Rng ngp mn

S Tay Hng Dn Cho Gio Vin THCS & THPT

Xut bn Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Qun l Ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng Ven bin tnh Sc Trng Tc gi Daniel G. Spelchan v Isabelle A. Nicoll nh ba Tranh minh ha ly t cuc thi v tranh do GIZ t chc nm 2010, tc gi Trn Anh Qun giz, thng 4/2011

Rng ngp mn S Tay Hng Dn Cho Gio Vin THCS & THPT
Daniel G. Spelchan v Isabelle A. Nicoll

Thng 4/2011

Rng Ngp Mn
S Tay Hng Dn Cho Gio Vin THCS & THPT
Li m u Rng ngp mn l mt dng rng quan trng pht trin trn vng t ngp nc dc theo cc b bin nhng khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i. Nhng khu rng ngp mn l mt phn thit yu ca mi trng t nhin Vit Nam bi v chng: Bo v b bin khi nh hng ca bo, xi l v ngp lt; L mt ni quan trng cung cp thc n, ch v ni sinh sn cho nhiu loi c, tm, gip xc v cc loi khc nh chim v ng vt c v; Cung cp nhiu nguyn vt liu th cho con ngi, nh thc n, si, dc liu, g/ci v thuc nhum.. Do tnh cht quan trng ca rng ngp mn i vi c mi trng v i sng con ngi, hc sinh rt cn phi tm hiu v: rng ngp mn l loi rng g, nhng c tnh ca cc loi cy trong rng ngp mn v lm th no bo v chng. D n hp tc k thut c GIZ 'Qun l Ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng Ven bin tnh Sc Trng, phi hp vi cc i tc l S Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn v S Gio dc v o to tnh Sc Trng, cng pht hnh cun s tay ny cho gio vin nh l mt cng c gip gio vin dy cho hc sinh v tm quan trng ca rng ngp mn. Cun s tay bao gm 2 bi hc: Bi 1: Rng ngp mn l loi rng g? Bi 2: Ti sao rng ngp mn quan trng? Mi bi hc s bao gm kin thc c bn v kin thc b sung cho hc sinh v gio vin. Ngoi ra, bi hc cn c nhng cu hi hc sinh tr li v mt danh sch nhng hot ng ngh (v d thc hin 1

nhng nghin cu nh ti a phng, gii p cc cu v.v) c thit k tng cng s hiu bit ca hc sinh v rng ngp mn.

Bi 1:

Rng ngp mn l loi rng g?

Tng quan: Sau bi hc ny, hc sinh s nm c kin thc c bn v rng ngp mn l loi rng g v nhng c tnh chnh ca cy rng ngp mn. Mc tiu: Hc sinh s: 1. Khm ph rng ngp mn l loi rng g. 2. Xem xt nhng c tnh ca cc loi cy rng ngp mn khc nhau. 3. Khm ph lch s rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng. Kin thc cn phi c trc khi vo bi 1 Gio vin Bi c c s di y s cung cp cho gio vin mt ci nhn tng th v rng ngp mn, c tnh ca chng, mi trng sng v s tn ti ca rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng. Nhng phn thng tin b sung c a vo gio vin c th tham kho trong trng hp gio vin nhn c nhng thc mc t hc sinh, hoc mun cung cp cho cc em nhng thng tin mi. Kin thc cn phi c trc khi vo bi 1 Hc sinh Khng yu cu hc sinh phi c kin thc no trc khi vo bi hc ny. Tuy nhin, trc khi bt u bi ging, gio vin nn kim tra xem mc hiu bit ca hc sinh mnh ti u v rng ngp mn. Vic ny c th thc hin c bng cch s dng Hot ng 1 (Bt kh-t duy) c trong phn ph lc 1 ca ti liu ny. Nhng hot ng tim nng Ph lc 1 bao gm mt danh sch cc hot ng c thit k nng cao s hiu bit ca hc sinh v rng ngp mn. Hot ng 1 v 2 lin quan mt thit n bi 1, nhng hot ng 6, 7 v 10 cng c th c ch.

Cu hi dnh cho hc sinh Sau khi hon tt bi hc, hc sinh s phi tr li c nhng cu hi sau: 1. Rng ngp mn c th mc u? 2. Lm cch no m cy rng ngp mn c th tn ti trong nc bn/l? 3. Nhng ht ging ca cy rng ngp mn pht tn sinh si bng cch no? 4. Rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng mc nhng khu vc no? Bi 1: Bi c c s 1. Rng ngp mn l loi rng g?

Cy rng ngp mn l nhng loi cy thn g, c ht v nhng loi cy bi mc chim u th dc theo nhng b bin c che ch vng nhit i v cn nhit i. Trn th gii c gn 70 loi cy rng ngp mn vi chiu cao thay i t 1,5 m n 50 m(1). Rng ngp mn c th c thy hu ht mi quc gia nhit i v cn nhit i. Tng din tch rng ngp mn trn ton th gii vo khong 11 18 triu hecta(2). Rng ngp mn mc c trng nhng khu vc nc nng v ly li vng ca sng, cc vnh, bn cng hoc ng b bin khng chu tc ng thng xuyn ca sng ln. Ti nhng khu vc ny, rng ngp mn nhn ngun dinh dng pha trn ca c nc ngt (t sng ngi) v nc mn (t bin). 1.1 Cc c tnh ca cy rng ngp mn Bn c bit? Rng ngp mn l mt trong nhng h sinh thi phong ph nht trn th gii.

