHAN C|A| VA QUA 1HE ................................................................... 2
||. C|A| 1HCH 5U 1A0 1HANH NHUNC 5AN PHA M KH| |EN PHA N
DUNC D[CH .................................................................................................... 4
|||. UNC DUNC CUA 5U |E N PHAN ............................................................ 6
B. BI TP IN PHN ............................................................................. 8
|. 8A| 1AP L 1HUE1 ..................................................................................... 8
1. Dng 1: Bi tp vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra cc in cc, th t cc
ion b in phn tng in cc v phng trnh phn ng chung khi in phn
(phng trnh in phn) ..................................................................................... 8
1.1. in phn nng chy .................................................................................... 8
1.2. in phn dung dch mui tan trong nc ................................................... 9
2. Dng 2: Bi tp gii thch hin tng (s bin i pH, s thay i mu ca qu
tm). .................................................................................................................... 17
||. 8A| 1AP [NH LU0NC ............................................................................. 22
DNG 1: BI TON IN PHN KHNG CHO GI THIT CNG
DNG IN I V THI GIAN IN PHN t .................................................. 22
DNG 2: BI TON IN PHN DUNG DCH CH C

H
2
O IN PHN
HAI IN CC ................................................................................................ 23
DNG 3: BI TON IN PHN C CHO GI THIT CNG I, THI
GIAN t ................................................................................................................... 23
DNG 4: IN PHN DUNG DCH CHA NHIU CHT IN PHN ..... 23
TI LIU THAM KHO


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2009
A. L THUYT IN PHN
Nm 1800, avy (1778 - 1829), nh vt l v ha hc Anh, ln u tin dng
dng in ca pin Volta in phn nc v khng nh gi thuyt ca A.
Lavoisier (1743 - 1794) l nc gm c oxi v hiro. Bng cch in phn, avy
iu ch c nhng kim loi nh Na, K, Mg, Ca v Ba. Nghin cu hin tng in
phn, nm 1834 M. Faraday (1791 - 1867), hc tr ca avy, pht minh cc quy
lut v in phn m nay c gi l nh lut Faraday.
|. 1HE PHAN C|A| VA QUA 1HE
in phn l s phn hy cht nh tc dng ca dng in mt chiu. Khi ni
ngun in mt chiu vi hai in cc nhng trong cht in ly nng chy hay dung
dch cht in ly cc in cc ca bnh in phn xy ra cc qu trnh oxi ha v kh
lm cho cht b phn hy. Nh vy qu trnh din ra y ngc li trong pin in:
dng in pin l do phn ng oxi ha kh sinh ra. Phn ng trong pin t pht xy ra
cn phn ng in phn ch xy ra khi c dng in.
Khi ni in cc km
( )
2+
Zn
Zn
vi in cc clo
( )
2
-
Cl
2Cl
iu kin chun,
pin km clo c sut in ng E
0
= 2,12V. Ngc li nu dng dng in mt chiu
c th hiu 2,12V ni vi hai in cc tr (bng platin hoc than ch) nhng trong
dung dch
2
ZnCl s thy km kim loi bm vo in cc ni vi cc m ca ngun
in v kh clo xut hin in cc ni vi cc dng ca ngun in, ngha l cc
in cc xy ra hai na phn ng:
in cc m (catot):
2+
Zn + 2e Zn
in cc dng (anot):
-
2
2Cl Cl + 2e
Phn ng chung xy ra l:
v th hiu l 2,12V
Tng t nh vy, phn ng in phn:

2+ -
2
Cu + 2Cl Cu + Cl xy ra th hiu l 1,02V
Phn ng in phn :
Dong ien 2+
2
Zn + 2Cl Zn + Cl

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2009
+ -
2 2
2H + 2Cl H + Cl xy ra th hiu l 1,36V.
Nhng th hiu 2,12V; 1,02V v 1,36V c gi l th phn gii ca
2
ZnCl ,
2
CuCl v HCl tng ng trong dung dch 1M. Vy th hiu ti thiu ca dng in
mt chiu cn t vo cc in cc tr gy nn s in phn cht gi l th phn
gii (k hiu l U). Nhng th phn gii ca cc cht trn y ng bng sc in ng
ca cc pin tng ng.
Th phn gii ca ZnCl
2
trong dung dch:
2+
2
-
0 0
Cl
Zn
Zn
2Cl
U = E - E = ( ) 1,36 - - 0,76 = 2,12V
Th phn gii ca CuCl
2
trong dungdch:
2+
2
-
0 0
Cl
Cu
Cu
2Cl
U = E - E = 1,36 - 0,34 = 1,02V
Th phn gii HCl trong dung dch :
+
2
-
2
0 0
Cl
2H
H
2Cl
U = E - E = 1,36 - 0,00 = 1,36V
Ba th d trn y cho thy th phn gii ca mt cht in ly bao gm th phn
gii cation v th phn gii ca anion. Th phn gii ca ion l th ti thiu cn t vo
in cc ion tch in hay phng in.
Th phn gii ca i a s cation v anion cc in cc tr thc t bng th
in cc ca nguyn t tng ng. Nhng th phn gii ca mt vi ion nh
2+ 2+ +
Fe , Ni , H v ( )
-
2
OH hay H O v gi tr tuyt i rt ln hn th ca in cc tng
ng. Khi in phn dung dch ca cht cha cc ion trong nc, ngi ta phi
dng dng in c th hiu cao hn so vi sut in ng E ca pin tng ng. Th
hiu ph thm c gi l qu th (k hiu l E).
Hin tng qu th c bn cht rt phc tp v ph thuc nhiu vo yu t lin
quan vi c tnh ng hc nh vt liu c dng lm in cc, b mt ca in
cc, trng thi tp hp ca cht thot ra in cc, vi mt dng in v nhit .
Khi in cc thot ra kim loi, i lng qu th thng rt b, c th b qua
c tr cc trng hp st ( ) E = 0,24V v niken ( ) E = 0,23V . Khi in cc thot

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2009
ra cc kh nh H
2
v O
2
i lng qu th l ng k, khng th b qua c. Di
y l qu th ca hiro v oxi trn cc in cc khc nhau:
in cc Qu th ca hiro, V Qu th ca oxi, V
Pt (mui)
Fe
Pt (nhn)
Ni
Hg
0,03 0,04
0,1 0,2
0,2 0,4
0,2 0,4
0,8 1,0
0,3
0,3
0,5
0,5
Nh vy th phn gii ca cht in ly trong dung dch nc c xc nh
bng:
0 0
a c a c
U = E - E + E + E
Trong U l th phn gii,
0
a
E l th chun ca in cc dng,
0
c
E l th
chun ca in cc m (hiu
0
a
E -
0
c
E l sut in ng ca pin tng ng),
0
a
E A l
qu th ca anion in cc dng v
0
c
E l qu th ca cation in cc m.
||. C|A| 1HCH 5U 1A0 1HA NH NHU NC 5AN PHAM KH| |EN PHAN
DUNC D[CH
Khi in phn dung dch nc cha mt s loi cation v mt s loi anion th v
nguyn tc, in cc m, cation no c in cc ln hn s b kh trc v in
cc dng, anion no c th in cc b hn s b oxi ha trc. Tuy nhin trn thc
t th t thng b ph v bi hin tng qu th. Do , khi in phn dung dch
mui ca kim loi trong nc th trc tin cc in cc s xy ra phn ng oxi
ha kh no i hi th phn gii b nht.
lm sng t iu ny, chng ta xt th phn gii ca tt c nhng trng hp
c th xy ra in phn. Th d nh dung dch CoCl
2
1M vi cc in cc platin nhn.
Trng hp th nht:
in cc m:
2+
Co + 2e Co ,
o
c
E = -0,28
in cc dng:
-
2
2Cl Cl + 2e ,
o
a
E 1, 36 =

