ffd8ffe0

ffd8ffe000104a ffd8ffe0
ffd8ffe0
ffd8ffe000104a464
ffd8ffe0
ffd8ffe000104a4
ffd8ffe00
ffd8ffe00
00104a46
00104a46
46494600010201
00104a4
9460001020100c80
00104a4
64946000102010
0104a4649
0104a464
4946000
4946000
00c800c80000ffe
6494600
0c80000ffe20c5849
6494600
0c800c80000ffe2
46000102
94600010
1020100c
20c584943435f51020100c
0102010
43435f50524f46494
0102010
0c584943435f505
0100c800c
20100c80
800c8000
2.5. Sigma-delta A/D konvertori
0524f46494c450800c8000
0c800c8
c4500010100000c4
0c800c8
0ffe20c5
0ffe20c5
24f46494c450001
0c80000ff
0010100000c484
0000ffe2
84c696e6f02100000
0000ffe2 80000ffe2
8494343
8494343
e20c5849
c696e6f02100000100000c484c69
0c58494
6d6e747252474220
0c58494 0c5849434
5f50524f
5f50524f
06d6e747252474
3435f50
58595a2007ce00020
3435f50
6e6f021000006d6
35f50524f
43435f50
Integrator u Z domenu ekvivalentan je akumulatorskom
kolu: y(z)
46494c45
46494c45
22058595a2007ce7472524742205
524f464
0090006003100006
524f464
46494c450
524f4649
0001010
0001010
e0002000900060
94c4500
16373704d5346540
94c4500
8595a2007ce000
00101000
4c450001
ffd8ffe000104a464946000
0000c484
0000c484
+x(z)
+
03100006163737
0101000
0000000494543207
0101000
c696e6f0
c696e6f0
1020100c800c80000ffe20c5
00c484c69
0100000c
ffd8ffe000104a46
2.5.1. Delta modulacija
04d5346540000020009000600310
00c484c
3524742000000000
00c484c
2100000
2100000
84943435f50524f46494c450
49460001020100c8
484c696e
00049454320735000616373704d5
696e6f02
0000000000000000
696e6f02 6e6f02100
z16d6e7472
00c80000ffe20c584
6d6e7472
0010100000c484c696e6f02
34654000000004
6f021000
24742000000000
1000006
000f6d60001000000
1000006 0006d6e74
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100
943435f50524f464
5247422
5247422
1000006d6e7472524742205
94c4500010100000
000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006163737
00000000000000
d6e7472
00d32d4850202000
d6e7472 72524742
94543207352474
006d6e74
058595a2
058595a2
Slika8595a2007ce000200090006
2.5.4. Integrator
u Z domenu
c484c696e6f02100
04d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d600010000000
00000f6d600010
5247422
0000000000000000
20000000000000
72524742 5247422 2058595a2
007ce000
007ce000
0006d6e747252474
00310000616373704d53465
0d32d48502020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000d32d485
058595a
0000000000000000
058595a
2000900
2000900
00000000000000
007ce0002
2058595a
Prenosna
funkcija inegratora22058595a2007ce0
je
40000000049454320735247
0000000000000000000000000000000116370727400000150000000336465736300000184000
02020000000000
2007ce0
0000000000000000
2007ce0
0020009000600310
0600310
0600310
42000000000000000000000
0f6d6000100000
2007ce00
0006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a000002180000001
000616373704d534
00000000000000
0020009
0000000000000000
0020009 00090006
0006163
0006163
1
0000000f6d6000100000000
yz () =xz ()6540000000049454
+z00000000000000
yz , odnosno 1 z 000d32d4850202
46758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646
02000900
()
(2.5.1)
0006003
0000000000000000
0006003 00310000
73704d5
73704d5
3207352474200000
d32d4850202000000000000
d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d6
00000000000000
06003100
00000000000000
1000061
0000000000001163
1000061 61637370
3465400
3465400
0000000000000000
00000000000000000000000
9000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c72545243000
00000000000000
6373704
7072740000015000
6373704
0000004
0000004
00000000000000
4d534654
00616373
Slika 2.5.1.0000000f6d600010
Osnovna
Delta
modulatora
-demodulatora
Iz()00000000000000000000000
==struktura
(2.5.2)
0043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c746578740000000
1
0000000d32d48502
00000000000000
d534654
0000336465736300
d534654
9454320
9454320
00000000000000
1-z704d5346
z-1
00000000
00000000000000000000000
0436f70797269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6
