UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE-SOCIOLOGIE

Prof. univ. dr. Mihai Golu

FUNDAMENTELE PSIHOLOGIEI
 2

I. OBIECTUL PSIHOLOGIEI

3VLKRORJLDFDúWLLQ LQGHSHQGHQWV-a constituit relativ târziu, „certificatul ei

GHQDúWHUH´ILLQGVHPQDWvQSULQvQILLQ DUHDOD/HLS]LJGHFWUHVDYDQWXOJHUPDQ
Wilhelm Wundt, a primului laborator bazat pe utilizarea metodei experimentale.
3HQWUX SULPD GDW IHQRPHQHOH YLH LL SVLKLFH HUDX VFRDVH GLQ VIHUD simplelor
GHVFULHUL úL VSHFXOD LL ILORVRILFH úL LQFOXVH vQ SURJUDPXO FHUFHWULL úWLLQ LILFH
sistematice, aplicându-li-VHRSHUD LLOHPVXUULLFXDQWLILFULLúLFULWHULLOHRELHFWLYLW LL
úLFDX]DOLW LL
)RDUWH FXUkQG vQV DYHDX V DSDU GLYHUJHQ H vQ OHJWXU FX GHILQLUHD úL
FLUFXPVFULHUHD RELHFWXOXL QRLL úWLLQ H 'HúL GHQXPLUHD SUHD V LPSXQ GH OD VLQH
identitatea acestui obiect – psihe = psihic, logos = vorbire, deci: psihologia úWLLQ D
despre psihic, s-D GRYHGLW F vQ UHDOLWDWH PRGXO GH vQ HOHJHUH D QDWXULL úL VWUXFWXULL
LQWHUQHDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQQXDIRVWFkWXúLGHSX LQXQLWDU$VWIHOV-au configurat trei
RULHQWULGLIHULWHúLvQPDUHPVXURSXVHúLDQXPH
DRULHQWDUHDFDUHUHGXFHDSVLKLFXOXPDQODFRQúWLLQ úLFDUHVXV LQHDFRELHFWXO
psLKRORJLHL vO UHSUH]LQW VWXGLXO FRQúWLLQ HL UHVSHFWLY DO SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH
FRQúWLHQWH
ERULHQWDUHDFDUHVXV LQHDFHOHPHQWXOHVHQ LDOúLGHWHUPLQDQWDOYLH LLSVLKLFHD
RPXOXLHVWHLQFRQúWLHQWXODFHVWDWUHEXLQGFKLSXULOHVUHSUH]LQWHSULQFLSDOXl domeniu
GH SUHRFXSDUH DO SVLKRORJLHL SVLKRORJLD DELVDO VDX SVLKDQDOL]D HODERUDW GH
S. Freud);
F RULHQWDUHD FDUH VXV LQHD F DGHYUDWD úL DXWHQWLFD UHDOLWDWH SVLKRORJLF R
FRQVWLWXLH UHDF LLOH H[WHUQH GH UVSXQV VHFUHWRULL úL PRWRULL OD DF LXQHD GLYHUúLORU
VWLPXOL GLQ PHGLX úL FD DWDUH RELHFWXO SVLKRORJLHL WUHEXLH V ILH VWXGLXO
comportamentului (behaviorismul, creat de savantul american J. B. Watson, în
1912/1913).
 ÌQ SUH]HQW DX IRVW GHSúLWH OLPLWULOH úL DEVROXWL]ULOH SH FDUH se bazau
RULHQWULOHPHQ LRQDWH$VWIHOVHDGPLWHFVIHUDQR LXQLLGHÄSVLKLFXPDQ´HVWHPDL
ODUJ GHFkW VIHUD QR LXQLL GH ÄFRQúWLLQ ´ HD LQFOX]kQG vQWU-R UHOD LRQDUH GH WLS
VLVWHPLFWUHLFRPSRQHQWHLQFRQúWLHQWXOVXEFRQúWLHQWXOúLFRQúWLHQWXOWRDWHvPSUHXQ
formând domeniul de studiu al psihologiei.
3H GH DOW SDUWH SODQXO VXELHFWLY SVLKLF LQWHUQ úL SODQXO RELHFWLY
FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH[WHUQQXVHPDLUXSDUWLILFLDOXQXOGHFHOODOWúLQXVHPDLRSXQFD
HQWLW L DQWDJRQLFH LUHGXFWLELOH GLPSRWULY VH UHFXQRDúWH úL VH DILUP XQLWDWHD
LQGLVRFLDELODORUVXEHJLGDSULQFLSLXOXLXQLW LLÄFRQúWLLQ -activitate”.
)LQDOPHQWH SVLKRORJLD VH GHILQHúWH FD úWLLQ D FDUH VWXGLD] FX DMXWRUXO XQRU
PHWRGH RELHFWLYH VSHFLILFH RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO VXb aspectul
GHWHUPLQLVPXOXLPHFDQLVPHORUúLOHJLORUGHYHQLULLúLIXQF LRQULLHLvQSODQDQLPDOúL
XPDQ vQ XQLWDWHD FRQWUDGLFWRULH D LQGLYLGXDOXOXL SDUWLFXODUXOXL úL JHQHUDOXOXL
universalului. $FHDVW GHILQL LH VWDELOHúWH vQ PRG UHDO VIHUD GH FXSULQGHUe a
GRPHQLXOXL úL MXVWLILF GLIHUHQ LHULOH úL GHOLPLWULOH H[LVWHQWH vQ LQWHULRUXO OXL
DSVLKRORJLDDQLPDOúLESVLKRORJLDXPDQ
3VLKRORJLD XPDQ DUH OD UkQGXO HL R ODWXU JHQHUDO FDUH QH RIHU WDEORXO
JOREDO DO RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D RPXOXL QRUPDO PHGLX IFkQG
DEVWUDF LH GH YkUVW VH[ FRQWH[W VRFLR-FXOWXUDO RFXSD LH SURIHVLH HWF úL R ODWXU
particular-GLIHUHQ LDOFDUHVHFHQWUHD]SHVWXGLXOúLH[SOLFDUHDLSRVWD]HORUFRQFUHWH
în care se poate afla organizarea pVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQ IXQF LH GH YkUVW VH[
mediu socio-FXOWXUDODFWLYLWDWHSURIHVLRQDOQLYHOGHGH]YROWDUHQDWXUDGHYLD LLORUúL
WXOEXUULORU SDWRORJLFH SVLKRORJLD JHQHWLF úL D GH]YROWULL SVLKRORJLD YkUVWHORU
 3

SVLKRORJLD úFRODU SVLKRORJLD PXQFLL SVLKRORJLD PLOLWDU SVLKRORJLD FUHD LHL

SVLKRORJLDDUWHLSVLKRORJLDVSRUWXOXLSVLKRORJLDFRPHUFLDOúLHFRQRPLFSVLKRORJLD
VRFLDOSVLKRORJLDPHGLFDOSVLKRSDWRORJLDHWF

,,63(&,),&8/&812$ù7(5,,36,+2/2*,&(
METODELE PSIHOLOGIEI

1. SpeciILFXO FXQRDúWHULL SVLKRORJLFH 0RGHOXO WUDGL LRQDO DO FXQRDúWHULL

úWLLQ LILFH FRQVWLWXLW VXE DXWRULWDWHD PHFDQLFLL úL IL]LFLL FODVLFH IRUPXOD FHULQ D FD
RULFHGRPHQLXOXDWFDRELHFWGHVWXGLXVSRVHGHSURSULHW LQHPLMORFLWREVHUYDELOHúL
perceptibilHFDUHVSRDWILPVXUDWHúLFXDQWLILFDWH
3VLKLFXOFDDWDUHHVWHOLSVLWGHDVHPHQHDSURSULHW LHOQXDUHQLFLOXQJLPHQLFL
grosime, nici volum, nici greutate, nici miros, nici gust. Singura dimensiune, care se
UHFXQRúWHD SURFHVHORU úL WULULORU SVLKice era durata; dar, numai pe baza ei, nu era
SRVLELO FRQVWUXLUHD XQXL VLVWHP FRPSOHW GH FRRUGRQDWH úL PVXUWRUL FDUH V ILH
tratabil matematic.
Acesta era principalul argument invocat de marele filosof german Immanuel
Kant, pentru a respinge în mod categoric posibilitatea desprinderii psihologiei de
ILORVRILHúLFRQVWLWXLUHDHLvQWU-RúWLLQ LQGHSHQGHQW
ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL FD XQLF PRGDOLWDWH GH RE LQHUH D GDWHORU QHFHVDUH GHVFULHULL
FRQ LQXWXULORU úL VWULORU SVLKLFH LQWHUQH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL HUD FRQVLGHUDW metoda
LQWURVSHF LHL (privirea cu propriul ochi interior spre ceea ce se petrece în momentul
GDW SH VFHQD FRQúWLLQ HL úL UHODWDUHD YHUEDO D FHORU FRQVWDWDWH 3VLKRORJLD ED]DW SH
XWLOL]DUHDH[FOXVLYDDFHVWHLPHWRGHDSULPLWGHQXPLUHDGHLQWURVSHF LRQLVWúLHDV-a
DILUPDWSXWHUQLFvQXOWLPHOHGRXGHFHQLLDOHVHFROXOXL;,;úLvQSULPHOHWUHLGHFHQLL
DOHVHFROXOXL;;7K/LSSV1$FK2.&OSH0DUEH(G7LWFKHQHU
3HQWUX D VDWLVIDFH FHULQ D REVHUYDELOLW LL QHPLMORFLWH EHKDYLRULVPXO D DUXncat
SHVWH ERUG OXPHD VXELHFWLY LQWHUQ D FRQúWLLQ HL UH LQkQG FD RELHFW DO FXQRDúWHULL
SVLKRORJLFHUHDF LLOHGHUVSXQVDOHVXELHFWXOXLODVWLPXOLLRELHFWLYLGLQDIDU'DUDúD
cum se va remarca ulterior, procedând astfel, behaviorismul a constituit o „psihologie
IUVXIOHW´RSVLKRORJLHQXDÄRPXOXLVXELHFW´FLDÄRPXOXLURERW´,HúLUHDGLQDFHVW
LPSDV PHWRGRORJLF HVWH SRVLELO QXPDL vQ PVXUD vQ FDUH VH DGPLWH F R FXQRDúWHUH
úWLLQ LILFSRDWHVDLEQXQXPDLXQFDUDFWHUQHPLMORFLWFLúLXQXOPLMlocit, observarea
obiectului realizându-VHLQGLUHFWSULQLQWHUPHGLXOXQRUHIHFWHúLIHQRPHQHSULQFDUHHO
VHPDQLIHVWúLVHH[SULP
&XQRDúWHUHDSVLKRORJLFGHYLQHSULQH[FHOHQ RFXQRDúWHUHPLMORFLWGDWHOHúL
LQIRUPD LD RELHFWLY GHVSUH QDWXUD FRQ LQXWXO úL GLQDPLFD SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH
SDUWLFXODUH VH RE LQ SH ED]D REVHUYULL vQUHJLVWUULL úL DQDOL]HL UVSXQVXULORU úL
FRQGXLWHORUVXELHFWXOXLvQVLWXD LLRELHFWLYHFRQFUHWH
2. Metodele psihologiei &XQRDúWHUHD SVLKRORJLF VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ XWLOL]DUHD
uQXL ODUJ UHSHUWRULX GH PHWRGH úL SURFHGHH 'XS SR]L LD SH FDUH R DX ID  GH
IHQRPHQXOVWXGLDWPHWRGHOHSVLKRORJLHLOHvPSU LPvQGRXJUXSHSDVLYHúLDFWLYH
Pasive VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH DFHOH PHWRGH FDUH VH DGUHVHD] IHQRPHQHORU D FURU
GHFODQúDUH VH SURGXFH VSRQWDQ vQ VLWXD LD FRQFUHW vQ FDUH VH DIO VXELHFWXO vQ
momentul dat. În rândul lor includem: PHWRGDREVHUYD LHLúLPHWRGDELRJUDILF.
ActiveVXQWPHWRGHOHSULQFDUHFHUFHWWRUXODF LRQHD]GLUHFWDVXSUDVXELHFWXOXL
úL SURYRDF PDQLIHVWDUHD SURFHVXOXL SVLKLF D WUVWXULL GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH VDX D
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL SURSXV SHQWUX D IL VWXGLDW 'LQ DFHDVW FDWHJRULH IDF SDUWH
experimentul de laborator, experimentul natural, ancheta, chestionarul, analiza
SURGXVHORUDFWLYLW LLWHVWHOHsau probele psihometrice0HWRGDFHQWUDOvQFHUFHWDUHD
 4

SVLKRORJLFWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWexperimentul de laborator(OGHSúHúWHWRDWHFHOHODOWH
PHWRGH vQ SUHFL]LH RELHFWLYLWDWH úL JUDG GH FRQWURODELOLWDWH D YDULDELOHORU 0HWRGD
H[SHULPHQWDO SHUPLWH FHUFHWWRUXOXL V LQWHUYLQ DFWLY úL V SURYRDFH IHQRPHQXO
VWXGLDWVL]ROH]HVGR]H]HúLVFRQWUROH]HYDULDELOHOH– independente, dependente
úLLQWHUPHGLDUHVPRGLILFHúLVYDULH]HFRQGL LLOHGHPDQLIHVWDUHDIHQRPHQXOXLV
compare rezultatele grupului experimental cu cele ale grupului de control, care nu a
IRVWVXSXVUHJLPXOXLH[SHULPHQWDOVUHSHWHDFHODúLPRGHOH[SHULPHQWDOGHPDLPXOWH
RUL SH DFHODúL VXELHFW VDX JUXS GH VXELHF L V UHOHYH FRQGL LRQDUHD UHFLSURF GLQWUH
variabile.
Ca limite ale experimentului de labRUDWRU VH PHQ LRQHD] FDUDFWHUXO UHODWLY
DUWLILFLDODOVLWXD LHLvQFDUHHVWHSODVDWVXELHFWXOL]RODUHDDFHVWXLDGHFRQWH[WXOQDWXUDO
DOH[LVWHQ HLúLDFWLYLW LLVDOHQXSRDWHILIRORVLWvQPRGXQLYHUVDOH[LVWkQGDQXPLWH
fenomene psihocomportamentale care nu pot fi provocate sau nu se permite, din punct
GHYHGHUHHWLFVVHSURYRDFHH[SHULPHQWDO
3. 6WUDWHJLL vQ FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF )LLQG VXERUGRQDW XQRU RELHFWLYH úL
ILQDOLW L FX VHPQLILFD LH JHQHUDO FHUFHWDUHD SVLKRORJLF GREkQGHúWH XQ FDUDFWHr
FRQWLQXXúLVLVWHPDWLF(DQXVHUHGXFHODVLPSOHH[SORUULVHFYHQ LDOHLQGHSHQGHQWH
XQHOHGHDOWHOHFLVHUHDOL]HD]FDXQGHPHUVLQWHJUDWvQWHPHLDWSHDQXPLWHSULQFLSLLúL
FRQVLGHUD LL PHWRGRORJLFH JHQHUDOH 8Q DVHPHQHD GHPHUV vO QXPLP VWUDWHJLH GH
FHUFHWDUH&RPSOH[LWDWHDúLGLYHUVLWDWHDIHQRPHQHORUSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDXGXVOD
VWUXFWXUDUHDPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLúLDQXPH
a) strategii transversaleFDUHFRQVWDXvQVWXGLXOQLYHOXOXLGHGH]YROWDUHúLIXQF LRQDUH
DRUJDQL]ULLSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHODLQGLYL]LGHDFHHDúLYkUVW
b) strategii longitudinale FDUH UH]LG vQ VWXGLXO RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D
XQXL LQGLYLG VDX JUXS GH LQGLYL]L SH SDUFXUVXO PDL PXOWRU HWDSH GH YkUVW GH
exemplu: la vârsta de 3 ani, la vârsta de 5 ani, la vârsta de 7 ani, la vârsta de 11 ani
HWF IRORVLQG DVHPHQHD VWUDWHJLL VH SRW LGHQWLILFD úL VWDELOL SDUWLFXODULW LOH FXUEHL
HYROX LHLSVLKLFHDPSOLWXGLQHDGLIHUHQ HORUGLQWUHHWDSHOHGHYkUVW
c) strategii genetice SULQ FDUH VH XUPUHúWH FXQRDúWHUHD PHFDQLVPHORU OHJLW LORU úL
IDFWRULORU IRUPULL úL GH]YROWULL SURFHVHORU SVLKLFH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU – în plan
LVWRULFILORJHQHWLFúLvQSODQLQGLYLGXDORQWRJHQHWLF
d) VWUDWHJLLGLIHUHQ LDOHSULQFDUHVHHYLGHQ LD]úLVHHYDOXHD]GHRVHELULOHGHRUdin
FDOLWDWLY vQ RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO vQWUH RP úL DQLPDO FRSLO úL DGXOW
EUEDW úL IHPHLH QRUPDO úL SDWRORJLF vQWUH SHUVRDQH GH DFHHDúL YkUVW úL DFHODúL VH[
HWFVWXGLXOGHRVHELULORULQWHULQGLYLGXDOHúLLQWHUJUXSDOHHVWHODIHOGHLPSRUWDnt pentru
FXQRDúWHUHD SVLKLFXOXL vQ WRDW FRPSOH[LWDWHD VD FD úL VWXGLXO DVHPQULORU úL
aspectelor comune;
e) strategii clinice FDUH DX FD VFRS VWXGLXO úL H[SOLFDUHD DEDWHULORU úL WXOEXUULORU
SDWRORJLFHvQVIHUDSVLKLFXOXLúLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLFDX]DWHGe focare organice sau de
GHUHJOULIXQF LRQDOHDOHFUHLHUXOXL