Trang 5

2009
Phn ng in phn:
2+ -
2
Co + 2Cl Co + Cl xy ra th phn gii:
U = 1,36-(-0,28) = 1,64V.
Trng hp th hai:
in cc m:
2+
Co + 2e Co ,
o
c
E = 0,28
in cc dng:
+
2 2
1
H O O + 2H + 2e
2
,
o
a
E = 1,23
Qu th ca oxi trn in cc Pt nhn
a
E = 0,5
Phn ng in phn:
2+ +
2 2
1
Co + H O Co + O + 2H
2
xy ra th phn gii:
U = 1,23 - (-0,28) + 0,5 = 2,01V.
Trng hp th ba:
in cc m:
-
2 2
2H O + 2e H + 2OH ,
o
c
E = -0,82
in cc dng:
-
2
2Cl Cl + 2e ,
o
a
E = 1,36
Qu th ca hiro trn in cc Pt nhn
c
E = 0,4
Phn ng in phn:
- -
2 2 2
2Cl + 2H O H + Cl + 2OH xy ra th phn gii:
U = 1,36 - (-0,82) + 0,4 = 2,58V
Trng hp th t:
in cc m:
-
2 2
2H O + 2e H + 2OH
o
c
E = -0,82
in cc dng:
+
2 2
1
H O O + 2H + 2e
2

o
a
E = 1,23
Qu th ca hiro trn in cc Pt nhn
c
E = 0,4
Qu th ca oxi trn in cc Pt nhn
a
E = 0,5
Phn ng in phn:
2 2 2
1
H O H + O
2
xy ra th phn gii:
U = 1,23 - (-0,82) + 0,5 + 0,4 = 2,95V
Cc kt qu thu c trn y cho thy trng hp th nht i hi th phn gii
b nht nn d xy ra nht v do sn phm ca qu trnh in phn dung dch CoCl
2

trong nc l kim loi coban v kh clo:
dong ien
2 2
CoCl Co + Cl

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2009
Tnh ton tng t nh vy, chng ta gii thch c s to thnh nhng sn
phm ca qu trnh in phn dung dch nc ca cc cht sau y vi in cc tr:
1
2
dong ien
2 2 2
dong ien
4 2 2 2 4
2NaCl + 2H O H + Cl +2NaOH
CuSO + H O Cu + O +H SO

v s phn hy nc khi in phn cc dung dch H
2
SO
4
, NaOH, Na
2
SO
4
:
2 2 2
1
H O H + O
2

trong axit, cht kim v mui ch c vai tr lm tng dn in ca dung dch.
|||. UNC DUNC CUA 5U |E N PHAN
Phng php in phn c ng dng rt rng ri trong thc t sn xut v
trong phng th nghim nghin cu.
Trong cng nghip ha cht, in phn thng c dng tch ly n cht t
hp cht. Nhiu qu trnh in phn gi vai tr then cht trong sn xut nh:
- Sn xut NaOH, Cl
2
bng phng php in phn dung dch NaCl m c.
Trong qu trnh in phn, sn phm to ra l NaOH, H
2
v Cl
2
ch khng phi l O
2

do qu th ca O
2
qu ln. Clo l mt trong mi ha cht c sn xut nhiu nht.
V vy, c th ni rng cc nh sn xut thu li nhun hng t la l nh vo vic
ng dng qu th in phn.
- Sn xut cc kh H
2
, O
2
bng phng php in phn dung dch K
2
SO
4
, H
2
SO
4
,
NaOHthc cht l in phn nc, cn cc cht mui, axit, kim, ch ng vai tr
lm tng dn in ca dung dch. Trong phng th nghim, s in phn nc thnh
H
2
v O
2
c thc hin t nm 1800 n nay vn c s dng iu ch H
2
v
O
2
siu tinh khit.
- Sn xut Li, Na, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Cl
2
, Br
2
bng phng php in phn cc
mui halogenua nng chy.
- Sn xut Al bng phng php in phn Al
2
O
3
nng chy c thm Na
3
AlF
6

(criolit) gim nhit nng chy ca nhm oxit.
- Sn xut KClO
3
bng phng php in phn dung dch KCl c, nng

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2009
- iu ch cc kim loi tinh khit.
Bng phng php in phn ngi ta c th thu c cc kim loi c tinh
kkhit cao nh Zn, Cd, Mn, Cr, Fe. V d, khi in phn dung dch ZnSO
4
c
tinh ch v thm H
2
SO
4
, do qu th ca H
2
trn Zn kh ln, nn catot khng to ra
H
2
v to ra Zn. Sn phm Zn thu c t tinh khit 99,99%.
- Tinh ch kim loi.
Nh phng php in phn c th tinh ch hng lot kim loi nh Cu, Ag, Au,
Ni, Co v Pb. Ph bin nht l tinh ch ng. ng th (ln tp cht) c dng lm
anot, nhng trong dung dch in phn CuSO
4
. ng tinh khit c dng lm catot.
Cc ion Cu
2+
t s ha tan anot chuyn v catot v b kh thnh ng tinh khit bm
vo catot.
- c cc vt bng kim loi c tin hnh tng t nh tinh ch kim loi.
Trong qu trnh in phn, kim loi anot tan dn thnh M
n+
v b kh thnh kim loi
bm thnh lp trn khun c catot.
- M in
Trong k thut, ngi ta m cc kim loi nh Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Cr, Sn, Ag v Au
ln b mt cc vt bng kim loi chng g, tng v bng, p ca vt bng
phng php in phn. Trong m in, kim loi m c dng lm anot nhng
trong dung dch mui ca n. Vt cn m c dng lm catot. Trong qu trnh in
phn, kim loi lm anot tan dn thnh M
n+
cn catot, M
n+
b kh thnh lp kim loi
bm trn b mt vt lm catot.
- Phn tch nh tnh, nh lng v tch cc kim loi trong hn hp ca chng.
Nguyn tc da trn th phng in khc nhau ca cc ion kim loi trong hn hp. V
d: Trong dung dch c cha ng thi mt s ion kim loi khc nhau. Bng cch tng
dn in th t vo hai in cc ca bnh in phn, cc kim loi ln lt thot ra
in cc. Qua xc nh c trong dung dch c nhng ion kim loi no v khi
lng ca chng l bao nhiu.


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2009
B. BI TP IN PHN
|. 8A| 1AP L 1HUE1
1. Dng 1: Bi tp vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra cc in cc, th t cc
ion b in phn tng in cc v phng trnh phn ng chung khi in phn
(phng trnh in phn)
lm dng bi tp ny cn phi ch n th t phn ng ca ion in cc.
1.1. in phn nng chy
Thng l cc mui, c th l oxit ( )
2 3
Al O hoc hiroxit (NaOH). i vi mui
th ngi ta thng in phn mui clorua nng chy v chng khng b phn hy khi
nng chy. Phng trnh phn ng dng tng qut nh sau:
( )
pnc
n 2
2ACl 2A + NaCl 1
( )
pnc
n m 2
2A O 2nA + mO 2
( ) ( )
pnc
2 2
n
2A OH 4A + nO + 2nH O 3
Phn ng (1) thng dng iu ch Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ba,
Phn ng (2) dng iu ch Al trong cng nghip.
Phn ng (3) thng dng iu ch Na.
* Cch vit s in phn:
- Cc m (-)(catot): xy ra qu trnh nhn electron.
- Cc dng (+)(anot): xy ra qu trnh nhng electron.
V d 1: in phn nng chy NaCl
S in phn:
NaCl

Phng trnh in phn:

1
2 2
NaCl Na + Cl
pnc
( )
+
Catot -
Na
( )
-
+ Anot
Cl
+
Na + 1e Na
2
2Cl Cl + 2e

Trang 9

2009
V d 2: in phn nng chy NaOH
S in phn:
NaOH

Phng trnh in phn:
V d 3: in phn nng chy
2 3
Al O
S in phn:

Phng trnh in phn:
3
2 3 2 2
Al O 2Al + O
pnc

* Lu : Khi in phn nng chy hn hp nhiu cht th th t phn ng ca
cation ngc vi th t ca nguyn t kim loi trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim
loi, ngha l nguyn t kim loi ng sau th cation ca n b kh trc.
V d 1: in phn nng chy hn hp cc mui
2 2 2
ZnCl , NiCl , CuCl th catot,
th t phn ng ca cation nh sau:
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
2+
Ni + 2e Ni
2+
Zn + 2e Zn
1.2. in phn dung dch mui tan trong nc
Cch vit s in phn:
- Cc (-) catot : xy ra qu trnh nhn electron
Ion kim loi sau nhm nhn electron, ion kim loi t nhm tr v trc khng
nhn electron m nc nhn electron.
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H

2 3
Al O

3+
Al + 3e Al
( )
3+
Catot -
Al
( )
2-
+ Anot
O
2-
2
2O O + 4e
pnc
1
2 2 2
2NaOH 2Na + O + H O
( )
+
Catot -
Na
( )
-
+ Anot
OH
+
Na + 1e Na
-
2 2
4OH O + 2H O + 4e

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2009

- Cc (+) anot: xy ra qu trnh nhng electron: ion gc axit khng c oxi
nhng electron. Ion gc axit c oxi khng nhng electron m nc nhng electron.
* Ch : i vi cacboxylat (mui ca axit cacboxylic)
- catot:
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
- anot:
-
2
2RCOO R-R + 2CO + 2e |
Phng trnh in phn:

Nu khng c mn ngn:
Khi nhit trong bnh in phn ln hn
0
40 C th:

V d 1: in phn dung dch NaCl

Phng trnh in phn:
V d 2: in phn dung dch
4
CuSO

Phng trnh in phn:
Bi 1: Vit s v phng trnh in phn cc mui sau:
a) in phn nng chy ( )
2
Ba OH
b) in phn dung dch AgNO
3
, KBr, Na
2
SO
4