Nhng iu kin t nhin ni cy rng ngp mn sinh sng nh ti cc khu ly li v c mi trng nc l c coi l y th thch v: 4

Mc xi trong t bn/ly thng thp; Khu vc thng xuyn b ngp; Nc ngt khan him; mn c th rt cao: t 30.000 ti 40.000 ppm (ppm = mt phn triu) i vi nc bin bnh thng, v ln n 90.000 ppm nhng khu vc m mui b c c do hin tng bc hi ca nc(4) trong khi mn ca nc chng ta ung hng ngy thng vo khong 100 ppm. Tuy nhin, cy rng ngp mn c bit pht trin nhng kh nng cho php chng pht trin trong nhng iu kin nh vy. 1.1.1 R Bn c bit? i vi cc loi cy ngp mn, lng sinh khi pha di t th cao hn trn b mt, gip cho cy khng b ng hay cun tri.

H thng r ca cy ngp mn gip cy ng vng trong mi trng t bn mm bng cch mc hng xung t thn cy v/hay pht trin theo phng ngang di mt t. Hot ng h hp ca cy rng ngp mn c thc hin thng qua nhng l thng kh (nhng khong m nh trn thn hoc r). Mt vi loi cy ngp mn pht trin nhng h thng r chuyn dng m bo cc l thng kh nm pha trn mc nc thy triu hay bn (vn gy thiu xi). Mt vi loi cy ngp mn pht trin r kh sinh, cn gi l r c nhng l thng kh ngoi thng ln t lp t bn/nc. Mt vi r kh sinh trng ging nh ng

L thng kh

Hnh 1: R kh sinh dng ng ht. 5

ht/ng th ca th ln (xem Hnh 1) v thng vn ln khi mt nc/bn khong 30 cm(1). Nhng r kh sinh khc, khi vn cao khi mt nc/bn, c th gp li v quay ngc tr li lng t (nh hnh u gi - xem Hnh 2).

L thng kh

Hnh 2: R hnh u gi.

Hnh 3: R chn nm.

Mt s loi cy ngp mn pht trin h thng r gip tr cho thn cy, ni c cc l thng kh nm trn mt nc/bn. (xem Hnh 3). 1.1.2 Kh nng chu mn

Cy rng ngp mn c th thch nghi cao pht trin trong nhng mi trng nhim mn. Nhng loi cy ngp mn khc nhau s dng mt hoc kt hp nhng qu trnh sau thch nghi vi nhng iu kin nhim mn: Ngn chn mt s loi cy ngp mn c h thng r vi c tnh khng thm cao, ng vai tr nh nhng b lc ch cho php nc ngm qua v mui b gi li bn ngoi; Loi tr mt s loi cy ngp mn c th loi thi mui t thn chnh thng qua nhng tuyn mui trn l;

Tch ly mt s loi cy ngp mn tch ly nhng lng mui d tha vo v cy hoc l. 1.1.3 Nc ngt b gii hn

V nc ngt c th khan him nhng khu vc cy rng ngp mn mc, chng pht trin nhng cch thc nhm hn ch lng nc bc hi qua l cy. Mt s loi cy ngp mn c th hn ch vic m nhng l th (cc l nh trn l cho vic trao i khng kh), trong khi nhng loi khc c th thay i hng nghing ca l trnh nh nng gay gt gia tra. 1.1.4 Ht ging

Cy rng ngp mn sinh ra nhng ht ging c gi l tr mm vn c thch nghi tng cng kh nng ti sinh trong nhng iu kin c bit ca rng ngp mn. Tr mm pht trin ngay trn cy ngp mn. mt s loi, tr mm s c gi li vi tri cho n khi tri chn v ri khi cy (xem Hnh 5). nhng loi cy ngp mn khc, nhng tr mm mc xuyn qua tri khi vn cn trn cy v t c mt kch c ng k trc khi ri xung nc (xem Hnh 4). Mt s tr mm c kh nng ni, v th khi chng ri xung khi cy, chng s tri theo nc ra xa trc khi tm c mt ch thch hp pht trin (xem Hnh 5). Nhng tr mm khc khng ni Hnh 4: Tr mm cy c. 7

c nn khi ri xung s cm thn mnh vo lp bn bn di (vn l mi trng thch hp cho chng sng v pht trin xem Hnh 4). Tr mm c kh nng t to ra cht dinh dng cho mnh thng qua qu trnh quang hp v c th tn ti n hng tun, hng thng hay thm ch mt nm cho n khi c cc iu kin l thch hp hay chng tm c mi trng ph hp. Hnh 5: Tr mm cy bn. 1.1.5 S phn ranh gii t nhin

Mi loi cy ngp mn c nhng c tnh ring v mc tt nht nhng khu vc nht nh dc theo b bin. iu ny c th l nguyn nhn chnh ti sao mt s b bin ta c th quan st thy s phn nh ranh gii t nhin (xem Hnh 6), vi mt s loi nht nh sng gn bin ( khu vc nc su v chy mnh hn) v mt s loi khc sng gn b hn ( khu vc nc nng v chy m du hn).

Vt D c Mm Bn
Pha b

Nc triu cao trung bnh Nc triu thp trung bnh Pha bin

Hnh 6: Phn ranh t nhin ca mt khu rng ngp mn.

theo Phan Ngyn Hng v Hong Th San (1993)

Thng tin b sung: Trng rng ngp mn Khi trng rng ngp mn, iu quan trng l phi nhn vo iu kin ca khu vc, v mt s loi cy ngp mn c th khng sng c do nhng iu kin t nhin ti khu vc khng ph hp v th trng nhng loi ny s khng c kt qu. V d: mt s loi cy ngp mn thch nc nng, mt s khc thch nc su hn. Mt vi loi cy ngp mn thch iu kin m du, trong khi mt s khc c th chu c nhng iu kin khc nghit hn. Mt vi loi thch bn mm, trong khi mt s li a bn cht cng. Mt s loi li a nc ngt, trong khi nhng loi khc c th chu c nc rt mn. Chnh v vy khi chng ta trng rng ngp mn, iu quan trng l hiu c iu kin ca khu vc v trng loi cy thch hp cho khu vc .