0200000000000000
00000000000000
0000000
0001840000006c77
0000000
7352474
7352474
U osnovi
ideje
delta
modulacije
je
digitalni
prenos
razlike
susednih
odbiraka
analognog
ulaznog
0000000000000000
00000000000000
49454320
54000000
00000000000000116370727
d70616e790000646573630000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000
2000000
2000000
01163707274000
0494543
747074000001f0000
0494543
Jednobitni
A/D
konvertor
(u
praksi
komparator
s
nulom)
ekvivalentno
je
predstavljen
dodavanjem
signala,
ime se smanjuje koliina0000000000000000
prenesenih
podataka.
Ako se izvri mala rekonfiguracija
sistema
40000015000000033646573
0000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000
00000000000000
73524742
00494543
0000000
0000000
00150000000336
2073524
00014626b7074000
2073524
0000000000000000
Nz.
Analizom
prenosne
funkcije
konvertora
dobijamo:
uma
kvantizacije
()
sa slike
7
dobijamo
prvobitni
sigma
delta
A/D
konvertor.
Premetanjem
integratora
iz
grane
0000000000000000000000000000000
63000001840000006c77747
00000000000000
00000000
20735247
0000000
0000000
46573630000018
7420000
0020400000014725
7420000
povratne sprege, kao i sa prijemne0000000000000000
strane
u
direktnu granu
i dodavanjem
D/A konvertora u granu
074000001f000000014626b
0000000000000000
0000000
00000000000116
42000000
40000006c77747
0000000
0000000
1
povratne sprege dobijamo
bazinu0116370727400000
strukturu
- A/D0000000
konvertora,
na 8595a00000218000
ijem
izlazu je 00000000
neophodno
70740000020400000014725
Yz
XzIz
()()
Nz
(2.5.3)
0f6d6000
0f6d6000
074000001f0000
0000000
000146758595a000
0000000
37072740000015
00000000
00000000
1500000003364657
izvriti Low Pass filtriranje da bi digitalni
odbirci odgovarali klasinim sistemima digitalne obrade
() = ()() zYzIz +() () 00014626b70740
1 8595a000002180000001467
1000000
1000000
0000000
0022c00000014625
0000000 0000f6d60
signala (paralelni viebitni odbirci3630000018400000
umesto58595a0000022c000000146
povorke bita).
00000003364657
00000000
00d32d4
00d32d4
06c7774707400000
00002040000001
000f6d6
8595a00000240000
000f6d6
36300000184000
00100000
000000f6
258595a0000024000000014
1f000000014626b7
8502020
8502020
47258595a00000
0001000
00014646d6e64000
0001000
Iz
0740000020400000
646d6e64000002540000007
0006c777470740
d6000100
()0000000
= FXz
() Nz0025400000070646
1 +
1 ()Yz
, 0000000
(2.5.4)
21800000014675
00000d3 000d32d4
S1 00000d3
0147258595a00000
0000000
0000000
1+ () 1+z
Iz
() 2d48502
y[n d6464000002c4000
z Iz 0646d6464000002c4000000
ffd8ffe000104a4649460001020100c800c80000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e747252474
00001f00000001
000000d3
x(t) 22058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000
2180000001467585
8595a0000022c0
2d48502 85020200
Integrator
88767565640000034c00000
0000000
0000000
] 0008876756564000
ako uvrstimo prenosnu
funkciju integratora,
dobijamo:4626b707400000
95a0000022c00000
+ 100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
2d485020
00000146258595
0200000
0200000 00000000
0000001163707274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020400000014725859
0000000
0000000
08676696577000003d40000
0146258595a00000
5a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000
a0000024000000
0000000
0034c00000086766
FS 2 = FS1/ D 00000000
20400000014725
20000000 0000000
0088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c000000247465636800
24000000014646d6
0000000
0000000
y(t)
00246c756d69000003f8000
0004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f70797
z
1
z1
014646d6e64000
0000000
96577000003d4000
0000000 00000000
e640000025400000
269676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000000000000127352474
1-bit
D/A
8595a000002180
00000000
0000000
0000000
000146d6561730000040c00
22049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000
070646d646400000
00254000000706
000246c756d69000
0000000
z

