JOURNAL OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS, VOLUME 13, ISSUE 1, MARCH 2012

7
2012 JOT
www.journaloftelecommunications.co.uk

Design of Modified Sierpinski Gasket Fractal
Antenna
Sanjeev Budhauliya
1
, Suneel Yadav
2
, and Dr. P.K. Singhal
3
Abstract In this paper, the design and fabrication of modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna is studied. The analysis took
place between ranges of 0.5GHz to 4GHz. In particular, multiband frequencies of the modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna
are described. There are nine resonant frequencies appear at 1GHz, 1.79GHz, 1.88GHz, 3.40GHZ, 3.45GHz, 3.5GHz,
3.63GHZ, 3.68GHz, and 3.89GHz. In addition, on the basis of return losses, number of iterations, and radition patterns,
multiband behavior of the modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna is studied. IE3D software is used to simulate the results for
return losses and radition patterns.
Index Terms Fractals, Multiband frequency

I. INTRODUCTION
N modern telecommunication, system require antennas
with smaller dimensions and wider bandwidth than
conventional one. Recently there has been developing
interests in fractal geometries for antenna application
with varying degrees of success in improving antenna
characteristics. Basically, fractal antennas exhibit the fre-
quency independent antenna after the design of self-
similar shapes. Several antenna configurations based on
fractal geometries have been reported in recent years [1],
[2]. Fractal geometry allows designing miniature antenna
and integrating multiple telecommunication services into
single device. The typical sierpinski gasket antenna has
been introduced by [3]. Recently various modified sier-
pinski gasket antenna have been developed for multiband
application [4[, [5]. For sierpinski gasket antennas, the
multiband behavior of the antenna is periodic in relation
to the self-similar fractal gap structure of the antenna.
In this paper, a modified sierpinski gasket fractal an-
tenna is proposed. The modified sierpinski gasket fractal
antenna shows the ability to create multiband frequen-
cies. The multiband behavior of the modified sierpinski
gasket fractal antenna is described in terms of number of
iterations, return losses, and radiation patterns. The radi-
tion patterns of the measured modified sierpinski gasket
fractal antenna clearly show the power radiated by an
antenna at different frequencies.
The rest of paper is organized as follows. Section II,
briefly describes the antenna configuration. Section III,
presents results and discussions, followed by concluding
remarks in section IV.

II. ANTENNA CONFIGURATION
The antenna is feed with the transmission line feeding
technique. The modified sierpinski gasket antenna has
been constructed through second iterations in this paricu-
lar case. The iterations from zero stage to second stage are
shown in Fig. 1. The design is fabricated using glass-
epoxy material with relative permittivity,
r
c = 4.4, dielec-
tric thickness, h =1.66mm, where the radiating element is
the cooper clad.


a) Stage 0


b) Stage 1




I

- Assistant Professor, ECE Department, M.I.E.T, Meerut, India
- M.Tech student, (Digital Communication), ABV-IIITM, Gwalior,India
- Prof. & Head, ECEDMadhav Institute of Tech. & Science, Gwalior,
India.


8



c) Stage 2

Fig. 1 The stages of iteration of modified sierpinski gasket fractal
antenna.

The design of the modified gasket antenna starts with
single element using an equilateral triangle conductor on
a ground dielectric substrate. The operating frequency is
at 1.00 GHz. Side
eff
a of the gasket fractal antenna can be
calculated by using (1) and (2).

r
f
c
a
c 3
2
= (1)

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
r
r
r
eff
a
h
a
h
a
h
a
h
a
h
a a
c
c
c
1
802 . 9
182 . 6 436 . 16
853 . 12 199 . 2 1
2
2


..... (2)
Where,

c = Velocity of light in free space

f = Resonant frequency

h = Height of the substrate

r
c = Dielectric constant of the dielectric

Thus, an equilateral tringle with side
eff
a is the base
shape of gasket fractal antenna as shown by stage 0 in Fig.
1 (a).
For first iteration, a circle whose center is the intersec-
tion of three medians of the base tringle and the radius is
one third of median is removed from the base tringle.
Thus, the original base shape tringle is converted into
hollow tringle as shown by stage 1 in Fig.1 (b).
Now, for second iteration, small circles are removed
from the first iteration having radius of one third of the
small circle and at equal distance from the vertices of base
tringle as shown by stage 2 in Fig. 1 (c).

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 2 shows the variation of return loss with frequency
for base shape of gasket fractal antenna. It may be noted
from Fig. 2, the return loss -22.5dB and -49.75dB with fre-
quency 1.0GHz and 3.5GHz respectively are obtained
from simulation.

Fig. 2 Variation of return loss with frequency for base shape of
gasket fractal antenna.