+
2
-
2 2
+ 2+ 2+ + 2+ 3+
H ( H O) thu e
2H O + 2e H + 2OH
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al
|
n+
2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + 2+ 3+ 2+ + 2+
2
Cation kim loai thu e
M + ne M
Zn Fe Ni Pb H Cu Fe Hg Ag Hg
+
2 2
2H O 4H + O 4e +
2 2 2
Catot Anot
2RCOONa + 2H O H + 2NaOH+2CO + R-R | |

pdd
2 3
CO + NaOH NaHCO
3 2 3 2 2
2NaHCO Na CO + CO + H O
NaCl ( )
+
2
Catot
Na , H O

( )
-
2
+ Anot
Cl , H O
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
2
2Cl Cl + 2e
2 2 2
Anot
Catot
2NaCl + 2H O 2NaOH + H +Cl
pdd
mn
4
CuSO ( )
2+
2
Catot -
Cu , H O
+
2 2
2H O 4H + O 4e +
( )
2-
4 2
+ Anot
SO ,H O
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
1
4 2 2 4 2 2
CuSO + H O Cu + H SO + O
pdd

Trang 11

2009
Gii:
a) S in phn:
Ba(OH)
2

Phng trnh in phn:
b)
3
AgNO
S in phn:
AgNO
3

Phng trnh in phn:
- KBr
S in phn:
KBr

Phng trnh in phn:
- Na
2
SO
4

S in phn:
Na
2
SO
4

Phng trnh in phn:

Bi 2: Vit cc qu trnh in phn ln lt xy ra cc in cc khi in phn
dung dch cha
3 2
FeCl , CuCl , HCl bit th t th in ha nh sau:
3+ 2+ 2+ +
2+
2
Fe Cu Fe 2H
> > >
Cu H Fe
Fe

3 2 2 3
4AgNO + 2H O 4Ag + O + 4HNO |
pdd

2 2 2
2KBr + 2H O 2KOH + Br H | + |
pdd
mn

( )
+
2
Catot -
K , H O
( )
-
2
+ Anot
Br ,H O
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
-
2
2Br Br + 2e |
( )
2 2
2
2Ba OH 2Ba + O + 2H O
pnc

( )
2+
Catot -
Ba
( )
-
+ Anot
OH
2+
Ba + 2e Ba
-
2 2
4OH O + 2H O + 4e
( )
+
2
Catot -
Ag , H O
( )
-
3 2
+ Anot
NO ,H O
+
Ag + 1e Ag
+
2 2
2H O 4H + O 4e +
( )
+
2
Catot -
Na , H O
( )
-
2
4 2
+ Anot
SO ,H O
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
+
2 2
2H O 4H + O 4e +
2 2 2
2H O 2H + O | |
pdd


Trang 12

2009
Gii:
- catot:

- anot:
Bi 3: Vit cc phng trnh in phn xy ra khi in phn (vi in cc tr, c
mng ngn) dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl trong 3 trng hp: b = 2a; b
< 2a; b > 2a.
Gii:
CuSO
4
, NaCl

Phng trnh in phn: (1)
a mol 2a mol
Khi: b = 2a: 2 mui in phn va ht. Sau khi (1) kt thc th nc b in phn.
b < 2a: Sau khi (1) kt thc cn d
4
CuSO nn c phn ng:
(2)
Sau (2) th nc b in phn.
b > 2a: Sau (1) NaCl d nn c phn ng:
(3)
Sau (3) th nc b in phn.
Bi 4: Gii thch v vit s in phn:
a/ Khi in phn KCl nng chy v khi in phn dung dch KCl th sn phm
thu c l khc nhau.
b/ Khi in phn dung dch KNO
3
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
th sn phm thu c l
ging nhau.

2
2Cl Cl + 2e
2+
Fe + 2e Fe
+
2
2H + 2e H
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
3+ 2+
Fe + 1e Fe
( )
+ 2+
2
Catot -
Na , Cu , H O
( )
2- -
4 2
+ Anot
SO , Cl , H O
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
1
4 2 2 4 2 2
pdd

2
2Cl Cl + 2e
4 2 2 4
CuSO + 2NaCl Cu + Cl + Na SO + |
pdd

2 2 2
2NaCl + 2H O 2NaOH + H + Cl | |
pdd
mn


Trang 13

2009
Gii:
a/ Do catot xy ra s kh ca nhng cht khc nhau nn phng trnh in
phn khc nhau v cho sn phm l khc nhau.
S in phn:
* KCl nng chy

Phng trnh in phn:
p
2
2KCl 2K + Cl
Sn phm kh to thnh l kim loi kali.
* Dung dch KCl:

+
2
-
2 2
Catot(-)
K , H O
2H O + 2e H +OH

2
(H O)
KCl

-
2
-
2
Anot (+)
Cl , H O
2Cl Cl +2e

Phng trnh in phn:
pdd
2 2 2 mn
2KCl +2H O 2KOH+H +Cl
Sn phm kh to thnh l kh hiro.
b/ catot, cc ion H
+
hoc cc phn t H
2
O b kh, cng gii phng ra kh H
2
.
anot, H
2
O b oxi ha, gii phng kh O
2
. V vy sn phm to thnh ging nhau.
S in phn:
* Dung dch KNO
3

+
2
-
2 2
Catot(-)
K , H O
2H O+2e H +OH

2
KCl
(H O)

-
3 2
+
2 2
Anot(+)
NO , H O
2H O O +4H +4e

Phng trnh in phn:
p
2 2 2
2H O 2H +O
* Dung dch H
2
SO
4

+
2
+
2
Catot (-)
H , H O
2H +2e H

2 4
2
H SO
(H O)

2-
4 2
+
2 2
Anot (+)
SO , H O
2H O O +4H +4e

+
+
Catot(-)
K
K +1e K
-
-
2
Anot(+)
Cl
2Cl Cl +2e
KCl
(nc)

Trang 14

2009
Bi 5: C mt dung dch cha anion
-
3
NO v cc cation kim loi c cng nng
mol/l:
2+ + 2+
Cu , Ag , Pb . Hy cho bit trnh t xy ra s kh ca nhng ion kim loi ny
trn b mt catot.
Gii:
Cc trnh kh ion kim loi catot xy ra theo trnh t sau: ion kim loi no c
tnh oxi ha mnh hn s b kh trc:
+
2+
2+
Ag +1e Ag
Cu +2e Cu
Pb +2e Pb

Bi 6: Cc qu trnh oxi ha v kh xy ra cc in cc c ging nhau khng,
nu ta in phn dung dch NiSO
4
vi:
a/ Cc in cc tr (Pt)
b/ Cc in cc tan (Ni)
Gii:
Cc qu trnh kh catot ging nhau, cc qu trnh oxi ha anot l khc nhau.
a/ in cc tr
S in phn

2+
2
2+
Catot (-)
Ni , H O
Ni +2e Ni

4
2
NiSO
(H O)

2-
4 2
+
2 2
Anot (Pt) (+)
SO , H O
2H O O +4H +4e

Catot: to ra Ni kim loi
Anot: to ra kh O
2
.
b/ in cc tan
2+
2
2+
Catot (-)
Ni , H O
Ni +2e Ni

4
2
NiSO
(H O)

2-
4 2
2+
Anot (Ni) (+)
SO , H O
Ni Ni +2e

Hin tng: anot khng c kh bay ra, cc dng b n mn, c mt lng Ni
bm trn cc m (catot).
Gii thch:

Trang 15

2009
in cc dng bng Ni b n mn, do Ni b oxi ha:
2+
Ni Ni +2e .
Nhng ion Ni
2+
ny li chuyn di sang cc m, ti y chng b kh thnh Ni:
2+
Ni +2e Ni .
Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: in phn mt dung dch cha anion
3
NO

v cc cation kim loi c cng
nng mol:
2+ + 2+
Cu , Ag , Pb . Hy cho bit trnh t xy ra s kh ca nhng ion kim
loi ny trn b mt catot?
Bi 2: Hy vit ptp trn mi in cc v ptp chung (nu c) cho mi s in
phn sau:
a) Dung dch KCl c mng ngn v khng c mng ngn.
b) Dung dch cha ng thi
2 4
K SO v
4
CuSO .
c) Dung dch ( )
3
2
Cu NO vi anot bng Pt, catot bng Cu.
d) Dung dch ( )
3
2
Cu NO vi anot bng Cu, catot bng Pt.
Bi 3: Hy nu hin tng v vit ptp khi in phn cc dung dch hn hp sau
vi in cc Pt:
a) HCl v ( )
3
2
Cu NO
b) NaCl v ( )
3
2
Cu NO
c) ( )
3
2
Zn NO v ( )
3
2
Cu NO
Xt tt c cc trng hp c th xy ra khi in phn. Ngoi phng php in
phn cn c phng php no tch c kim loi ng ra khi cc dung dch trn?
Bi 4: Ion
+
Na c b kh hay khng, khi ngi ta thc hin nhng phn ng ha
hc sau:
a) in phn NaCl nng chy.
b) in phn dung dch NaCl.
c) Dung dch NaOH tc dng vi dung dch HCl.
Vit s , phng trnh in phn v phn ng ha hc xy ra?
Bi 5: Cho cc cht
n x y
ACl , R O , MOH trng thi nng chy