Rng ngp mn Vit Nam

Ch ring Vit Nam c khong 37 loi cy ngp mn khc nhau trong ng bng sng Cu Long c s lng v chng loi cy ngp mn a dng nht. Nm 2005, rng ngp mn Vit Nam che ph mt din tch vo khong 209.741 hecta(4), hu ht ng bng sng Cu Long (tng cng 91.080 ha(5)). 2.1 Rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng

Cy rng ngp mn mc t nhin dc theo b bin Sc Trng. Nhng t liu lch s cho thy rng rng ngp mn tn ti Sc Trng hn 100 nm, tp trung ch yu cc ca sng Hu v sng M Thanh, v ri rc dc theo b bin ca huyn Vnh Chu. Tuy nhin, phn ln din tch rng t nhin ny b ph hy trong sut 50 nm gn y do hot ng n cy lm ci v chuyn i sang t nng nghip (nui tm), v do b phun thuc dit c trong cuc chin tranh chng M. Trong 2 thp k va qua, nhng k hoch trng cy gip khi phc li khu vc che ph ca rng ngp mn ca Sc Trng v trc nm 2008, tng din tch rng ca tnh vo khong 4.200 hecta(6). Nhng mng rng ln hin gi nm ch yu cc ca sng Hu v sng M Thanh, thuc cc huyn Vnh Chu, Trn v C Lao Dung, v mt di mng rng ngp mn cng c th c quan st thy nguyn tuyn b bin huyn Vnh Chu. C 26 loi cy ngp mn c ghi nhn dc theo b bin tnh Sc Trng (tham kho Ph lc 2 xem mt danh sch cc loi). Tuy nhin, nhng loi ph bin nht Sc Trng gm: bn chua, mm bin, c i, d vi, v vt tr (tham kho Ph lc 3 xem thng tin v sinh hc v hnh v ca mi loi). Rng bn mc t nhin dc theo vng ca sng Hu v ven bin cc x An Thnh Nam, An Thnh 3, Lch Hi Thng v Trung Bnh. Rng mm mc t nhin dc theo b bin ca cc x Vnh Hi, Vnh Chu v Lc Ha. Loi mm mc t nhin trn nhng lp bn mm nm pha xa ngun nc ngt chy ra t cc ca sng.

10

Rng c (c i) v ang c trng trn din rng trong sut 20 nm tr li y dc theo b bin Vnh Chu, c bit nhng khu vc m trc y c che ph bi rng mm t nhin.

Hnh 7: Phn b rng ngp mn Sc Trng.

da theo nh v tinh nm 2006-2007

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Bi 2:

Ti sao rng ngp mn quan trng?

Tng quan: Khi kt thc bi hc ny, hc sinh s nm c kin thc c bn v nhng l do khin rng ngp mn quan trng, nhng mi e da v cn phi lm g bo v rng ngp mn. Mc tiu: Hc sinh s: 1. Tm hiu nhng li ch m rng ngp mn mang li cho con ngi v mi trng. 2. Xem xt nhng mi nguy hi cho rng ngp mn. 3. Tm hiu nhng cch bo v rng ngp mn. Kin thc cn phi c trc khi vo bi Gio vin Bi c c s di y s cung cp cho gio vin mt ci nhn tng th v: ti sao rng ngp mn li quan trng, nhng vn g ang e da n, v cn thc hin g bo v rng ngp mn. Nhng phn thng tin b sung c a vo gio vin c th tham kho trong trng hp gio vin nhn c nhng thc mc t hc sinh, hoc mun cung cp cho cc em nhng thng tin mi. Kin thc cn phi c trc khi vo bi Hc sinh Hc sinh cn mt s hiu bit c bn v rng ngp mn, cc c tnh ca cy ngp mn, mi trng sng v s tn ti ca rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng. Nhng kin thc ny c trnh by trong Bi 1: Rng ngp mn l loi rng g? Hot ng tim nng Ph lc 1 bao gm mt danh sch cc hot ng c th c thit k tng cng s hiu bit ca hc sinh v rng ngp mn. Cc hot ng 3-10 u c th hu ch cho Bi 2.

12

Cu hi cho hc sinh tr li Khi hc xong bi hc ny, hc sinh s phi tr li c cc cu hi sau: 1. Nhng li ch m rng ngp mn cung cp cho con ngi? 2. Nhng li ch m rng ngp mn cung cp cho ng vt? 3. Sn lng c s b nh hng g khi rng ngp mn b thu hp din tch? 4. Nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nguy hi n rng ngp mn? 5. Nhng hot ng ca con ngi gy nguy hi n rng ngp mn? 6. Lm cch no em c th gip bo v rng ngp mn? Bi 2: Bi c c s 1. Ti sao rng ngp mn li c vai tr quan trng?

Rng ngp mn quan trng l v chng cung cp rt nhiu li ch cho con ngi, ng vt v nhng h sinh thi xung quanh. 1.1 Cung cp sinh k cho con ngi

Rng ngp mn cung cp nhiu loi nguyn vt liu m con ngi cn. Con ngi n, nh bt v bn nhiu loi c v ng vt c v sng trong rng ngp mn. Rng ngp mn cn cung cp nhiu nguyn liu m con ngi thng xuyn s dng nh ci v than (t nhng cnh cy cht), dc liu, si, thuc nhum, mt ong v l da lp mi. Rng ngp mn c gi tr v vn ha i vi rt nhiu ngi v cn thch hp cho du lch.

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1.2

Cung cp chc nng bo v chng li thin tai

Rng ngp mn bo v con ngi, nh ca v rung ry khi thin tai nh bo, ngp lt v sng triu. Nhng thn cy, cnh v r ca rng ngp mn c vai tr nh nhng ro cn gip gim nhng nh hng ca sng, ngp lt v gi mnh. Bn c bit? Mt ai rng ngp mn rng 50 m c th gim sc mnh ca cc cn sng cao 1 m xung cn cha y 0,3 m. gim hon ton sc mnh ca cc con sng cao 1 m (xung cn 0 m), th cn c mt ai rng ngp mn trng thnh dy 150 m.

