AN EXPERIMENT OF OHMS LAW

A. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT There are two purposes which want to be achieved from this experiment. 1. Determining the resistance of resistor by Ohms Law. 2. Investigating the effect of varied voltage and current through the resistance by Ohms Law.

B. TOOLS AND MATERIALS Here are the tools and materials needed in order to do this experiment. 1. Power Supply (20 volt DC) 2. Circuit Board 3. Single Pole Switch 4. Connector Cables (5 pieces) 5. Analogue Multimeter (voltmeter; ssn = 0.2 volt; 0 - 10 volt DC) 6. Analogue Amperemeter (ssn = 10 mA; 0 500 mA DC) 7. Resistor (100 , 2 watt)

C. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY George Simon Ohm stated that the current through the conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. The proportionality is going to be an equation if the right side is multiplied by a constant called conductance (G) with unit 1 . = . (1) This conductance is the inverse of resistance (R) with unit ohm (). = (2) Substituting the second equation to the first, it would be:
1

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 = (3) Where: R = the resistance of conductor (ohm), V = the potential difference between two end points of conductor (volt), and I = electric current flowing through the conductor (ampere). Equation 3 is well known as Ohms Law. This relationship of these three quantities can be drawn as this following graph. Voltage (V) Resistance (R)

Electric current (I) Graph I. Relationship between I and V The magnitude of resistance (R) can be determined by ohm meter or by multimeter (multitester). In other way, it is also possible to use Ohmss Law in order to determine the magnitude of resistance if the potential electricity (voltage) and a electricity current are known.

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D. EXPERIMENT METHOD Here are the methods for how to do this experiment. 1. Preparing the tools and materials that we can use in the experiment. 2. Checking and calibrating the tools and materials. 3. Arranging the tools and materials as the following figure

Power Supply

4. Arranging the voltmeter in parallel position through the resistance. 5. Arranging the amperemeter in series position through the resistance. 6. Turning on the power supply and varying the voltage as much as 10 times. 7. Measuring the electric current in ampere meter and the voltage in voltmeter. 8. Writing the recorded data in this table. No 1 2 3 4 5 Voltage (V) Electric current (I) (mA)

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E. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE Data analysis technique that is going to be used in order to analysis the data of this experiment shown below. 1. The Resistance of Each Trial. = Where; = R is the resistance (ohm) V is the measured voltage (volt) I is the measured electricity current (ampere) 2. The Average Resistance
=10

=
=1

Where n is the amount of trial. 3. The Accuracy of Resistance (R)

=8

=
=1

( ) 1

4. The Final Result of Resistance () = + 5. The Relative Error 100% If the value of relative error is less than 10%, the result of experiment is acceptable. =

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F. DATA OF EXPERIMENT The following are the data recorded during the experiment. NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Voltage (volt) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 3.4 4.1 5.0 5.6 7.0 7.8 Current (mA) 10 15 20 23 34 41 49 54 68 80

G. DATA ANALYSIS 1. The Resistance of Each Trial (R) To determine the resistance for each trial, first it needs to change the unit of electricity current from (mA) into (A), where 1 mA = 0.001 A. Then, the resistance for each trial is measured by the equation = NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V (Volt) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 3.4 4.1 5.0 5.6 7.0 7.8 I (A) 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.023 0.034 0.041 0.049 0.054 0.068 0.080

R (Ohm) 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 102.0 103.7 111.8 97.5

(Ohm) -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -5.4 -1.1 -1.1 0.9 2.6 10.7 -3.6

( ) 1.21 1.21 1.21 29.68 1.21 1.21 0.89 6.78 113.74 12.96

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1010.7

170.09

2. The Average Resistance () The average resistance is determined by the formula

=10

=
=1

1010.7 10

= 101.1 3. The Accuracy of Resistance (R)

=10

=
=1 =10

( ) ( 1)

=
=1

170.09 90

= 1.4 4. The Final Result of Resistance () = + = 101.1 1.4 5. The Relative Error 100% 1.4 = 100% 101.1 = = 1.38% The value of (RE) tells us that the result of this experiment is acceptable.