1
1 0000000
()) Xz
()
YzXz
0000000
(1
0000000
Nz
()
00000146758595
00000000
() = Xz ()
+ Nz = () + Nz2c40000008876756
=x[n]
() +z
(2.5.5)
00000000
00002474656368000004300
00000000000000000000000000000
46d6464000002c
0000000
003f8000000146d65
0000000
11
z
0000000
0000000
5640000034c00000
000000c725452430000043c
00000000
1+ 1+
00000000
Slika
2.5.2. - A/Da0000022c00000
konvertor
prvog
reda
40000008876756
0000000
61730000040c0000
0000000
0867669657700000
0000000
0000000
0000080c675452430000043
0146258595a000
00000000
00000000

5640000034c000
0000000
0024746563680000
0000000
3d4000000246c756
0000000
0000000
z-1zaz-1
Zamenom
ze u poetnim
direktno
dobijamo
DTFT
transfer
funkciju.
Oigledno
je da je transfer
c0000080c62545243000004
Blok
decimaciju
emo
analizama
ostaviti
po
strani.
Sistem
moemo
smatrati
d69000003f800000
00240000000146
00000000
00086766965770
0000000
04300000000c7254
0000000 00000000
0000000
0000000
=
3c0000080c7465787400000
0146d65617300000
linearnim u odreenoj
meri (jednobitni
A/D
i D/A konvertori
svakako
nisu
linearni, 00000000
ali moemo ih
00003d40000002
0000000
52430000043c0000
0000000
46d6e640000025
00000000
0000000
0000000
Xz
jedinina,
dok
je
transfer
funkcija
za
um:

()
40c0000002474656
000436f7079726967687420
smatrati takvima u prvoj aproksimaciji),
pa nam je stoga
omoguena
primena
Z transformacije u
46c756d6900000
0000000
080c675452430000
0000000
0000000
0000000
3680000043000000
400000070646d6
00000000
00000000
28632920313939382048657
njegovoj analizi!
3f8000000146d6
0000000
043c0000080c6254
0000000
00c7254524300000
0001163
0001163
00000000
jw jw464000002c4000
jw 00000000
76c6574742d5061636b6172
43c0000080c67545
? ?
561730000040c0
0000000
52430000043c0000
0000000
7072740
7072740
jw
22 2
6420436f6d70616e7900006
1 jw =1e??
=e
=1
+jsin()
cos(
)ewe(2.5.6)
00088767565640
00000000
2430000043c00000
N
()z y(z) 0000000
00000247465636
080c746578740000
0000000 00000000
0000150
0000150
NTF=1z
ze=
80c6254524300000
46573630000000000000012
000034c0000008
00000000
80000043000000
0000001
0000436f707972696
0000001 00000116
0000003
0000003
43c0000080c74657
x(z)
2
73524742204945433631393
22
22
67669657700000
37072740
N()
TFw
3646573
00000000
2 w (2.5.7)
00c72545243000
1637072
7687420286329203
1637072
87400000000436f7
=Re
+Im
=12cos
w3646573
+cos
w +sin
w
=2cos
6362d322e31000000000000
+ 0797269676874202
- 0043c0000080c6
6300000
6300000
7400000
1393938204865776
7400000
3d4000000246c7
00001500
11637072
00000000001273524742204
8632920313939382
1840000
1840000
75452430000043
1500000
c6574742d5061636
1500000
56d69000003f80
00000336
74000001
04865776c6574742
9454336313936362d322e31
006c7774
c0000080c62545
0033646
b61726420436f6d70
0033646
1006c7774
z
d5061636b6172642
00000146d65617
46573630
50000000
00000000000000000000000
7074000
7074000
2430000043c000
5736300
616e790000646573
5736300
0436f6d70616e790
00000000000000000000000
30000040c00000
33646573
001f0000
001f0000
0006465736300000
0080c746578740
0001840
6300000000000000
0001840 00001840
Slika 2.5.3.
-00000000
A/D konvertor
prvog
reda
u
Z domenu 000006c77
0000000001273524
0001462
0001462
02474656368000
63000001
0000000436f707
000006c
1273524742204945
000006c
7422049454336313 6b70740
6b70740
84000000
97269676874202004300000000c7
7774707
4336313936362d32
7774707 74707400
936362d322e31000
0000204
0000204
2.5
2.5
1
2
0000000000000000
8632920313939325452430000043
4000001
2e31000000000000
4000001 0001f0000
6c777470
0000001
0000001
0001273524742204
8204865776c657
f0000000
0000000000127352
c0000080c67545
74000001 f000000 00014626
9454336313936362 4725859
4725859
4742d5061636b6
14626b7
4742204945433631
014626b
d322e31000000000 5a000002
2430000043c000
b7074000
f0000000
5a000002
1726420436f6d7
0740000
3936362d322e3100
7074000
0000000000000000
1800000
1800000
14626b70
0000000000000000
0616e7900006460080c625452430
0204000
0000000000000000
0020400 00204000
0146758
0146758
74000002
0000000000000
I(z 000043c0000080
57363000000000
0001472
0000000000000000
0000147 00014725
595a0000
595a0000