1.3

Gim xi l v bo v t

Rng ngp mn c mt h thng ln cc thn, cnh v r gip bo v b bin v t ai khi xi l v nh hng ca sng. Thng ti nhng khu vc b sng v b bin ni rng ngp mn b tn ph th hin tng xi l xy ra rt mnh.

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H thng ln cc thn, cnh v r cn gip cho qu trnh ln bin gip tng din tch t bng cch gi li v kt dnh nhng vt liu ph sa. Cng bng cch ny m cy rng ngp mn t xy cho mnh mi trng sng thch hp. 1.4 Gim nhim

Rng ngp mn gip lc b cc cht ph dng, trm tch v cht nhim ra khi i dng v sng ngi. V th, chng gip lc sch nc cho nhng h thng sinh thi xung quanh (nh h sinh thi san h, c bin v b bin). 1.5 Gim tc ng ca bin i kh hu

Vi vic bin i kh hu c d on l s lm tng mc xy ra ca nhng hin tng thi tit cc oan nh bo v l lt, rng ngp mn s tr nn c bit quan trng bo v con ngi, nh ca v rung ng khi nhng thin tai ny. Rng ngp mn cn c tc dng rt tt trong vic loi thi kh nh knh (vn l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra bin i kh hu) ra khi bu kh quyn. 1.6 Cung cp thc n v mi trng sng cho nhiu loi ng vt Bn c bit? Mi hecta rng ngp mn b ph hy tng ng vi 1 tn sn lng c mt i mt nm.

Rng ngp mn cung cp ch c ng v ngun thc n cho rt nhiu loi c, ng vt c v, chim v ng vt c v. Mt vi ng vt c th c tm thy trong rng ngp mn bao gm: nhiu loi c, chim, cua, s huyt, nghu, hu, tm, c, chut, di v kh.

Rng ngp mn cn l khu vc kim n, ni sinh sn v nui dng quan trng ca nhiu loi c, ng vt c v v tm. L v thn cy ngp mn, khi b phn hy s cung cp nhng vn cht hu c vn l ngun c bit? quan Bn thc n trng cho cc loi thy sinh. Tng t nh vy, cc loi ng vt ph Mi hecta rng ngp mn b ph hy tng ng vi 1 tn 15 sn lng c mt i mt nm.

du sng di r ca cc cy ngp mn l ngun thc n quan trng cho nhiu loi c. Rng ngp mn c bit quan trng i vi cc loi c nh bt thng mi, vn c rt nhiu loi trng trong r cy rng ngp mn nhm mc ch bo v con ca chng. Quan trng hn, 75% cc loi c nh bt thng mi vng nhit i tri qua mt khong thi gian no trong vng i ca mnh ti cc khu rng ngp mn. Rng ngp mn ng mt vai tr c bit trong cc h thng li thc n phc tp (xem Hnh 7). iu ny c ngha l s ph hy rng ngp mn c th c tc ng rt xu v rng n i sng thy sinh v i dng.

Rng ngp mn (mi trng sng v ng ging)

Mn b hu c, l cy mc

Tm, c, nghu, s, c

Loi n tht nh Con ngi

Loi n tht ln

Hnh 7: Li thc n lin quan n rng ngp mn. 16

S suy kit ca rng ngp mn l mt nguyn nhn chnh dn n suy kit i sng thy sinh v rng ngp mn khng cn ng vai tr nh vn m hay ch kim n cho nhng sinh vt thy sinh nh. Kt qu l, tr lng thy sn khng th c ti to. Sn lng c, tm, ng vt c v v cua s gim khi din tch rng gim. Khng c cc sinh vt thy sinh nh vo thi im ny ngha l khng c ngun c nh bt trong tng lai. 2. Nhng mi nguy hi cho rng ngp mn

Trong qu kh, tm quan trng ca rng ngp mn cho mi trng v bo v con ngi khng c bit n r rng v kt qu l nhiu khu rng ngp mn trn khp th gii b tn ph. Khong phn na din tch rng ngp mn ca th gii b ph hy trong sut 50 nm qua(1,3). Vit Nam, trong sut giai on t nm 1969 n 1990, khong 33% din tch rng ngp mn ca nc ta b ph hy, khin cho din tch che ph rng gim t 425.000 ha(1) cn 286.400 ha. Vo nm 2002 din tch rng ngp mn ch cn 155.290 ha(7). Tic thay, rng ngp mn vn ang b tn ph thng qua mt s cc hot ng ca c con ngi v cc qu trnh t nhin. 2.1 S ph hy bi con ngi

Mi e da ln nht n nhng khu rng ngp mn l s tn ph ca con ngi. Nhiu ngi ph hy rng ngp mn bng cch cht cy ly ci v g, hay ly t nui tm, trng Bn c bit? cy cho nhng mc ch xy dng v pht Khong din trin khc. tch rng ngp Mt s ngi khc nh r v tn ph cy rng mn trn ton th ngp mn o sm t (con m p) v gii b ph hy bt cua. Mt vi cch thc bt thy sn cng lm ao nui c hi n rng ngp mn nh ko v y li tm(1). gn cy con s lm trc hay bt r ca chng. Bn c bit? Khong din 17 tch rng ngp mn trn ton th gii b ph hy

2.2

Cc ha cht v cht nhim

Rng ngp mn cng c th b tn thng hoc ph hy bi nhng ha cht v cht nhim nh thuc tr su v phn bn. Nhng cht ny i theo nc chy trn t ng rung, hay nc thi t cc khu nui trng thy sn v cc thnh ph, theo cc con sng v knh rch tp trung rng ngp mn. 2.3 Nhng mi e da t nhin

Rng ngp mn cn c th b e da bi nhng cn sng ln hay thm ha t nhin nh cc cn bo. Su v bnh cng gy nh hng xu n cy rng ngp mn. Con hu gy tn hi cho cc cy con bng cch bm mnh vo thn v r cy. 2.4 Bin i kh hu

