• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • 1
    CommentGo Back
 
 
1
 
Chapter-4Solutions and Their Behavior 
1-IntrodutionA solution
is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase.It is usual to think of the component present in largest amount as the
solvent
andthe other component as the
solute.
Most of the solutions that first come to mind probably involve
water
as the
solvent
: apple cider, soft drinks, and pure water. Some consumer products(lubricating oils, gasoline, household cleaners), however, involve a liquid other than water as the solvent.Still other solutions do not involve a liquid solvent at all. The air you breathe is asolution of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases.Glass objects are all around you. Although glass is variously referred to as anamorphous solid or a supercooled liquid, it is a solution of metal oxides (Na
2
O andCaO, among others) in silicon dioxide.Finally, the solder that is used to make connections in your calculator or computer is a solid solution of tin, lead, and other metals.Although many types of solutions exist, our objective in this chapter is to developan understanding of gases, liquids, and solids dissolved in
liquid 
solvents.
 
Common sense tells you that adding a solute to a pure liquid must change the properties of the liquid, because the intermolecular forces are changed or disrupted.Indeed, this is the reason some solutions are made. For instance, adding antifreezeto your car’s coolant water prevents the coolant from boiling over in the summer and freezing up in the winter.
Provided By Www.IonsClub.Com
To download this document or other ones visit your site at Www.IonsClub.Com
The official website of the pharmacy college in syrian international university for science and technology
 
 
2
 
As we will describe shortly, the changes in freezing and boiling points from puresolvent to solution are called
colligative properties.
The
magnitude of colligative
 
 properties
-changes in freezing point, boiling point,and vapor pressure from solvent to solution, as well as solution osmotic pressure-
ideally
depend 
 
only on the number of solute particles per solvent molecule and not on the nature of 
 
the solute or solvent.
 Three major topics are covered in this chapter:
First
, because colligative properties depend on the relative number of solvent andsolute particles in solution, convenient ways of describing solution concentrationin these terms are required.
Second
, we consider how and why the solutions form on the molecular level. Thisgives us some insight into the
third
topic, the colligative properties themselves.
2-
UNITS OF CONCENTRATION 
To define the colligative properties of a solution, we need ways of measuringsolute concentrations that reflect the number of molecules or ions of solute per molecule of solvent.Several concentration units do reflect the number of molecules or ions of solute per solvent molecule : molality, mole fraction, weight percent, and parts per million.
Molarity (M)
is defined as the number of moles of solute
 per liter of solution.
 Molar concentration of solute A,
M = moles of A / liters of solutionM = n
2
(mol) / V(
ℓ
) (1)
For example, the flask on the right side in Figure 4.1 contains a 0.10
molar 
aqueous solution of potassium chromate that was made by adding enough water 
 
to 0.10 mol of K 
2
CrO
4
(19.4 g) to make 1.0
ℓ
of solution. No attention was given to how much solvent (water) was actually added. If 1.00
ℓ
 of water had been added to 19.4 g of K 
2
CrO
4
, however, the volume of solutionwould be 1.00
ℓ
 
only
if the solute and solvent together take up exactly 1.00
ℓ
of volume.
 
 
3
 
As illustrated by the flask on the left side in Figure 4.1, this is certainly not thecase here, and it is almost never true. Making up a solution to have a particular volume does not ensure that the number of molecules of solvent is known.
Figure 4.1
Molarity and molality
:
 
The photo shows a 0.100
molal
solution(0.100
m
) of potassium chromate (flask onthe left) and a 0.100
molar 
solution(0.100 M) (flask on the ight).In the flask on the right, 0.100 mole(19.4 g) of K 
2
CrO
4
was mixed withenough water to make1.0
ℓ
of solution.(The volumetric flask was filled to themark on its neck, an indication thevolume is exactly 1.0
ℓ
). Exactly 1000 g(1.00 kg) of water was added to 0.100 molof K 
2
CrO
4
in the flask on the left.Adding1.00 kg of water leads to asolution clearly having a volume greater than 1.0
ℓ
. (The small pile of yellow solidin front the flasks is 0.100 mol of K 
2
CrO
4
.)
The
molality
of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute
 per kilogram
of solvent. Molality of A
 m
= moles of A / kilograms of solvent
 
 m
=
 
n
2
(mol) /
 
W
1
(kg)
 
(2)
The solution in the flask on the left side of Figure 4.1, for example, has amolality of Molality of K 
2
CrO
4
= 19.4 g x(1 mol /194 g) / 1.00 kg water 
 
= 0.100
m
  Notice that different quantities of water were used to make the 0.10 M and 0.10
m
solutions of K 
2
CrO
4
in Figure 4.1.This means that the
molarity and 
 
molality of a given solution cannot be the same
(although the difference is negligibly small when the solution is quite dilute, sayless than 0.01 M).
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...