Table 1
Frequencies at Which Minimum Return Loss Occur For
Base Shape.


Frequency

1.0GHz

3.5GHz

Return loss

-22.5dB

-48.75dB

Fig. 3 shows the radiation patterns for base shape of
gasket fractal antenna at frequency 1.0GHz amd 3.5GHz.





9

(a)
(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 3 Radiation patterns for base shape of gasket fractal antenna (a)
E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 1.0GHz (b) E-total, phi = 90(deg) at 1.0GHz
(c) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.5GHz (d) E-total, phi =90(deg) at 3.5GHz

Fig. 4 shows the variation of return loss with frequency
for first iteration of modified sierpinski gasket fractal an-
tenna. It may be seen from Fig. 4, the return loss -22.48dB,
-15dB, and -22dB with frequency 1.88GHz, 3.45GHz, and
3.68GHz respectively are obtained from simulation.

Fig. 4 Variation of return loss with frequency for first iteration of
modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna.

Table 2
Frequencies at Which Minimum Return Loss Occur For
First Iteration.


Frequency

1.88GHz

3.45GHz

3.68GHz

Return loss

-22.48dB

-15dB

-22dB

Fig.5 shows the radiation patterns for the first iteration
of modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna at frequency
1.88GHz, 3.45GHz, and 3.68GHz.
10


(a)


(b)

(c)

















(d)


(e)


(f)
11


Fig. 5 Radiation patterns for first iteration of modified sierpinski
gasket fractal antenna (a) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 1.88GHz (b) E-total,
phi = 90(deg) at 1.88GHz (c) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.45GHz (d) E-
total, phi =90(deg) at 3.45GHz (e) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.68GHz (f)
E-total, phi = 90(deg) at 3.68GHz

Fig. 6 shows the variation of return loss with frequency
for second iteration of modified sierpinski gasket fractal
antenna. It may be noted from Fig. 6, the return loss -
17.5dB, -14.0dB, -9.0dB, and -19.0dB with frequency
1.79GHz, 3.40GHz, 3.63GHz, and 3.89GHz respectively
are obtained from simulation.


Fig. 6 Variation of return loss with frequency for second iteration
of modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna.

Table 3
Frequencies at Which Minimum Return Loss Occur For
Second Iteration.


Frequency

1.79GHz

3.40GHz

3.63GHz

3.89GHz

Return
loss

-17.5dB

-14dB

-9dB

-19dB


Fig.7 shows the radiation patterns for the second
iteration of modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna at
frequency 1.79GHz, 3.40GHz, 3.63GHz, and 3.89GHz.





















(a)

(b)

















(c)
12


(d)


(e)
(f)

(g)


(h)

Fig. 7 Radiation patterns for second iteration of modified sierpinski
gasket fractal antenna (a) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 1.79GHz (b) E-total,
phi = 90(deg) at 1.79GHz (c) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.40GHz (d) E-
total, phi =90(deg) at 3.40GHz (e) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.63GHz (f)
E-total, phi = 90(deg) at 3.63GHz (g) E-total, phi = 0(deg) at 3.89GHz
(h) E-total, phi = 90(deg) at 3.89GHz

IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, a modified sierpinski gasket fractal an-
tenna has been design and simulated. The multiband
frequencies appeared after applied fractal technique. It
was observed that as the number of iterations was in-
creased, number of frequency band also increased. For
zero iteration two bands occur, for first iteration three
bands occur, and for second iteration four bands occur.
This modified sierpinski gasket fractal antenna can be
used for GPS, WLAN, WI-MAX, Cognitive Radio, and
UWB.


13

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Mr. Sanjeev Budhauliya received B.Tech degree in Electronics and
Communication from U.P.T.U in 2004. In 2011, he received M.Tech
degree in digital Communication from U.P.T.U. & presently working
as an Assistant Professor in Meerut Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Meerut affiliated by U.P.T.U. Lucknow, India. His areas
of research intrests include Fractal Antenna Designing, Patch An-
tenna. He written one book on Network Analysis and Synthesis with
ISBN 93-8080-304-4 published by KNRN, Meerut, in 2010.

Mr. Suneel Yadav received B.Tech degree in Electronics and
Communication from Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technolo-
gy, Meerut in 2008. Currently, he is pursuing M.Tech in Digital
Communication from ABV- Indian Institute of Information Technology
and Management, Gwalior, India. His current research intrests are
Cognitive Radio, Cooperative Communication, Image Processing in
PACS, Designing of fractal antennas.

Prof. P.K.Singhal presently working as a Professor & Head in De-
partment of Electronics in Madhav institute of Technology & Science,
Gwalior, and published more than hundred research papers, which
include papers in IEEE transaction, international & National Journals,
International & National Conferences.