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"cultural objects, (...) public representations of mental objects of a

particular type that are produced in the brains of mathematicians and are
propagated from one brain to another" (p. 35)Are posteriori results of
evolution" (P. 36)The existence of mathematics has as much to do
with the evolution of our knowledge acquisition apparatus our brain
as it does with the evolution of mathematical objects themselves" (p. 40).
"Mental representations memory objects are coded in the brain as
forms in the Gestalt sense, and stored in the neurons and synapses,
despite significant variability in synaptic efficacy" (p. 128).
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A complete molecule can be duplicated in three ways. If it is solid and
three dimensional only a supernatural agency, a divine copyist, can, entering
its inner complexity, reproduce it in detail. If we prefer a natural
solution, we must imagine the molecule stretched out either in a plane
or along a line. In either case the simpler constituent molecules have
only to arrange themselves one by one on their identical partners in the
original molecule, and then become linked to each other by the absorption
of suitable quanta from radiation or from second order collisions. That such
autocatalysis is possible is indicated by recent work in Russia
and America, where the regular atomic arrays of metallic catalysts
are shown to operate like laceworkers frames on which simple organic
molecules settle to be joined into larger aggregates. A two-dimensional
reproduction of this kind is impossible, owing to the fact that the constituent
amino acids in nature are not symmetrical, but exist in right
or left hand forms. Two-dimensional reproduction would lead to mirror
image molecules, which are not found in nature. There remains then
only one dimensional reproduction. At the moment of reproduction, but
not necessarily at any other time, the molecule of the protein must be
imagined as a pseudo-linear, associating itself, element by element, with
identical groups, related by an axis instead of a plane of symmetry, and
thus preserving only right or only left handed symmetry." Bernal 1931 in
Cartwright 2012 P 9-10
the latest estimates indicate that there are some 23 000 genes in the human
genome, is suffcient to construct a human being. How does so little
information control so much behaviour? It is clear that genes must often
act as choreographers, coding the big picture while leaving the detailed steps
to be self-organized and self-assembled by physical and chemical processes.
Cartwright 2012 P 10
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17

With the advent of inexpensive simple humanoid robots,

new classes of robotic questions can be considered experimentally. One
of these is collective behavior of groups of humanoid robots, and in
particular robot synchronization and swarming. The goal of this work is
to robustly synchronize a group of humanoid robots, and to demonstrate
the approach experimentally on a choreography of 8 robots. We aim to be
robust to network latencies, and to allow robots to join or leave the group
at any time (for example a fallen robot should be able to stand up to
rejoin the choreography). Contraction theory is used to allow each robot
in the group to synchronize to a common virtual oscillator, and quorum
sensing strategies are exploited to fit within the available bandwidth. Patrick
B 2012 P1
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20

( ) + ((( ) )+ + = )
+ + ) )+ (( = ))
) ) )+ (())).
"If general conditions are satisfied, the accumulation of adaptations in chemical
reaction networks can occur. These conditions are the existence of rare reactions
producing viable cores (analogous to a genotype), that sustains a molecular
periphery (analogous to a phenotype).
We conclude that only when a chemical reaction network consists of many such
viable cores, can it be evolvable. When many cores are enclosed in a compartment
there is competition between cores within the same compartment, and when there
are many compartments, there is between-compartment competition due to the
phenotypic effects of cores and their periphery at the compartment level. Acquisition
of cores by rare chemical events, and loss of cores at division, allows macromutation,
limited heredity and selectability, thus explaining how a poor mans natural selection
could have operated prior to genetic templates. This is the only demonstration to
date of a mechanism by which pre-template accumulation of adaptation could occur."
(Vasas 2012 P 1)

"This

process

of

combining,

splitting,

and

recombining

di

erent subRAFs (presumed to be compartmentalized replicating entities) can give rise

to inheritance, mutation, and competition, i.e., indeed evolvability It is in this
context that a possibly exponential number of irrRAFs that can exist within a given
maxRAF has an important (and positive, in terms of evolvability) consequence.
Furthermore, next to evolvability, the example from the previous section also
illustrates how RAF (sub)sets can enable their own growth or even each other's
coming into existence.
Taking this one step further, one could imagine a collection of mutually dependent
RAF sets forming a meta-RAF set: one set enabling (catalyzing) the existence of
another, in mutually beneficial ways. In other words, self-sustaining, functionally
closed structures can arise at a higher level (an autocatalytic set of autocatalytic
sets), i.e., true emergence. And this, in turn, opens up the possibility of open-ended
evolution." Hordijk 2012, P 8-9

