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Dual Products of the Media –Content and AdvertisingWayne Fu
What media firms sell?
Dual Product Market Operation
Media firms simultaneously trade in twodistinct markets–content (program) andadvertising.
 – 
Selling content to the audience
 – 
Selling advertising capacity to advertisers
Attention of consumer audiences
opportunities of potential sales
Advertising and Media Funding
Advertisers pay for the cost of the media operatorsto reach audiences
 – 
100% of OTA or FTA television costs
 – 
More than 70% of newspaper or magazine costs
 – 
Pay-channel
 – 
Internet content
Some facts: In Singapore, advertisers spend aboutS$760 for each paper sub and S$700 for each TVhousehold each year 
Advertisements as a good or bad to audience?
Do media audience members receive utilityfrom advertisement or commercialmessages?
 – 
Do they welcome advertising matters comingwith the content?
 – 
Are they forced to pay for inclusion of theadvertisements/commercials?
Advertising in Media Content
Increasing proportions of advertising in media content(newspaper, television program)
Fluff semi-advertisements or advertorials
 – 
Sale-promotional materials vs. serious editorial matters
 – 
Consumerism: creating buying mind
Advertising –unnecessary costs to the society? social waste?
 – 
Passed on to end-buyers through higher prices of advertisedgoods
 – 
Excessive commercials time
However,
 – 
Advertising keeps “free”the consumption of the mass media
 – 
Advertising to inform consumers
 – 
Advertising as transaction facilitator 
Relationship of the two mediaproducts
Are the two media product markets areseparate ones?
Specifically speaking, for a media operator,is its advertising price affected by how itsaudience consume it content products, andvice versa?
 
Interlinked Content and AdDemand
Demand interdependence
 – 
The value of a media content product isdependent on the amount of advertising carriedalong
 – 
The value of the advertising space or time isdependent on the size of audience reached bythe the content product
Optimal Management of theProduct Duality
To optimize a media business, one cannottreat the content and advertising marketsseparately.
Any decision (e.g. pricing, quality change)made to one aspect of the media product, itwill affect the other, at least in the long run.
Demand for Newspaper Adand Content
 Newspaper contentadreader CirculationAd space buyingadvertiser 
Demand interdependence of dualproducts –circulation & advertising
The demand for newspaper copies is determined, partly, by the quantity of advertising carried
Circulation =
 f 
(P
c
, News/Features, Ad)
 + +
The demand for advertising space is also afunction of the circulation.
Advertising=
 g 
(
P
ad
, Circulation, economy)
 + +
 
2 newspapers in competition
 Newspaper ANewspaper BCirculation,advertising saleshare50%
CircAdCircAd
 
What happens when Paper Agains a bit in circulation?
 Newspaper ANewspaper BCirculation,advertising saleshare50%
CircAdCircAd
Then, some advertisementswill leave B for A
 Newspaper ANewspaper BCirculation,advertising saleshare50%
CircAdCircAd
Then, the higher supply of adcauses A to sell more circulation
 Newspaper ANewspaper BCirculation,advertising saleshare50%
CircAdCircAd
This one-way share-shifting processreiterates until B gives up
 Newspaper ANewspaper B50%
CircAdCircAd
Downward Circulation Spiral
For a paper, any drop in either advertisingor circulation sale will cause the other todecrease. Then, this decrease, in turn,triggers another round of vicious circle.
The vicious business circle repeats.This powerful force converts the newspaper market into a monopolistic one.
Trend of Circulation Spiral
TimeCirculationWinning paper Losing paper 100%
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