III. PRINCIPIILE METODOLOGICE ALE PSIHOLOGIEI

&XQRDúWHUHD SVLKRORJLF VH FHUH D IL RULHQWDW úL FRRUGRQDW GH XQ VHW GH
SULQFLSLLPHWRGRORJLFHJHQHUDOHFDUHVDVLJXUHFRRUGRQDWHOHGHUHIHULQ DOHDQDOL]HL
úLLQWHUSUHWULLIHQRPHQHORUFRQFUHWH(VHQ LDOHVXQWXUPWRDUHOHSULQFLSLL
a. determinismului (extern);
b. UHOD LRQULLQHXUR-psihice;
c. UHIOHFWULLúLPRGHOULLLQIRUPD LRQDOH
d. DF LXQLLúLDOXQLW LLFRQúWLLQ -activitate;
 5

e. JHQHWLFúLDOLVWRULVmului;
f. VLVWHPLFLW LL
a. Principiul determinismului (extern LPSXQH REOLJDWLYLWDWHD DQDOL]HL úL
H[SOLFULLSVLKLFXOXLSHED]DXQRUFRQGL LLúLFDX]HUHDOHRELHFWLYH$FHVWHFRQGL LLúL
FDX]H UH]LG vQ DF LXQHD DVXSUD RUJDQHORU GH VLP  DOH DQLPDOXOXL VDX omului, a
VWLPXOLORUGHGLIHULWHPRGDOLW LúLJUDGHGHFRPSOH[LWDWH
În sfera fenomenelor psihocomportamentale avem de a face cu un determinism
PLMORFLW$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFDF LXQHDRULFUXLVWLPXOH[WHUQVHUHIUDFWúLVHPRGLILF
GHVWULOHúLFRQGL LLle interne ale subiectului. Ca urmare, UHOD LDGLQWUHVWLPXOXOH[WHUQ6
úL UHDF LD GH UVSXQV 5 QX HVWH GH WLS FDX]DO XQLYRF FL GH WLS SUREDELOLVW VWLPXOXO
H[WHUQGDWQXGXFHvQPRGQHFRQGL LRQDWúLLQYDULDQWODSURGXFHUHDXQHLDúLDFHOHLDúL
UHDF LL GH UVSXQV FL QXPDL FX R DQXPLW SUREDELOLWDWH H[LVWkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD FD
VXELHFWXOVGHDúLRDOWUHDF LHVDXFKLDUVQXUVSXQGGHORFvQIXQF LHGHVWDUHDOXL
SVLKRIL]LRORJLF LQWHUQ OD PRPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY $VWIHO FRQFKLGHP F SURFHVHOH úL
actele psihocomportamentale ale omului se înscriu în sfera unui determinism complex
multivariat, pe care-l numim statistic.
&kW SULYHúWH QDWXUD VXEVWDQ LDO-FDOLWDWLY D IDFWRULORU GHWHUPLQDWLYL H[WHUQL
SHQWUX SVLKLFXO úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XPDQ UROXO SULQFLSDO UHYLne factorilor socio-
FXOWXUDOLSULQFLSLXOGHWHUPLQLVPXOXLOXkQGIRUPDVSHFLILFDSULQFLSLXOXLFRQGL LRQULL
social-LVWRULFHúLLVWRULFR-FXOWXUDOH$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFGHSVLKLFXPDQSURSULX-zis se
SRDWH YRUEL QXPDL OD LQGLYLGXO VRFLDOL]DW FDUH VH QDúWH WULHúWH úL-úL GHVIúRDU
activitatea într-un anumit mediu social.
b) 3ULQFLSLXO UHOD LRQULL QHXURSVLKLFH impune necesitatea ca psihicul în
vQWUHJXOVXLQFOXVLYIRUPDOXLVXSHULRDUGHPDQLIHVWDUH–FRQúWLLQ DXPDQ–VILH
FRQVLGHUDW úL GHILQLW FD IXQF LH D VLVWHPXOXL QHUYRV D FUHLHUXOXL 0HFDQLVPXO
SURGXFHULLRULFUXLSURFHVSVLKLFGHODFHOPDLVLPSOXSkQODFHOPDLFRPSOH[HVWH
GH QDWXU UHIOH[ ILLQG PHGLDW GH SURFHVH IL]LRORJLFH QHUYRDVH H[FLWD LH LQKLEL LH
PRGXOUL DOH DPSOLWXGLQLL úL IUHFYHQ HL LQIOX[XOXL QHUYRV HWF &UHLHUXO vQV QX
JHQHUHD] SHUFHS LL LGHL WULUL HPR LRQDOH DWLWXGLQL HWF vQ YLUWXWHD VLPSOHL VWUXFWXUL
FHOXODUH LQWHUQH D OXL FL QXPDL SH ED]D UHFHS LRQULL SUHOXFUULL úL LQWHUSUHWULL
stimulilor din afara sa. DiQ SULQFLSLXO UHOD LRQULL QHXUR-SVLKLFH GHULY PDL GHSDUWH
SULQFLSLXOXQLW LLGLDOHFWLFHDSVLKRORJLFXOXLúLIL]LRORJLFXOXL3RWULYLWDFHVWXLDQLFLXQ
SURFHVSVLKLFQXVHSRDWHUHDOL]DIUXQDQXPLWDQVDPEOXGHWUDQVIRUPULúLIHQRPHQH
neurofiziologiFH VSHFLILFH 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH JHQHWLF úL FURQRORJLF IL]LRORJLFXO
SUHFHGH úL FRQGL LRQHD] SVLKRORJLFXO SVLKRORJLFXO SRVHG vQV FDUDFWHULVWLFL úL
GHWHUPLQD LL FDOLWDWLYH SURSULL GHYHQLQG LUHGXFWLELO OD IL]LRORJLF DWULEXWHOH GH
VXELHFWLYúLLGHDOVXQWDSOLFDELOHQXPDLSURFHVHORUSVLKLFHQXúLFHORUIL]LRORJLFHFDUH
DSDU LQIHQRPHQHORUVXEVWDQ LDO-HQHUJHWLFHRELHFWLYH3HPVXUFHVWUXFWXUDSVLKLFD
LQGLYLGXOXLVHPDWXUL]HD]úLVHFRQVROLGHD]HDFDSWRUHODWLYDXWRQRPLHID GH
baza fizioloJLF LQL LDO H[HUFLWkQG R LQIOXHQ  DFWLY DVXSUD VWULL JHQHUDOH D
organismului – LQIOXHQ D SVLKRVRPDWLF FDUH IDFH SRVLELOH VXJHVWLD DXWRVXJHVWLD úL
psihoterapia.
c) 3ULQFLSLXO UHIOHFWULL úL PRGHOULL LQIRUPD LRQDOH VW OD ED]D vQ HOHJHULL
naturii e[LVWHQ LDOHVDXDVWDWXWXOXLRQWRORJLFDOSVLKLFXOXL(OQHUVSXQGHDúDGDUOD
vQWUHEDUHD ÄvQ FH IRUP VDX PRGDOLWDWH H[LVW SVLKLFXO"´ ùL UVSXQVXO YD IL SVLKLFXO
H[LVWFDRIRUPSDUWLFXODUGHUHIOHFWDUHUHVSHFWLYUHIOHFWDUHGHVSH VXELHFWLYúi
LGHDO QRQVXEVWDQ LDO úL FD LQIRUPD LH 3HUFHS LLOH UHSUH]HQWULOH QR LXQLOH FDUH
DOFWXLHVF VFKHOHWXO LQWHOHFWXOXL DO FRQúWLLQ HL VXQW vQ VLQH PRGHOH LQIRUPD LRQDOH
LQWHUQH DOH OXFUXULORU IHQRPQHORU úL VLWXD LLORU RELHFWLYH H[WHUQH )DSWXO F SVLhicul
HVWH GH QDWXU UHIOHFWRULX-LQIRUPD LRQDOvODUJXPHQWPSULQDFHHDFHODDSUXWGLQ
 6

QHFHVLW L GH DGDSWDUH OD XQ DQXPLW PHGLX H[LVWHQ LDO PDL FRPSOH[ FDUDFWHULVWLF
UHJQXOXL DQLPDO úL vQGHSOLQHúWH SUHWXWLQGHQL úL vQ RULFH PRPHQW XQ URO UHJODWRU
oSWLPL]DWRURUJDQL]DWRU&DúLLQIRUPD LDSVLKLFXOH[SULPúLQHGPVXUDJUDGXOXL
GHRUJDQL]DUHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPHORUDQLPDOHúLXPDQH
d) 3ULQFLSLXO DF LXQLL úL DO XQLW LL FRQúWLLQ -activitate QH REOLJ V
UHFXQRDúWHP LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D OHJLF GLQWUH SODQXO FRPSRUWDPHQWDO H[WHUQ úL SODQXO
VXELHFWLY LQWHUQ )RUPD SULPRUGLDO GH PDQLIHVWDUH D SVLKLFXOXL vQ RQWRJHQH] R
FRQVWLWXLH DF LXQHD GLUHFW D FRSLOXOXL FX RELHFWHOH úL OXFUXULOH GLQ MXUXO VX 3ULQ
LQWHULRUL]DUH WUHSWDW VWDGLDO VFKHPHOH GH RUJDQL]DUH úL GHVIúXUDUH D DF LXQLORU
externe – GH GHVFRPSXQHUH GH FRPSDUDUH PVXUDUH GH JUXSDUH GH DVDPEODUH HWF
GHYLQPDWULFLDOHVWUXFWXUULLRSHUD LLORUPHQWDOHFDUHGREkQGHVFDXWRQRPLHFRPSOHW
putându-VH GHVIúXUD IU DSHODUHD OD VXSRUW RELHFWXDl sau imagistic, de-abia în jurul
vârstei de 14 ani.
3H PVXU FH VH IRUPHD] úL VH FRQVROLGHD] VWUXFWXULOH LQWHUQH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL
GHYLQSUHPLVúLIDFWRUUHJODWRUDODF LXQLLH[WHUQHFRQGL LRQkQGFDOLWDWHDúLHILFLHQ D
ei. Se închide astfel circuitXODF LXQHFRQúWLLQ DF LXQH
e) 3ULQFLSLXO JHQHWLF úL DO LVWRULVPXOXL QH DUDW F SVLKLFXO QX WUHEXLH
FRQVLGHUDW FD XQ GDW VDX FD FHYD SUHGHWHUPLQDW úL LPXDELO FL FD FHYD GHYHQLW úL
HYROXWLY$WkWSVLKLFXOvQDQVDPEOXOVXFkWúLGLIHULWHOHSrocese care-l compun au o
JHQH]–vQSODQILORJHQHWLFLVWRULFúLvQSODQLQGLYLGXDORQWRJHQHWLF,GHQWLILFDUHDúL
GHVFULHUHD VWDGLLORU úL IRUPHORU SH FDUH OH vPEUDF vQ ILHFDUH VWDGLX WUHEXLH V
FRQVWLWXLH XQXO GLQ RELHFWLYHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH FHUFHWULL Ssihologice. Traiectoria
GLQDPLFLL SVLKLFXOXL vQ SODQ LQGLYLGXDO WLQGH VVHVXSUDSXQFXWUDLHFWRULDGLQDPLFLL
RUJDQLVPXOXLSXQkQGvQHYLGHQ WUHLPDULVHJPHQWH
VHJPHQWXO DVFHQGHQW DQWLHQWURSLF vQ LQWHULRUXO FUXLD DX ORF SURFHVHOH GH
dezvoltare, consolidare, maturizare,
VHJPHQWXO RSWLPXPXOXL IXQF LRQDO vQ FDGUXO FUXLD WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH
VLVWHPXOXLVHPHQ LQODYDORULULGLFDWH
úL VHJPHQWXO GHVFHQGHQW HQWURSLF vQ FDGUXO FUXLD VH DFXPXOHD] HIHFWHOH
HQWURSLFHGHUHJUHVLHúLGH]RUJDQL]DUH
f) PrincLSLXOVLVWHPLFLW LLUHFODPQHFHVLWDWHDGHDDERUGDSVLKLFXOSULQSULVPD
H[LJHQ HORU PHWRGRORJLHL FLEHUQHWLFR-sistemice. Astfel, el nu trebuie privit ca un
VLPSOX FRQJORPHUDW VDX FD R VLPSO VXP DULWPHWLF GH HOHPHQWH vQ VLQH
independente, ci ca un sistePDOHFUXLFRPSRQHQWHSURFHVHVWULWUVWXULVHDIO
într-R UHOD LH OHJLF XQHOH FX DOWHOH FRQGL LRQkQGX-VH UHFLSURF $FHDVW
LQWHUFRQGL LRQDUH HVWH DWkW GH SXWHUQLF vQFkW JHQHUHD] DFHD FDOLWDWH HPHUJHQW D
XQLW LL VXSUDRUGRQDWH JUD LH FUHLD vQ RULFH SURFHV SDUWLFXODU VH LPSULP SHFHWHD
întregului – stilul, tipul etc. –úLHIHFWXOLQIOXHQ ULLFHORUODOWH$ERUGDUHDVLVWHPLFVH
RSXQH DVWIHO DERUGULL DWRPDUH ED]DW SH SULQFLSLXO GHVFRPSXQHULL – recompunerii,
GH]YROWDWGHDVRFLD LRQLVP

IV. PROBLEMA LEGILOR ÎN PSIHOLOGIE

6FRSXOSULQFLSDODORULFUHLúWLLQ HHVWHDFHODGHDGHVFRSHULúLIRUPXODOHJLSULQ
FDUH V H[SOLFH ULJXURV úL RELHFWLY PRGXO GH ILLQ DUH úL PDQLIHVWDUH GHVIúXUDUH D
IHQRPHQHORUSHFDUHOHVWXGLD]/HJHDHVWHvQ HOHDVFDRUHOD LHGHFRQGL LRQDUHVDX
GHWHUPLQDUH PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ VWDELO úL UHSHWDELO vQWUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH
IHQRPHQH&XFkWFHULQ DVWDELOLW LLúLUHSHWDELOLW LLHVWHVDWLVIFXWPDLELQHFXDWkW
OHJHD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW PDL YDODELO úL PDL YHULGLF úL LQYHUV 'LQ DFHVW SXQFW GH
YHGHUHFHOHPDLÄWDUL´VXQWFRQVLGHUDWHOHJLOHPHFDQLFLLúLIL]LFLLFODVLFH
 7

0XOW YUHPH SVLKRORJLD D PHUV SH OLQLD GHVFRSHULULL XQRU DVHPHQHD OHJL 6-a
GRYHGLW vQV F ELODQ XO HVWH PDL PXOW GHFkW QHVDWLVIFWRU GRDr legile psihofizice,
FDUHGHVFULXUHOD LDGLQWUHLQWHQVLWDWHDVWLPXOXOXLúLLQWHQVLWDWHDUHDF LHLVHQ]D LHLSRW
fi încadrate în categoria legilor tari (dinamice).
ÌQ UHVW UHOD LD GLQWUH YDULDELOHOH LQGHSHQGHQWH VWLPXOLL VLWXD LLOH úL FHOH
dependentHSURFHVHOHSVLKLFHFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHVHvQVFULHvQVIHUDSUREDELOLW LL&D
XUPDUHOHJHDFDUHRH[SULPGHYLQHXQDVWDWLVWLF$FHDVWDvQVHDPQFHDVHGHGXFH
úLVHIRUPXOHD]SHED]DXQXLDQVDPEOXPDUHGHFD]XULLQGLYLGXDOHVDXGHPVXUWRUL
de asemeQHD HD QLFL QX SRDWH IL YHULILFDW úL FRQILUPDW SH FD]XUL LQGLYLGXDOH FL
QXPDLODQLYHOGHJUXSVDXGHÄSRSXOD LH´
$úDGDU RULFH OHJH SVLKRORJLF SUHVXSXQH úL VH ED]HD] SH LQGLYLGXDO GDU QX-l
H[SULP vQ PRG GLUHFW FL QXPDL LQGLUHFW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQHL WHQGLQ H FHQWUDOH R
PHGLHDULWPHWLFGHSLOGúLDOXQXLLQGLFHGHGLVSHUVLHDEDWHUHDVWDQGDUGGHSLOG
&XP FRQWLQXXPXO SUREDELOLW LL VH FXSULQGH vQWUH  úL  SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ 
JUDGH GLIHULWH GH QHGHWHUPLQDUH LQFHUWLWXGLQH UH]XOW F úL legile statistice cu care
RSHUHD] SVLKRORJLD YRU DYHD JUDGH GH WULH GLIHULWH *UDGXO FHO PDL VODE GH WULH vO
YRU DYHD DFHOHD FDUH JUDYLWHD] vQ MXUXO SUREDELOLW LL GH  FRUHVSXQ]WRU FX FkW
UHOD LD GHVFULV GH OHJH VH vQGHSUWHD] PDL PXOW GH 50 spre 1 sau spre 0, cu atât
JUDGXOGHWULHFUHúWH
'XS VIHUD GH FXSULQGHUH OHJLOH SVLKRORJLFH VH vPSDUW vQ particulare, care se
UHIHU OD DQXPLWH SURFHVH SVLKLFH H[ OHJLOH VHQ]D LHL OHJLOH SHUFHS LHL OHJLOH
PHPRULHL HWF úL generale, care se refHU OD RUJDQL]DUHD úL IXQF LRQDUHD VLVWHPXOXL
SVLKLFvQDQVDPEOXH[OHJLOHGH]YROWULLOHJLOHDVRFLD LHLOHJLOHRUJDQL]ULLLHUDUKLFH
OHJHDPRWLYD LHL
'XS FRQ LQXW OHJLOH SVLKRORJLFH DX IRVW vPSU LWH vQOHJL GH IXQF LRQDUH, legi
GHFRPSR]L LH, organizare sauVWUXFWXUúL legi de dezvoltare. Din prima categorie fac
SDUWH OHJLOH VHQ]D LHL SHUFHS LHL PHPRULHL JkQGLULL GLQ D GRXD FDWHJRULH SRW IL
PHQ LRQDWHOHJHDSUHJQDQ HLOHJHDEXQHLIRUPHOHJHDLQWHJUULLGLQFDWHJRULDDWUHLD
fac parte lHJHD GLIHUHQ LHULL – LQGLYLGXDOL]ULL OHJHD VWDGLDOLW LL 8QXO úL DFHODúL
SURFHV FD úL SVLKLFXO vQ DQVDPEOX VH VXERUGRQHD] FRQFRPLWHQW WXWXURU FHORU WUHL
categorii de legi.