Trong tng lai khi mc nc bin dng do nh hng ca bin i kh hu s e da n rng ngp mn trn khp th gii. Khi nc bin dng, mt s khu vc sinh sng ca mt s cy rng ngp mn s b ngp nhiu hn (hay b qu mn) cho loi cy rng sinh sng. Nu cy ngp mn khng th di chuyn ln vng t cao hn, do b cn bi hay cc vt cn khc, cy s khng c ch no sng v b cht ngp. Bin i kh hu cng c d on l s tng cng nhng s kin thi tit cc oan nh bo t v l lt. Cng nhiu ln xut hin nhng s kin nh vy th rng cng b tn thng (do khng kp phc hi). 3. Cc hot ng ang c thc hin bo v rng ngp mn?

Rt nhiu chnh ph trn khp th gii trong c Vit Nam t ra nhng lut bo v rng ngp mn, v bt u thc hin nhng chng trnh trng li rng tng din tch bao ph bi rng ngp mn. So vi mc bao ph rng vo khong 155.290 ha ca nm 18

1990(1), nm 2005 Vit Nam trng v t c din tch rng ngp mn l 209.741 ha(4). 3.1 Chng ta c th lm g gip bo v rng ngp mn?

Mi c nhn c th lm g bo v rng ngp mn? Vic lm quan trng nht i vi chng ta bo v rng ngp mn l khng cht hay n h cy rng! Nhng iu khc m chng ta c th lm bo v rng ngp mn bao gm: Cn thn khi bn i trong rng ngp mn m bo rng bn khng v tnh lm gy cy rng hay gim p ln cy con khi i vo trong rng, hay lc i nh bt ti nguyn nh cua, tm v c. Gi sch mi trng nc! ng vt rc thi vo sng, rch hay bin, bi v n s tri theo dng nc n rng ngp mn. Cc ha cht v thuc tr su c bit nguy him cho cc khu rng ngp mn. Tham gia vo cc s kin trng rng ngp mn cng nhiu rng ngp mn c trng, chng ta cng c nhiu thy sn trong tng lai v con ngi nhn c nhiu s bo v hn t rng ngp mn. Ni vi mi ngi hy ni v nhng li ch m rng ngp mn em li v nhng cch m con ngi c th bo v rng cng nhiu ngi bit v hiu, chng ta s cng bo v c tt nhng khu rng ngp mn.

Rng ngp mn rt quan trng v chng cung cp ti nguyn (nh cua, tm, c v nghu) v s bo v (khi xi l, sng, gi v bo) cho ngi dn Sc Trng, v th ngi dn Sc Trng cn phi c bit quan tm v bo v rng ngp mn!

Rng ngp mn rt quan trng v chng cung cp ti nguyn (nh cua, tm, c v nghu) v s bo v (khi xi l, sng, gi v bo) 19 cho ngi dn Sc Trng, v th ngi dn Sc Trng cn phi c bit quan tm v bo v rng ngp mn!

3.2

Bo v rng ngp mn Sc Trng

Vic trng rng ch s tr thnh v ch nu cc khu rng trng ny khng c bo v hiu qu. Nhng khu rng mi trng ny phi c bo v khi cc tc ng xu ca con ngi, nh nhng phng php nh bt thy sn gy cht cy rng. nhng khu vc c th khc, rng ngp mn cn cn c bo v khi nhng cn sng ln. Ngoi ra, nhng khu rng trng thnh cng cn phi c qun l v bo v hiu qu thng qua hot ng ng qun l. ng qun l c da trn nguyn tc thng lng c s tham gia ca cc bn lin quan v cng nhau a ra nhng quyt nh. mt mc no , n l s chia s v quyn hn v phn chia cng bng cc li ch gia cc thnh phn c lin quan. i vi vn qun l ti nguyn thin nhin ti cc khu rng ngp mn Vit Nam, ng qun l l mt tha thun hp tc trong nhm nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn t c quyn s dng bn vng ngun ti nguyn trong mt khu vc nht nh do nh nc s hu (v d rng phng h) cng vi nhng trch nhim qun l bn vng v bo v nhng ti nguyn ny. Tt c cc bn lin quan chia s trch nhim v quyn hn qun l mt khu vc xc nh hay mt danh sch cc loi ti nguyn. Nhng ngi s dng ti nguyn v chnh quyn a phng cng nhau tha thun lp ra mt bn quy c chnh thc v vai tr, trch nhim v quyn hn ca mnh. Qu trnh thc hin th im ng qun l p u Th B (huyn Vnh Chu) v ang cho thy r rng rng ng qun l c th duy tr v nng cao chc nng phng h ca ai rng ngp mn v ng thi cung cp nhng phng k sinh nhai cho cc cng ng a phng. tm hiu thm, xin vui lng tham kho cc ti liu sau: ng qun l/Qun tr chia s ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin v cc Khu Bo tn ti Vit Nam (c bit trang 5-25 v trang 91-104) http://czm-soctrang.org.vn/Publications/VN/Docs/Proceedings%20comanagement%20workshop%20Soc%20Trang%202010%20VN.pdf

20

Rng ngp mn Sc Trng 1965 2007 http://czmsoctrang.org.vn/Publications/VN/Docs/Mangroves%20of%20Soc%20Tr ang%201965-2007%20VN.pdf ng thi rng ngp mn tnh Sc Trng 1889 1965 http://czmsoctrang.org.vn/Publications/VN/Docs/Mangrove%20history%2018891965%20VN.pdf Hng dn k thut v Khi phc v Qun l rng ngp mn http://czmsoctrang.org.vn/Publications/VN/Docs/Mangrove%20Management%20 Tool%20Box%202010%20VN.pdf