2.5. Sigma-delta A/D konvertori

2.5. Sigma-delta A/D konvertori

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006000600000ffe20c58494
3435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c696e6f021000006d
6e74725247422058595a2007ce000200090006003100006163
73704d53465400000000494543207352474200000000000000
00000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d4850202000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000
01500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001
f000000014626b707400000204000000147258595a00000218
000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000
000014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c40000
0088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d4000000
246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000024
Slika
2.5.5. Transfer funkcija za um - A/D konvertora prvog reda
74656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c67
5452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465
Ovaka karakteristika -
A/D konvertora predstavlja njegovu najveu prednost u odnosu na ostale
787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203139393820
vrste A/D konvertora. 4865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000
64657363000000000000001273524742204945433631393636
2d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049454336
313936362d322e310000000000000000000000000000000000
2.5.2. Koncept uobliavanja
spektra uma (MASH)
00000000000000000000
Razliita prenosna funkcija za signal i um definie pravce realizacije komercijalnih - A/D
konvertora. Kako je u osnovi "Noise Shaping" funkcija High Pass filter, logina je pretpostavka da
bi uz odreene izmene karakteristika mogla da se pootri i da se dobije vee potiskivanje uma u
okolini nulte frekvencije. Na slici 12 vidi se polazna osnova navedenog koncepta.

ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006000600000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c4500010100000c484c69
6e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce00020009000600310000616373704d5346540000000049
454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001163707
274000001500000003364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b707400000204000
000147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000014646d6e640
000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c0000008676696577000003d40000002
46c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c0000002474656368000004300000000c7254524300000
43c0000080c675452430000043c0000080c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726
9676874202863292031393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e790000646573630
000000000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735247422049
454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000Yz z GzYz

() () 1
Slika 2.5.6. Osnovni - A/D konvertor sa izolovanim umom kvantizacije N(z) ()

= X zGz

() () () () + Nz (2.5.8)

Gz
1 1

+ ()

Yz () = Xz () Nz
z Gz 1+ () 1+ z Gz ()
2.5 - 3

(2.5.9)