V. PSIHICUL UMAN

1. 1R LXQHDGHSVLKLF3UREDELOFvQLVWRULDúWLLQ HLQXH[LVWXQDOWFRQFHSWD
FUXL GHILQLUH V IL VXVFLWDW DWkWHD GLVSXWH úL FRQWURYHUVH FD FHO GH SVLKLF 7RFPDL SH
WUkPXOOXLV-DSURGXVVFLQGDUHDJkQGLULLILORVRILFHvQPDWHULDOLVWFDUHYDVXERUGRQD
SVLKLFXO GHWHUPLQD LLORU úL vQVXúLULORU PDWHULHL úL LGHDOLVW FDUH YD OHJD SVLKLFXO GH
GHWHUPLQD LLOHSXUVSLULWXDOHH[WUDPDWHULDOHWUDQVFHQGHQWDOH
3VLKRORJLD úWLLQ LILF VH vQWHPHLD] HVHQ LDOPHQWH SH SULQFLSLL PDWHULDOLVWH
FRQVLGHUkQG SVLKLFXO FD IHQRPHQ QDWXUDO FDUH VH LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] SULQ DWULEXWH
calitative specifice, ireductibile la atributele altor fenomene naturale. Definirea lui se
UHDOL]HD]SULQWU-RVHULHGHUDSRUWULFRUHODWHúLDQXPH
D UDSRUWDUHD OD OXPHD H[WHUQ GLQ FDUH UH]XOW QDWXUD VD H[LVWHQ LDO GH IRUP
VXELHFWLY LGHDO GH UHIOHFWDUH úL GH IRUP SDUWLFXODU GH LQIRUPD LH OD QLYHOXO
RUJDQLVPHORUDQLPDOHED]DWSHVHPQDOL]DUH-designare-reprezentare;
EUDSRUWDUHDODVLVWHPXOQHUYRVODFUHLHUGLQFDUHUH]XOWVWDWXWXOOXLGHIXQF LH
VSHFLILF D FUHLHUXOXL UHDOL]DW vQ FDGUXO FRPXQLFULL LQIRUPD LRQDOH D LQGLYLGXOXL FX
OXPHDH[WHUQ
 8

FUDSRUWDUHDODVHUYLFLLOHGHDGDSWDUHúLGHUHJODUHDOHRUJDQLVPXOXLDQLPDOGLQ
FDUHGHFXUJHVWDWXWXOVXGHIRUPVSHFLILFFDOLWDWLYVXSHULRDUDYLH LLGHUHOD LHúL
rolul instrumental-reglDWRUvQGHVIúXUDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
2. Specificul psihicului uman3ULYLWSHVFDUHYROXWLYILORJHQHWLFSVLKLVPXO
QX UHSUH]LQW XQ FRQWLQXXP SODW XQLIRUPFLRVXFFHVLXQHGHWUHSWHGLVWDQ DWHXQHOH
GH DOWHOH GXS JUDGXO GH GLIHUHQ LHUH úL FRPSOH[itate structural-IXQF LRQDO 7UHDSWD
FHD PDL GH VXV FDUH VH GLVWDQ HD] FHO PDL PXOW GH FHD LPHGLDW LQIHULRDU R RFXS
SVLKLFXO XPDQ 3XWHP DVWIHO DILUPD F SULQFLSDOD FDUDFWHULVWLF D SVLKLFXOXL XPDQ
FRQVW vQ DFHHD F HO HVWH IRUPD FHD PDL vQDOW GH RUJDQL]DUH úL IXQF LRQDUH GLQWUH
WRDWHIRUPHOHGHSVLKLVPFXQRVFXWHQRX
6XSHULRULWDWHDDEVROXWDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQvQUDSRUWFXSVLKLFXODQLPDOUH]LGvQ
GLIHUHQ LHUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD H[FHS LRQDO D SURFHVHORU LQIRUPD LRQDOH FRJQLWLYH D
FDSDFLW LLGHvQ HOHJHUHH[SOLFDUHLQWHUSUHWDUHGHFL]LHFUHD LHSURLHF LHSODQLILFDUH
DQWLFLSDUH HWF SUHFXP úL vQ DSDUL LD úL GH]YROWDUHD FRPXQLFULL YHUEDOH OLPEDMXO
GHYHQLQG FHO PDL SHUIHF LRQDW LQVWUXPHQW GH FRGLILFDUH-vehiculare a semnalelor
LQIRUPD LHL /D RP SVLKLFXO VH UHDOL]HD] úL vQ IRUPD FRQúWLLQ HL $FHDVW
VXSHULRULWDWH R SXQHP SH VHDPD D GRL IDFWRUL HVHQ LDOL D FRPSOH[LWDWHD VWUXFWXUDO-
IXQF LRQDO H[WUDRUGLQDU D FUHLHUXOXL XPDQ úL E FRPSOH[LWDWHD úL VSHFLILFXO
LQIOXHQ HORUPHGLXOXLVRFLR-cultural.
3. Psihicul uman ca sistem 3VLKRORJLD FRQWHPSRUDQ DERUGHD] SVLKLFXO FD
VLVWHPGHSHSR]L LLOHPHWRGRORJLHLVLVWHPLFH3ULQQDWXUDFRPSRQHQWHORUVDOHHVWHXQ
VLVWHP LQIRUPD LRQDO-HQHUJHWLF GHFL QRQVXEVWDQ LDO 6H vQFDGUHD] vQ FDWHJRULD
sistHPHORU GLQDPLFH HYROXWLYH FX DXWRRUJDQL]DUH VHPLGHVFKLVH VXSHUFRPSOH[H úL
probabiliste. De asemenea, se include în clasa sistemelor cibernetice, fiind dotat cu
mecanisme de autoreglare: feedback negativ (de stabilizare – KRPHRVWD]LD SVLKLF
feedbacN SR]LWLY DQWLHQWURSLF GH RSWLPL]DUH úL GH GH]YROWDUH IHHGWKURXJKW GH
PHGLHUHúLGHWUDQVIHUIHHGEHIRUHGHSURVSHFWDUH-anticipare).
Sistemul psihic uman se compune din trei subsisteme aflate într-R SHUPDQHQW
LQWHUDF LXQHúLLQWHUFRQGL LRQDUHsubsiVWHPXOLQFRQúWLHQW, VXEVLVWHPXOVXEFRQúWLHQWVDX
SUHFRQúWLHQWúLVXEVLVWHPXOFRQúWLHQW.
6XEVLVWHPXO LQFRQúWLHQW FXSULQGH R FRPSRQHQW vQQVFXW DQVDPEOXO
WHQGLQ HORU SXOVLXQLORU WUHEXLQ HORU úL LQVWLQFWHORU GHWHUPLQDWH ELRORJLF úL OHJDWH GH
DILUPDUHD úL FRQVHUYDUHD ILLQ HL ELRORJLFH D SHUVRQDOLW LL XPDQH úL R FRPSRQHQW
GREkQGLW DQVDPEOXO H[SHULHQ HORU WLPSXULL úL DO SUHFHSWHORU FRQúWLLQ HL PRUDOH D
VRFLHW LLDVLPLODWHúLLQWHULRUL]DWHvQSULPLLFLQFLDQLGHYLD 
6XEVLVWHPXO VXEFRQúWLHQW cuprinde SH GH R SDUWH FRQ LQXWXULOH LQIRUPD LRQDO-
FRJQLWLYHúLDFWHOHFDUHDXIRVWFkQGYDFRQúWLHQWHGDUFDUHvQSUH]HQWVHUHDOL]HD]IU
FRQWUROXOFRQúWLHQWLDUSHGHDOWSDUWHDPLQWLULOHFXQRúWLQ HOHúLVFKHPHOHRSHUDWRULL
ODWHQWH FDUH LQWU VXFFHVLY vQ IOX[XO DFWXDO DO FRQúWLLQ HL vQ IXQF LH GH VROLFLWUL úL
VLWXD LL 7RW vQ VXEFRQúWLHQW VH LQFOXG úL DFHOH HOHPHQWH FDUH HPHUJ GLQ LQFRQúWLHQW
DúWHSWkQGVLQWUHvQFRQúWLLQ 
6XEVLVWHPXO FRQúWLHQW este nivelul superior, evolutiv cel mai înalt, pe care îl
DWLQJH RUJDQL]DUHD SVLKLFXOXL ILLQG SURSULX vQ IRUPD VD VSHFLILF QXPDL RPXOXL
)XQF LRQDUHD VD VH ED]HD] SHSULQFLSLXOGLVRFLHULLDODQDOL]HLFULWLFHDOWHOHRQRPLHL
IRUPXODUHDDQWLFLSDWDVFRSXULORUDOSODQLILFULLDOUHDOLW LL
StructurDOVXEVLVWHPXOFRQúWLHQWFXSULQGHSURFHVHFRJQLWLYHVHQ]D LLSHUFHS LL
UHSUH]HQWUL JkQGLUH LPDJLQD LH WULUL HPR LRQDO-DIHFWLYH VWUXFWXUL PRWLYD LRQDOH
WUHEXLQ HLQWHUHVHLGHDOXULHWFDF LXQLúLDFWHYROXQWDUHGHVSUHFDUHSXWHPGDVHDPD
úL SH FDUH OH SXWHP FRQWUROD úL MXVWLILFD H[SOLFD ÌQWUHDJD GLQDPLF D SURFHVHORU úL
 9

DFWHORU FRQúWLHQWH HVWH PHGLDW GH OLPEDMXO YHUEDO GH DQDOL] úL GHOLEHUUL PHQWDOH
succesive.
)LLQGQLYHOXOFHOPDLQRXGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHILORJHQHWLFúLLVWRULFVXEVLVWemul
FRQúWLHQWYDILFRPSRQHQWDFHDPDLDFWLYúLGLQDPLFDSVLKLFXOXLXPDQFDUHSHGHR
SDUWHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQGLVSRQLELOLWDWHDFHDPDLPDUHODVFKLPEDUH-dezvoltare, iar
SH GH DOW SDUWH YD vQUHJLVWUD JUDGH GH RUJDQL]DUH-IXQF LRQDUH GLIHULWH DWât în
VXFFHVLXQHD LVWRULF D JHQHUD LLORU FkW úL vQ LQWHULRUXO DFHOHLDúL JHQHUD LL GH OD XQ
individ la altul.
'H DFHHD vQ HYDOXDUHD GH]YROWULL úL RUJDQL]ULL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOH D XQHL
SHUVRDQHHOHPHQWXOGHUHIHULQ HVHQ LDOWUHEXLHVILHVXEVLVWHPXOFRQúWLHQW
7RFPDL vQ FD]XO DFHVWXL VXEVLVWHP VH GLIHUHQ LD] úL DWLQJ YDORULOH FHOH PDL
ULGLFDWH IXQF LLOH FRJQLWLY SURLHFWLY PRGHOH úL SURLHFWH PHQWDOH GH WUDQVIRUPUH D
UHDOLW LL LPHGLDWH GH FUHDUH D XQHL UHDOLW L QRL – YH]L LQYHQ LLOH GH SODQLILFDUH úL
anticipare –SUHGLF LHúLGHUHJODUHSULQDQDOL]FULWLFúLFRPSDUD LHFULWHULDO
,QWHUDF LXQHDGLQWUHFHOHWHLVXEVLVWHPHFDUHDOFWXLHVFVLVWHPXOSVLKLFXPDQDUH
un caracter circular (realizând-se atât în sens ascendent – LQIOXHQ D LQFRQúWientului
DVXSUD VXEFRQúWLHQWXOXL úL FRQúWLHQWXOXL FkW úL vQ VHQV GHVFHQGHQW – LQIOXHQ D
FRQúWLHQWXOXL DVXSUD VXEFRQúWLHQWXOXL úL LQFRQúWLHQWXOXL úL GLDOHFWLF LQFOX]kQG DWkW
FRPSDWLELOLWDWH úL VLQHUJLH ILQDOLVW FkW úL FRQWUDGLF LH DQWDJRQLVP ILQDOLVW – ceea ce
ÄFHUH´ GH SLOG LQFRQúWLHQWXO OD PRPHQWXO GDW SRDWH V ILH UHVSLQV GH FRQúWLHQW úL
YLFHYHUVD 'H DLFL GHULY GUDPDWLVPXO úL LPSUHYL]LELOLWDWHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU
umane.

VI. PROCESELE DE PRELUCRARE-GESTIONARE

$,1)250$,,/25

Adaptarea la condi LLOH PHGLXOXL H[WHUQ HVWH LPSRVLELO IU XQ PLQLPXP GH
ÄGDWH´úLÄLQIRUPD LL´GHVSUHvQVXúLULOHOXFUXULORUúLVLWXD LLORUFRQFUHWHGHVSUHUHOD LLOH
GLQWUH DFHVWHD GHVSUH OHJLW LOH FDUH OH JXYHUQHD] &DSWDUHD úL SUHOXFUDUHD
LQIRUPD LLORUGLQOXPHDH[WHUQúLXWLOL]DUHDORUvQUHJODUHDúLRSWLPL]DUHDUHDF LLORUGH
UVSXQVDDF LXQLORULQVWUXPHQWDOHUHSUH]LQWIXQF LLOHHVHQ LDOHDOHVLVWHPXOXLSVLKLF
/D QLYHOXO RPXOXL DFHDVW IXQF LH VH YD UHDOL]D SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU SURFHVH vQDOW
GLIHUHQ LDWH úL VSHFLDOL]DWH VHQ]D LD SHUFHS LD UHSUH]HQWDUHD LPDJLQD LD JkQGLUHD
memoria.

