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Objectives:
At the end of the discussion, the participants should be able to: 1. Understand the principle of the DC Motor; 2. Familiar with the nature of DC Motors from their Load Characteristics; 3. Able to appreciate the principle of the starter; 4. Familiarized with the methods of reversal of the direction of rotation of the DC Motor; 5. Familiarized with the methods of speed for the DC Motors .
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The Motor Principles Flemings Left Hand Rule Counter Electromotive Force (emf) and Speed Torque and Mechanical Power Types of DC Motors Speed-Load and Torque-Load Characteristics of DC Motors DC Motor Speed Control Starter Principle Reversal of the Direction of Rotation
Where: Thumb Forefinger Middle finger Direction of motion Magnetism flux direction Direction of electric current
Commutation Principle
where: K = motor constant K1 = proportionality constant due to armature reaction = flux induced by the shunt field coil = reduction in magnetic flux n = speed of motor in rpm therefore : EC = K ( - ) n
E = K ( - ) n + Ia (Ra + Rb)
also,
(5)
NOTE
: Counter E.M.F. because it opposes the direction of the current that induced it.
(9)
( 10 )
( 11 )
2 n
( 12 )
(14)
Types of DC Motor
1. Separately excited DC Motor 2. Shunt DC Motor (Self-excited) 3. Series DC Motor 4. Compound DC Motor a) Differential Compound b) Cumulative Compound
2. Shunt DC Motor
3. Series DC Motor
4. Compound DC Motor
a) Cumulative Compound DC Motor
4. Compound DC Motor
b) Differential Compound DC Motor
SHUNT DC MOTOR :
EC E - Ia ( R a + Rb ) n = -------- = -----------------------K K Where: E, K are nearly constant.
(24 )
(25)
(26)
SERIES DC MOTOR :
E ~ E Where: E Therefore: = K n = applied voltage E E = ------- = -----------K K K1 I a = K 1 Ia (16)
n
Since
(17)
(18)
n Ia
EC
(19)
(20) (21) (22) (23)
Therefore:
(29)
1
1
= flux from the field coil = additional magnetic flux produced by series coil. = proportional to Ia
= K ( f + s ) Ia (28)
(27)
1
1
= flux from the field coil = additional magnetic flux produced by series coil. = proportional to Ia
= K ( f - s ) Ia (28)
(31)
(i) field-resistance method of control (ii) armature resistance method of control - Ra (iii) armature voltage method of control E (Ward Leonard Control)
at starting, EC = 0 since the speed is zero. Also, Va = 100V. Therefore, the starting current is : Va BD 100 -2 Ia = ------------- = ----------- = 163.33 A Ra 0.6 163.33 full load = ----------- X 100 27
(33)
= 604.93 ( 34 )
where :
Ra = armature resistance Rs = starting resistance to limit the armature current. As the motor gains speed, EC 0. equation becomes : Va - BD EC Ia = -------------------Ra + Rs Recall: EC = K n Therefore, the current
(36) (37)
starting resistance (starter) is reduced progressively as the motors develops Counter EMF due to acceleration.
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