21

 ,X-- ,
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22

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. ,D, N , X ,XNA
,
.
"Genetic information storage and processing rely on just two polymers, DNA
and RNA, yet whether their role reflects evolutionary history or fundamental
functional constraints is currently unknown. With the use of polymerase
evolution and design, we show that genetic information can be stored in
and recovered from six alternative genetic polymers based on simple
nucleic acid architectures not found in nature [xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs)]. We
also select XNA aptamers, which bind their targets with high affinity and
specificity, demonstrating that beyond heredity, specific XNAs have the
capacity for Darwinian evolution and folding into defined structures. Thus,
heredity and evolution, two hallmarks of life, are not limited to DNA and
RNA but are likely to be emergent properties of polymers capable of
information storage." P 1

: - ,1.5.2
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24

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We have discovered that Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium cell motion

is not a simple random walk. Unlike a Lvy walk, no intrinsic scale
invariance in cell trajectory is apparent. Unlike an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck
process, cell velocity distributions deviate from a Gaussian velocity
distribution. Unlike a worm-like-chain model, the observed oscillations
in angles indicate a well-developed and organized cellular mechanism
driving the observed behavior. With respect to searching strategy, a left
turn tends to be followed by a right turn. Cells move forward in a zig-zag
manner and maintain a long directional persistence. In this way, time
25

wasted on exhaustive back and forth searching is greatly reduced, thereby

enlarging the search area and improving search efficiency.

1.5.3- -: .
.
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,'' )( -- , -
, ) ( ,
) ( , )
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.1

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"It has been hypothesized that the processing of visual information in primates
is accomplished by two parallel visual pathways with different spatial
and temporal characteristics. In general, the magnocellular system is most
sensitive to low spatial frequencies, has high temporal resolution and
responds quickly and transiently to moving targets. This system is thought to
be involved in such things as brightness discrimination, the perception of
motion and depth, the localization of visual stimuli in space and in the
global analysis of visual scenes". P492

26


1.

Barabasi A. L 2012 "The Network Take Over", Material Physics,

Volume 8,
2.

Barabasi A. L. 2003 "Scale-Free Networks", Scientific American,

May
3.

Cartwright J. H. and Mackay A. 2012 "Beyond crystals: the dialectic

of materials and information", http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.3997v1.pdf

4.

Changeux J. Connes A. 1995, Conversations on Mind, Matter,

and Mathematics, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1995

Hellige J. B. 1996 "Hemispheric asymmetry for visual
information processing", Acta Neurobiology, 54
5.

27

PLoS One. 2008 May 7;3(5):e2093.

Persistent cell motion in the absence of external signals: a search
strategy for eukaryotic cells.
Li L, Nrrelykke SF, Cox EC.
"Cheater-resistance is not futile" 2009 Nature September, Anupama Khare1,
Lorenzo A. Santorelli1,2, Joan E. Strassmann2, David C. Queller2, Adam
Kuspa1,2,3 & Gad Shaulsky1,2

The Social Amoebae: The Biology of Cellular Slime Molds

John Tyler Bonner, 2008

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjRPla0BONA

Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostelium

Discoideum, Joan E. Strassmann, Yong Zhu & David C. Queller
http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/Bio_complexity/11.%20Swarming%20Intelligence/DctyCheaters.pdf

"Site-specific chromosomal integration of large synthetic constructs"

Thomas E. Kuhlman* and Edward C. Cox , 2010 ,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847246/?tool=pubmed

Pinheiro, et al. 2012 "Synthetic Genetic Polymers Capable of Heredity and

Evolution", Science 20

Hordijk W. 2010 "Autocatalytic Sets and the Origin of Life", Entropy, 12

Hordijk W. 2012 "The Structure of Autocatalytic Sets: Evolvability, Enablement and
Emergence", http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.0584.pdf

28

Vasas V. 2012 "Evolution Before Genes" Biology Direct, 7

"The evolutionary origins of modularity"
Jeff Clune, , Jean-Baptiste Mouret, Hod Lipson, 2012
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1207.2743v1.pdf
Graphene re-knits its holes", Recep Zan, Quentin M. Ramasse, Ursel Bangert"
and Konstantin S. Novoselov

Synchronization and quorum sensing in a swarm of

humanoid robots, Patrick B. 2012

29