1. 6HQ]D LD. Aceasta HVWH SURFHVXO SVLKLF GH FDSWDUH úL SUHOXFUDUH D
LQIRUPD LLORUGHVSUHSURSULHW LvQVXúLULVLQJXODUHDOHVWLPXOLORUH[WHUQLVSHFLILFL.
/D ED]D HL VW VHQsibilitatea – IXQF LH GH UHFHS LH-VHPQDOL]DUH FDUH GHULY GLQ
H[FLWDELOLWDWHD VDX LULWDELOLWDWHD SULPDU – VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ PHFDQLVPH VWUXFWXUDOH
specializate denumite analizatori.
$WkWGXSQDWXUDPHFDQLVPXOXLFkWúLGXSQDWXUDvQVXúLULORUSHFDUHOHUHIOHFW
VHQ]D LD VH UHDOL]HD] vQWU-R PDUH GLYHUVLWDWH GH PRGDOLW L WLSXUL 'LVWLQJHP D
FDWHJRULD VHQ]D LLORU FDUH QH IXUQL]HD] LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH OXPHD H[WHUQ
H[WHURFHS LD VHQ]D LLOH FXWDQR-WDFWLOH VHQ]D LLOH YL]XDOH VHQ]D LLOH DXGLWLYH
sen]D LLOH ROIDFWLYH VHQ]D LLOH JXVWDWLYH E FDWHJRULD VHQ]D LLORU FDUH QH IXUQL]HD]
LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH SR]L LLOH SRVWXUDOH úL DFWHOH PRWRULL DOH PHPEUHORU FDSXOXL úL
WUXQFKLXOXL SURSULRFHS LD F FDWHJRULD VHQ]D LLORU FDUH QH IXUQL]HD] LQIRUPD LL
desprHPRGLILFULOHúLYDULD LLOHPHGLXOXLLQWHUQDORUJDQLVPXOXLLQWHURFHS LD
&RQGL LLOHSULQFLSDOHSHQWUXDVHSURGXFHRVHQ]D LHVXQWLQWHJULWDWHDVWUXFWXUDO-
IXQF LRQDO D DQDOL]DWRUXOXL úL DF LXQHD VWLPXOXOXL VSHFLILF OD LQWHQVLWDWHD
 10

FRUHVSXQ]WRDUH V ILH FHO SX LQ HJDO FX YDORDUHD SUDJXOXL LQIHULRU DEVROXW DO
VHQVLELOLW LLUHVSHFWLYH
6HQ]D LLOHVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQXUPWRDUHOHSURSULHW LSULQFLSDOHmodalitatea
FDOLWDWHDLQWHQVLWDWHDGXUDWDúLWRQXODIHFWLY.
a. Modalitatea este proprietateD XQHL VHQ]D LL GH D UHIOHFWD VHOHFWLY DQXPLWH
vQVXúLUL DOH VWLPXOXOXL VSHFLILF GH SLOG vQ FD]XO VHQ]D LLORU YL]XDOH OXQJLPHD GH
XQG FDUH G WRQXO FURPDWLF vQ FD]XO VHQ]D LLORU WDFWLOH GXULWDWHD DVSHULWDWHD
întinderea sau lungimea etc.);
b. Intensitatea HVWH SURSULHWDWHD VHQ]D LHL GH D UHIOHFWD úL DSUHFLD vQFUFWXUD
HQHUJHWLFVDXIRU DGHDF LXQHDVWLPXOXOXLVSHFLILF
c. DurataHVWHSURSULHWDWHDVHQ]D LHLGHDUHIOHFWDúLGHDVHPDQLIHVWDSHGXUDWD
GH DF LXQH D VWLPXOXOXL 1LFL R VHQ]D LH QX VH SURGXFH FRQFRPLWHQW FX GHFODQúDUHD
DF LXQLL VWLPXOXOXL VSHFLILF FL FX R DQXPLW vQWkU]LHUH SH FDUH R QXPLP ODWHQ  GH
DVHPHQHD HD QLFL QX GLVSDUH LPHGLDW FX vQFHWDUHD DF LXQLL VWLPXOXOXL FRQWLQXkQG
FkWHYDPLLPLGHVHFXQGHúLGXSDFHHD– efectul de urmVDXLPDJLQHDFRQVHFXWLY
d. Tonul afectiv HVWH SURSULHWDWHD VHQ]D LHL GH D VH DVRFLD FX R DQXPLW WULUH
HPR LRQDO–SOFXWVDXQHSOFXWDJUHDELOVDXGH]DJUHDELO
/HJLOHVHQVLELOLW LL6HQVLELOLWDWHDHVWHRIXQF LHGLQDPLFHYROXWLY'LQDPLFD
ei HVWH VXUSULQV vQWU-R VHULH GH OHJL JHQHUDOH  OHJL HYROXWLYH OHJHD GLIHUHQ LHULL
OHJHD VSHFLDOL]ULL OHJHD FRPSOH[LILFULL  OHJL SVLKRIL]LFHOHJHDUDSRUWXOXLLQYHUV
SURSRU LRQDOvQWUHYDORDUHDSUDJXOXLDEVROXWúLQLYHOXOVHQVLELOLW LL( , unde E =
QLYHOXOVHQVLELOLW LL, LQWHQVLWDWHDVWLPXOXOXLOHJHDUDSRUWXOXLFRQVWDQWDSUDJXULORU
GLIHUHQ LDOHG[[ FRQVWDQWXQGHG[ IUDF LXQHDGHLQWHQVLWDWHDVWLPXOXOXLVSHFLILF
FH WUHEXLH DGXJDW OD VWLPXOXO LQL LDO SHQWUX D GHWHUPLQD R PRGLIicare abia
FRQúWLHQWL]DELO D LQWHQVLW LL VHQ]D LHL OHJHD SURJUHVLHL vQ WLPS FH LQWHQVLWDWHD
VWLPXOXOXL FUHúWH vQ SURJUHVLH JHRPHWULF LQWHQVLWDWHD VHQ]D LHL FUHúWH vQ SURJUHVLH
DULWPHWLF (  . ORJ ;  & XQGH (  LQWHQVLWDWHD VHQ]D LHL ;  LQWHQVLWatea
VWLPXOXOXL . úL &  QLúWH FRQVWDQWH OHJLOH SVLKRIL]LFH SUH]HQWDWH PDL VXV DX IRVW
IRUPXODWHGH%RXJXHUIUDQFH]:HEHUúL)HFKQHUJHUPDQLúLOHSRDUWQXPHOH
 OHJL SVLKRIL]LRORJLFH OHJHD DGDSWULL OHJHD VHQVLELOL]ULL OHJHD GHSUHVLHL OHJHD
FRQWUDVWXOXL OHJHD VLQHVWH]LHL  OHJL VRFLRFXOWXUDOH OHJHD vQY ULL-RSWLPL]ULL
OHJHDHVWHWL]ULLOHJHDSURIHVLRQDOL]ULL

2. 3HUFHS LD. 3HUFHS LD UHSUH]LQW XQ QLYHO FDOLWDWLY VXSHULRU DO SURFHVULL
LQIRUPD LHLH[WUDVHGLQLQWHUDF LXQHDDFWXDO a subiectului cu obiectul(DDUHODED]
VHQ]D LD úL VH FRQVWLWXLH SULQ DUWLFXODUHD úL LQWHJUDUHD VHQ]D LLORU GDU QX HVWH
UHGXFWLELOODDFHVWHDDúDFXPVXV LQHDúFRDODDVRFLD LRQLVW,PDJLQHDSHUFHSWLYVDX
SHUFHSWXOHVWHXQPRGHOLQIRUPD LRQDOFRPSOH[FDUHVHUDSRUWHD]ODRELHFWFDvQWUHJ
vQLGHQWLWDWHDOXLLQGLYLGXDOVDXFDWHJRULDOVSHFLILF$SHUFHSHvQVHDPQDSXWHDGD
UVSXQVXULFRUHFWHODvQWUHEDUHDÄ&HHVWHDFHVWD-aceasta?”
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHVHQ]D LHFDUHVHSURGXFHRDUHFXPVSRQWDQúLSDVLYGHvQGDW
FH VWLPXOXO VSHFLILF DF LRQHD] DVXSUD RUJDQXOXL GH VLP  FRUHVSXQ]WRU SHUFHS LD
SUHVXSXQH R LPSOLFDUH PDL DFWLY D VXELHFWXOXL FDUH UHFXUJH OD RSHUD LL úL VWUDWHJLL
VSHFLDOH GH H[SORUDUH FXWDUH VHOHF LH HYDOXDUH FRPSDUDUH 'H DFHHD Gefinirea
SHUFHS LHL FD UHIOHFWDUH QHPLMORFLW VDX LPHGLDW HVWH LPSURSULH HD ILLQG PHGLDW vQ
UHDOLWDWH GH RSHUD LLOH VXFFHVLYH DOH VXELHFWXOXL $VWIHO GHVIúXUDUHD SHUFHS LHL LD XQ
caracter fazic. Experimental, s-D GHPRQVWUDW H[LVWHQ D XUPWRDUHORU ID]H: a) GHWHF LD,
FDUH FRQVW vQ VHVL]DUHD DF LXQLL VWLPXOXOXL úL vQFDGUDUHD OXL vQ VSD LX úL WLPS E
discriminarea FDUH UH]LG vQ GHVSULQGHUHD VWLPXOXOXL GLQ FRQWH[WXO FHORUODO L F
identificarea FDUH VH FRQFUHWL]HD] vQ LQWHJUDUHD ILQDO D PRGHOXOXL LQIRUPD LRQDO DO
 11

VWLPXOXOXL úL vQ HODERUDUHD UVSXQVXOXL ÄHVWH [´ G interpretarea vQ FDGUXO FUHLD VH
GHVSULQGHVHPQLILFD LDVWLPXOXOXLLGHQWLILFDWúLVHSXQHvQUHOD LHFXVFRSXODFWLYLW LL
VXELHFWXOXL 'XS FRQ LQXW úL PHFDQLVP GLVWLQJHP SHUFHS LL PRQomodale (ex.
SHUFHS LD YL]XDO SHUFHS LD DXGLWLY SHUFHS LD WDFWLO úL SHUFHS LL SOXULPRGDOH, care
DX OD ED] LQWHUDF LXQHD vQWUH GRL VDX PDL PXO L DQDOL]DWRUL úL FDUH LQWHJUHD]
LQIRUPD LLGHVSUHPDLPXOWHJHQXULGHvQVXúLULDOHRELHFWXOXL
În seria foUPHORU FRPSOH[H DOH SHUFHS LHL XPDQH VH LQFOXG SHUFHS LD VSD LXOXL
IRUP YROXP GLVWDQ  SR]L LH SHUFHS LD WLPSXOXL (durate, intervale vide,
succesiuni), SHUFHS LD PLúFULL GLUHF LH YLWH] SHUFHS LD OLPEDMXOXL RUDO VFULV úL
SHUFHS LDPX]LFLL UDSRUWXULGHvQO LPHOLQLHPHORGLFVWUXFWXUDUPRQLF
/HJLOH SHUFHS LHL $VSHFWHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH SHUFHS LHL VXQW H[SULPDWH GH XQ
DQVDPEOX GH OHJL SH FDUH OH vPSU LP vQ XUPWRDUHOH JUXSH D OHJL DOH DVRFLD LHL
DVHPQDUHFRQWUDVWFRQWLJXLWDWHVSD LR-WHPSRUDOFDUHDF LRQHD]vQHWDSHOHLQL LDOH
DOH IRUPULL PHFDQLVPHORU úL VFKHPHORU SHUFHSWLYH vQ UDSRUW FX R FODV VDX DOWD GH
obiecte); b) OHJL GH VWUXFWXU OHJHD EXQHL IRUPH OHJHD SUHJQDQ HL OHJHD EXQHL
FRQWLQXLW LOHJHDGHVWLQXOXLFRPXQOegea unum-GXRHWFFDUHH[SULPIXQF LRQDUHD
PHFDQLVPHORUúLVFKHPHORUSHUFHSWLYHFRQVROLGDWHúLDWHVWLUHGXFWLELOLWDWHDSHUFHS LHL
OD R VLPSO VXP GH VHQ]D LL F legi generale, supraordonate OHJHD LQWHJUDOLW LL
OHJHDVHOHFWLYLW LLOHJHDVHPQLILFD LHLOHJHDFRQVWDQ HLOHJHDRELHFWXDOLW LL

3. Reprezentarea 'DF VHQ]D LD úL SHUFHS LD QH RIHU LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH
RELHFWHOHFDUHDF LRQHD]hic et nuncDVXSUDRUJDQHORUQRDVWUHGHVLP reprezentarea
UHIOHFWúLQHRIHULQIRUPD LLGHVSUHXQRELHFWVDXDOWXOvQDEVHQ DDFHVWXLD. Astfel,
HD GHYLQH SULPD WUHDSW vQ RUJDQL]DUHD úL IXQF LRQDUHD DFWLYLW LL PHQWDOH DXWRQRPH
RSHUDUHDSHSODQPLQWDOFXLPDJLQLDOHXQRURELHFWHúLIHQRPHQHSHUFHSXWHFkQGYDvQ
WUHFXW úL DOH FURU PRGHOH LQIRUPD LRQDOH DX IRVW VWRFDWH úL SVWUDWH vQ PHPRULD GH
VFXUWúLOXQJGXUDW
7HUPHQXO GH UHSUH]HQWDUH GHVHPQHD] GRX UHDOLW L D procesul de ecforare-
reactualizare sau GH HODERUDUH D LPDJLQLL XQXL RELHFW vQ DEVHQ D OXL úL E produsul,
respectiv, LPDJLQHD FRQúWLHQWL]DW 3URFHVXO SRDWH DYHD R GHVIúXUDUH VSRQWDQ
LQYROXQWDU OXkQG DVSHFWXO XQXL IOX[ GH UHDFWXDOL]UL DPLQWLUL PDL PXOW VDX PDL
SX LQ KDRWLFH DPDOJDPDWH VDX XQD LQWHQ LRQDW YROXQWDU LPDJLQLOH VXFFHGkQGX-se
într-RRUGLQHORJLFúLILLQGVXERUGRQDWHXQXLVFRS3URGXVXOSRDWHILFDUDFWHUL]DWGXS
XUPWRDUHOH FDOLW L SURSULHW L D FODULWDWHD VDX SUHJQDQ D vQ IXQF LH GH FDUH
GLVWLQJHP UHSUH]HQWUL LQWHQVH VDX YLL úL UHSUH]HQWUL SDVLYH VDX úWHUVH E
completitudinea SH ED]D FUHLD GHOLPLWP UHSUH]HQWUL ERJDWH FDUH WLQG V VH
VXSUDSXQSHVWHLPDJLQLOHSHUFHSWLYHúLUHSUH]HQWULVUDFHVDXODFXQDUHvQSULQFLSLX
imaginea-UHSUH]HQWDUHHVWHPDLVUDFPDLUH]XPDWLYGHFkWLPDJLQHD-SHUFHSWLYF
UHOHYDQ DVDXVHPQLILFD LD, care permite delimitareaUHSUH]HQWULORUUHOHYDQWHvQFDUH
VHVHOHFWHD]úLVHUH LQQRWHOHFHOHPDLFDUDFWHULVWLFHúLVHPQLILFDWLYHDOHRELHFWXOXLúL
UHSUH]HQWUL GHUL]RULL FDUH FRQ LQ QRWH DFFLGHQWDOH QHVHPQLILFDWLYH GH UHJXO
UHSUH]HQWDUHD UHIOHFW vQ PDL PDUH PVXU VHPnificativul, relevantul, caracteristicul
GHFkW SHUFHS LD G gradul de generalitate GXS FDUH GLVWLQJHP UHSUH]HQWUL
LQGLYLGXDOH FDUH UHIOHFW RELHFWH FRQFUHWH VLQJXODUH R DQXPLW SHUVRDQ R DQXPLW
FDVXQDQXPLWRELHFWHWFúLUHSUH]HQWULJHQHUDOHFDUHUHIOHFWSURWRWLSXOXQHLFODVH
GH RELHFWH DVHPQWRDUH UHSUH]HQWDUHD GH FDV vQ JHQHUDO GH RP vQ JHQHUDO GH
FRSDF vQ JHQHUDO GH UHJXO LPDJLQHD-reprezentare are un grad de generalitate mai
înalt decât perceptul; e) caracterul mijlocit, carH FRQVW vQ DFHHD F HOHPHQWHOH
LQIRUPD LRQDOH FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH LPDJLQLL-UHSUH]HQWDUH VXQW IXUQL]DWH GH VHQ]D LL úL
SHUFHS LL I caracterul panoramic FDUH UH]LG vQ WUDQVIRUPDUHD VHULLORU úL
 12

VXFFHVLXQLORU GH GLPHQVLXQL vQVXúLUL FDUH VH HWDOHD] vQ SHUFHS LH vQ FRQILJXUD LL
simultane.