Hnh trn: Cy mm vi cc tri mm 21

Hnh trn: Cy bn vi cc r kh sinh

Hnh bn phi: Cy c vi r chn nm 22

Ti liu tham kho

1

. Villanueva R.B., Marquardt, E.C.N.J. and Trevena, M. 2009: Teaching About Mangroves: The Mangrove Forests Ecosystem and Practical Experience Information, Exercises, and Learning Material - An Education Kit. The Center for Education, Research and Volunteerism in the Philippines (CERV) and Meaningful Volunteer, Quezon City, Philippines. . Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L.L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., Msek, J. and Duke N. 2010: Status and Distribution of Mangrove Forests of the World Using Earth Observation Satellite Data. Global Ecology and Biogeography. Blackwell PublishingLtd. . Wikpedia 2010: Mangroves. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves. Accessed 28/12/2010. . Forest Inventory and Planning Institute 2005: Data of mangrove forest area in the coast of Viet Nam. Unpublished. . Southern Sub-Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning 2010: Data of forest area in the Mekong Delta. Unpublished. . Pham Trong Thinh 2011: Management of Natural Resources in the Coastal Zone of Soc Trang Province - Mangroves of Soc Trang 1965 2007. Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH project Management of Natural Resources in the Coastal Zone of Soc Trang Province. . Do Dinh Sam, Phan Nguyen Hong, Vu Tan Phuong and Ngo Dinh Que, 2005: National Action Plan for Protection and Development of Vietnams Mangrove Forests until 2015. Forest Science Institute of Vietnam, Hanoi. . Phan Ngyen Hong and Hoang Thi San, 1993: Mangroves in Vietnam. IUCN, Bangkok Thailand.

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Ph lc

24

Ph lc 1: Nhng hot ng tim nng

Phn ny bao gm mt danh sch nhng hot ng c xut m gio vin c th a vo nhng bi hc v rng ngp mn. Nhng hot ng ny c thit k nng cao s hiu bit ca hc sinh v rng ngp mn, mi trng sng, li ch m rng ngp mn em li v nhng mi nguy hi e da rng ngp mn. Gio vin cn chn ra nhng hot ng no gio vin thy thch hp nht cho vic nng cao s hiu bit cho hc sinh ca mnh v rng ngp mn. Danh sch ny khng phi l tt c. Gio vin cng cn t a vo nhng hot ng ca mnh nu thy cn thit. Nhng hot ng ny i lin vi 2 bi hc v rng ngp mn. Mt vi hot ng ch dnh cho nhng bi hc nht nh trong khi c mt s hot ng c th c thc hin bt k thi im no trong qu trnh hc. Hot ng 1: Rng ngp mn Bt kh t duy Hot ng ny nn c thc hin ngay khi bt u Bi 1 bi v n s gip cho gio vin hiu c hc sinh ca mnh c nhng nhn thc no v rng ngp mn. Lc bt u Bi 1, yu cu hc sinh vit ra nhng g cc em bit v rng ngp mn. Hc sinh c th tr li theo c nhn hay theo tng nhm. Vit cm t rng ngp mn vo trung tm ca mt hnh trn (bt kh) trn 1 t giy trng kh ln hoc bng. Hi nhng g m hc sinh vit ra, tm tt nhng cu tr li ca hc sinh di dng nhng chnh (t hoc cm t) ri vit vo nhng hnh trn khc chung quanh hnh trn trung tm. Hnh v trang sau m t mi u n s trng nh th no. Cng c bt kh t duy c th c s dng trong sut bi hc ny, hay nhng bi hc k tip v c bit hu dng cho hc sinh hnh tng ha nhng g cc em hc c.

25

Hot ng 2: Nhng nghin cu a phng Trong hot ng ny, hc sinh c yu cu v tr chuyn vi mi ngi v rng ngp mn trong huyn ca mnh. Hc sinh c th ni chuyn vi nhng ngi ln tui v nhng s thay i m h thy c v rng ngp mn hoc hi nhng ngi nh bt v thu lm ti nguyn ti a phng h ngh nh th no v rng ngp mn. Hc sinh c th trnh by nhng iu cc em tm c cho c lp hoc np bo co cho gio vin. Hot ng 3: in vo ch trng Sau y l mt on trch trong bi pht biu ca Ngoi trng Hoa K - b Hillary Clinton v d n ti trng rng Papua New Guinea. Mt vi t/cm t c xa khi bi pht biu. Hc sinh hy s dng t c cho danh sch bn di in vo ch trng.

26

Chng ta c mt y hm nay k nim ng thi bo v tng lai ca __________ Papua New Guinea. Nhng khu rng ny ch l mt phn ca h thng a dng sinh hc tuyt vi khin Papua New Guinea thnh mt a im khng ging vi bt k ni no khc trn th gii. Trong s cc bn, nhng ngi sng y bit r iu ny. Nhng i vi ai c mt y ln u tin, iu quan trng l chng ta phi nhn ra rng Papua New Guinea c mt din tch nhit i ln nht khu vc Thi Bnh Dng y l ni c s a dng sinh hc bin ln nht trn hnh tinh ny, vi hng ngn ki-l-mt san h v hng trm loi ng vt, bao gm rt nhiu loi ch mi c pht hin gn y.V th ngi dn t nc ny c quyn t ho v v p v s tr ph ca qu hng mnh. V ti bit c vic ____________ n quan trng n th no v nc M mun l ngi bn ng hnh ca cc bn thc hin iu . Hin nay, rng ngp mn mang li rt nhiu li ch. Rng gip ngn chn __________ thy triu, rng cn gip bo v b bin khi ___________. Bn thn __________ca cy rng l mt h sinh thi vn l ni c ng ca nhiu loi ng thc vt bin, v rng cn to ra _____________ cng nh ly i cc-bon khi bu kh quyn. C ngi v rng nh nhng l phi ca tri t. Chnh v vy, mi khi chng ta ly mt trong nhng cy ging xinh xn nyv trng n, chng ta ang ci thin __________v bo v khng ch ng vt, v tht ra cn bo v c cuc sng ca ______________. Bi v rng c nhiu vai tr quan trng, vic mt rng ngp mn hay nhng khu rng nhit i gy ra nhng hu qu rng ln v ___________khng ch i vi Papua New Guinea, m cn i vi ton th gii. Vic__________rng ven bin v rng trong t lin chim 15% n 20% tng lng cc-bon thi ra vn gp phn vo vic nng ln ton cu. Con s thng k ny tht khng nh, nhng iu quan trng l n ch ra mt gii php: rng nu chng ta c th bo v c nhng khu rng ca mnh, nu chng ta c th ngn chn c __________ phi php, chng ta c th thc hin c nhng ci thin ng k trong vic bo v c quc o ny v nhng khu vc thp khc trn th gii khi tc ng ca ______________.