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H. DISCUSSION According to the data analysis of the experiment, It is retrieved the following results. a. The final resistance of resistor (R) is 101.1 1.4 which shows us that the real value is between the intervals of 102.5 till 99.7 . b. The Relative Error (RE) of experiment is 1.38% that tells us that the result of this experiment is acceptable. It is believed that there are some errors that estimated inflence to the final of this experiment. 1. Common Error Common error is error that occurs because of the human error. The common error of this experiment is the parallax error in the reading scale of ampermeter and voltmeter. 2. Systematic Error Systematic error is an error that occurs because of the instruments used as the influence of the environment at the time of trials. The systematic error of this experiment is caused by ampermeter and voltmeter which did not work well. Then, it is also because of some problem occurs through the connector cables. 3. Random Error Random error is an error which the caused factors are uninvestigated. The random error of this experiment is the fluctuation of voltage, magnetic field, vibration of air, etc. In addition, here are the errors of students and the suggestions to overcome them. 1. At the time of ampermeter and voltmeter used, the result shown often varied because of the influence of vibration of the table, so that it can influence the outcome of the experiment. This can be solved by do the right way in holding the ampermeter and voltmeter so could reduce the vibrations that occur and the results obtained can be maximum. 2. The limited knowledge of sudents in reading the scale of ampermeter, voltmeter, and electricity series. This can be resolved by asking to the laboratory in charge of making practicum instructors run smoothly.

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I. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 1. Conclusion Based on the results of the experiment and the discussion above, it can be summed up as follows. a. The final resistance of resistor (R) is 101.1 1.4 which shows us that the real value is between the intervals of 102.5 till 99.7 . The Relative Error (RE) of experiment is 1.38% that tells us that the result of this experiment is acceptable. b. The factors cause the relative errors in the trials is due to from both the human and the instruments used and the environment in which human do experiments that may affect the results data. 2. Suggestion The suggestion that can be provided to the readers and other human in order to do the same experiment is checking the necessary equipment. Do the tool and the material taken or provided is still eligible to use or could still be used or not. If actually it still can be used, then use them with well, but if the tool used is not good, its recommend to replace it with the good others because it will affect the final results of the experiment.

J. ANSWER OF THE QUESTION 1. Determine the value of R based on the data that we get! Decelerate the result in form = + and the RE of the experiment! Answer: From the experiment above the value that we get for the = + = 101.1 1.4 with relative error (RE) is 1,38 %. So that, the result of this experiment is acceptable because the error is less than 10%.

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2. Make graph I-V and based on that graph determine the value of R! Answer:
90 80 70 60

50
40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

V(volt) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.2 3.4 4.1 5.0 5.6 The value of

I (ampere) 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.023 0.034 0.041 0.049 0.054

= tan () 100.0 100.0 100.0 95.7 100.0 100.0 102.0 103.7 1010.7

Where; 3. Compare the R value that we get from the result 1 and 2, and make simple analyze to = tan = both of the result! Answer: 9|OHMS LAW

From the result 1 and 2 we can analyze that both of the value of R are same. Its because, the value of R always same both two result 1 and 2 because the proportion of the value I (current) and the value V (voltage). As can be seen in the graph above, its make a linier straight line on the graph. 4. Mention the constraints that we find along the process of take data and show how to solve it! Answer: In doing this experiment, there are various constraints can hinder the experiment, but we can find the solution of that problem. The difficulty in making a circuit. This caused by students lacks understanding what figure described in guidebook. But we can solve it easy by we just follow what the guidebook instruction. The difficulty in the scale on amperemeter and voltmeter. The scale of amperemeter and voltmeter are difficult to be read because the tools were broken. The scale of amperemeter was keep moving so that we can determine the value of it. The solution, we change that amperemeter with the new one. 5. The conclusion of this experiment. Answer: Based on the results of the experiment and the discussion above, we can conclude something that be summed up as follows. a. The final resistance of resistor (R) is 101.1 1.4 and the Relative Error (RE) of experiment is 1.38% that tells us that the result of this experiment is acceptable because the Relative Error. b. The factors cause the relative errors in the trials is due to from both the human and the instruments used and the environment in which human do experiments that may affect the results data.

REFERENCES Suardana, I Kade. 2007. Petunjuk Praktikum Laboratorium 3. Singaraja: Undiksha. www.physicsclassroom.com/ohms_law (accessed on October 3th, 2012) 10 | O H M S L A W