4. Gândirea. *kQGLUHD HVWH SURFHVXO SVLKLF GH FXQRDúWHUH FHO PDL FRPSOH[ úL
calitativ cel mai înalt (D SHUPLWH RPXOXL UHIOHFWDUHD úL OXDUHD vQ VWSkQLUHPLQWDOD
JHQHUDOXOXLHVHQ LDOXOXLúLQHFHVDUXOXLGLQUHDOLWDWHDH[WHUQ
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH SHUFHS LH FDUH HVWH OHJDW VWULFW GH SUH]HQW hic et nunc,
JkQGLUHD VH RUJDQL]HD] FD DFWLYLWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO PXOWLID]LF vQWLQ]kQGX-se pe toate
FHOH WUHL FRRUGRQDWH WHPSRUDOH SUH]HQW WUHFXW YLLWRU (D UHDOL]HD] R SHUPDQHQW
FRUHODUH vQWUH GLYHUVH PRPHQWH úL VWUL DOH ÄRELHFWXOXL´ IRORVHúWH LQIRUPD LD GHVSUH
WUHFXWXORELHFWXOXLSHQWUXDH[SOLFDSUH]HQWXOOXLLQWHJUHD]LQIRUPD LDGHVSUHWUHFXWXO
úLSUH]HQWXORELHFWXOXLSHQWUXDGHWHUPLQDSUHYHGHDVWDUHDOXLvQYLLWRU
GkQGLUHD FRQIHU DFWLYLW LL GH FXQRDúWHUH DWULEXWHOH DEVWUDFWL]ULL SUHGLF LHL
DQWLFLSULLWHRUHWL]ULL
)LLQG XQ SURFHV úL R VWUXFWXU PXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO GH PD[LP FRPSOH[LWDWH
JkQGLUHD SRDWH IL GHVFULV úL GHILQLW GLQ XQJKLXUL GLIHULWH FRJQLWLY-procesual,
structural-RSHUD LRQDOVWUXFWXUDO-LQIRUPD LRQDO
Din punct de vedere cognitiv-SURFHVXDO JkQGLUHD HVWH DFWLYLWDWHD LQWHOHFWXDO
GLVFXUVLY GH SUHOXFUDUH FULWHULDO-ORJLF D LQIRUPD LLORU IXUQL]DWH GH SHUFHS LH VDX
PHPRULH vQ YHGHUHD vQ HOHJHULL H[SOLFULL úL LQWHUSUHWULL IHQRPHQHORU GLQ XQLYHUV
QDWXUúLVRFLHWDWHDUH]ROYULLGLIHULWHORUWLSXULGHVLWXD LLSUREOHPDWLFHDHODERUULL
GLIHULWHORUSURLHFWHúLSODQXULGHDFWLYLWDWHFUHDWRDUHDHODERUULLúLDGRSWULLGHFL]LLORU
RSWLPHGHDF LXQH.
Din punct de vedere structural-RSHUD LRQDO JkQGLUHD HVWH XQ VLVWHP RUGRQDW GH
RSHUD LLVDXGHWUDQVIRUPULFDUHVHDSOLFXQHLVLWXD LLLQL LDOH$0) pentru aducerea ei
într-RVWDUHILQDOVFRS$*FHUHSUH]LQWXQUVSXQVXQUH]XOWDWVDXRVROX LH.
ÌQOXPLQDDFHVWHLGHILQL LLJkQGLUHDQHGH]YOXLHRDQXPLWRUJDQL]DUHGLQDPLF
LQWHUQ vQ FDGUXO FUHLD YRP LGHQWLILFD GRX WLSXUL PDUL GH RSHUD LL generale úL
particulare (specifice).
2SHUD LLOHJHQHUDOHVXQWanaliza, sinteza, abstractizarea, concretizarea. Analiza
FRQVW vQ GHVFRPSXQHUHD SH SODQ PLQWDO D RELHFWXOXL vQ SU L FRPSRQHQWH SHQWUX
GH]YOXLUHDúLGHVFULHUHD-H[SOLFDUHDVWUXFWXULLOXLLQWHUQHVLQWH]DHVWHRSHUD LDLQYHUV
GHUHFRQVWLWXLUHSHSODQPLQWDODRELHFWXOXLH[WUJkQGX-VHúLUH LQkQGX-VHLQIRUPD LD
HVHQ LDO GHVSUH VWUXFWXUD OXL LQWHUQ 5H]XOWDWXO XQHL VLQWH]H SRDWH GHYHQL ÄRELHFW´
SHQWUX R QRX DQDOL] DQDOL]D SULQ VLQWH] DEVWUDFWL]DUHD UH]LG vQ VHOHFWDUHD-
UH LQHUHD HOHPHQWHORU úL vQVXúLULORU HVHQ LDOH úL OVDUHD vQ DIDU D FHORU QHHVHQ LDOH
VHFXQGDUH JHQHUDOL]DUHD HVWH RSHUD LD GH H[WLQGHUH D XQRU vQVXúLUL VDX UHOD LL H[WUDVH
SULQDEVWUDFWL]DUHODWRDWHRELHFWHOHFDUHIDFSDUWHGLQDFHHDúLFODVFRQFUHWL]DUHDHVWH
R RSHUD LH GH DSOLFDUH D SULQFLSLLORU úL OHJLORU JHQHUDOH OD DQDOL]D úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD
FD]XULORUúLVLWXD LLORUSDUWLFXODUH
2SHUD LLOH SDUWLFXODUH VSHFLILFH VXQW FHOH FDUH VH IRUPHD] úL VH XWLOL]HD] vQ
LQWHULRUXO GLIHULWHORU úWLLQ H PDWHPDWLF IL]LF FKLPLH ELRORJLH SVLKRORJLH
sociologie etc.
2SHUD iile gândirii au caracter formal vQ VHQVXO F VH DSOLF XQRU FRQVWUXFWH
LGHDOH VLPEROLFH GHVSULQVH GH VXSRUWXO RELHFWXDO FRQFUHW úL reversibil vQ VHQVXO F
SHQWUX RULFH WUDQVIRUPDUH H[LVW XQD LQYHUV VDX RSXV D FUHL DSOLFDUH GXFH OD
revenirea la sLWXD LDVDXVWDUHDLQL LDO
Din punct de vedere structural-LQIRUPD LRQDO JkQGLUHD WUHEXLH GHILQLW FD XQ
VLVWHPGHQR LXQLQRLRUJDQL]DWGXSFULWHULLOHHVHQ LDOLW LLúLJHQHUDOLW LL1R LXQHD
GHYLQH vQ DFHVW FD] XQLWDWHD VWUXFWXUDO D ED] D JkQGLULL1R LXQLOHSRWILHPSLULFH
 13

UHIOHFWkQGvQVXúLULQHHVHQ LDOHGHVSULQVHvQFDGUXOFXQRDúWHULLFRPXQHDOH[SHULHQ HL

FRWLGLHQH úL úWLLQ LILFH UHIOHFWkQG vQVXúLUL HVHQ LDOH GHVSULQVH vQ FDGUXO FXQRDúWHULL
úWLLQ LILFH 'XS VIHUD GH FXSULQGHUH VH GHOLPLWHD] QR LXQL LQGLYLGXDOH FDUH VH
UDSRUWHD]ODRELHFWHVLQJXODUHOXDWHVHSDUDWQR LXQLSDUWLFXODUHFDUHUHIOHFWvQVXúLUL
FRPXQHXQRUJUXSHGHRELHFWHúLQR LXQLJHQHUDOHFDWHJRULDOHFDUHFXSULQGvQVXúLULOH
HVHQ LDOHFRPXQHPDLPXOWRUFODVHGHRELHFWHVDXWXWXURURELHFWHORUH[QR LXQHDGH
ÄH[LVWHQ ´
8Q QLYHO VXSHULRU OD LQWHJUDUH D FRQ LQXWXULORU LQIRUPD LRQDOH UHVSHFWLY D
QR LXQLORU HVWH MXGHFDWD $FHDVWD DILUP VDX QHDJ FHYD GHVSUH DOWFHYD VXSRUWkQG
WHVWXO DGHYUXOXL 2ULFH MXGHFDW HVWH DGHYUDW VDX IDOV GXS FXP FRQ LQXWXO HL
FRUHVSXQGHVDXQXUHDOLW LL
/D UkQGXO ORU FRQVWUXFWHOH LQIRUPD LRQDOH DOH MXGHF LORU VH LQWHJUHD] vQ
VWUXFWXUL LQIRUPD LRQDOH úL PDL FRPSOH[H GH WLSXO UD LRQDPHQWHORU ÌQ UD LRQDPHQW VH
surprinde discursivitDWHDJkQGLULLPLúFDUHDHLGHODDQXPLWHGDWHVDXMXGHF LLQL LDOH
FWUH XQ DQXPLW UH]XOWDW ILQDO R FRQFOX]LH vQ FDUH V DSDU LQIRUPD LL VDX DGHYUXUL
noi.
5D LRQDPHQWXO VH UHDOL]HD] vQ WUHL IRUPH SULQFLSDOH LQGXFWLY, în care,
pornindu-se de la judHF L LQGLYLGXDOH SDUWLFXODUH VH DMXQJH OD R FRQFOX]LH JHQHUDO
GHGXFWLY vQ FDUH VH SRUQHúWH GH OD JHQHUDO SDUWLFXODU úL VH PHUJH VSUH SDUWLFXODU
LQGLYLGXDO úL DQDORJLF vQ FDUH VH FRPSDU GRX RELHFWH SHQWUX D OL VH SXQH vQ
HYLGHQ DVHPQULOHFeea ce au în comun.
Formele gândirii*kQGLUHDVHGLIHUHQ LD]SHSODQRSHUD LRQDOúLLQIRUPD LRQDO
vPEUFkQG PDL PXOWH IRUPH D ÌQ SODQ RSHUD LRQDO distingem: 1) gândirea
DOJRULWPLF úL  JkQGLUHD HXULVWLF úL GH DVHPHQHD  JkQGLUHD FRQYHUJHQW úL 2)
JkQGLUHD GLYHUJHQW. *kQGLUHD DOJRULWPLF VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ DFHHD F DSOLFDUHD
XQHL DQXPLWH VXFFHVLXQL GH RSHUD LL WUDQVIRUPUL GXFH vQ PRG QHFHVDU OD UH]XOWDWXO
scontat; JkQGLUHD HXULVWLF DUH XQ FDUDFWHU H[SORUDWRU VH GHVIúRDU GXS SULQFLSLXl
încercare-eroare VXFFHVLXQHD GH RSHUD LL OD JVLUHD VROX LHL FRUHFWH gândirea
FRQYHUJHQW SRUQHúWH GH ODXQQXPUPDUHGHHOHPHQWHGHGDWHSHQWUXDDMXQJHvQ
ILQDO OD XQ QXPU PLF GH HOHPHQWH VDX GDWH HD FRPSULP FkPSXO LQIRUPD LRQDO
gândirea diYHUJHQWSRUQHúWHGHODXQQXPUPLFGHHOHPHQWHVDXGDWHúLDMXQJHvQ
ILQDO OD XQ DQVDPEOX PDUH GH HOHPHQWH VDX GDWH HD GLYHUVLILF úL OUJHúWH FkPSXO
LQIRUPD LRQDO
b) ÌQ SODQ LQIRUPD LRQDO VH GLIHUHQ LD]  gândirea intuitiv-FRQFUHW úL
2) gândirea simbolic-DEVWUDFW. Gândirea intuitiv-FRQFUHW VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ
predominarea FRGLILFULL ILJXUDO-imagistice D FRQ LQXWXULORU LQIRUPD LRQDOH úL SULQ
GHSHQGHQ DGHVXSRUWXOSHUFHSWLY; gândirea simbolic-DEVWUDFWVHFDUDFWHUL]HD]SULQ
predominarea FRGLILFULLLQIRUPD LRQDOHúLSULQGHWDúDUHDGHVXSRUWXOSHUFHSWLY.

5. ,0$*,1$,$ 'HúL QX vQWRWGHDXQD L V-a recunoscut identitatea de sine,

LPDJLQD LDHVWHXQSURFHVGLVWLQFWGHSUHOXFUDUHúLXWLOL]DUHDLQIRUPD LHL
Pe de o parte, ea vine, în FRQWLQXDUHDUHSUH]HQWULLED]kQGX-se pe memorie, pe
GH DOW SDUWH HD GHYLD] SULQWU-R EXFO WUDLHFWRULD FDUH vQFHSH VSUH JkQGLUH RFXSkQG
DVWIHORSR]L LHDSDUWHSHFRQWLQXXPXODFWLYLW LLFRJQLWLYHDRPXOXL
6SHFLILFXOLPDJLQD LHLQLVHGH]YOXLHvQXUPWRDUHOHHOHPHQWH
 JHQHUDUHD GH LPDJLQL QRL SRUQLQG ILH GH OD IDSWH UHDOH GDWH vQ H[SHULHQ D
DQWHULRDU ILH FUHDUHD SULQ PHFDQLVPH SURSULL GH LPDJLQL ÄSXUH´ IU OHJWXU
DSDUHQWFXUHDOXO
2) operarea cu imagini exclusiv în limitele imageriei secunGDUHúLDOHIDQWH]LHL
realizându-VHFRPELQULDPSOLILFULUHRUGRQULHWF
 14

RPLQLPRULJLQDOLWDWHDPRGXOXLGHRSHUDUHFXGDWHOHLQL LDOHúLDSURGXVXOXL
final;
 FDUDFWHUXO FRQYHQ LRQDO ILJXUDWLY úL VLPEROLVWLF DO IXQF LHL GHVLJQDWLYH D
imaginiloU HODERUDWH ,PDJLQD LD HVWH HOHPHQWXO FHQWUDO vQ VWUXFWXUD FUHDWLYLW LL FD
GLPHQVLXQHJOREDODSHUVRQDOLW LL
)RUPHOH LPDJLQD LHL ,PDJLQD LD VH PDQLIHVW VXE PDL PXOWH IRUPH
GLIHUHQ LHUHD IFkQGX-VH GXS QDWXUD SURGXVXOXLúLGXSGRPHQLXOGHDSOLFD LH'XS
SULPXOFULWHULXVHGHOLPLWHD]LPDJLQD LDUHSURGXFWLYúLLPDJLQD LDFUHDWRDUH
GXS FHO GH-DO GRLOHD FULWHULX GLVWLQJHP  LPDJLQD LD DUWLVWLF OLWHUDU PX]LFDO
SODVWLF  LPDJLQD LD WHKQLF H[SULPDW vQ LQRYD LL úL LQYHQ LL  LPDJLQD LD
úWLLQ LILF H[SULPDW vQ FRQFHSHUHD VWUDWHJLLORU úL SURLHFWHORU GH FHUFHWDUH vQ
HODERUDUHD PRGHOHORU H[SOLFDWLYH HWF  LPDJLQD LD DUKLWHFWXUDO-FRQVWUXFWLY
H[SULPDW vQ FUHDUHD XQRU IRUPH úL VWLOXUL QRL GH FRQVWUXF LL  LPDJLQD LD
managHULDO FDUH FRQVW vQ HODERUDUHD FHORU PDL LQJHQLRDVH úL HILFLHQWH PRGXUL GH
FRQGXFHUHúLDGPLQLVWUDUHHWF
3URFHGHHOH LPDJLQD LHL &D DFWLYLWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO ILQDOLVW LPDJLQD LD VH
VSULMLQSHRVHULHGHSURFHGHHVSHFLILFHSUHFXP
1) Schimbarea propoU LLORU OXFUXULORU SULQ GLPLQXDUHD VDX DPSOLILFDUHD ORU H[
Ä*XOLYHUvQ DUDSLWLFLORU´Ä)OPkQ]LO´Ä6HWLO´HWF
2) Amalgamarea – FRPELQDUHD GH HOHPHQWH úL WUVWXUL HVHQ LDOH OXDWH GH OD
lucruri diferite (ex. Ducipalul lui Al. Macedon);
3) SchimbaUHDUDSRUWXULORUFDX]DOHH[XQSLHSWHQDUXQFDWGH)W-Frumos duce
ODDSDUL LDXQHLSGXUL
6XEVWLWX LDvQORFXLUHDXQRUHOHPHQWHFXDOWHOHDXQRURELHFWHFXDOWHOH
6FKHPDWL]DUHDUHGDUHDXQRUIHQRPHQHSURFHVHUHOD LLSULQWU-RVFKHP
6) TipizDUHD UHGDUHD XQHL WUVWXUL JHQHUDOH SULQWU-un prototip individual:
DYDUL LDvQWUXFKLSDWGH+DJL7XGRVH

6. MEMORIA. 0HPRULD HVWH SURFHVXO SULQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] JHVWLRQDUHD

LQIRUPD LLORU úL H[SHULHQ HORU FRWLGLHQH SULQ IL[DUH VDX HQJUDPDUH SVWUDUH,
UHRUJDQL]DUHúLUHDFWXDOL]DUH(DFRQIHU(XOXLQRVWUXLGHQWLWDWHúLFRQWLQXLWDWHvQWLPS
úLDVLJXUWUDQVIRUPDUHDQHFXQRVFXWXOXLvQFXQRVFXW
(YDOXDUHD IXQF LRQULL úL HILFLHQ HL PHPRULHL R UHDOL]P GXS XUPWRULL
parametri:
 GXUDWD HQJUDPULL PDWHULDOXOXL FRQVLGHUDW FX FkW PDL VFXUW FX DWkW PDL
bine);
 YROXPXO PDWHULDOXOXL UH LQXW úL UHSURGXV GXS R VLQJXU SHUFHSHUH
(prezentare);
WULQLFLDSVWUULLPDWHULDOXOXLPHPRUDW
ILGHOLWDWHDUHFXQRDúWHULLúLUHSURGXFHULL
5. completitudinea reproducerii;
FDSDFLWDWHDGHFXSULQGHUHGLYHUVLWDWHDPRGDOFXFkWPDLvQWLQVFXDWkWPDL
bine).
9DORULOH DFHVWRU SDUDPHWUL GHSLQG DWkW GH IDFWRULL VXELHFWLYL SDUWLFXODULW LOH
LQGLYLGXDOH úL VWULOH VXELHFWLYH GH PRPHQW FkW úL GH IDFWRUL RELHFWLYL YRlumul
materialului, modul lui de prezentare, gradul lui de organizare, sistematizare).
$F LRQkQGvQPRGDGHFYDWDVXSUDDFHVWRUIDFWRULPHPRULDSRDWHILvPEXQW LW
Formele memoriei &D úL DOWH SURFHVH SVLKLFH PHPRULD VH SRDWH UHDOL]D OD
niveluri integrDWLYHGLIHULWHúLvQIRUPHGLIHULWH'XSSUH]HQ DLQWHQ LHLúLFRQWH[WXOXL
voluntar, se disting: 1) PHPRULD LQYROXQWDU DEVHQ D LQWHQ LHL úL D VFRSXOXL GH D
 15