Trang 16

2009
a) Vit phng trnh in phn tng cht?
b) Phng php in phn thng dng iu ch nhng kim loi no?
Bi 6: Phn ng no xy ra trong qu trnh in phn
2
MgCl nng chy?
A. S oxi ha
2+
Mg B. S kh ion
2+
Mg
C. S oxi ha ion
-
Cl D. S kh ion
-
Cl
Bi 7: Trong qu trnh in phn KBr nng chy, phn ng no xy ra in cc
dng (anot)?
A. Ion
-
Br b kh B. Ion
-
Br b oxi ha
C.Ion
+
K b oxi ha D. Ion
+
K b kh
Bi 8: in phn vi in cc tr, c mng ngn mt dung dch cha cc ion
2+ 3+ 2+ -
Fe , Fe , Cu , Cl . Th t cc ion b in phn catot l:
A.
2+ 3+ 2+
Fe , Fe , Cu B.
2+ 2+ 3+
Fe , Cu , Fe
B.
3+ 2+ 2+
Fe , Cu , Fe D.
3+ 2+ 2+
Fe , Fe , Cu
Bi 9: Cho cc anion:
- - 2- - -
Cl , Br , S , I , OH . Dy no sau y sp xp ng th th
tng dn tnh oxi ha ca cc anion anot (in cc tr)
A.
- - 2- - -
Cl , Br ,S , I , OH
B.
- 2- - - -
Br ,S , I , OH , Cl
C.
- - - 2- -
I , Cl , Br , S , OH
D.
2- - - - -
S , I , Br , Cl , OH
Bi 10: Pht biu no di y khng ng v bn cht qu trnh ha hc xy ra
in cc trong s in phn?
A. Anion nhng electron anot
B. Cation nhn electron catot
C. S oxi ha xy ra catot
D. S kh xy ra anot
Bi 11: C cc qu trnh sau:
a) in phn NaOH nng chy

Trang 17

2009
b) in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn
c) in phn NaCl nng chy
d) Cho NaOH tc dng vi dung dch HCl
2. Dng 2: Bi tp gii thch hin tng (s bin i pH, s thay i mu ca
qu tm).
lm dng bi tp ny yu t cn thit nht phi vit chnh xc cc phng
trnh in phn
Bi 1: Vit s v phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi in phn dung dch hn
hp
4
CuSO , NaBr .
Trong qu trnh in phn, pH ca dung dch thay i nh th no? Bit nng
mol ca
4
CuSO , NaBr bng nhau.
Gii:
CuSO
4
, NaBr

Phng trnh in phn:
a/2 a
V nng mol ca 2 mui bng nhau nn trong dung dch hn hp, s mol ca
2 mui phi bng nhau. Gi a l s mol ca mi mui th sau (1) cn d a/2 mol
4
CuSO . Do mui
4
CuSO c phn ng thy phn cho mi trng axit nn pH ca dung
dch nh hn 7.

Trong qu trnh in phn dung dch
4
CuSO th pH gim dn do nng
+
H tng
dn.
Tip n nc b in phn:
Do nc cn dn nn nng H
+
tng dn, do pH gim dn nhng gim chm
do nc cn i chm.
( )
2- -
4 2
+ Anot
SO , Br , H O
2+
Cu + 2e Cu
2
2Br Br + 2e
4 2 2 4
CuSO + 2NaBr Cu + Br + Na SO + |
pdd
( )
4 2 2 4
2
CuSO + 2H O Cu OH + H SO
dpdd
2 2 2
2H O 2H + O | |
( )
+ 2+
2
Catot -
Na , Cu , H O

Trang 18

2009
Bi 2: in phn dung dch gm NaCl v HCl c mng ngn, sau mt thi gian
in phn ta thy:
a) Dung dch thu c lm qu tm.
b) Dung dch thu c khng lm i mu qu tm.
c) Dung dch thu c lm xanh qu tm.
Hy gii thch qu trnh in phn xy ra trong mi trng hp trn v vit ptp.
Gii:
a)
2 2
2HCl H + Cl
pdd

Dung dch thu c lm qu tm chng t HCl cha in phn xong.
b) Dung dch thu c khng lm i mu qu tm chng t in phn va ht
HCl.
c) Dung dch thu c lm xanh qu tm chng t NaCl b in phn.

Bi 3: Vit ptp c th xy ra khi in phn dung dch hn hp gm
2
HCl, CuCl , NaCl vi in cc tr c mn ngn. Hy cho bit pH ca dung dch s
thay i nh th no (tng hay gim) trong qu trnh in phn.
Gii:
pH = - lg
+
H (

Th t in phn:
2 2
CuCl Cu + Cl
pdd
: pH khng thay i do khng lm thay i
+
H (

v pH < 7.
2 2
2HCl H + Cl
pdd
: Do
+
H (

gim nn pH tng v pH = 7 lc va ht HCl.
: pH tip tc tng ln do
-
OH (

tng
v pH > 7.
: Do nc cn dn nn
-
OH (

tng dn do pH tng
chm.
2 2 2
pdd
mn
2 2 2
pdd
mn
2 2 2
2H O 2H + O | |
pdd

Trang 19

2009
Bi 4: Vit phng trnh phn ng in phn (in cc tr) dung dch tng cht
sau: NaCl (c mng ngn),
4
FeSO v HCl n khi nc bt u in phn th ngng
li. Cho bit qu tm i mu g trong dung dch cn li sau in phn tng cht?
Rt ra nguyn tc chung khi in phn dung dch mui (ca nhm kim loi v nhm
axit no) nhn c dung dch sau in phn l axit, baz?
Gii:

Dung dch sau in phn lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu xanh.
4 2 2 2 4
2FeSO + 2H O 2Fe + O +2 H SO
pdd
mn

Dung dch sau in phn lm qu tm chuyn sang mu .
2 2
2HCl H + Cl
pdd

Dung dch sau in phn khng lm i mu qu tm.
- nhn c dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit, phi in phn dung
dch mui to bi kim loi c tnh kh km Al (sau Al) v gc axit c oxi.
- nhn c dung dch sau in phn c mi trng baz, phi in phn
dung dch mui to bi kim loi t Al tr v trc (Al, kim, kim th) v gc axit
khng c oxi.
Bi 5: in phn nng chy mui AX (A l kim loi kim, X l Cl, Br, I) thu
c cht rn A v kh B. Cho A tc dng vi nc c dung dch
'
A v kh
'
B . Cho
'
B tc dng vi B c kh D. Cho D tc dng vi dung dch
'
A c dung dch E.
Vit cc pthh v gii thch mu ca qu tm.
Gii:
dpnc
2
2AX 2A + X | (1)
(A) (B)

2 2
2A + 2H O 2AOH + H |
pnc
(2)
(A) (
'
A ) (
'
B )

2 2
H + X 2HX (3)
(B) (
'
B ) (D)
2 2 2
pdd
mn

Trang 20

2009

2
AOH + HX AX + H O (4)
(
'
A ) (D) (E)
Theo (1, 2, 3, 4) th
AOH HX
n = n . Do dung dch E chnh l dung dch mui AX. V
cc ion
+
A v
( )
- - - -
X Cl , Br , I trung tnh nn pH ca dung dch E bng 7 v qu tm c
mu tm (khng i mu).
Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: in phn dung dch hn hp
2 4 4
H SO , CuSO , KBr vi in cc tr, mng
ngn xp. Trong nng mol/l ca hai mui bng nhau. Nu thm vi git qu vo
th mu ca dung dch thay i nh th no trong qu trnh in phn?
Bi 2: Khi in phn dung dch ca mt loi mui, gi tr pH trong khng gian
gn in cc ca mt cc tng ln. Dung dch mui no b in phn?
Bi 3:
a) Hy nu s ging v khc nhau gia hai qu trnh: Cho Cu tc dng vi dung
dch
3
AgNO v in phn dung dch
3
AgNO vi anot bng Cu.
b) Mt hp cht c cng thc ( )
3
2
CuCO .Cu OH . T cht hy trnh by 3
phng php iu ch Cu? Phng php no thu c Cu tinh khit hn c?
Bi 4: Hy gii thch:
a) Khi in phn KCl nng chy v khi in phn dung dch KCl th sn phm
thu c l khc nhau.
b) Khi in phn dung dch
3
KNO , dung dch
2 4
H SO th sn phm thu c l
ging nhau.
Bi 5: Hy vit s v phng trnh in phn xy ra khi in phn dung dch
4
CuSO vi hai in cc bng platin (Pt). Sau khi in phn c mt thi gian, ngt
ngun in ngoi v ni hai in cc trn bng dy dn, c hin tng g xy ra? Gii
thch v minh ha bng phng trnh ha hc?
Bi 6: in phn canxi clorua nng chy c cht rn A v kh B. Cho A tc
dng vi nc thu c kh C v dung dch D. Thu kh B v C chophn ng vi nhau,