ffd8ffe0
00104a4
6494600
0102010
0600060
2.5. Sigma-delta A/D konvertori
0000ffe2
0c58494
Izlaz Y(z) sadri u sebi komponentu uma N(z),
tako da ako primenimo slian blok koji digitalizuje
3435f505
samo pomenuti um moda uspe njegova eliminacija
iz izlaznog digitalnog signala.
24f46494
c450001
0100000
ffd8ffe000104a46494600010201006000600000ffe20c584943435f50524f46494c450001
c484c69
0100000c484c696e6f021000006d6e74725247422058595a2007ce0002000900060031000
6e6f0210
0616373704d5346540000000049454320735247420000000000000000000000000000f6d
00006d6
e747252
6000100000000d32d485020200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4742205
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000011637072740000015000000
8595a20
03364657363000001840000006c77747074000001f000000014626b70740000020400000
07ce000
0147258595a00000218000000146758595a0000022c000000146258595a0000024000000
2000900
014646d6e640000025400000070646d6464000002c400000088767565640000034c00000
0600310
0006163
08676696577000003d4000000246c756d69000003f8000000146d6561730000040c00000
73704d5
02474656368000004300000000c725452430000043c0000080c675452430000043c00000
3465400
80c625452430000043c0000080c7465787400000000436f7079726967687420286329203
0000004
1393938204865776c6574742d5061636b61726420436f6d70616e7900006465736300000
9454320
00000000012735247422049454336313936362d322e31000000000000000000000012735
7352474
2000000
247422049454336313936362d322e3100000000000000000000000000000000000000000
0000000
z +1 () (2.5.10)1+zG () 1+z () () 1
0000000000000GzO ()z = X () Nz1 10000000
1
1
2
z
Gz
0000000
0f6d6000
1000000
00d32d4
Slika 2.5.7. Multi Stage Noise Shaper
(MASH) Analiza izlaza
8502020
0000000
svakog od blokova dovodi nas do reenja problema
uma. 1() 1
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
0000000
Gz
z
Nz
()
1+zG
O () =()()1+z
+ Nz
0000000
(2.5.11)
2()
2 1
1 1
z0000000
Gz 2
0000000
G (z)?1 0000000
F(z)G2 (z)?F(z)
z =1Xz
?
Otot1 () 1 ()0000000
+?
Nz() N z()(2.5.12)
11+z
?z ()11 1+zG ()
1+zGz
zGz
1+zG?
1 ()
1()
2
2

0000000
1444
ideja jedasefiltri
izaberutako
0001163
da ovo bude jednako nuli
7072740
0000150
Usvojmo da je
0000003
3646573
1
6300000
Gz12 z1() ()
(2.5.13)
=G ()=Iz =
1840000 1-z
006c777
4707400
0001f000
0000146
2.5 -4
26b7074
0000020
4000000
1472585
95a0000
0218000

2.5. Sigma-delta A/D konvertori

1
? Iz Fz1() () ?Fz()
Ot
Nz Nz
otalz () = Xz () +??() -1() (2.5.14)1z
z
zIz 1+ () z1 1 1
1+
1+
1
1
1-z
1-z

Da bi izraz u zagradi bio nula, potrebno je da bude

Iz()Fz=,
()1

(2.5.15)

odnosno
1

1z,
=Fz ()1 =
(2.5.16)
Iz()

tada se 2.5.12 postaje:

1
1z
12 = () Nz = () z ) Nz
Otota()
lz Xz 1( ) Xz (1 1 1z1() (2.5.17)
1

Ovako dobijena izlazna funkcija se razlikuje od izlazne funkcije osnovnog - A/D konvertora
-funkija (15) po eksponentu lana uz komponentu uma. Grafik amplitudske karakteristike ove
2
prenosne funkcije je oznaen sa NTF () na slici 11. MASH tehnika eliminacije uma se moe
praktino primenjivati i zastupljena je u komercijalnim - A/D konvertorima. Ogranienje u
pogledu broja stepeni za priguenje uma namee problem stabilnosti sistema. Konkretno broj
stepeni ne bi trebalo da pree 4 ili maksimalno 5!
2.5.3. Praktini aspekti primene - A
A/D konvertora

V
Visoka
izlazna rezolucija (24 bita)
Visoka tanost
n
Relativno uzak frekventni opseg signala na ulazu (ne prelazi audio opseg)
R
Korienje se svodi na programiranje niskog nivoa hardvera, ime se podeavaju parametri pre
svega vezani za ulazno pojaanje,
a
OSR i izlaznu filtarsku strukturu sa decimatorom.
Vodei proizvoai: ANALOG DEVICES, BURR BROWN