UH LQH SVWUD úL UHDFWXDOL]D XQ IDSW R LQIRUPD LH HWF úL  PHPRULD YROXQWDU
SUH]HQ D LQWHQ LHL úL D VFRSXOXL GXS JUDGXO GH vQ HOHJHUH D FHORU PHPRUDWH VH
GLIHUHQ LD]  PHPRULD PHFDQLF úL  PHPRULD ORJLF GXS GXUDWD SVWUULL FHORU
DFKL]L LRQDWH DX IRVW LGHQWLILFDWH  PHPRULD GH VFXUW GXUDW, pentru care limita
VXSHULRDUDSVWUULLHVWHGHWUHLPLQXWHúLPHPRULDGHOXQJGXUDW, pentru care
OLPLWDVXSHULRDUDSVWUULLHFKLYDOHD]FXGXUDWDYLH LLLQGLYLGXOXLGXSFRQ LQXWVH
GHOLPLWHD]  PHPRULD LQIRUPD LRQDO-FRJQLWLY SULQ FDUH VH DFKL]L LRQHD] VH
SVWUHD]úLVHDFWXDOL]HD]WRDWHFXQRúWLQ HOHQRDVWUHGHVSUHOXPHúLGHVSUHQRLvQúLQH
2) PHPRULD DIHFWLY FDUH UHDOL]HD] SVWUDUHD úL HYRFDUHD vQWUHJLL H[SHULHQ H
HPR LRQDOHSOFXWHVDXQHSOFXWHúLFDUHVHLQWHJUHD]vQGLVSR]L LDJHQHUDOGHIRQG
3) memoria motiYD LRQDOOHJDWGHSVWUDUHDWUHEXLQ HORUSULPDUHvQQVFXWHúLDFHORU
secundare, dobândite; 4) memoria motorie FDUH DVLJXU SVWUDUHD úL DFWXDOL]DUHD
VFKHPHORUPLúFULORURELHFWXDOHúLLQVWUXPHQWDOHFDUHDOFWXLHVFSUD[LDGXSFDQDOHOH
senzoriale implLFDWH vQ UHFHS LRQDUHD úL LQWHJUDUHD LQIRUPD LHL VH GLIHUHQ LD] 
PHPRULD YL]XDO, 2) PHPRULD DXGLWLY, 3) PHPRULD WDFWLO, 4) PHPRULD ROIDFWLY, 5)
PHPRULD JXVWDWLY úL  PHPRULD NLQHVWH]LF ÌQ VIkUúLW SH OkQJ R PHPRULH
HYRFDWLY, prin care aducem WUHFXWXO vQ DFWXDOLWDWH úL-O LQWHJUP vQ DFWLYLWDWHD úL
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO FRWLGLDQ WUHEXLHDGPLVH[LVWHQ DúLDXQHLPHPRULLprospective, de
IL[DUHSVWUDUHúLFRQHFWDUHODSUH]HQWDHYHQLPHQWHORUúLDF LXQLORUFHXUPHD]VVH
SURGXFvQYLLWRU$FHDVWIRUPGHPHPRULHPD[LPDOGH]YROWDWODRPIDFHSRVLELO
SURJUDPDUHDSODQLILFDUHDúLDQWLFLSDUHDvQUHJODUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
Uitarea HVWHXQIHQRPHQRSXVPHPRULHLúLFRQVWvQúWHUJHUHDVDXVFGHUHDVXE
SUDJXOGHDFWXDOL]DUHDLQIRUPD LLORUH[SHULHQ HORr, amintirilor de un gen sau altul.
(DDUHDWkWRODWXUSR]LWLYFkWúLXQDQHJDWLY/DWXUDSR]LWLYUH]LGvQDFHHDFQH
DMXW V QH GHEDUDVP GH LQIRUPD LL úL GDWH QHVHPQLILFDWLYH úL LQXWLOH OVkQG ORFXO
OLEHU SHQWUX DFKL]L LRQDUHD DOWRUD PDL LPSRUWDQWH ODWXUD QHJDWLY FRQVW vQ EORFDUHD
VDX HOLPLQDUHD GLQ IOX[XO DFWXDO DO FRQúWLLQ HL D XQRU LQIRUPD LL úLGDWHLPSRUWDQWHúL
QHFHVDUHSHQWUXILQDOL]DUHDRSWLPDXQHLDFWLYLW L
'LQDPLFD HL GHSLQGH GH QDWXUD úL FDUDFWHUXO PDWHULDOXOXL PHPRUDW $VWIHO
XLWDUHDVHSURGXFHPDLUDSLGúLvQUD LLPDLPDULvQFD]XOXQXLPDWHULDOIUVHQVH[
VLODEHFXYLQWHIUvQ HOHVGHFkWvQFD]XOPDWHULDOXOXLFXVHQVVHSURGXFHPDLUHSHGH
úL PDL LQWHQV vQ FD]XO XQXL PDWHULDO QHRUJDQL]DW IUDJPHQWDW GHFkW vQ FD]XO Xnui
PDWHULDO ELQH VLVWHPDWL]DW úL RUJDQL]DW ORJLF VH SURGXFH PDL UHSHGH úL PDL LQWHQV vQ
FD]XO XQXL PDWHULDO OLSVLW GH VHPQLILFD LH SHQWUX QRL GHFkW vQ FD]XO XQXL PDWHULDO FX
VHPQLILFD LHPDUH8LWDUHDQXDF LRQHD]FDRIDWDOLWDWHGHFkWvQFD]XULSDWRORgice, de
DPQH]LH WRWDO ÌQ PRG QRUPDO HD SRDWH IL LQXW VXE FRQWURO GHWHUPLQkQG-R V
DF LRQH]H VHOHFWLY &HULQ D SULQFLSDO SHQWUX VWDELOLUHD HIHFWXOXL QHJDWLY DO XLWULL
FRQVWvQDFWLYDUHDúLvQWULUHDFRQVROLGDUHDSHULRGLFDFHORUSHFDUHOHDSUHciem ca
ILLQGLPSRUWDQWHúLQHFHVDUHvQDFWLYLWDWHDQRDVWUYLLWRDUH

VII. PROCESELE DE ENERGIZARE,

327(1$5(',5(&,21$5($&203257$0(178/8,

'DF SULQ SURFHVHOH FRJQLWLYH RPXO UHXúHúWH V GLIHUHQ LH]H V LGHQWLILFH V
LQWHUSUHWH]HVvQ HOHDJúLVH[SOLFHFHHDFHVHDIOúLVHvQWkPSOvQMXUXOVXSULQ
SURFHVHOH GH HQHUJL]DUH SRWHQ DUH úL GLUHF LRQDUH HO GHYLQH FDSDELO V LD R DQXPLW
DWLWXGLQH úL V VH H[SULPH DFWLY úL VHOHFWLY SULQ FRPSRUWDPHQWH VSHFLILFH ÌQ FDWHJULD
acestor procese includem PRWLYD LDúLafectivitatea.
1. 0RWLYD LD3ULQWHUPHQXOGHPRWLYD LHVHGHVHPQHD]un întreg ansamblu de
ÄHQWLW L´SVLKLFHFDUHUHIOHFWRVFLOD LLOHGLVRQDQ HOHúLGHILFLWHOHFDUHDSDUvQFDGUXO
 16

GLIHULWHORU FRPSRQHQWH DOH VLVWHPXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL GHWHUPLQkQG VXELHFWXO V

DF LRQH]HvQGLUHF LDvQOWXUULLORUúLUHVWDELOLULLHFKLOLEUXOXL/XDWJOREDOPRWLYD LD
UHSUH]LQWDúDGDUIRU DPRWULFHLQWHUQDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLúLDFWLYLW LLFRQIHULQGX-
QHFDUDFWHUXOGHILLQ HDFWLYHúLUHODWLYDXWRQRPH
OrLFH DFW FRPSRUWDPHQWDO LQWHJUDW DUH R DQXPLW ED] PRWLYD LRQDO LDU
PRWLYD LDGHYLQHROHJHJHQHUDOGHRUJDQL]DUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
(OHPHQWXO FHQWUDO DO VWUXFWXULL PRWLYD LRQDOH HVWH WUHEXLQ D $FHDVWD H[SULP
QHYRLDSXWHUQLFFRQVROLGDWGHFHYDDQXPHKUDQDSDHURGLKQPLúFDUHDGSRVW
LQIRUPD LHIUXPRVHWF1HVDWLVIDFHUHDvQGHOXQJDWDXQHLWUHEXLQ HGXFHODSHUWXUEUL
PDMRUHDOHHFKLOLEUXOXLSVLKLFDOSHUVRQDOLW LL'HDFHHDWUHEXLQ HOHSULQDFWXDOL]DUH
JHQHUHD] FHOH PDL SXWHUQLFH PRWLYH VDX PRELOXUL GH DF LXQH *HQHWLF WUHEXLQ HOH
XPDQH VH vPSDUW vQ GRX JUXSH PDUL primare sau vQQVFXWH (aici intrând, în primul
UkQG WUHEXLQ HOH ELRORJLFH úL IL]LRORJLFH úL secundare sau dobândite (aici intrând
WUHEXLQ HOH GH FXQRDúWHUH WUHEXLQ HOH HVWHWLFH WUHEXLQ HOH UHOLJLRDVH WUHEXLQ HOH
morale).
/XkQG GUHSW FULWHULX XUJHQ D úL RUGLQHD GH VDWLVIDFHUH $ 0DVORZ D FRQVWUXLW
ÄSLUDPLGD WUHEXLQ HORU´ ODUJ DFFHSWDW vQ SVLKRORJLH ÌQ IRUPD HL ILQDO SLUDPLGD
cuprinde 8 clase, care în ordine, de joVvQVXVVXQWXUPWRDUHOH
, WUHEXLQ H ELRORJLFH ,,WUHEXLQ HGHVHFXULWDWH,,,WUHEXLQ HGHDILOLHUH
VRFLDO,9WUHEXLQ HOH(XOXL9WUHEXLQ HGHDXWRUHDOL]DUH9,WUHEXLQ HGH
FXQRDúWHUH9,,WUHEXLQ HHVWHWLFH9,,,WUHEXLQ HGHFRQFRUGDQ 
'LQ DQDOL]D DFHVWHL SLUDPLGH VH GHJDM XUPWRDUHOH DVSHFWH úL UHOD LL  R
WUHEXLQ  HVWH FX DWkW PDL LPSUREDELO FX FkW HVWH PDL FRQWLQXX VDWLVIFXW  R
WUHEXLQ  QX DSDUHFDPRWLYGHFkWGDFFHDDQWHULRDUHLDIRVWVDWLVIFXWHIHFWXO
SHUWXUEDWRU DO QHVDWLVIDFHULL FURQLFH D XQHL WUHEXLQ H HVWH FX DWkW PDL PDUH FX FkW
WUHEXLQ D UHVSHFWLY VH VLWXHD] PDL DSURDSH GH ED]D SLUDPLGHL  DFWLYDUHD úL
VDWLVIDFHUHD WUHEXLQ HORU VH VXERUGRQHD] OHJLL DOWHUQDQ Hi – R WUHEXLQ  R GDW
VDWLVIFXWVHUHWUDJHOVkQGORFXODOWHLD
3H OkQJ WUHEXLQ H vQ DOFWXLUHD VIHUHL PRWLYD LRQDOH D RPXOXL LQWU DOWH GRX
componente: intereseleúLidealurile,QWHUHVHOHUHDOL]HD]OHJWXUDQRDVWUVHOHFWLYúL
UHODWLY VWDELO FX GLIHULWH DVSHFWH DOH UHDOLW LL úL GRPHQLL GH DFWLYLWDWH LGHDOXULOH
UHSUH]LQW IRU D GH SURLHF LH úL SURSXOVLH D HWDORDQHORU úL PRGHOHORU GH GHYHQLUH D
SURSULHLSHUVRQDOLW L
'XSHIHFWXOvQWLPSSHFDUHvODUHVDWLVIDFHUHDORUWUHEXLQ HOHSRWILvPSU LWHvQ
SR]LWLYH FDUH FRQWULEXLH OD PHQ LQHUHD HFKLOLEUXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL VDX OD VWLPXODUHD úL
PHQ LQHUHDSURFHVHORUGHGH]YROWDUHúLQHJDWLYHFDUHGHWHUPLQGHJUDGULúLWXOEXUUL
VHULRDVH DOH WDEORXOXL SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDO H[ WUHEXLQ H GH DOFRRO WUHEXLQ H GH
droguri etc.).
5DSRUWDW OD SHUIRUPDQ D DFWLYLW LL PRWLYD LD SXQH vQ HYLGHQ  R DQXPLW
LQWHQVLWDWH RSWLP – RSWLPXP PRWLYD LRQDO ÌQ SULQFLSLX DFWLYLW LOH XúRDUH úL PDL
SX LQ DWUJWRDUH SULQ FRQ LQXWXO ORU UHFODP R PRWLYD LH PDL SXWHUQLF, iar cele
GLILFLOHúLDWUDFWLYHSULQFRQ LQXWUHFODPRVWDUHGHPRWLYD LHPDLVODE
2. Afectivitatea. 6XE GHQXPLUHD GH DIHFWLYLWDWH VH UHXQHúWH XQ DQVDPEOX GH
VWUXFWXUL VSHFLILFH UDSRUWXO GH FRQFRUGDQ  VDX GLVFRUGDQ  GLQWUH GLQDPLFD
evenimentelor intHUQHVWULOHSURSULLGHPRWLYD LHúLGLQDPLFDHYHQLPHQWHORUH[WHUQH
VLWXD LLOHRELHFWHOHSHUVRDQHOHGLQMXU
2ULFH WULUH úL FRPSRQHQW HPR LRQDO VH FDUDFWHUL]HD] SULQ XUPWRDUHOH
SURSULHW L
1) polaritatea (semn pozitiv – SOFHUH UHOD[DUH VDWLVIDF LH EXFXULH VDX VHPQ
negativ –WHQVLXQHLQVDWLVIDF LHUHSXOVLHVXIHULQ 
 17

2) intensitatea vQFUFWXUD HQHUJHWLF SH FDUH R DQWUHQHD] FX VLQH WULUHD

HPR LRQDO DFHDVWD SRDWH IL VODE PHGLH VDX PDUH LQWHQVLWDWHD FHD PDL PDUH R DX
afectele);
3) durata sau stabilitateaVFXUWPHGLHOXQJHPR LLOHVXQWGHGXUDWVFXUW
VHQWLPHQWHOHVXQWGHGXUDWOXQJ
4) convertibilitatea (proprietatea structurilor afective de a-úLPRGLILFDVHPQXOvQ
WLPSLXELUHDSRDWHWUHFHvQXULDUXUDSRDWHWUHFH în iubire);
5) DPELYDOHQ D (proprietatea unei structuri afective de a include concomitent
WULULGHVHPQRSXVSR]LWLYúLQHJDWLYH[JHOR]LD
*HQHWLF VH GHOLPLWHD] HPR LL SULPDUH vQQVFXWH WHDPD IULFD SOFHUHD
EXFXULDúLHPR LLVHFXQGDUHGREkQGLWHHPR LLOHHVWHWLFHVHQWLPHQWHOHPRUDOH
'XS JUDGXO GH FRPSOH[LWDWH VH GLIHUHQ LD] HPR LLOH VLPSOH WRQXO HPR LRQDO
FDUH DFRPSDQLD] SURFHVHOH FRJQLWLYH WULULOH GH HVHQ  RUJDQLF VWULOH GH DIHFW
HPR LLOHFRPSOH[HHPR LLOHVLWXD LRQDOHFXUHQWHHPR LLOHLQWHJUDWHDFWLYLW LL– de joc,
GHvQY DUHHWFúLVWUXFWXULOHDIHFWLYHVXSHULRDUHVHQWLPHQWHOH
$IHFWLYLWDWHDWUHEXLHFRQVLGHUDWRFRPSRQHQWLQGLVSHQVDELOQHFHVDUDYLH LL
QRDVWUHSVLKLFHHDFRQIHUUHOD LLORURPXOXLFXOXPHDXQFDUDFWHUDFWLYúLVHOHFWLYÌQ
IXQF LHGHVHPQXOGRPLQDQWDORUJDQL]ULLDIHFWLYLW LLWLQGHPVQHDSURSLHPúLVQH
LQWHJUPvQOXPHVVWDELOLPúLVPHQ LQHPUDSRUWXULGHFRPXQLFDUHúLFRRSHUDUHFX
FHLGLQMXUVDXGLPSRWULYVQHUHWUDJHPúLVQHL]ROPGHOXPH)UHPR LLIU
VHQWLPHQWHH[LVWHQ DXPDQDUGHYHQLFHQXúLHRPXODILXQVLPSOXURERWFDUHQXDU
IDFH GHFkW V UHDF LRQH]H PHFDQLF OD VWLPXOLL H[WHUQL $IHFWLYLWDWHD QH UDSRUWHD] QX
QXPDLODOXPHDH[WHUQODFHOHODOWHSHUVRDQHGLQMXUFLúLODSURSULDSHUVRDQILHFDUH
GLQ QRL GH]YROWkQG ID  GH SURSULXO (X WULUL SR]LWLYH GH VDWLVIDF LH GH VWLP GH
DFFHSWDUH GH PkQGULH GH VLQH HWF 0RGXO vQ FDUH QH DXWRSHUFHSHP úL QH DXWRWULP
FRQGL LRQHD]PRGXOvQFDUHQHUHOD LRQPFXFHLODO L
$IHFWLYLWDWHD MRDF XQ URO HVHQ LDO vQ DFWLYLWDWH VXV LQkQG úL RULHQWkQG FD úL
PRWLYD LD GHVIúXUDUHD HL 3H IRQG GH LQGLIHUHQ  DIHFWLY SHUIRUPDQ D vQ RULFH
DFWLYLWDWH HVWH VF]XW OD IHO VH vQWkPSO úL vQ FD]XO XQRU HPR LL SUHD SXWHUQLFH
(afectHGHYLQHDVWIHOMXVWLILFDWLQWURGXFHUHDQR LXQLLGHRSWLPXPHPR LRQDO. Aceasta
H[SULP LQWHQVLWDWHD SH FDUH WUHEXLH V-R SRVHGH R WULUH HPR LRQDO SHQWUX D IDFLOLWD
ILQDOL]DUHDHILFLHQWDDFWLYLW LL
'H DLFL GHFXUJH QHFHVLWDWHD GH]YROWULL FRQWUROXOXL YROXQWDU DVXSUD LQWHQVLW LL
WULULORUHPR LRQDOHSHQWUXDQXOHSHUPLWHVQHGH]RUJDQL]H]HJkQGLUHDúLDF LXQHD
0RGXO GH VWUXFWXUDUH úL IXQF LRQDUH D DIHFWLYLW LL GHSLQGH QX QXPDL GH ILUHD
RPXOXLGHLQGLYLGXDOLWDWHDOXLFLúLGHUHJLPXOHGXFD LRQDOGHvPSUHMXUULOHGHYLD 
$VWIHORSHUVRDQHPRWLYGLQILUHSULQH[HUFL LLGHYRLQ úLVXSRUWDGHFYDWGLQDIDU
SRDWHVDMXQJV-úLFRQWUROH]HIRDUWHELQHHPR LLOHVLWXD LRQDOHSUHYHQLQGLQVWDODUHD
WLPLGLW LL GXS FXP úL LQYHUV R SHUVRDQ GLQ ILUH SX LQ VDX GHORF HPRWLY vQWU-un
FOLPDW HGXFD LRQDO UHSUHVLY úL vQ vPSUHMXUUL GH YLD  GXUH GUDPDWLFH SRDWH GHYHQL
WLPRUDWFXUH]LVWHQ VF]XWODDF LXQHDIDFWRULORUDIHFWRJHQL