Trang 21

2009
ly sn phm ha tan trong nc c dung dch E. Cho mt mu giy qu tm vo
dung dch E. Quan st mu ca giy qu thy g? ton b dung dch D vo dung
dch E, mu ca giy qu bin i nh th no?Gii thch? (Bit rng cc phn ng
u xy ra hon ton v trong khi thc hin phn ng khng mt mt sn phm).
Bi 7: in phn mt dung dch hn hp gm
2
HCl, CuCl , NaCl vi in cc tr
c mng ngn. pH ca dung dch thay i nh th no trong qu trnh in phn?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Tng ri gim D. Gim ri tng
Bi 8: in phn dung dch
4
CuSO vi anot bng ng, nhn thy mu xanh ca
dung dch khng i. l do nguyn nhn no sau y?
A. S in phn khng xy ra
B. Thc cht l in phn nc
C. ng to ra catot li tan ngay
D. Lng ng bm vo catot bng lng ng tan ra anot do in phn
Bi 9: in phn dung dch X cha hn hp cc mui
2 3 2
NaCl, CuCl , FeCl , ZnCl .
Kim loi cui cng thot ra catot trc khi c kh thot ra l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Fe D. Na
Bi 10: in phn dung dch X cha hn hp cc mui
2 3 2
NaCl, CuCl , FeCl , ZnCl . Kim loi u tin thot ra catot trc khi c kh thot ra
l:
A. Zn B. Cu C. Fe D. Na
Bi 11: Nhng bn phn ng no sau y xy ra catot trong qu trnh in phn
dung dch
2
CuBr ?
a) ( ) ( )
2+
Cu dd + 2e Cu r
b)

(d)
-
2 2
c) 2H O + 2e 2OH + H
( ) ( )
2+
Cu r Cu dd + 2e
+
2 2
2H O 4H + O 4e +

Trang 22

2009
||. 8A| 1AP [NH LU0NC

* Lu : Xem phng trnh in phn nh mt phn ng v c bnh thng
Bi 1: Tin hnh in phn dung dch CuSO
4
mt thi gian, khi ngng in
phn, catot xut hin 3,2g kim loi Cu. Hi anot xut hin kh g v vi th tch l
bao nhiu (ktc)?
Gii:
Phng trnh in phn:
4 2 2 2 4
1
CuSO + H O Cu + O + H SO
2

Ta c:
2
2
O Cu
O
1 1 3,2
n = n = = 0,025(mol)
2 2 64
V = 0,025 22,4 = 0,56(l)

Bi 2: Tnh lng cc cht tham gia v thu c khi in phn dung dch
4
ZnSO .
4 2 2 2 4
2 ZnSO + 2H O 2Zn + O + H SO + |
pdd

2.161g2mol 2.65g 22,4l 2mol
a (g) x mol y (g) V (l) z (mol)
Ta c cc t l:

(Trong a l s gam cht b in phn)
Ch : Khi ang in phn, tc l lc ang c dng in chy qua th Zn bm
catot khng tc dng vi
2 4
H SO trong dung dch. Lc ngng in phn v yn th
c phn ng:
2 4 4 2
Zn + H SO l ZnSO + H |
DNG 1: BI TON IN PHN KHNG CHO GI THIT CNG
DNG IN I V THI GIAN IN PHN t
2.161 2a 2
a x 2.161
= x =
2,65
2.161 2.65.a
a 2.161
= =
y
y

Trang 23

2009
Bi 3: in phn c mng ngn 150ml dung dch BaCl
2
. Kh thot ra anot c
th tch l 112ml (ktc). Dung dch cn li trong bnh in phn sau khi c trung
ha bng HNO
3
phn ng va vi 20g dung dch AgNO
3
17%.
a/ Vit phng trnh in phn v cc phn ng ha hc xy ra.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch BaCl
2
trc khi in phn.
Gii:
a/ Cc phn ng ha hc:
pdd
2 2 2 2 2
BaCl +H O H +Cl +Ba(OH) (1)
(2)
(3)
b/ Nng dung dch BaCl
2
:
S mol Cl
2
sinh ra (1):
2
Cl
0,112
n = =0,005(mol)
22,4

Khi lng AgNO
3
tham gia (3):
3
3
AgNO
AgNO
1720
m = =3,4(g)
100
3,4
n = =0,02(mol)
170

Theo (1):
2 2
BaCl Cl
n = n = 0, 05(mol)
Theo (3):
2 3
BaCl AgNO
1 0,02
n = n = =0,01(mol)
2 2

Nng ca dung dch BaCl
2
trc in phn:
BaCl
2
M
1000(0,01+0,005)
C = =0,01(mol/l)
150

Bi 4: in phn (vi in cc platin) 200ml dung dch ( )
3
2
Cu NO n khi bt
u c bt kh thot ra catot th dng li. yn dung dch cho n khi khi lng
ca catot khng i thy khi lng tng 3,2g so vi lc cha in phn. Tnh nng
M ca dung dch ( )
3
2
Cu NO trc khi in phn.
2 3 3 2 2
2 3 3 2
Ba(OH) + 2HNO Ba(NO ) + 2H O
BaCl + 2AgNO Ba(NO ) + 2AgCl

Trang 24

2009
Gii:
Gi x l s mol ( )
3
2
Cu NO ban u

x mol x 2x
Bt u c bt kh thot ra catot l lc nc bt u b in phn, ngha l ( )
3
2
Cu NO
b in phn va ht.

dp
2 2 2
Catot Anot
2H O 2H + O
Ngng in phn v yn dung dch th Cu tc dng vi
3
HNO long, gii phng kh
NO:
Ban u: x mol 2x
Phn ng :
D:
2x.3 x
x - =
8 4

x 3,2
= = 0,05.x = 0,2
4 64

( ) ( )
( )
3
2
M
Cu NO
0,2
C = = 1 M
0,2

Bi 5: in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi in cc tr. Sau mt thi gian
thy khi lng dung dch gim i 8,0g.
a/ Tnh khi lng Cu bm trn catot.
b/ Sc kh H
2
S ti d vo dung dch sau in phn, thu c 4,8g kt ta. Tnh
nng ban u ca dung dch CuSO
4
.
Gii:
a/ Phng trnh in phn:
(1)
Khi lng dung dch gim i chnh l tng khi lng ca Cu bm vo in cc v
khi lng ca O
2
thot ra.
Gi x l s mol CuSO
4
b in phn, theo (1) ta c:
4 2 2 2 4
1
CuSO + H O Cu + O + H SO
2
( )
3 2 2 3
2
2Cu NO + 2H O 2Cu + O + 4HNO
pdd
( )
3 3 2
2
3Cu + 8HNO 3Cu NO + 2NO + 4H O
2x.3
2x
8


Trang 25

2009
64x +0,5x.32 = 0,8
x = 0,01. Vy m
Cu
= 0,01.64 = 0,64(g).
b/ Sau phn ng CuSO
4
d phn ng vi H
2
S:
4 2 2 4
CuSO + H S CuS + H SO
Ta c
4
CuS
CuSO CuS
4,8
n = =0,05(mol)
96
n = n = 0,05(mol).

Vy nng ban u ca CuSO
4
l:
M
0,01+0,05
C = =0,3(M)
0,2

Bi 6: in phn 200ml dung dch mui nitrat kim loi M ha tr I in cc tr
cho n khi trn b mt catot xut hin bt kh th ngng in phn. trung ha dung
dch sau in phn, phi dng 250ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M.
Mt khc, nu ngm mt thanh km c khi lng 50g vo 200ml dung dch
mui nitrat kim loi ni trn, phn ng xong khi lng thanh km tng thm 30,2%
so vi khi lng ban u.
a/ Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch mui nitrat trc in phn.
b/ Tm cng thc ha hc ca mui nitrat kim loi M.
Gii:
in phn dung dch MNO
3
cho n khi trn b mt catot xut hin bt kh, c
ngha l ton b lng ion M
+
b kh ht v n lt cc phn t H
2
O b kh sinh
ra kh H
2
.
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
3 2 2 3
4MNO + 2H O 4M + 2O + 4HNO
p
(1)
(2)
(3)
S mol NaOH tham gia phn ng (2):
NaOH
0,8250
n = =0,2(mol)
1000