27

in vo cc ch trng bn trn s dng nhng t v cm t trong danh sch sau: mi trng ph rng gn gi h thng r cc cn bo con ngi nguy him n g bin i kh hu kh xi rng ngp mn xi l Hot ng 4: ng hay sai hc sinh tr li nhng cu sau y l ng hay sai: 1. Rng ngp mn mc cc b bin c che ch vng nhit i v cn nhit i. 2. Rng ngp mn ch sng mi trng nc ngt. 3. Rng ngp mn bo v b bin khi xi l v bo t. 4. R cy rng ngp mn lm nng lng sng yu i. 5. Rng ngp mn ch l ni cung cp thc n cho tm. 6. Rng ngp mn cung cp ti nguyn cho con ngi nh ci chm, thc n, thuc nhum v dc liu. 7. Phn bn v nhng ha cht c hi t ao tm c li cho rng 28

ngp mn. 8. Nc bin dng (do bin i kh hu) c th e da rng ngp mn bi v chng c th mt ch . 9. Mt vi cch thc nh bt thy sn c th gy hi n cho rng ngp mn. 10. Ti c th gip bo v rng ngp mn bng cch gi cho mi trng nc sch v khng nhim! Tr li: 1. ng 2. Sai 3. ng 4. ng 5. Sai 6. ng 7. Sai 8. ng 9. ng 10. ng

Hot ng 5: Cy ngp mn c th V mt cy ngp mn tht ln ln bng, v hnh l cy to sao cho ch hc sinh vit ni dung vo bn trong. c on vn pha sau cho hc sinh nghe v sau yu cu cc em mi ngi vit mt l do v sao rng ngp mn li quan trng vo tng chic l trn bng. Cy rng ngp mn l nhng loi cy quan trng cho mi trng, cho nhiu loi c v ng vt khc v cho c cuc sng ca chng ta. Khi mt cn bo n, rng ngp mn bo v b bin khi gi, xi l v l lt. C con cn rng ngp mn khi chng pht trin chng c th n np gia cc cy rng cho n khi ln. Nhiu loi c, chim v ng vt gip xc tm kim thc n trong rng ngp mn. Rng ngp mn cn quan trng vi con ngi v n l mt ngun cung cp di do cc sn phm thy sn cng nh ci kh. Nhng sn phm nh si, thuc nhum v dc liu cng c th c tm thy trong rng ngp mn.

29

Hot ng 6: p phch v tm quan trng ca rng ngp mn hc sinh t thit k mt tm p phch v rng ngp mn. Tm p phch c th s dng t hoc hnh nh nng cao thc v rng ngp mn v nhng li ch m rng mang li cho con ngi v mi trng. Sau p phch c th c treo trng. Hot ng 7: Tc phm ngh thut v rng ngp mn hc sinh sng to nhng tc phm ngh thut vi ch rng ngp mn. Hot ng 8: ch S dng nhng gi c nh s di y, hc sinh in vo nhng trng trong tr chi ch vi nhng t c lin quan n rng ngp mn. Sau khi c a mt bn sao (co-py), hc sinh c th lm ring hoc lm chung trong nhm nh. Quay ngc li xem p n.

30

31

32
12. Cn bo d di 15. Cy rng ngp mn cung cp ________ khi gi v sng 17. Rng ngp mn gip ngn chn _________ t. 10. Khu vc rng ln ca v tri t c bao ph bi nc mn 13. Cy rng ngp mn thch nghi vi nng ______ cao c trong nc bin 14. Khi kh hu mt khu vc bt u thay i 16. B phn mu xanh l cy ca cy rng 18. Hin tng thi tit bao gm ma ln, sm st v gi mnh

Ngang

1. Phn ca cy ngp mn di mt t (v c lc

quay ngc ln mt t)

3. Nc bin th l ______

5. Cy ngp mn cn mt s pha trn ca nc mn v

_______

6. Khi ha cht v rc thi tch t ti mt khu vc v lm

thay i iu kin t nhin ca n theo hng xu i

9. Lung khng kh di chuyn

11. Cy rng ngp mn thng sng ti ca _____

Dc

2. Rng ngp mn cung cp _________ cho cc ng

vt thy sinh

4. Hnh thc ht ging c to ra t cy rng ngp

mn

7. Mt i din ca ng vt di nc c mt phn

vng i sinh sng trong rng ngp mn

8. Nhnh cy rng ngp mn khi cht i c th dng

lm ______

Hot ng 9: Tm t Hc sinh c giao tm mt danh sch nhng t lin quan n rng ngp mn bn di trong tr chi Tm t. Nhng t c n c th nm theo hng dc hoc ngang, hoc cho. Sau khi c a mt bn sao (co-py), hc sinh c th lm ring hoc lm chung trong nhm nh. r s m i t r o n g s n g m n h v s m g p g k h g n b i n i k h h u i g c e n s l a n x a d p b l p o t p g h o n n l o i c v d b k m h x n t g r n b m v b r m u i g d n t c h n n u n l r s g s h m s b u t v i k v k a l k b l n c n g t k s c g o n r x h t c n x h p t n o x i l v i r m h m i x m d e n e o n e t x n r r n g n g p m n a n i b 33