9,,&2081,&$5(ù,/,0%$-

8QD GLQ FDSDFLW LOH HVHQ LDOH DOH RPXOXL FD ILLQ  VRFLDO HVWH DFHHD GH D
FRPXQLFDDGLFGHDHPLWHFWUHFHLGLQMXUDQXPLWHPHVDMHFXGLIHULWHFRQ LQXWXULúL
VHPQLILFD LLúLGHDUHFHS LRQDGHODDFHúWLDPHVDMHOHORU
$FHDVW FDSDFLWDWH DUH SUHPLVH úL PHFDQLVPH QDWXUDOHQHXURIL]LRORJLFHúLHVWH
PRGHODWúLVWUXFWXUDWVRFLR-cultural.
 18

'HúLWHUPHQXOGHFRPXQLFDUHDLQWUDWvQX]XOFRWLGLDQFDVLQRQLPFXWHUPHQXOGH
VFKLPEvQJHQHUDOVXELQIOXHQ DWHRULHLLQIRUPD LHLúLDWHRULHLRUJDQL]ULLFHOSX LQvQ
OLQJYLVWLFúLSVLKRORJLHVIHUDOXLVHOLPLWHD]ODSURFHVHOHGHHPLWHUHWUDQVPLWHUHúL
UHFHSWDUHDPHVDMHORULQIRUPD LRQDOHvQFDGUXOUHOD LHLGLQWUHGRXSHUVRDQHXPDQHR
SHUVRDQXPDQúLFRPSXWHUVDXDOWPDúLQRSHUVRDQXPDQúLXQDQLPDO
'XSVXSRUWXOGHFRGLILFDUHDPHVDMHORUFRPXQLFDUHDLQWHUXPDQHVWHGHGRX
IHOXULQRQYHUEDOúLYHUEDO
&RPXQLFDUHD QRQYHUEDO VH UHDOL]HD] VXE PDL PXOWH IRUPH FRPXQLFDUHD SULQ
FRUS  LQXW vPEUFPLQWH PDFKLDMH JHVWLF PLPLF FRPXQLFDUHD SULQ VSD LX úL
teritorii (modul de organizaUH D DPELDQ HL GLVWDQ H IL]LFH LQWHUSHUVRQDOH úL
LQWHUJUXSDOH vQ GLIHULWH VLWXD LL FRPXQLFDUHD SULQ LPDJLQL DILúH IRWRJUDILL EHQ]L
GHVHQDWHLOXVWUD LLFLQHPD
&RPXQLFDUHDYHUEDOVHUHDOL]HD]FXDMXWRUXOPLMORDFHORUOLQJYLVWLFH– alfabete,
reguli gramaticale – elementul principal de codificare a mesajului fiind cuvântul.
/LPEDMXO YHUEDO HVWH PRGXO GH IXQF LRQDUH D OLPELL OD QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO OLPED
este o categorie socio-LVWRULF ILLQG SURGXVXO FRPXQLFULL vQ GHFXUVXO WLPSXOXL vQ
cadrul unei colecWLYLW L(DVHFRPSXQHGLQWU-un vocabular (tezaur de cuvinte), dintr-
XQ DOIDEHW SHQWUX FRGLILFDUHD PHVDMHORU VFULVH úL GLQWU-un ansamblu de reguli
JUDPDWLFDOHPRUIRORJLFHVHPDQWLFHúLVLQWDFWLFHÌQUDSRUWFXLQGLYL]LLFRQFUH LOXD L
separat, limba VHSUH]LQWFDXQGDWRELHFWLYSHFDUHDFHúWLDWUHEXLHVúL-OvQVXúHDVF
úL V úL-O LQWHULRUL]H]H FD LQVWUXPHQW GH FRPXQLFDUH LQWHUSHUVRQDO &HHD FH UH]XOW
HVWHOLPEDMXOYHUEDOLQGLYLGXDOúLRUJDQL]DUHDOXLYDSUH]HQWDGLIHUHQ HPDLPDULVDX
mai mici GHODRSHUVRDQODDOWD
6WUXFWXUD SVLKRORJLF D OLPEDMXOXL LQFOXGH WUHL FRPSRQHQWH SULQFLSDOH
FRPSRQHQWDIL]LFFRPSRQHQWDIRUPDO-JUDPDWLFDOúLFRPSRQHQWDVHPDQWLF.
&RPSRQHQWD IL]LF UHSUH]LQW DQVDPEOXO VXQHWHORU DUWLFXODUH YRFDOH úL
consoane), carHIRUPHD]FXYLQWHOHXQLW LIRQHWLFHGHED]DOHOLPELLúLOLWHUHOHFDUH
VH SXQ vQ FRUHVSRQGHQ  VXQHWHORU DUWLFXODWH RE LQkQGX-VH FRGLILFDUHD JUDILF D
PHVDMHORU ÌQ PVXUD vQ FDUH OLPEDMXO UHDOL]HD] WUDQVPLWHUHD LQIRUPD LLORU
FRPSRQHQWD IL]LF GHYLQH VXSRUWXO VXEVWDQ LDO-energetic indispensabil de obiectivare
úLFRGLFDUHDORU
Componenta formal-JUDPDWLFDO FRQVW GLQ DQVDPEOXO QRUPHORU úL UHJXOLORU GH
IRUPDUH D FXYLQWHORU úL SURSR]L LLORU DVWIHO vQFkW HOH V ILH LQWHOLJLELOH DGLF
vQFUFWXUDLQIRUPD LRQDOSHFDUHRSRDUWVSRDWHILXúRUúLFRUHFWGHFRGLILFDW
&RPSRQHQWD VHPDQWLF HVWH DOFWXLW GLQ DQVDPEOXO OHJWXULORU GH GHVLJQDUH
dintre cuvinte – ca semne –úLPXO LPHDRELHFWHORUOXFUXULORUILLQ HORUIHQRPHQHORU
UHOD LLORU HWF GLQ MXUXO QRVWUX /HJWXUD GHVLJQDWLY HVWH PHGLDW GH R LPDJLQH R
VFKHPVDXXQFRQVWUXFWFRQFHSWXDOúLIRUPDUHDHLvQRQWRJHQH]DUHODED]XQDFWGH
vQY DUHFRQGL LRQDW5RGkQGX-VHúLFRQVROLGkQGX-VHWUHSWDWvQSURFHVXOFRPXQLFULL
RDVHPHQHDOHJWXUGHYLQHDWkWGHSXWHUQLFvQFkWFHOHGRXHQWLW LLQL LDOVHSDUDWHúL
H[WHULRDUHXQDvQUDSRUWFXFHDODOWGHYLQRUJDQLFDUWLFXODWHILLQGSHUFHSXWHFDXQWRW
unitar.
ÌQ SODQ LQWHUQ FRPSRQHQWD VHPDQWLF DUH R RUJDQL]DUH vQ IRUPD XQHL UH HOH
ierarhizate, cXFRQH[LXQLDWkWSHYHUWLFDOFkWúLSHRUL]RQWDO6HSRWSXQHvQHYLGHQ 
FHO SX LQ WUHL ]RQH FRQFHQWULFH DOH VLVWHPXOXL FRQH[LXQLORU VHPDQWLFH vQWUH FXYLQWHOH
YRFDEXODUXOXL QRVWUX LQGLYLGXDO D ]RQD FHQWUDO VDX QXFOHX vQ FDUH VH VLWXHD]
cuvintele cHOH PDL IDPLOLDUH FX IUHFYHQ D FHD PDL PDUH vQ SURFHVXO FRPXQLFULL
QRDVWUH FRWLGLHQH E ]RQD VHFXQGDU vQ FDUH VH LQWHJUHD] FXYLQWHOH FX XQ JUDG GH
IDPLOLDULWDWH PDL UHGXV úL FX IUHFYHQ  PDL PLF vQ SURFHVXO FRPXQLFULL FXUHQWH F
 19

]RQD WHU LDU vQ FDUH VH LQFOXG FXYLQWHOH PDL SX LQ FXQRVFXWH úL UDU IRORVLWH vQ
FRPXQLFDUHDRELúQXLW
5DSRUWXOGHSRQGHUHGLQWUHFHOHWUHL]RQHGHILQHúWHvQPDUHPVXUFRPSHWHQ D
OLQJYLVWLF VDX YHUEDO D XQHL SHUVRDQH FDSDFLWDWHD VD GH FRPXQLFDUH $VWIHO FX FkW
zona FHQWUDODUHRDULHPDLvQWLQVLDUFHOHODOWHGRX–XQDPDLUHGXVFXDWkWQLYHOXO
GHFRPSHWHQ YHUEDOHVWHPDLvQDOWúLLQYHUV
3UREHOH GH YRFDEXODU úL GH vQ HOHJHUH YHUEDO RFXS XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW vQ
GLDJQRVWLFXOLQWHOLJHQ HLúLDOSURILOXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LL
ÌQ SVLKRORJLH VH IDFH vQ SUH]HQW R GLVWLQF LH vQWUH FRPSHWHQ D YHUEDO úL
SHUIRUPDQ D YHUEDO SULPD HVWH R FDSDFLWDWH YLUWXDO ODWHQW FHD GH D GRX HVWH R
FDSDFLWDWH vQ DFW ÌQ OHJWXU FX FHD GLQWkL VXQW vQF GLVSXWH vQWUH UHSUH]HQWDQ LL
coQFHS LHL LPDQHQWLVWH VXV LQXW GH 1 &KRPVN\ úL UHSUH]HQWDQ LL FRQFHS LHL
determinist-JHQHWLVWH GH]YROWDW GH - 3LDJHW  2 VROX LH FRUHFW QX SRDWH IL JVLW
GHFkWDGRSWkQGSULQFLSLXOLQWHUDF LXQLLHUHGLWDWH[PHGLXúLDOGXEOHLFRQGL LRQUL1X
se poatH PHUJH DWkW GH GHSDUWH FX LSRWH]D HUHGLW LL vQFkW V VH DILUPH F VWUXFWXULOH
YHUEDOH úL JUDPDWLFDOH VXQW vQWHJUDO vQQVFXWH FRQGL LLOH GH PHGLX úL VWLPXODUHD GLQ
DIDU QHDYkQG QLFL R LPSRUWDQ  GXS FXP QLFL LQYHUV QX VH SRDWH PHUJH DWkW GH
departe cXLSRWH]DJHQHWLVWvQFkWVVHDILUPHFOLPEDMXOVHGREkQGHúWHSULQWU-un act
PHFDQLFGHLPSODQWDUHLQGLIHUHQWúLLQGHSHQGHQWGHFRQGL LLOHLQWHUQHDOHFRSLOXOXL
Formele limbajului. Fiind nu numai un simplu instrument fizic de obiectivare
úLFRGLILFDUHDLQIRUPD LHLFLúLXQPRGGHFRQGXLW–FRQGXLWDYHUEDO– limbajul se
VWUXFWXUHD]úLIXQF LRQHD]vQPDLPXOWHIRUPH2SULPGLIHUHQ LHUHVHSURGXFHGXS
QDWXUD FRPSRQHQWHL IL]LFH UH]XOWkQG OLPEDMXO RUDO úL OLPEDMXO VFULV 2 D GRXD
GLIHUHQ LHUH VH IDFH GXS SODQXO vQ FDUH VH UHDOL]HD] UH]XOWkQG OLPEDMXO H[WHUQ
XWLOL]DW vQ SULQFLSLX vQ FRPXQLFDUHD FX FHL GLQ MXU úL OLPEDMXO LQWHUQ XWLOL]DW vQ
DFWLYLWDWHDPLQWDOGHJkQGLUHúLvQFRPXQLFDUHDFXVLQHvQVXúL
2 D WUHLD GLIHUHQ LHUH VH SURGXFH vQ sfera limbajului oral (extern),
delimitându-VH PRQRORJXO FRPXQLFDUHD VH GHVIúRDU vQWU-un singur sens – de la
HPL WRUODUHFHSWRUDXGLWRULXúLGLDORJXOFRPXQLFDUHDVHGHVIúRDUvQGXEOXVHQV
HPL WRUXOúLUHFHSWRUXOVFKLPEkQGX-úLVXFFHVLYOocurile.
)XQF LLOHOLPEDMXOXL6HUHFXQRDúWHXQDQLPFOLPEDMXOYHUEDOvQGHSOLQHúWHPDL
PXOWH IXQF LL vQ YLD D LQGLYLGXDO úL VRFLDO ([LVW vQV GHRVHELUL PDL PXOW VDX PDL
SX LQ HVHQ LDOH vQWUH DXWRUL vQ FODVLILFDUHD DFHVWRU IXQF LL ,QGLIHUHQW GH FULWHriul pe
care-O DGRSWP YRP UHJVL XUPWRDUHOH IXQF LL SULQFLSDOH D de comunicare; b) de
FXQRDúWHUH FXYkQWXO HVWH XQ LQVWUXPHQW GH H[WUDJHUH RUJDQL]DUH úL SUHOXFUDUH D
LQIRUPD LLORU ORU F de reglare FXYkQWXO LQIOXHQ HD] GHVIúXUDUHD DWkWDSURFHVHlor
SVLKLFHSHSODQVXELHFWLYLQWHUQFkWúLDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUSHSODQRELHFWLYH[WHUQG
OXGLFMRFXULGHFXYLQWHFXFDUDFWHUGLVWUDFWLY).