3 3 2
HNO +NaOH NaNO +H O
3 3 2
Zn+2MNO Zn(NO ) +2M

Trang 26

2009
Khi lng thanh Zn tng thm l:
30,250
m= =15,1(g)
100

a/ Nng mol/l ca dung dch MNO
3
:
Theo (2) v (1):
3 3
NaOH HNO MNO
n = n = n = 0,2(mol)
Nng mol/l ca dung dch mui nitrat kim loi M:\
MNO
3
M
0,2
C = =1M
0,2

b/ Cng thc ha hc ca nitrat kim loi M:
t X (g) l phn t khi ca kim loi M.
Theo (3): 0,2 mol MNO
3
tc dng vi 0,1 mol Zn, sinh ra 0,2 mol kim loi M. Theo
d kin bi ton, khi lng thanh km tng thm:
0,2X-6,5=15,1(g) X=108g/mol.
M l Ag
Vy cng thc mui nitrat kim loi l AgNO
3
.
Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: in phn 100 ml dung dch cha
2+ + + 4-
Cu , Na , H , ClO pH = 1, dng
in cc Pt. Sau khi in phn mt thi gian, thy khi lng catot tng 0,64 g v
dung dch c mu xanh rt nht.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi in phn
b) Tnh nng ion
+
H trong dung dch sau khi in phn, bit th tch ca dung
dch khng thay i trong qu trnh in phn
Bi 2: in phn 1 lt dung dch
3
AgNO vi hiu sut in phn l 80%. Dung
dch sau in phn c pH = 3. Th tch ca dung dch c coi nh khng i. Hi:
a) Nng ca cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn
b) Khi lng
3
AgNO trong dung dch ban u.
Bi 3: Ha tan hon ton 20 g
2 4
K SO vo 150
3
cm nc c dung dch A ri
em in phn dung dch ny. Sau khi in phn, khi lng
2 4
K SO trong dung dch

Trang 27

2009
chim 15% khi lng ca dung dch. Tnh th tch kh thot ra mi in cc o
0
20 C v 1atm. Lng nc bay hi khng ng k v khi lng ring ca nc l
1g/
3
cm .
Bi 4: in phn 1 lt dung dch NaCl ( D = 1,2 g/ml) thu c mt kh duy nht
thot ra in cc. Ly dung dch sau in phn c cn cho bay ht hi nc thu c
125 g cht rn. em nung lng cht rn ny thy khi lng gim i 8 g.
a)Tnh hiu sut phn ng in phn v nng % ca dung dch NaCl ban u.
b) Tnh khi lng dung dch sau in phn.
Bi 5: in phn dung dch cha m g hn hp
4
CuSO v NaCl n khi nc bt
u in phn th dng li. anot thu c 0,448 lt kh ktc v dung dch sau in
phn ha tan c ti a 0,68 g
2 3
Al O .
a) Tnh m
b) Tnh khi lng catot tng
c) Tnh khi lng dung dch gim.
Bi 6: in phn 200 ml dung dch
2
CaCl 0,1 M, khi dng in phn thu c
0,084 lt kh ktc.
a) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch sau in phn.
b) Tnh th tch dung dch
3
HNO 10% ( D = 1,01 g/
3
cm ) cn ly trung ha
dung dch sau in phn.
Bi 7: in phn dung dch
2
BaCl vi in cc tr c mng ngn, sau mt thi
gian thy anot thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) mt cht kh. C bao nhiu lt kh (ktc) thot
ra catot?
A. 0,56 lt B.5,6 lt C. 0,12 lt D. 1,12 lt
Bi 8: in phn nng chy hon ton 14,9 g mui clorua c mt kim loi ha tr
I thu c 2,24 lt kh (ktc) anot. Kim loi l:
A. Li B. Na C. K D. Rb
Bi 9: in phn nng chy hon ton 19,0 g mui
2
MCl thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc) anot. M l kim loi no cho di y?

Trang 28

2009
A. Ca B. Ba C. Mg D. Be
Bi 10: in phn 250 ml dung dch
4
CuSO vi in cc tr, khi catot bt u
c bt kh th ngng in phn, thy khi lng catot tng 4,8 g. Nng mol ca
4
CuSO l:
A. 0,2 M B. 0,3 M C. 0,4 M D. 0,5 M
Bi 11: Chia m g hn hp mui clorua kim loi kim v
2
BaCl thnh 2 phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch
3
AgNO d thu c 8,61 g kt ta.
- Phn 2: in phn nng chy hon ton th th tch kh (ktc) thu c anot
l:
A. 0,112 lt B. 0,224 lt C. 0,336 lt D. 0,672 lt

* Lu :
Khi in phn cc dung dch sau:
- Axit c oxi.
- Baz kim NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
.
-Mui to bi axit c oxi v baz kim, chnh l in phn H
2
O ca dung dch
theo ph ng
2 2 2
1
H O H + O
2
. Cht tan khng i.
Bi 1: Tin hnh in phn 200g dung dch NaOH10% n khi dung dch NaOH
c nng 25% th ngng in phn. Tm th tch kh hai in cc (ktc)?
Gii:
Ta c:
NaOH
20010
m = =20(g)
100

V in phn dung dch NaOH ch c H
2
O in phn nn khi lng NaOH khng i:
dd NaOH
m sau in phn
20 100
80( )
25
g
= =
DNG 2: BI TON IN PHN DUNG DCH CH C

H
2
O IN PHN
HAI IN CC

Trang 29

2009
2
120 20
( )
18 3
H O
n mol = =
Phng trnh in phn:
2 2 2
1
H O H + O
2

2 2
20
( )
3
H H O
n n mol = =
2
20
22, 4 149, 33( )
3
H
V l = =
2
149, 33
74, 66( )
2
O
V l = =

Lu :
- p dng biu thc ca nh lut Faraday:
A.I.t
m =
n.F

Trong :
m: khi lng cc cht thu c in cc, tnh bng gam.
A: khi lng mol nguyn t cc cht thu c in cc.
n: s electron m nguyn t hoc nguyn t cho hoc nhn.
I: cng dng in, tnh bng ampe (A).
t: thi gian in phn, tnh bng giy (s).
F: hng s Faraday (F = 96500culng/mol)
- Lu :
t: giyF=96500C
t: gi F=26,8Ah
DNG 3: BI TON IN PHN C CHO GI THIT CNG I,
THI GIAN t

Trang 30

2009
Bi 1: Tin hnh in phn 200ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi dng in I = 1,93A cho
ti khi catot bt u xut hin kh th thi gian cn l 250 giy. Tnh nng mol dung
dch CuSO
4
v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc).
Gii:
Phng trnh in phn:
2 2
4 4
CuSO Cu SO
+
+
- catot: in phn n khi bt u c kh tc l Cu
2+
in phn va ht
2
2 Cu e Cu
+
+ (1)
- anot:
2 2
1
2 2
2
H O O H e
+
+ + (2)
S mol electron thu hoc nhng in cc:
. 1, 93 250
0, 005( )
96500
e
I t
n mol
F
= = =
T (1)
2
1 0, 005
0, 0025( )
2 2
e
Cu
n n mol
+
= = =

4
( )
0, 0025
0, 00125
2
M CuSO
C M = =
T (2)
2
1 0, 005
0, 00125( )
4 4
O e
n n mol = = =

2
0, 00125 22, 4 0, 028( )
O
V l = =
Bi 2: in phn dung dch AgNO
3
trong thi gian 15 pht, thu c 0,432g Ag
catot. Sau , lm kt ta ht ion Ag
+
cn li trong dung dich sau in phn cn
dng 25 ml dung dch NaCl 0,4M.
b/ Tnh cng dng in dng.
c/ Khi lng AgNO
3
c trong dung dch ban u.
Gii:
a/ Phng trnh in phn v cc phn ng xy ra:

Trang 31

2009
3 2 2 3
4AgNO + 2H O 2Ag + 2O + 4HNO
pdd
(1)
3 3
AgNO + NaCl NaNO + AgCl (2)
b/ Cng dng in:
96500 1 0, 432
4, 29( )
108 15 60
I A

= ~

c/ Khi lng AgNO
3
:
S mol Ag sinh ra (1):
0, 432
0, 004( )
108
Ag
n mol = =
S mol NaCl tham gia (2):
0, 4 25
0, 01( )
1000
NaCl
n mol
= =
Theo (1):
3
0, 004( )
Ag AgNO
n n mol = =
Theo (2):
3
0, 01( )
NaCl AgNO
n n mol = =
Khi lng AgNO
3
c trong dung dch ban u:
3
170 (0, 04 0, 01) 2, 38( )
AgNO
m g = + =
Bi 3: in phn 200ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,4M vi in cc tr, trong thi gian
4 gi, cng dng in l 0,402A.
a/ Tnh lng Ag thu c sau khi in phn.
b/ Tnh nng mol/l cc cht c trong dung dch sau in phn. Coi th tch
dung dch sau in phn thay i khng ng k.
Gii:
a/ Khi lng Ag thu c:
108 0, 402 4 60 60
6, 48( )
96500 1
Ag
m g

= ~

ng vi
6, 48
0,06( )
108
mol Ag = .
b/ Nng mol/l cc cht sau in phn:
S mol AgNO
3
trong dung dch trc in phn:

Trang 32

2009
3
0, 4 0, 2 0, 08( )
AgNO
n mol = =
Phng trnh in phn AgNO
3
:
3 2 2 3
4AgNO + 2H O 2Ag + 2O + 4HNO
pdd

Theo phng trnh in phn: S mol AgNO
3
b in phn = S mol HNO
3
sinh
ra = S mol Ag = 0,06 mol.
S mol Ag cn d sau in phn:
3
0, 08 0, 06 0, 02( )
AgNO
n mol = =
Nng mol/l cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn:
3
0, 02
0,1
0, 2
AgNO
M
C M = = ,
3
0, 06
0, 3
0, 2
HNO
M
C M = =
Bi 4: Sau khi in phn 965 giy dung dch NaOH vi dng in 3 ampe th
dng li.
a) Nng dung dch NaOH thay i nh th no
b) Tnh th tch kh thu c
0
54,6 C v 1atm.
Gii:

(1)
a) Thc cht in phn dung dch NaOH l
2
H O in phn, do sau s in
phn, nng NaOH tng ln do nc (dung mi) gim, cn lng cht tan l NaOH
th khng i.
b)
m It
=
A 96500n

Nu xt vi H th n=1; vi O th n=2.
Vi H:
m 3.965
= 0, 03
A 96500.1
=

( ) ( )
+
- Na OH
HOH
+
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
-
2 2
2H O + 2e 2OH + H
2 2 2
2H O 2H + O | |
pdd

Trang 33

2009
l s mol nguyn t H
Vy ( )
2
H
0,03
n = = 0,015 mol
2

Theo (1), s mol kh tng cng:
( )
2 2
H O
0,015
n = n + n = 0,015 + 0, 0225 mol
2
=
kh

( )
0 0
0
P V PV 1.0,0225.22,4 1.V
= = V = 0,6048
T T 273 273+54,6
lt
Bi 5: C 400ml dung dch cha HCl v KCl, em in phn trong bnh in
phn c vch ngn vi I = 9,65 A trong 20 pht th dung dch cha mt cht tan c pH
= 13.
a) Vit ptp in phn.
b) Tnh nng mol ca dung dch ban u (coi th tch dung dch thay i
khng ng k).
Gii:
pH = 13; | |
-14
-13 - -1
-13
10
H+ = 10 ; OH = = 10
10
(

Th t in phn:
dpdd
2 2
2HCl H + Cl (1)
(2)
S mol
-
OH l: ( ) -
OH
n = 0,4.0,1 = 0,04 mol
2
Cl
m It
n = =
A n.F

( )
2
Cl
9, 65.1200
n = = 0,06
2.96500
mol
( )
( ) -
2 2
Cl
OH
1 0,04
n = n = = 0,02 mol
2 2

( )
( ) ( )
2 1
Cl HCl
n = 0,06 - 0,02 = 0,04 mol ; n = 0,08 mol
( )
M KCl
0,04
C = = 0,1M
0,4

m
= 0, 03
A
dpdd
2 2 2 mn
2KCl + 2H O 2KOH + H + Cl | |

Trang 34

2009
( )
M HCl
0,08
C = = 0,2M
0,4

Bi 6: in phn 100ml dung dch hn hp cha
2 4
Ag SO v
4
CuSO c s mol
bng nhau v bng 0,0008 mol. Thi gian in phn l 743 vi cng dng in
0,5 A.
a) Tnh khi lng kim loi bm vo catot.
b) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht c trong dung dch sau in phn.
Gii:
a) in phn dung dch hn hp cha
2 4
Ag SO v
4
CuSO th
2 4
Ag SO s b in
phn trc. Gi s
2 4
Ag SO b in phn ht.
dpdd
2 4 2 2 2 4
Ag SO + 2H O 4Ag + O + 2H SO
0,0008mol 0,0016mol 0,0008mol

- Tnh thi gian in phn
2 4
Ag SO :
( )
AIt 108.0,5.t
m = 0,0016.108 = t = 308,8 s
n.F 1.96500

- Thi gian cn li in phn
4
CuSO : 463 309 = 154 (s)
- Tnh s mol ng gii phng ra catot: gi x l s mol Cu.
64.0,5.154
64 =
2.96500
x
Rt ra x = 0,0004 mol.
- Tnh khi lng kim loi bm vo catot:
( ) ( ) ( ) mKL = 0,0016.108 + 0,00064.64 = 0,1984 g
b)

Dung dch sau in phn cha :
( )
2 4
H SO
n = 0,0008 + 0,0004 = 0,0012 mol
n
4
CuSO (d)
( ) = 0,0008 - 0,0004 = 0,0004 mol
dpdd
1
4 2 2 4 2 2
0,0004 0,0004 0,0004


Trang 35

2009
( )
( )
2 4
M H SO
0,0012
C = = 0,012 M
0,1

( )
( )
4
M CuSO
0,004
C = = 0,004 M
0,1

Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: in phn dung dch cha 10g hn hp KCl v KOH vi dng in 5A th
ht 6 pht 25 giy.
a) Tnh thnh phn phn trm hn hp u
b) Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 10% (D = 1,1 g/
3
cm ) trung ha dung dch u.
Bi 2:
a) Bao nhiu gam ng sinh ra in cc m khi in phn dung dch
2
CuCl
trong 1 gi vi dng in c cng 5A?
b) in phn 500ml dung dch
4
CuSO 0,2 M (d = 1,1) trong 2 gi vi cng
dng in l 2,5 A. Xc nh nng phn trm ca dung dch sau khi in phn?
c) Cho dng in 5A qua dung dch crom (III) nitrat d trong 30 pht c bao
nhiu gam crom kim loi bm trn catot?

Lu :
- cc catot tr: ion kim loi c tnh oxi ha mnh nht tham gia in phn
trc.
- cc anot tr: ion m khng c oxi tham gia in phn (nu c , Cl Br

th
Br
in phn trc).
Bi 1: in phn 0,8 lt dung dch hn hp HCl, Cu(NO
3
)
2
in cc tr vi I =
2,5A thi gian t (giy) c mt kh duy nht anot c th tch l 3,136 lt (ktc).
Dung dch sau in phn phn ng vi 550ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M c 1,96g
kt ta. Tnh nng mol cc cht trong dung dch u v thi gian in phn.
DNG 4: IN PHN DUNG DCH CHA NHIU CHT IN PHN

Trang 36

2009
Gii:
- anot: Cl
b in phn trc. V ch sinh ra mt kh l Cl

2
nn H
2
O khng
b in phn
2
0,14( )
Cl
n mol =
2
2 Cl e Cl

e
n do Cl
nhng 0,14 2 0, 28 = = (mol)

- Dung dch sau in phn tc dng vi NaOH to kt ta chng t phi c Cu
2+

d nn H
+
cha in phn. Tm li in phn dung dch xy ra nh sau:
+ catot:
2
2
0,14 0, 28 0,14( )
Cu e Cu
mol
+
+ +

+ anot:
2
2 Cl e Cl

Dung dch sau in phn cha : H
+
ban u,
3
NO
,
2
Cu
+
d, Cl
c th d
NaOH
n phn ng 0, 55 0,8 0, 44 = = (mol)
Cu
2+
d

2
2 ( ) OH Cu OH
+ +
0,02 0,04 0,02 (mol)
2
Cu
n
+
d
2
( )
1, 96
0, 02
98
Cu OH
n = = = (mol)
2
Cu
n
+
ban u 0,14 0,02 0,16 = + = (mol)
( )
3 2
0,16
0, 2
0,8
Cu NO
M
C M = =
OH
n

phn ng vi H
+
0, 44 0, 04 0, 4 = = (mol)
2
H OH H O
+
+
0, 04
H
n
+
= (mol)
0, 4
0, 5
0,8
HCl
M
C M = = .
Ta c
96500
e
It
n =


Trang 37

2009
96500 0, 28
10808
2, 5
t

= = (giy).
Bi 2: in phn 400ml dung dch cha 2 mui KCl v CuCl
2
vi cc in cc
tr v mng ngn cho n khi anot thot ra 3,36 lt kh (ktc) th ngng in phn.
trung ha dung dch sau in phn cn 100ml dung dch HNO
3
1M. Dung dch sau
khi trung ha tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d, sinh ra 2,87g kt ta trng.
Tnh nng mol/l ca mi mui c trong dung dch trc in phn.
Gii:
Phng trnh in phn v cc phn ng ha hc:
dpdd
2 2
CuCl Cu + Cl (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Nng cc mui trong dung dch ban u:
S mol Cl
2
sinh ra (1) v (2):
2
3, 36
0,15
22, 4
Cl
n = = (mol)
S mol HNO
3
tham gia (3):
3
1 0,1 0,1
HNO
n = = (mol).
S mol AgCl sinh ra (4):
2,87
0, 02
143, 5
AgCl
n = = (mol).
Theo (4):
AgCl KCl
n n =
(d)
=0,02 (mol).
Theo (3):
3
0,1
HNO KOH
n n = = (mol)
Theo (2):
KOH KCl
n n =
(p)
= 0,1 (mol) v

