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U.S. ARMY FIELD MANUAL FM 21-76...............................................................................................1SURVIVAL...........................................................................................................................................1SURVIVAL ACTIONS........................................................................................................................1PATTERN FOR SURVIVAL...................................................................................................................4A LOOK AT STRESS..........................................................................................................................4NATURAL REACTIONS........................................................................................................................7PREPARING YOURSELF.......................................................................................................................9SURVIVAL PLANNING AND SURVIVAL KITS..............................................................................11BASIC SURVIVAL MEDICINE...........................................................................................................14MEDICAL EMERGENCIES..............................................................................................................18LIFESAVING STEPS.........................................................................................................................18BONE AND JOINT INJURY.............................................................................................................21BITES AND STINGS.........................................................................................................................23WOUNDS...........................................................................................................................................26ENVIRONMENTAL INJURIES........................................................................................................28SHELTERS.............................................................................................................................................30SHELTER SITE SELECTION...........................................................................................................30TYPES OF SHELTERS......................................................................................................................30WATER PROCUREMENT....................................................................................................................37WATER SOURCES............................................................................................................................37STILL CONSTRUCTION..................................................................................................................38WATER PURIFICATION..................................................................................................................40FIRECRAFT...........................................................................................................................................41BASIC FIRE PRINCIPLES................................................................................................................41SITE SELECTION AND PREPARATION.......................................................................................41FIRE MATERIAL SELECTION........................................................................................................42HOW TO BUILD A FIRE..................................................................................................................42HOW TO LIGHT A FIRE..................................................................................................................43FOOD PROCUREMENT.......................................................................................................................45ANIMALS FOR FOOD......................................................................................................................45TRAPS AND SNARES......................................................................................................................48KILLING DEVICES...........................................................................................................................53FISHING DEVICES...........................................................................................................................54PREPARATION OF FISH AND GAME FOR COOKING AND STORAGE..................................56SURVIVAL USE OF PLANTS..............................................................................................................59EDIBILITY OF PLANTS...................................................................................................................59PLANTS FOR MEDICINE................................................................................................................62POISONOUS PLANTS......................................................................................................................64HOW PLANTS POISON....................................................................................................................64ALL ABOUT PLANTS......................................................................................................................65RULES FOR AVOIDING POISONOUS PLANTS...........................................................................65CONTACT DERMATITIS.................................................................................................................65INGESTION POISONING.................................................................................................................66DANGEROUS ANIMALS.....................................................................................................................67INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS...........................................................................................................67LEECHES...........................................................................................................................................69BATS...................................................................................................................................................69POISONOUS SNAKES......................................................................................................................69DANGEROUS LIZARDS..................................................................................................................70DANGERS IN RIVERS......................................................................................................................70DANGERS IN BAYS AND ESTUARIES.........................................................................................71
 
SALTWATER DANGERS.................................................................................................................71FIELD-EXPEDIENT WEAPONS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT........................................................75CLUBS................................................................................................................................................75EDGED WEAPONS...........................................................................................................................76OTHER EXPEDIENT WEAPONS....................................................................................................77LASHING AND CORDAGE.............................................................................................................78RUCKSACK CONSTRUCTION.......................................................................................................79CLOTHING AND INSULATION......................................................................................................79COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS.............................................................................................80DESERT SURVIVAL.............................................................................................................................82TERRAIN............................................................................................................................................82ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS.......................................................................................................83NEED FOR WATER..........................................................................................................................85HEAT CASUALTIES.........................................................................................................................86PRECAUTIONS.................................................................................................................................86DESERT HAZARDS..........................................................................................................................87TROPICAL SURVIVAL....................................................................................................................87TROPICAL WEATHER.....................................................................................................................87JUNGLE TYPES.................................................................................................................................88TRAVEL THROUGH JUNGLE AREAS..........................................................................................89IMMEDIATE CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................................................90WATER PROCUREMENT................................................................................................................90POISONOUS PLANTS......................................................................................................................92COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL............................................................................................................93COLD REGIONS AND LOCATIONS..............................................................................................93WINDCHILL......................................................................................................................................93BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COLD WEATHER SURVIVAL..............................................................94HYGIENE...........................................................................................................................................96MEDICAL ASPECTS.........................................................................................................................96COLD INJURIES................................................................................................................................97SHELTERS.........................................................................................................................................99FIRE..................................................................................................................................................101WATER.............................................................................................................................................102FOOD................................................................................................................................................103TRAVEL...........................................................................................................................................105WEATHER SIGNS...........................................................................................................................105SEA SURVIVAL..................................................................................................................................107THE OPEN SEA...............................................................................................................................107SEASHORES....................................................................................................................................120EXPEDIENT WATER CROSSINGS...............................................................................................122RIVERS AND STREAMS................................................................................................................122RAPIDS.............................................................................................................................................123RAFTS..............................................................................................................................................124FLOTATION DEVICES...................................................................................................................125OTHER WATER OBSTACLES......................................................................................................126VEGETATION OBSTACLES.........................................................................................................127FIELD-EXPEDIENT DIRECTION FINDING....................................................................................128USING THE SUN AND SHADOWS..............................................................................................128USING THE MOON.........................................................................................................................129USING THE STARS........................................................................................................................129MAKING IMPROVISED COMPASSES.........................................................................................130
 
OTHER MEANS OF DETERMINING DIRECTION.....................................................................130SIGNALING TECHNIQUES...........................................................................................................131APPLICATION.................................................................................................................................131MEANS FOR SIGNALING.............................................................................................................131CODES AND SIGNALS..................................................................................................................135SOS....................................................................................................................................................135AIRCRAFT VECTORING PROCEDURES....................................................................................136SURVIVAL MOVEMENT IN HOSTILE AREAS..............................................................................137PHASES OF PLANNING................................................................................................................137EXECUTION....................................................................................................................................138RETURN TO FRIENDLY CONTROL............................................................................................141CAMOUFLAGE...................................................................................................................................144PERSONAL CAMOUFLAGE.........................................................................................................144METHODS OF STALKING............................................................................................................146CONTACT WITH PEOPLE.................................................................................................................148CONTACT WITH LOCAL PEOPLE...............................................................................................148THE SURVIVOR’S BEHAVIOR....................................................................................................148CHANGES TO POLITICAL ALLEGIANCE..................................................................................149SURVIVAL IN MAN-MADE HAZARDS......................................................................................149THE NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT.................................................................................................150BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS..................................................................................................158CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS.....................................................................................................161
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