9,,,352&(6(/('(5(*/$5($7(1,$ù,92,1$

1. $7(1,$ 3R]L LD DWHQ LHL vQ VWUXFWXUD SVLKRORJLHL JHQHUDOH a fost puternic
FRQWURYHUVDW GLQ HOHPHQW FHQWUDO vQ SVLKRORJLD LQWURVSHF LRQLVW GHYLQH OLSVLW GH
FRQVLVWHQ  vQ EHKDYLRULVP 'H DVHPHQHD V-D GLVFXWDW PXOW GDF WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDW
XQSURFHVRVWDUHRDFWLYLWDWHVDXRFRQGL LHIDFLOLWDWRDUH
Prima coQVWDWDUHGHFDUHWUHEXLHV LQHPVHDPDvQGHILQLUHDDWHQ LHLWUHEXLHV
ILHDFHHDFHDQXSRVHGXQFRQ LQXWLQIRUPD LRQDOSURSULXFHDGHDGRXDFRQVWDWDUH
WUHEXLH V ILH DFHHD F DWHQ LD FDUDFWHUL]HD] WRDWH SURFHVHOH SVLKLFH GHFXQRDúWHUHúL
toate actHOH FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH ILQDOLVWH FRQúWLHQWH 'LQ FHOH GRX FRQVWDWUL VH
GHVSULQGH FRQFOX]LDFWHUPHQXOFHOPDLDGHFYDWSHQWUXGHILQLUHDDWHQ LHLHVWHFHOGH
 20

mecanism psihic de reglare. Astfel, DWHQ LD HVWH PHFDQLVPXO SVLKLF SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO
FUXLD VH SRWHQ HD] úL VH RULHQWHD] VHOHFWLY DFWLYLWDWHD SHUFHSWLY DFWLYLWDWHD
PLQWDO GH JkQGLUH úL DFWLYLWDWHD PRWRULH H[WHUQ FUHkQGX-VH FRQGL LL
psihofiziologice optime de finalizare.
$WHQ LDSXQHvQHYLGHQ RVHULHGHWUVWXULVDXFDOLW LFDUHDXYDORUL diferite
ODGLIHULWHSHUVRDQHFHHDFHIDFHQHFHVDUWHVWDUHDúLHYDOXDUHDHL
&HOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH FDOLW L FDUH VH FHU D IL GHWHUPLQDWH úL PVXUDWH VXQW
1) concentrareaFDUHH[SULPJUDGXOGHDFWLYDUHúLLQWHQVLWDWHDIRFDOL]ULLFRQúWLLQ HL
úL FRQWUROXOXL YROXQWDU vQ FDGUXO SHUFHS LHL JkQGLULL úL DF LXQLL  distributivitatea,
FDUH FRQVW vQ FRQFHQWUDUHD VLPXOWDQ D FRQúWLLQ HL úL FRQWUROXOXL YROXQWDU DVXSUD D
GRXVDXPDLPXOWRURELHFWHVDXDFWLYLW LstabilitateaSURSULHWDWHDDWHQ LHi de a se
PHQ LQH OD QLYHO RSWLP GH FRQFHQWUDUH SH WRDW GXUDWD GHVIúXUULL XQHL DFWLYLW L
RSXV HL HVWH LQVWDELOLWDWHD FDUH DUH LQIOXHQ  SXWHUQLF SHUWXUEDWRDUH DWkW DVXSUD
vQY ULLFkWúLDVXSUDDFWLYLW LLSURIHVLRQDOHmobilitatea, proprietateDDWHQ LHLGH
a-úLGHSODVDSXQFWXORSWLPHLFRQFHQWUULvQFRQFRUGDQ FXVXFFHVLXQHDHYHQLPHQWHORU
úL VHFYHQ HORU DFWLYLW LL RSXVXO HL HVWH ULJLGLWDWHD VDX IL[LWDWHD – VWDJQDUHD DWHQ LHL
într-un punct.
ÌQ H[SOLFDUHD DWHQ LHL VH FRQIUXQW GRX WLSXUL GH Podele: fiziologice úL
psihofiziologice. Primele pun accentul pe rolul sistemului reticulat activator ascendent
úL SH UDSRUWXULOH GH LQGXF LH UHFLSURF GLQWUH H[FLWD LH úL LQKLEL LD FHQWUDO GH FDUH VH
OHDJ vQ SODQ FRPSRUWDPHQWDO UHIOH[XO GH RULHQWDUH úL Pozaicul cortical cu crearea
VXFFHVLY úL VHOHFWLY D GRPLQDQWHORU IXQF LRQDOH &HOHODOWH SVLKRIL]LRORJLFH SXQ
DFFHQWXO SH LQWHUDF LXQHD GLQWUH PHFDQLVPHOH QHXURQDOH úL IDFWRULL SVLKLFL FXP DU IL
PRWLYD LD YDORDUHD VFRSXOXL GHSHQGHQ D VDX LQGHSHQGHQ D de câmp, respectiv,
LQWURYHUVLDúLH[WUDYHUVLDIRU DYRLQ HLDXWRFRPDQGDúLDXWRVWLPXODUHDYHUEDO
2. 9RLQ D. 9RLQ D HVWH PRGDOLWDWHD VXSHULRDU GH DXWRUHJODUH D VLVWHPXOXL
SVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOFDUHvQIRUPDVDFRPSOHWHVWHSURSULHRPXOXLúLVHvPSOHWHúWH
VWUkQVFXGH]YROWDUHDIXQF LLORUFRQúWLLQ HL.
6WLPXOLL VSHFLILFL FDUH GHWHUPLQ FRQVWLWXLUHD EORFXOXL IXQF LRQDO DO UHJODMXOXL
voluntar sunt obstacolulúLdificultatea sarcinilorFURUDLQGLYLGXOXPDQWUHEXLHVOH
IDF ID  vQF GLQ SULPHOH ]LOH GXS QDúWHUH &D IDFWRUL LQWHUQL IDYRUL]DQ L VH
PHQ LRQHD] IRU D SURFHVHORU QHUYRDVH IXQGDPHQWDOH – H[FLWD LD úL LQKLEL LD –,
HFKLOLEUXODFHVWRUSURFHVHPRWLYD LDUH]LVWHQ DODWHQWD LL
5H]XOWDWXQFLFYRLQ DQXVHUHGXFHODXQVLPSOXLPSXOVVSUHDF LXQHúLQXHVWH
QLFL R IRU  VSLULWXDO SXU FL R FRQVWUXF LH SVLKRIL]LRORJLF FRPSOH[ FDUH VH
GH]YROWWUHSWDWvQRQWRJHQH]vQFRQWH[WXODFWLYLW LLIL]LFHúLLQWHOHFWXDOH–vQÄOXSW´
cu obstacole de diferite grade de dificultate.
2 DVWIHO GH vQ HOHJHUH D QDWXULL úL UROXOXL YRLQ HL QH SHUPLWH V GHSúLP DWkW
WHRULDOLEHUXOXLDUELWUXSRWULYLWFUHLDYRLQ DHVWHRIRU SULPRUGLDOVLWXDWvQDIDUD
RULFUXL GHWHUPLQLVP FkW úL WHRULD IDWDOLVW D GHVWLQXOXL LPSODFDELO FDUH FRQVLGHU
DF LXQLOH YROXQWDre ale omului ca fiind supuse unui determinism intern, orb, ca în
SVLKDQDOL]VDXDPELHQWDOFDvQEHKDYLRULVP
3UH]HQ D PHFDQLVPHORU UHJODMXOXL YROXQWDU FRQIHU VXELHFWXOXL XPDQ DWULEXWXO
DXWRGHWHUPLQULL GDU DFHDVWD vQ HOHDV QX vQ VHQVXO VXVWUDJHULL DF LXQLL XQRU IDFWRUL
H[WUDYROL LRQDOLFLvQVHQVXOOLEHUW LLGHDIDFHRS LXQLúLGHDHODERUDGHFL]LLFDUHV
FRQFRUGHFXSULQFLSLXOQHFHVLW LLRELHFWLYH
$FWXO YROXQWDU DUH R VWUXFWXU SVLKRORJLF PXOWLID]LF HO SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ 
FkWHYDYHULJLúLDQXPHDSDUL LDLPSXOVXOXLVSUHDF LXQHúLIRUPXODUHDVFRSXOXL
DQDOL]DúLOXSWDPRWLYHORUDWXQFLFkQGVXELHFWXOHVWHFRQIUXQWDWFXPDLPXOWHFHULQ H
VDX VROLFLWUL FDUH WUHEXLH VXSXVH HYDOXULL FRPSDUDWLYH  HODERUDUHD úL DGRSWDUHD
 21

deciziei de aF LXQH úL LQVWDODUHD VWULL VXELHFWLYH GH DXWRGHWHUPLQDUH Ä9UHDX DFHVW
OXFUX´ Ä9UHDX V DF LRQH] DúD´  H[HFX LD WUHFHUHD HIHFWLY OD DWLQJHUHD VFRSXOXL
SURSXVFXVXUPRQWDUHDREVWDFROHORUFDUHSRWDSDUHSHWUDLHFWRULDDF LXQLLDQDOL]D
rezultatulXL úL JHQHUDUHD LQIRUPD LHL IHHGEDFN GH YDOLGDUH VDX GH FRUHF LH &D
PHFDQLVP UHJODWRU FX VIHU GH DF LXQH OD QLYHOXO VLVWHPXOXL VXSUDRUGRQDW DO
SHUVRQDOLW LL YRLQ D VH FRQFUHWL]HD] SULQWU-XQ VHW GH WUVWXUL JHQHUDOH SUHFXP 
IRU D VDX WULD FDUH H[SULP JUDGXO GH HIRUW SH FDUH R SHUVRDQ SRDWH V-O VXV LQ
SHQWUX vQYLQJHUHD REVWDFROHORU LQWHUQH VDX H[WHUQH  SHUVHYHUHQ D FDUH FRQVW vQ
PHQ LQHUHD VDX UHSHWDUHD HIRUWXOXL YROXQWDU SkQ OD ILQDOL]DUHD DF LXQLL 
FRQVHFYHQ D FDUH UHSUH]LQW UH]LVWHQ D OLQLHL GH FRQGXLW DGRSWDWH OD LQIOXHQ D
SHUWXUEDWRDUHSUHFXPúLFRQFRUGDQ DGLQWUHYRUEHúLIDSWHIHUPLWDWHDFDUHH[SULP
capacitatea subiectului de a-úLPHQ LQHKRWUkUHDOXDWvQSRILGDGLYHUVHORUSUHVLXQLFH
VH H[HUFLW GLQ DIDU DVXSUD OXL  LQGHSHQGHQ D FDUH UHSUH]LQW FDSDFLWDWHD
VXELHFWXOXL GH D OXD SH FRQW SURSULX DGRSWDUHD GHFL]LHL úL KRWUkULL GH DF LXQH IU D
DSHOD OD VSULMLQ H[WHUQ  LQL LDWLYD FDUH H[SULP JUDGXO GH DFWLYLVP LQWHUQ DO
subiectului, promptitudinea de implicaUHvQDF LXQHvQWU-RVLWXD LHVDXDOWD

IX. PERSONALITATEA

1. 3UHFL]UL WHUPLQRORJLFH ÌQ SVLKRORJLH FD GH DOWIHO úL vQ FHOHODOWH úWLLQ H
VRFLRXPDQH FLUFXO GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL FD VLQRQLPH WUHL WHUPHQL LQGLYLG
SHUVRDQ SHUVRQDOLWDWH /D RDQDOL]PDLDWHQWFHLWUHLWHUPHQLH[SULPFRQ LQXWXUL
diferite.
7HUPHQXOGHLQGLYLGGHVHPQHD]DFHDHQWLWDWHLQGLYL]LELOFDUHHVWHGHWHUPLQDW
ELRORJLF (O HVWH DSOLFDELO vQ GHVFULHUHD úL DQDOL]D QX QXPDL D RPXOXL FL D RULFUXL
organism viu –SODQWVDXDnimal.
7HUPHQXO GH SHUVRDQ HVWH FRUHVSRQGHQWXO vQ SODQ VRFLDO DO LQGLYLGXOXL GLQ
SODQXO ELRORJLF (O GHVHPQHD] LQGLYLGXO XPDQ FD HQWLWDWH FRQFUHW vQWU-un cadru
UHOD LRQDOGDWDúDFXPHVWHSHUFHSXWGHFHLGLQMXU
Termenul de personalitate este legat vQ VRFLRORJLH LVWRULH HWLF ILORVRILH GH
atributul valorii; în psihologie el se ia într-RDFFHS LXQHGLIHULWFDGHVHPQkQGmodul
úLJUDGXOGHLQWHJUDUHúLLHUDUKL]DUHVLVWHPLFDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUELRORJLFHSVLKLFH
úLVRFLRFXOWXUDOHODRPXOQRUPDOFRQViderat într-un mediu social concret.
$VWIHO GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VHPDQWLF úL RSHUD LRQDO SHUVRQDOLWDWHD HVWH XQ
FRQFHSW LQWHJUDWRU VXSUDRUGRQDW FDUH VXERUGRQHD] WRDWH FHOHODOWH FRQFHSWH DOH
SVLKRORJLHLLQFOXVLYSHFHOHGHSVLKLFFRQúWLLQ FRPSRUWDPHnt.
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH RQWRORJLF SHVRQDOLWDWHD UHSUH]LQW R UHDOLWDWH FRPSOH[
FDUHIDFHRELHFWGHVWXGLXSHQWUXELRORJLDXPDQSHQWUXSVLKRORJLHSHQWUXVRFLRORJLH
SHQWUXHWLFúLILORVRILH
3VLKRORJLD VH RFXS FX VWXGLXO FRPSRQHQWHL SVLKLFH úL D FRPportamentelor
PHGLDWHSVLKLFDOHDFHVWHLUHDOLW L
2. 'LUHF LLGHGHILQLUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLvQSVLKRORJLH
'HFkQGSHUVRQDOLWDWHDDGHYHQLWXQGRPHQLXVSHFLILFGHFHUFHWDUHSVLKRORJLF
(deceniul al treilea al sec. XX), definirea ei a suscitat mari controYHUVHFHHDFHDIFXW
V DSDU XQ QXPU IRDUWH PDUH GH GHILQL LL vQ  0F&OHOODQG LQYHQWDULD QX PDL
SX LQGHIRUPXOULGLIHULWHLDUODvQFHSXWXOGHFHQLXOXLDO,;OHDQXPUXODFHVWRUD
GHSúHD
Este meritul lui G. Allport de a fi realizat o prLP VLVWHPDWL]DUH D GHILQL LLORU
existente, el identificând trei grupe mari: 1) GHILQL LLSULQHIHFWH[WHUQ; 2) GHILQL LLSULQ
VWUXFWXULQWHUQúLGHILQL LLSR]LWLYLVWH.
 22

'HILQL LD FDUH SDUH V DLE FLUFXOD LD FHD PDL PDUH HVWH XUPWRDUHD
„Personalitatea este unitatea bio-psiho-VRFLDOFDUHVHIRUPHD]VWDGLDOvQRQWRJHQH]
úLGHWHUPLQXQPRGVSHFLILFúLUHODWLYVWDELOGHUDSRUWDUHDRPXOXLODOXPHúLODVLQH
vQVXúL´
ÌQ GHVFULHUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL vQWkOQLP SDWUX PRGHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH  modelul
analitLF DO WUVWXULORU 2) PRGHOXO IDFWRULDO WUVWXULOH VXQW vQORFXLWH FX IDFWRUL
QXPHULFPDLSX LQúLPDLULJXURVGHILQLELOL3)PRGHOXOEORFXULORUIXQF LRQDOH: blocul
dinamico-energetic (temperamentul) blocul conativ-UHOD LRQDO FDUDFWHUXO EORFXO
instrXPHQWDO DSWLWXGLQLOH EORFXO GH RULHQWDUH úL D[LRORJLF LGHDOXUL YDORUL
dominante); modelul Big-)LYH FDUH SXQH OD ED]D VWUXFWXULL SHUVRQDOLW LL FLQFL
GLPHQVLXQL H[WUDYHUVLD DUDW FDSDFLWDWHD GH RULHQWDUH D SHUVRDQHL FWUH H[WHULRU
modul de implicarH vQ DF LXQH VRFLDELOLWDWHD DJUHDELOLWDWHD LQFOXGH GLIHUHQ H
LQGLYLGXDOH UHOHYDWH GH LQWHUDF LXQHD VRFLDO – SULHWHQLH SOFHUH FRQúWLLQFLR]LWDWHD
YL]HD] PRGXO FRQFUHW DO LQGLYLGXOXL GH D DERUGD VDUFLQLOH DFWLYLW LOH SUREOHPHOH
FDUH DSDU vQ YLD D OXL VWDELOLWDWHD HPR LRQDO GLIHUHQ H LQGLYLGXDOH UHIHULWRDUH OD
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH VWUXFWXULL HPR LRQDOH FXOWXUD VDX LQWHOHFWXO DUDW GLIHULWHOH
FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH IXQF LLORU LQWHOHFWXDOH FUHDWLYLWDWH LQYHQWLYLWDWH GHVFKLGHUH OD
H[SHULHQ 
StruFWXUD úL WUVWXULOH GH ED] DOH SHUVRQDOLW LL VH FRQVLGHU vQ SULQFLSLX
elaborate la vârsta de 20-24 de ani – R GDW FX WUHFHUHD GH OD DGROHVFHQ D WkU]LH OD
maturitate.
ÌQDFHDVWVWUXFWXUúLvQDFHVWHWUVWXULVHUHIOHFWúLVHvPSOHWHVFvQWU-un mod
sSHFLILF JHQHUDOXO ÄÌQ DQXPLWH SULYLQ H WR L RDPHQLL VXQW OD IHO´ SDUWLFXODUXO ÄÌQ
DQXPLWHSULYLQ HXQLLRDPHQLVXQWODIHOúLLQGLYLGXDOXOÄÌQDQXPLWHSULYLQ HQLFLXQ
RPQXHVWHODIHOFXFHOODOW´
ÌQ GHVFULHUHD úL DQDOL]D SHUVRQDOLW LL VH DSHOHD] OD SURFHGHXO FODVLILFULORU
WLSRORJLFH&ULWHULLOHVXQWIRDUWHGLIHULWHSULQFRQ LQXWXOSHFDUH-OYL]HD]úLSULQDULDGH
FXSULQGHUH FULWHULL WHPSHUDPHQWDOH SHUVRQDOLW L LQWURYHUWLWH úL SHUVRQDOLW L
H[WUDYHUWLWH VDX SHUVRQDOLW L IOHJPDWLFH SHUVRQDOLW L FROHULFH HWF FULWHULL
FDUDFWHULDOH SHUVRQDOLW L LQWHJUH úL SHUVRQDOLW L FRUXSWLELOH FULWHULL DSWLWXGLQDOH
SHUVRQDOLW L vQDOW SURGXFWLYH úL HILFLHQWH SHUVRQDOLW L PHGLL SHUVRQDOLW L VODE
SURGXFWLYHúLHILFLHQWHFULWHULLGHRUJDQL]DUHLQWHUQSHUVRQDOLW LPDWXUHúLDUPRQLRV
GH]YROWDWHSHUVRQDOLW LPDWXUHDFFHQWXDWHSHUVRQDOLW LLPDWXUHHWF