Rng ngp mn nhim Nc mn Nc ngt S bo v Mi trng sng

Sng Bin i kh hu Loi c v Ngp lt Kh xi Ch n nu

L Bo ln i dng Mui Xi l Chi

Hot ng 10: i tham quan thc t vo rng ngp mn Bng cch lin h vi Chi Cc Kim Lm Sc Trng, gio vin c th t chc c mt chuyn i thc t vo rng ngp mn. Mt cn b kim lm c th i cng vi on gip v cung cp nhng thng tin hu ch v rng ngp mn. Gio vin c th hc sinh xc nh cc loi cy ngp mn khc nhau cng nh cc loi ng vt v thy sn m hc sinh thy. Thi gian tt nht i tham quan rng ngp mn l trong lc triu thp, v th hy kim tra gi gic trc khi t chc chuyn i.

34

Ph lc 2
Bng 1. Nhng loi cy ngp mn khu vc ven bin tnh Sc Trng S TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. Tn ting Vit H bn Bn ng (bn trng) Bn chua H mm Mm trng (mm li ng) Mm en Mm bin H c c (c i) ng Vt d Vt tch Vt tr (Vt hi) Vt khang D qunh D vi Trang H Bng Cc vng H Ba mnh v Gi H Xoan Xu i H Cau da Da nc Ch L nc Tn khoa hc Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba J. Smith Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Avicenniaceae Avicennia alba Blume Avicennia officinalis L. Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora apiculata BL. Rhizophora mucronata Lume Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn Bruguiera cylindrical (L.) Bl. Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poiret Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou Ceriops tagal (Perrottet) C.B. Robinson Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Combretaceae Lumnitzera racemosa Wild Europhorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha L. Meliaceae Xylocarpus granatum Koenig Palmae Nypa fruticans van Wurmb Phoenix paludosa Roxb

35

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

H r r bin r trng H Trm Cui bin H Rng Rng i Rng i H Bng Tra Bp

Acanthaceae Acanthus ilifolius L. Acanthus ebrateatus Vahl. Sterculiaceae Heritiera littoralis Aiton ex Dryander Pterridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. Acrostichum speciosium Wild. Malvaceae *Threspecia populnea (L.) Soland. Ex Cor. *Hibiscus tiliaceus L.

*LU : Hu ht cc tc gi khng ng tnh vi vic coi hai loi cui trong danh sch (25 & 26) l cy ngp mn tht s.

36

Ph lc 3: Nhng loi cy ngp mn khc nhau Sc Trng

Nhng loi cy ngp mn chnh c th tm thy Sc Trng bao gm: bn chua, mm trng, c i, d vi v vt tr. Bn chua (tn khoa hc: Sonneratia caseolaris): L loi cy thng xanh; C chiu cao t 5 n 20 m; L di 5 13 cm, rng 2 5 cm, hnh ch nht thon hai u hoc hnh elip (trng); V cy c mu xm v d b bong ra; R kh sinh cao t 50 90 cm; Tri xanh vi ht ging khng pht trin xuyn qua tri khi vn cn trn cy; Mc vng ca sng nc l vi thi gian ngp nc trong vng 6 12 ting mi ngy; su ngp t hn 1 m.

(a) cy v ni sinh sng (b) cnh nh vi l v tri (c) hoa

37

Mm bin (tn khoa hc: Avicennia marina): L cy bi hoc g nh thng xanh; Cao t 110 m; L di 3.5 12 cm, rng 1.55 cm, hnh tri xoan (van/elip /trng); V cy nhn c mu t hi trng n xm; R kh sinh cao t 1015 cm; Tri xanh vi ht ging khng pht trin xuyn qua tri khi vn cn trn cy; Pht trin vng t bi bi xa khu vc ca sng, ni c su ngp khng qu 1 m v thi gian ngp t 6 18 ting mi ngy.

(a) cy v ni sinh sng (b) cnh nh v tri (c) hoa (d) tri

38

c i (tn khoa hc: Rhizophora apiculata): L loi cy thng xanh; Cao t 30 40 m; L di 7 19 cm, rng 3.5 8 cm dng trng ngc; V cy k ca-r, mu xm m; R chn nm; Tri hnh tri l, thon di, mu nu vi nhng tr mm pht trin xuyn qua tri Mc nhng khu vc c che ch v b ngp khong 6 ting mi ngy.

(a) cnh nh vi n v hoa (b) tr mm (c) hoa (d) cy v ni sinh sng

39

D vi (tn khoa hc: Ceriops tagal): L cy thng xanh; Cao t 6 15 m; L di 5 10 cm, rng 2 3.5 cm c dng trng ngc; V cy nhn, mu xm; Pht trin b r kh sinh hnh u gi; Tr mm thon di; Mc nhng khu vc c che ch c thi gian ngp khong 4 ting mi ngy.

(a) cnh nh vi hoa (b) hoa (c) tr mm

40

Vt tr (tn khoa hc: Bruguiera cylindrical): L cy thng xanh; Cao n 23 m; L di 7 17 cm rng 2 8 cm, hnh elip, thon li nh; V nhn, mu xm; Pht trin h r kh sinh hnh u gi; Tr mm thon di v thng cong li; Mc vng t st cng thng nm pha sau cy Mm, v mc vng t mi c hnh thnh vn c th khng ph hp cho cc loi cy ngp mn khc.

(a) cnh nh vi hoa v tr mm cha pht trin (b) tr mm (c) hoa

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Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Qun l Ngun Ti nguyn Thin nhin Vng Ven bin tnh Sc Trng 134 Trn Hng o Tp Sc Trng, Vit Nam T: +84 79 3622164 F: +84 79 3622125 I: www.giz.de www.czm-soctrang.org.vn