2
0,1
0, 05
2
Cl
n = = (mol).
Theo (1):
2 2
0,15 0, 05 0,1
CuCl Cl
n n = = = (mol).
3 3 2
KOH HNO KNO H O + +
3 3
KCl AgNO AgCl KNO + + +
dpdd
2 2 2 mn
2KCl + 2H O 2KOH + H + Cl | |

Trang 38

2009
Nng mol/l ca CuCl
2
:
2
0,1
0, 25
0, 4
CuCl
M
C M = =
Nng mol/l ca KCl:
(0,1 0, 02)
0, 3
0, 4
KCl
M
C M
+
= =
Bi 3: in phn hon ton 200ml mt dung dch c ha tan Cu(NO
3
)
2
v
AgNO
3
vi cng dng in l 0,804A, thi gian in phn l 2 gi, nhn thy
khi lng ca catot tng thm 3,44g. Xc nh nng mol/l ca mi mui trong
dung dch ban u.
Gii:
Phng trnh in phn:
( )
3 2 2 3
2
2Cu NO + 2H O 2Cu + O + 4HNO
pdd
(1)
3 2 2 3
4AgNO + 2H O 4Ag + 2 O + 4HNO
pdd
(2)
Theo nh lut Faraday, ta tnh c khi lng oxi thu c anot sau in phn:
2
16 0,804 2 60 60
0, 48( )
96500 2
O
m g

= ~

2
0, 48
0, 015
32
O
n = = (mol)
t x, y ln lt l s mol Ag v Cu thu c catot sau in phn.
Ta c h phng trnh:
108 64 3, 44
0, 015
4 2
0, 02( )
x y
x y
x y mol
+ =
+ =
= =

Nng mol/l cc mui trong dung dch ban u:
( )
3 3 2
0, 02
0,1
0, 2
AgNO Cu NO
M M
C C M = = = .
Bi 4: in phn 100ml mt dung dch c ha tan NaCl v HCl (in cc tr),
sau mt thi gian in phn catot sinh ra 0,0448 lt kh (ktc). Trung ha dung dch

Trang 39

2009
sau in phn cn 30ml dung dch NaOH 0,015M. Cho dung dch sau trung ha tc
dng vi 40ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M. Lng AgNO
3
d tc dng va vi 10ml
dung dch NaCl 0,28M.
b/ Xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht c trong dung dch trc in phn.
c/ Phi in phn vi cng dng in 0,15A trong thi gian bao lu thu
c lng sn phm ni trn?
Gii:
a/ Phng trnh in phn v cc phn ng ha hc:

Trc ht, xy ra s in phn dung dch HCl:
p
2 2
HCl H +Cl

Sau mt thi gian in phn, dung dch c trung ha bng NaOH, chng t qu
trnh in phn HCl cha kt thc, do khng xy ra qu trnh in phn dung dch
NaCl.
2
HCl NaOH NaCl H O + + (2)
3 3
AgNO NaCl AgCl NaNO + + + (3)
3 3
AgNO NaCl AgCl NaNO + + + (4)
(d)
b/ Nng dung dch NaCl v HCl:
S mol kh H
2
sinh ra (1):
2
0, 0448
0, 002
22, 4
H
n = = (mol).
S mol NaOH tham gia (2):
0, 015 0, 03 0, 00045
NaOH
n = = (mol).
S mol AgNO
3
tham gia (3), (4):
3
0,1 0, 04 0, 004
AgNO
n = = (mol)
S mol NaCl tham gia (4):
dpdd
2 2 2 mn
2KCl + 2H O 2KOH + H + Cl | |

Trang 40

2009
0, 28 0, 01 0, 0028
NaCl
n = = (mol).
Theo (1): S mol HCl b in phn:
2
2 0, 002 2 0, 004
HCl H
n n = = = (mol).
Theo (2): S mol HCl cn d sau in phn:
0, 00045
HCl NaOH
n n = = (mol)
Nng mol/l ca dung dch HCl trc khi in phn:
0, 004 0, 00045
0, 0445
0,1
HCl
M
C M
+
= = .
Theo (4): S mol AgNO
3
cn d sau phn ng (3):
3
0, 0028
AgNO NaCl
n n = = (mol).
Theo (3): S mol Ag NO
3
tham gia phn ng:
3
0, 004 0, 0028 0, 0012
AgNO
n = = (mol).
S mol NaCl tham gia (3) l 0,0012 mol, trong c 0,00045 mol NaCl sinh ra (2).
Vy s mol NaCl c trong dung dch trc in phn l:
0, 0012 0, 00045 0, 00075 = (mol).
Nng mol/l ca NaCl trong dung dch trc in phn:
0, 00075
0, 0075
0,1
NaCl
M
C M = = .
c/ Thi gian in phn:
Khi lng kh hiro thu c catot sau in phn:
2 0, 002 0, 004 = (g).
Thi gian in phn:
0, 004 96500 1
2573
0,15 1
s
t

= ~
(giy) = 42 pht 53 giy.

Bi 5: in phn 200 ml dung dch A cha KCl v CuCl
2
vi in cc tr, c
mng ngn, n khi anot thot ra 1,68 lt kh ktc th dng li.
trung ha dung dch thu c sau in phn cn 50 ml dung dch
3
HNO 1M. Cho
dung dch trung ha tc dng vi dung dch
3
AgNO d c 1,435 gam kt ta.

Trang 41

2009
a) Tnh nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch A trc in phn.
b) Tnh thi gian in phn bit cng dng in l 5 ampe.
Gii:
dpdd
2 2
CuCl Cu + Cl (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Theo (3), ( )
3
KOH HNO
n = n = 0,05.1= 0,05 mol
Theo (2), ( )
KCl KOH
n = n = 0,05 mol
Theo (4),
KCl
n (d) =
AgCl
n = 0,01 (mol)
( )
( )
M KCl
0,05+0,01
C = = 0,3 M
0,2

Theo (2),
( )
( )
2
Cl 2
1 0,05
n = nKOH = = 0,025 mol
2 2

( )
( )
2
Cl 1
1, 68
n = -0,025 b= 0,075- 0,025 = 0,05 mol
2,24

Theo (1),
( )
( )
2 2
CuCl Cl 1
n = n = 0,05 mol
( )
( )
2
M CuCl
0,05
C = = 0,25 M
0,2

b) ( )
A.I.t 1,68 71.5.t
m = 71 = ; t = 2895 s
nF 22,4 2.96500

Bi tp t gii
Bi 1: Dung dch A cha ( )
3
3
Zn NO 0,15 M v
3
AgNO cha bit nng . in
phn 200 ml dung dch A vi dng in 3A c dung dch B, kh C, cn catot nng
thm 4,97 gam.
3 3 2
KOH+HNO KNO +H O
3 3
KCl+AgNO AgCl +KNO +
dpdd
2 2 2 mn
2KCl + 2H O 2KOH + H + Cl | |
( )
3
1,435
nAgNO = = 0,01 mol
143,5

Trang 42

2009
a) Vit pthh.
b) Tnh thi gian in phn.
c) Tnh nng dung dch B.
d) Tnh th tch kh C
0
27 C v 1atm.
Bit rng s in phn c in th thch hp, phi dng 10 ml
2
CaCl 0,2M mi
va tc dng vi 20 ml dung dch A.
Bi 2: in phn dung dch cha m gam hn hp
4
CuSO v NaCl n khi nc
bt u in phn th dng li. anot thu c 0,448 lt kh ktc v dung dch sau
in phn ha tan c ti a 0,68 g
2 3
Al O .
a) Tnh m.
b) Tnh khi lng catot tng.
c) Tnh khi lng dung dch gim.


Trang 43

2009
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn Tinh Dung, Hong Nhm, Trn Quc Sn, Phm Vn T
Ti liu nng cao v m rng kin thc Ha hc trung hc ph thng
NXBGD 2002
2. Hong Nhm
Ha hc v c Tp 1
NXBGD 2003
4. Nguyn Duy i
Mt s phn ng trong ha hc v c
NXB gio dc, H Ni 2005
5. Ng Ngc An
Phn ng oxi ha kh v in phn
6. Trn Th , ng Trn Phch
C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc
7. Nguyn Xun Trng
n luyn kin thc ha hc i cng v v c trung hc ph thng
8. L Xun Trng
Bi tp nng cao Ha hc 12
9. B gio dc v o to
SGK Ha hc 12 nng cao


Trang 44

2009
DANH SCH NHM THC HIN
1. Trng Trn Hong Du
2. Nguyn Th Minh Trang
3. Nguyn Th Ngc Trm

Li Thuyet Bai Tap Dien Phan Chuyen de Boi Duong

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b in phn trc. V ch sinh ra mt kh l Cl

nhng 0,14 2 0, 28 = = (mol)

(giy) = 42 pht 53 giy.

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